Utm Proposal Template

8/9/2019 Utm Proposal Template

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ACCURATE AND CONCISE TITLE

(Please discuss the final thesis title with you su!e"iso#

NA$E O% STUDENT

A e!ot su&'itted in !atial fulfil'ent of the

euie'ents fo the awad of the de)ee of

(efe to the UT$ Thesis $anual *++,#

Na'e of the %aculty

Uni"esiti Te-nolo)i $alaysia

$ONT. AND /EAR O% 0I0A


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION i

DEDICATION ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii

ABSTRACT i"

ABSTRAK "

TABLE OF CONTENTS "i

LIST OF TABLES "ii

LIST OF FIGURES "iii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS i

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF APPENDICES i

1 INTRODUCTION 1

121 3ac-)ound of the Po&le' 1

12* State'ent of the Po&le' *

124 O&5ecti"es of the Study 4

126 Sco!e of the Study 6

127 Si)nificance of the Study 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8

*21 Liteatue 1 8*2* Liteatue * ,

*2*21 Liteatue *21 9

*2*2* Liteatue *2* :

*24 Liteatue 4 1+

*26 Liteatue 6 11

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1*

421 Reseach Desi)n and Pocedue 1*

42* O!eational %a'ewo- 14

424 Su&5ects o Data Souces 16426 Instu'entation and Data Analysis 17

427 Assu'!tions and Li'itations 18

428 Reseach Plannin) and Schedule (;antt Chat# 1,

4 EXPECTED FINDINGS 19

621 E!ected %indin)s 19

REFERENCES 1:

A!!endices A < C *+


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Bac!"#$%& #' ()* P"#+,*-

;eneal &ac-)ound of the in"esti)ated !o&le's 'ay include intoduction of

the eseach study and its i'!act to the funda'ental and !actices of the -ey

conce!ts2 Students ae ad"ice to -ee! the witin) style and fo'at consistent

thou)hout the thesis2 They should use eithe U= En)lish o US En)lish2

Students ae encoua)ed to use Acade'ic Phase&an- as a )eneal esouce

fo acade'ic witin)2 The esouce can &e found at

htt!>??www2!hase&an-2'ancheste2ac2u-?2 It ai's to !o"ide so'e ea'!les

!haseolo)ical @nuts and &olts@ of witin)2 This we&site is useful fo intenational

students whose En)lish is not thei fist lan)ua)e2 $any !hases in the we&site could

assist students to thin- and wite thei ideas a!!o!iately2 The ea'!les of !hases

also 'ay hel! students a"oid !la)iais' and enhanced thei scientific witin) s-ills2

.owe"e students need to &e awae that these !hase&an- is not disci!line s!ecific

and it does not clai' to &e co'!ehensi"e2

1.2 S(a(*-*%( #' ()* P"#+,*-


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This su&section should consist of thesis state'ent (state'ent of issues#

identified solutions 7Bs (what who when whee and why# the !o&le's occus

"ision of you study and concludin) e'a-s of the !o&le's2

The state'ent should &e)in with clea desci!tion of the issues includin)

"ision issue state'ent and 'ethod used to sol"e the !o&le'2

The desci!tion then followed &y the 7Bs of the !o&le's that co'!ises

wods to -ee! the effot focused e!esent sol"a&le !o&le's2

%o !o&le' state'ent one should use wods such as identify define elate

desci&e e"iew 5ustify indicate fo'ulate e!lain co'!ae contast su))est

inte!et analye assess constuct a!!ly de'onstate illustate cate)oie

deduce ceate esol"e de&ate !o!ose diffeentiate a)ue dei"e desi)n e"aluate

esta&lish conce!tualie su))est inte)ate co'!ile de"elo! challen)e consolidate

claify citicie ascetain a!!aise calculate eco''end2 These wods show so'e

ea'!les of )ood outco'es &ased "e&2 0e&s such as undestand e!loe

in"esti)ate ea'ine and discuss ae !oo "e&s as they desci&e !ocesses not

outco'es2 It is not con"incin) when discuss so'ethin) endlessly without e"e

ha"in) to 'a-e eco''endations daw conclusions o offe a esult2 Students 'i)ht

&e e!loin) ea'inin) o discussin) as !at of the !ocess &ut they cannot &e the

end esult of the eseach which should &e 'oe tan)i&le2

In so'e cases the !ost)aduate students ae euied to fo'ulate thei

hy!othesis in the !o&le' state'ent section2 %o that case the followin) discussion

will e'!hasie the funda'ental of hy!othesis2

1.2.1 W)a( / H0#()*//

In Douthwaite (*++7 une *# the hy!othesis can &e defined as a easona&le

scientific !o!osalF2 It is not a state'ent of fact &ut a state'ent that ta-es us &eyond

the -nown facts and lo)ically antici!ates the su&stance of new -nowled)e2 The


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hy!othesis has two essential ele'ents> it 'ust &e &ased on the -nown facts and it

'ust &e testa&le2 The fist citeion can &e chec-ed &y eadin) the liteatue and

tal-in) with you su!e"isoG the second citeion is fulfilled &y you e!ei'ents2

If the thesis wo- is &ased on se"eal sets of e!ei'ents with each set

leadin) to a se!aate 'anusci!t (and 'ost thesis ae li-e this# then each of these

sets of e!ei'ents with need its own s!ecific hy!othesis2 These s!ecific hy!otheses

should &e unified &y a sin)le )eneal hy!othesis that can &e defined in a sin)le

sentence2 The )eneal hy!othesis is the )uideHline thou)h the thesis witin)2 It will

!o&a&ly ta-e students to se"eal atte'!ts to fo'ulate it successfully (and when

students ha"e claified this they will !o&a&ly wish that they had done so fou yeas

a)o#2 If students cannot fo'ulate a )eneal hy!othesis that defines the !u!ose of

thei thesis wo- then they can always ta-e solace in the fact that thee ae 'any

othe caees to choose fo' outside science2

The )eneal hy!othesis can &e included in the su''ay at the &e)innin) of

the thesis2 Students do not necessaily ha"e to include it hee &ut it should at least &e

!o'inent in thei 'ind (and !efea&ly han)in) a&o"e des- whee it can &e seen#

when witin) the sections of thesis2 They should as- the'sel"es when witin)

whethe what they ae !uttin) onto !a!e is ele"ant to testin) the )eneal hy!othesis

(o in the case of each 'anusci!t whethe the 'ateial is ele"ant to the

'anusci!tFs s!ecific hy!othesis#2 If the 'ateial is not ele"ant conside lea"in) it

out2 If you cannot lea"e the 'ateial out conside efo'ulatin) you hy!othesis2

In eal e!ei'ents eal hy!otheses should &e witten &efoe the actual

e!ei'ent (Access Ecellence the National .ealth $useu' *+1+#2 The

followin) e!lanation 'ay answe so'e uestions on what is the hy!otheses all

a&out2

What is a Real Hypothesis?

A hy!othesis is a tentati"e state'ent that !o!oses a !ossi&le e!lanation to

so'e !heno'enon o e"ent2 A useful hy!othesis is a testa&le state'ent which 'ay

include a !ediction2 A hy!otheses should not &e confused with a theoy2 Theoies ae

)eneal e!lanations &ased on a la)e a'ount of data2 %o ea'!le the theoy of


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e"olution a!!lies to all li"in) thin)s and is &ased on wide an)e of o&se"ations2

.owe"e thee ae 'any thin)s a&out e"olution that ae not fully undestood such as

)a!s in the fossil ecod2 $any hy!otheses ha"e &een !o!osed and tested2

When are Hypotheses Used?

The -ey wod is testa&le2 That is you will !efo' a test of how two

"aia&les 'i)ht &e elated2 This is when you ae doin) a eal e!ei'ent2 /ou ae

testin) "aia&les2 Usually a hy!othesis is &ased on so'e !e"ious o&se"ation such

as noticin) that in No"e'&e 'any tees unde)o colo chan)es in thei lea"es and

the a"ea)e daily te'!eatues ae do!!in)2 Ae these two e"ents connectedJ .owJ

Any la&oatoy !ocedue you follow without a hy!othesis is eally not an

e!ei'ent2 It is 5ust an eecise o de'onstation of what is aleady -nown2

How are Hypotheses Written?

(1# Chocolate 'ay cause !i'!les2

(*# Salt in soil 'ay affect !lant )owth2

(4# Plant )owth 'ay &e affected &y the colo of the li)ht2

(6# 3acteial )owth 'ay &e affected &y te'!eatue2

(7# Ulta "iolet li)ht 'ay cause s-in cance2

(8# Te'!eatue 'ay cause lea"es to chan)e colo2

All of these ae ea'!les of hy!otheses &ecause they use the tentati"e wod

K'ay2 .owe"e thei fo' is not !aticulaly useful2 Usin) the wod K'ay does

not su))est how you would )o a&out !o"in) it2 If these state'ents had not &een

witten caefully they 'ay not ha"e e"en &een hy!otheses at all2 %o ea'!le if we

say @Tees will chan)e colo when it )ets cold@ we ae 'a-in) a !ediction2 O if we

wite @Ulta"iolet li)ht causes s-in cance@ could &e a conclusion2 One way to

!e"ent 'a-in) such easy 'ista-es is to fo'alie the fo' of the hy!othesis2

Examples of Formalized Hypotheses

If s-in cance is elated to ulta"iolet li)ht then !eo!le with a hi)h e!osue to u"

li)ht will ha"e a hi)he feuency of s-in cance2

If leaf colo chan)e is elated to te'!eatue then e!osin) !lants to low

te'!eatues will esult in chan)es in leaf colo2


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Notice that these state'ents contain the wods if and then2 They ae necessay in a

fo'alied hy!othesis2 3ut not all ifHthen state'ents ae hy!otheses2 %o ea'!le @If

I !lay the lottey then I will )et ich2@ This is a si'!le !ediction2 In a fo'alied

hy!othesis a tentati"e elationshi! is stated2 %o ea'!le if the feuency of

winnin) is elated to feuency of &uyin) lottey tic-ets2 @Then@ is followed &y a

!ediction of what will ha!!en if you incease o decease the feuency of &uyin)

lottey tic-ets2 If you always as- youself that if one thin) is elated to anothe then

you should &e a&le to test it2

%o'alied hy!otheses contain two "aia&les2 One is @inde!endent@ and the

othe is @de!endent2@ The inde!endent "aia&le is the one you the @scientist@ contol

and the de!endent "aia&le is the one that you o&se"e and?o 'easue the esults2 In

the state'ents a&o"e the de!endent "aia&le is &lue and the inde!endent "aia&le is

ed2 The ulti'ate "alue of a fo'alied hy!othesis is it foces us to thin- a&out what

esults we should loo- fo in an e!ei'ent ( Ed 603 - Lesson 6 - Formlation and

statement of a resear!h hypothesis#2

Accodin) to ;ay (1::8 !a)e 81# a hy!othesis is a tentati"e e!lanation fo

cetain &eha"ios !heno'ena o e"ents that ha"e occued o will occu2

(1# The hy!othesis states the eseacheMs e!ectations concenin) the

elationshi! &etween the "aia&les in the eseach !o&le'2

(*# The hy!othesis is a efine'ent of the eseach !o&le'2 It is the 'ost s!ecific

state'ent of the !o&le'2

(4# The hy!othesis states what the eseache thin-s the outco'e of the study will

&e2

(6# The eseache collects data that eithe su!!ots the hy!othesis o does not

su!!ot it2

(7# The hy!othesis is fo'ulated followin) the e"iew of elated liteatue and

!io to the eecution of the study2 The elated liteatue leads the eseache

to e!ect a cetain elationshi!2

(8# @A )ood hy!othesis states as clealy and concisely as !ossi&le the e!ected

elationshi! (o diffeencce# &etween two "aia&les and defines those

"aia&les in o!eational 'easua&le te's2@ (;ay 1::8 !a)e 8*#2


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(,# @A wellHstated and defined hy!othesis 'ust &e (and will &e if wellHfo'ulated

and stated# testa&le2 It should &e !ossi&le to su!!ot o not su!!ot the

hy!othesis &y collectin) and analyin) data2@ (;ay 1::8 !a)e 8*#2

.el'enstine (*+1+# says that wods ha"e !ecise 'eanin)s in science2 %o

ea'!le MtheoyM MlawM and Mhy!othesisM donMt all 'ean the sa'e thin)2 Outside of

science you 'i)ht say so'ethin) is M5ust a theoyM 'eanin) itMs su!!osition that 'ay

o 'ay not &e tue2 In science a theoy is an e!lanation that )eneally is acce!ted to

&e tue2 .eeMs a close loo- at these i'!otant co''only 'isused te's2

Ta+,* 1.1 Desci!tion of hy!othesis theoy and law

.y!othesis Theoy Law

A hy!othesis is an educated

)uess &ased on o&se"ation2

Usually a hy!othesis can &e

su!!oted o efuted thou)h

e!ei'entation o 'oe

o&se"ation2 A hy!othesis can

&e dis!o"en &ut not !o"en to

&e tue2

Ea'!le> If you see no

diffeence in the cleanin)

a&ility of "aious laundy

dete)ents you 'i)ht

hy!othesie that cleanin)

effecti"eness is not affected &y

which dete)ent you use2 /ou

can see this hy!othesis can &e

dis!o"en if a stain is e'o"ed

&y one dete)ent and notanothe2 On the othe hand you

cannot !o"e the hy!othesis2

E"en if you ne"e see a

diffeence in the cleanliness of

you clothes afte tyin) a

thousand dete)ents thee

'i)ht &e one you ha"enMt tied

that could &e diffeent2

A scientific theoy su''aies a

hy!othesis o )ou! of

hy!otheses that ha"e &een

su!!oted with e!eated

testin)2 A theoy is "alid as

lon) as thee is no e"idence to

dis!ute it2 Theefoe theoies

can &e dis!o"en2 3asically ife"idence accu'ulates to

su!!ot a hy!othesis then the

hy!othesis can &eco'e

acce!ted as a )ood e!lanation

of a !heno'enon2 One

definition of a theoy is to say

itMs an acce!ted hy!othesis2

Ea'!le> It is -nown that on

une 4+ 1:+9 in Tun)us-a

Si&eia thee was an e!losioneui"alent to the detonation of

a&out 17 'illion tons of TNT2

$any hy!otheses ha"e &een

!o!osed fo what caused the

e!losion2 It is theoied that

the e!losion was caused &y a

natual etateestial

!heno'enon and was not

caused &y 'an2 Is this theoy a

factJ No2 The e"ent is a

ecoded fact2 Is this this theoy

)eneally acce!ted to &e tue &ased on e"idence toHdateJ

A law )enealies a &ody of

o&se"ations2 At the ti'e it is

'ade no ece!tions ha"e

&een found to a law2 Scientific

laws e!lain thin)s &ut they

do not desci&e the'2 One

way to tell a law and a theoy

a!at is to as- if thedesci!tion )i"es you a 'eans

to e!lain MwhyM2

Ea'!le> Conside NewtonMs

Law of ;a"ity2 Newton could

use this law to !edict the

&eha"io of a do!!ed o&5ect

&ut he couldnMt e!lain why it

ha!!ened2

As you can see thee is noM!oofM o a&solute MtuthM in

science2 The closest we )et

ae facts which ae

indis!uta&le o&se"ations2

Note howe"e if you define

!oof as ai"in) at a lo)ical

conclusion &ased on the

e"idence then thee is M!oofM

in science2 I wo- unde the

definition that to !o"e

so'ethin) i'!lies it can

ne"e &e won) which isdiffeent2 If youMe as-ed to


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/es2 Can this theoy &e shown

to &e false and &e discadedJ

/es2

define hy!othesis theoy and

law -ee! in 'ind the

definitions of !oof and of

these wods can "ay sli)htly

de!endin) on the scientific

disci!line2 Bhat is i'!otant

is to ealie they donMt all

'ean the sa'e thin) and

cannot &e used

intechan)ea&ly2

As discussed &y Lee (*++9 Se!te'&e 1,# a dissetation hy!othesis is the

one of the 'ost si)nificant section in a dissetation which )i"es a &ac-)ound of the

entie eseach in the dissetation2 ;ood dissetation hy!othesis witin) euies

cetain )uidelines which should &e utilied fo !o!e dissetation hy!othesis witin)2

It is i'!otant that the dissetation hy!othesis witin) is li'ited to few wods as the

hy!othesis is a shot state'ent which e!lains the !u!ose of the eseach and the

a)u'ent the dissetation ties to !o"e2 3ecause 'ost often )ood dissetation

hy!othesis witeHu! euies that the dissetation hy!othesis is not 'oe than two

!aa)a!hs2 Ideal dissetation hy!othesis witin) euies that the dissetation

hy!othesis is "ey shot and co"es only one !a)e2 .owe"e li'itin) the dissetationhy!othesis witeHu! is not easy2 This can &e "ey difficult if the to!ic of eseach is

co'!licated &ut the student should always su''aie the cu of the eseach and

'ust not wite in detail as this would 'a-e the dissetation hy!othesis witeHu!

!ocess uite difficult2 This also defeats the !u!ose of ha"in) a dissetation

hy!othesis witeHu! in the fist !lace2

The dissetation hy!othesis witeHu! is desi)ned to &e a su''ay of the

entie dissetation2 .ence it is inte)al that the dissetation hy!othesis witeHu!

!ocess should co"e all of the i'!otant !ats of the eseach2 It so'eti'es )et "ey

difficult to wite shot hy!othesis and li'itin) the len)th of the hy!othesis to one o

two !aa)a!hs &ut thou)h the use of clea shot witin) techniues any to!ic can

&e &ou)ht down to the s!ecific wod sie2 Bhile it is i'!otant fo students to

include all the ele"ant as!ects of thei eseach in the hy!othesis they howe"e

should not &e te'!ted to discuss anythin) that is not diectly ele"ant to the study

includin) 'any of thei own indi"idual and oi)inal ideas2 It su' we can say that the


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dissetation hy!othesis witeHu! !ocess can &e 'ade "ey easy if thee ae only to

the !oint ideas !esented in the hy!othesis and to achie"e this !u!ose the student

should !actice and !ossess editin) s-ills which can ena&le a student to !e!ae a

dissetation hy!othesis which has all the ele"ant ideas included &ut is "ey concise

and li'ited2

As an ea'!le followin) ae a )ood hy!othesis of NAPL study witten &y

Pantaidou (1::7#2

F!$"* 1.1 An ea'!le of hy!othesis of NAPL witten in the intoduction

1.3 O+*c(*/ #' ()* S($&0

%ollowin)s ae the o&5ecti"es !o!osed fo this study> H

(1# To identify the shotco'in)s of local le)islations and )uidelines2

(*# To assess the co'!liance of e)ulations2

(4# To !o!ose necessay actions2

Students should !o"ide clea ealistic achie"a&le and 'easuea&le o&5ecti"es

a!!o!iate to the le"el of de)ee (i2e2 3achelo $aste o PhD#2 These o&5ecti"es

should &e discussed and a!!o"ed &y thei su!e"iso2


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1.4 Sc#* #' ()* S($&0

This study co"es all e'!loyees wo-in) at hei)ht at Sa!ua=encana /ad2

The e'!loyees include contactos and su&Hcontactos 'ana)es su!e"isos

foe'en scaffold installes i))es weldes )indes fittes !aintes insulatos and

)eneal wo-es2 All e'!loyees that ae wo-in) at hei)ht in /ad * and Secto 1+

ae consideed as wo-es at is-2

1.5 S!%'ca%c* #' ()* S($&0

Students should show the &enefits of the conducted study to the ta)eted

su&5ects o aeas2


12/18


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the citations "ia ;oo)le Schola (the easiest way# Sco!us ScienceDiect and 'any

othe scientific data&ases2

Unde the Inset Citation 'enu of EndNote students ae a&le to find the

euied efeence and inset its citation auto'atically2 The na'e of authos can &e

ecluded thou)h the Edit Citation 'enu o 5ust si'!ly 'odified fo' the o!tions of

i)ht clic- instuction2 The style of citations and efeences fo the whole docu'ent

should &e done in the EndNote !o)a' itself usin) the Edit and Out!ut Styles

'enus2 Please contact D2 Sa'ia fo any ad"ice o technical su!!ot of the EndNote

!o)a' ($yUT$ Thesis of EndNote style can &e !o"ided at no cost#2

If students !efe to shae thei &i&lio)a!hy online they can use $endeley2

$endeley is a fee efeence 'ana)e and acade'ic social netwo- that can hel!

students o)anie thei eseach colla&oate with othes online and disco"e the

latest eseach2 Students 'ay find the diffeences &etween $endeley and so'e othe

&i&lio)a!hy fo' htt!>??www2'endeley2co'?co'!aeH'endeley?2

2.2 L(*"a($"* 1

2.3 L(*"a($"* 2

2.4 L(*"a($"* 3


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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 R*/*a"c) D*/!% a%& P"#c*&$"*

3.2 O*"a(#%a, F"a-*6#"

The o!eational fa'ewo- 'ust follow the stated hy!othesis in the state'ent

of the !o&le' section2 Students can !esent thei ideas of o!eational fa'ewo-

usin) flowchat2

3.3 S$+*c(/ #" Da(a S#$"c*/

3.4 I%/("$-*%(a(#% a%& Da(a A%a,0//

3.5 A//$-(#%/ a%& L-(a(#%/


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3.7 R*/*a"c) P,a%%%! a%& Sc)*&$,* 8Ga%(( C)a"(9


16/18

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Ta&le 4212 Reseach !lannin) and schedule (;antt Chat#

No2 Acti"ities *+14

* 4 6 7 8 , 9 : 1+ 11

1 Liteatues e"iew

* Analysis of eistin) study

4 Su&'ission of eseach !o!osal

6 A!!oint'ent of su!e"iso

7 Reseach !o!osal !esentation

8 uestionnaies?inte"iews

, Pe!aation of co'!liance chec-list

9 Site assess'ent usin) the chec-list

: Data collection and statistical analysis

1+ Analysis and e"aluation

11 Po5ect !esentation

1* Bitin) u!

14 %inal editin) of thesis

16 %inal thesis su&'ission


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CHAPTER 4

EXPECTED FINDINGS

4.1 E:*c(*& F%&%!/

Bhat ae the e!ected findin)s that can eflect the stated o&5ecti"esJ

This te'!late was !e!aed stictly fo science en)ineein) and technolo)y

students who !lan in !e!ain) thei eseach !o!osal2 Students who ae !e!ain)

thesis fo 3achelo $aste &y tau)ht couse $aste and PhD &y eseach should

consult this te'!late accodin) to thei su))ested Reseach $ethodolo)y2 Students

fo' othe field of study 'ay find so'e disce!ancies in the )i"en outline2


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REFERENCES

Access Ecellence the National .ealth $useu' Writin" hypotheses# $ stdent

lesson2 The National .ealth $useu' *+1+ cited 11 anuay *+1+2 A"aila&le

fo' htt!>??www2accessecellence2o)?LC?TL?filson?withy!o2!h!2

Douthwaite S2 Hints on !omposin" a %h& thesis *++7 une * cited 11 anuay

*+1+2 A"aila&le fo' htt!>??www12sdu2d-?Nat?&'&?PhDQsd2!df2

Ed 603 - Lesson 6 - Formlation and statement of a resear!h hypothesis cited 11

anuay *+1+2 A"aila&le fo'htt!>??www2'nstate2edu?wasson?ed8+4?ed8+4lesson82ht'2

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