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8/13/2019 Ut p Introduction
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Urban Transportation Planning
Introduction to MetropolitanTransportation Planning
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Definition of Transportation Planning
Transportation planning providesthe information, tools, and publicinvolvement needed for improvingtransportation system performance
Transportation planning is acontinuous process that requires
monitoring of the systemsperformance and condition
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Transportation Planning Affects
Policies
Choices among alternative
strategies Priorities
Funding allocations
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More than Transportation
Land Use
Clean Air Act / Air Quality Standards
National Environmental Policy Act(NEPA)
Americans With Disabilities Act(ADA)
Title VI / Environmental Justice
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Types of Plans
Long-Range
Strategic
Project/Facility Implementation
Improvement (program)
Comprehensive
Site (TIAs)
Statewide
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Legislation: SAFETEA-LU
Safe, Accountable, Flexible, EfficientTransportation Equity Act: A Legacyfor Users
Plan Requirements
Institutional Structures
Funding
Conformity
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Metropolitan Planning Factors I
(A) Support the economic vitality of themetropolitan area, especially by enablingglobal competitiveness, productivity, and
efficiency (B) Increase the safety of the
transportation system for motorized andnonmotorized users
(C) Increase the security of thetransportation system for motorized andnonmotorized users
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Metropolitan Planning Factors II
(D) Increase the accessibility and mobilityof people and for freight
(E) Protect and enhance the environment,
promote energy conservation, improvethe quality of life, and promoteconsistency between transportationimprovements and State and local
planned growth and economicdevelopment patterns
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Metropolitan Planning Factors III
(F) Enhance the integration andconnectivity of the transportationsystem, across and between modes,for people and freight
(G) Promote efficient systemmanagement and operation
(H) emphasize the preservation ofthe existing transportation system
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Metropolitan Planning Organization
MPO
Has the authority of Federal law(SAFETEA-LU)
Is a representative group of localstakeholders
Leads the transportation planning processfor the metropolitan area
Is the regions policymaking organizationresponsible for prioritizing transportation
initiatives Carries out the urban transportation
planning process in cooperation with theState DOT(s) and transit operators
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MPO Structure
Policy Board (Planning Commission)
Sets regional long-term transportation policyand approves plans
Prioritizes and programs specific transportationinitiatives for funding
Staff
Advisory Committees
Examples: SEWRPC, DRCOG, PSRC, DVRPC, SCAG
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Metropolitan Planning 3 Cs
Comprehensive
Cooperative
Continuing
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Scope of Work for MPOs
A Unified Planning Work Program(UPWP) or simplified statement ofwork
Public involvement process/plan(PIP)
Financial Plan
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Principal Products of MPOs
A Long-Range Transportation Plan
Transportation Improvement
Program (TIP) Special Studies
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Simplified Statement of Work (Large
MPOs)
Planning tasks and studies to beconducted
Any transportation-related air qualityplanning tasks
All Federally funded studies State/local planning activities conducted
without Federal funds Funding sources identified for each
project Schedule of activities Agency responsible for each task or study
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Public Involvement Process
Proactive
Early and continuing
Open and collaborative A formal Public Involvement Plan
(PIP) is required of Large MPOs(TMAs, Transportation ManagementAreas)
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Urban Transportation Planning Process
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Southeastern Wisconsin Regional
Planning Commission
http://www.sewrpc.org/
http://www.sewrpc.org/http://www.sewrpc.org/8/13/2019 Ut p Introduction
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Holistic Approach
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Transportation Improvement Program
(TIP)
A staged, multi-year, intermodalprogram of prioritizedtransportation initiatives consistentwith Plan
Shows annual activity for a 3-yearperiod
Projects must be in the TIP forFHWA or FTA funding
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Key Issues
Air Quality
Freight Movement
Land Use and Transportation
Models and Their Use
Performance Measures
Project Development and the NEPA Process
Public Involvement
System Management and Operations (M&O)
Title V1/Environmental Justice Transportation Demand Management (TDM)
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Air Quality Conformity
Plans must demonstrate consistencywith the emissions budgets neededto satisfy the Clean Air Act
Projects cannot move forwardwithout conformity
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Air Quality I
Sources
Stationary sources
Area sources
Mobile sources
Pollutants (NAAQS)
Ozone precursors (VOCs, NOx)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Particulates (PM-10 or PM-2.5)
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Air Quality II
Nonattainment Areas by Pollutant
Extreme
Severe
Serious
Moderate
Marginal
Maintenance
Milwaukee is Severe for Ozone
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Air Quality III
Transportation plans, TIPs, andprojects cannot:
Create new violations of the NationalAmbient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS);
Increase the frequency or severity ofexisting violations of the standards
Delay attainment of the standards.
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Air Quality IV
State Implementation Plan (SIP)
Conformity
CMAQ Transit improvements, shared-ride
services, traffic flow improvements,pedestrian and bicycle programs,construction of high-occupancy vehicle
(HOV) lanes, I/M programs, andtransportation demand managementstrategies
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Freight I: Process
Define system elements that are criticalfor efficient movement of freight
Identify ways to measure system
performance in terms of freightmovement
Develop freight-oriented data collectionand modeling
Creating a freight movement advisorycommittee
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Freight II: Policies and Projects
Truck Restrictions Peak period bans, freeway section bans, route diversions
Road Design and Construction Improved entry/exit ramps and merges, exclusive truck facilities
Road Pricing Peak period permits and tolls, freeway permits
Fleet Management Voluntary off-peak operations, automatic vehicle location/routing
Traffic Engineering Wider lanes, Speed restrictions, Variable message signs
Shipper/Receiver Actions Voluntary off-peak operations, mandatory off-peak operations
Incident Management Automated detection, site and area surveillance/communications
Inspection/Enforcement Automated surveillance
Information Management Highway advisory radio, traffic information
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Land Use I: Federal Regs
Transportation planning processshould consider "the likely effect oftransportation policy decisions onland use and development and theconsistency of transportation plansand programs with the provisions of
all applicable short- and long-termland use and development plans...."
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Land Use II
Transportation/LandUse Interaction
Land use creates trips
Transportation facilitiescreate land use
Smart Growthand Economic
Development Models
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Travel Forecasting Models
A travel forecasting model is themajor analysis tool for evaluatingurban transportation plans andconducting conformity analysis
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Travel Models: Four Steps?
(Activity Allocation)
Trip Generation
Trip Distribution Mode Split
Traffic Assignment
(Measures of Effectiveness) (Impact Models)
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Performance Measures I
Accessibility Percent population within "x" minutes of "y"
percent of employment sites Access by elderly
Quality of ADA compliance Mobility
Average travel time Change in average travel time Average trip length
Percentage of trips per mode Time lost to congestion Percent on-time transit performance
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Performance Measures II
Economic development
Jobs created
New housing starts
Percent of region's unemployed who cite lackof transportation as principal barrier
Economic cost of congestion
Environmental quality of life
Environmental and resource consumption Tons of pollution generated
Fuel consumption
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Performance Measures III
Sprawl
Change in difference between urbanand suburban household densities;
decrease in wetlands; changes in airquality, land use, or mobility.
Safety
Number of crash incidents or economiccosts of crashes
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National Environmental Policy Act of
1969 (NEPA)
It is the policy of the USgovernment to protect theenvironment
Environmental Impact Statements
Environmental Assessments (FONSI)
Categorical Exclusions
Council on Environmental Quality
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Environmental Impact Assessment
Process
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Transportation System Management
Metropolitan traffic management centers Traffic signal coordination Incident management programs
Preferential treatment fortransit/rideshares Special event traffic management Emergency management strategies Pricing of transportation services ITS applications for transit Traveler Information
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Environmental Justice
Avoiding, minimizing, or mitigatingdisproportionately high and adversehuman health and environmental, socialor economic effects on minority and low-
income populations Ensuring the full and fair participation in
the transportation decision makingprocess by all potentially affectedcommunities
Preventing the denial of, reduction in, orsignificant delay in the receipt of benefitsby minority and low-income populations
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Discussion: Milwaukee Environmental
Justice
Are these strategiesenvironmentally just?
Locating Miller Park at old CountyStadium site
Widening all Milwaukee freeways by 1lane
Eliminating the park-n-ride lot aBayshore Mall
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Transportation Demand Management
Offering commuters alternativetransportation modes and/or services
Providing incentives to travel on these
modes or at non-congested hours Providing opportunities to link or "chain"
trips together
Incorporating growth management ortraffic impact policies into localdevelopment decisions
See www.vtpi.org
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Transportation Decision Making
Vision
What do you want your transportationsystem to be in 20 years?
Coordinate with land use vision
Identify current strengths andweaknesses
Identify opportunities and threats
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Vision Metropolitan Washington DC
In the 21st Century, the Washington metropolitanregion remains a vibrant world capital, with atransportation system that provides efficientmovement of people and goods. This system
promotes the region's economy andenvironmental quality, and operates in anattractive and safe setting--it is a system thatserves everyone. The system is fiscallysustainable, promotes areas of concentratedgrowth, manages both demand and capacity,
employs the best technology, and joins rail,roadway, bus, air, water, pedestrian and bicyclefacilities into a fully interconnected network.
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Goals and Objectives
Goals
Broad
General
Intangible Abstract
Few
Improve
transportationsafety
Objectives
Narrow
Precise
Tangible Concrete
Many
Reduce the
number of trafficconflict points
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Criteria and Standards
Criteria
Specific numericalexpression of anobjective
Number ofconflict points
Standards
Desired level ofachievementthrough planimplementation
10% reduction inconflict points
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Operational Strategies
The how
Linked to objectives
Identify intersections with poor crash
experience; introduce channelization,better signalization and coordination.
The one thing we need to do to solve our transportation problemsis to stop thinking that there is one thing we can do to solve ourtransportation problems.-Robert Liberty, Executive Director, 1000 Friends of Oregon
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Example: Ann Arbor Goals
1. Provide appropriate access andmobility, with minimal negative impacts,for all people and goods
2. Protect and enhance the naturalenvironment and the human, residentialand built environment.
3. Promote a safe and securetransportation system.
4. Invest in transportation infrastructurein a manner consistent with other goals.
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Example: Ann Arbor Objectives I
First Goal: Provide appropriate access andmobility, with minimal negative impacts,for all people and goods. Objective A: Minimize vehicle miles and vehicle
hours spent traveling. Objective B: Increase the occupancy rate for
motorized modes. Objective C: Reduce barriers to the use of the
transportation system, especially its non-motorized components by facilitating
pedestrian and bicycle access on public rights-of-way. Objective D: Improve bicycle access on public
roads.
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Example: Ann Arbor Objectives II
Objective E: Increase the number of bus centersand commuter lots and improve their distributionand efficiency throughout the SEMCOG region.
Objective F: Increase the contiguity among publictransportation services and non-motorized
transportation modes. Objective G: Implement travel demand
management plans to reduce commuter traffic andcongestion.
Objective H: Increase mode choices and theircoordination for the movement of goods andpeople.
Objective I: Encourage the development ofcommuter rail services, particularly the Detroit/AnnArbor/Lansing proposal, on the Norfolk Southernand Ann Arbor Railroads.
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Inventory and Data
Role of GIS
See Course Reader for an long listof items for an inventory
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Alternatives/Scenarios
Alternative
A unified set of projects, policies andoperational strategies that will meet
the community's goals and achieve thevision
Scenario
A future state of the urban area,independent of any alternatives
Futures forecasting/Delphi
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Delphi
In what year will the followinghappen?
Gasoline prices reach $5 per gallon
Nuclear fusion becomes commerciallyviable for electric power generation
First mag lev system in the US incommercial service
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Additional Reading
Edward Weiner, UrbanTransportation Planning In theUnited States: An Historical
Overview: Fifth Edition, 1997,http://tmip.fhwa.dot.gov/clearinghouse/docs/utp/