UTM501 Session 1 Urban Cities Asia

8/6/2019 UTM501 Session 1 Urban Cities Asia

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Dr. Bambang Susantono

Secretary General of SUSTRAN

SUSTRAN - Asia Pacific Secretariatin Jakarta, Indonesia

Sustainable TransportSustainable Transport

Action NetworkAction Network


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Urban Transport Issues inUrban Transport Issues inAsiaAsia


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Asian Cities Characteristics

? Dual economy urban land use system

? Traffic composition: motorcycles & NMV

? Rapid motorisation


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Main road network density versus

main road length per person, 1990

0.10.1 0.1 0.2

0.20.2

0.3 0.30.4 0.4

0.5

0.8

1.0 1.0

1.1

1.2

1.5

1.7

40

43

23 22

29

23

29

20

16

17

20

18

12

14

19

20 21

25

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

HongKo

ng Seoul

Jakarta

Bangk

ok

Surab

aya Tokyo

Singapore

Kuala

Lump

ur'85

Toronto Pa

ris

Londo

n

NewY

ork'70

Adelaide

Washington

'80

SanF

rancisco

Sydne

yDe

troit

Denve

r

Mainroadlengthpe

rperson(metres)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

50.0

Ma

inroadlengthperhectare(metresperhectare)

Arterial Road length per capita

Arterial road length per hectare

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Mobility for the Poor and Low-Income: What are the Choices?


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1414

1919

2626

5757

8080

5656

00

1010

2020

3030

4040

5050

6060

7070

8080

9090

99

55

1414

55

2020

55

3939

1818

6060

2020

3838

1818

(%)(%)

Proportion of workers using public or non-motorized

transport in global cities, 1990

Proportion of workers using public or non-motorized

transport in global cities, 1990

US

Cities

US

CitiesAustralian

Cities

Australian

Cities

Canadian

Cities

Canadian

Cities

European

Cities

European

CitiesWealthy

AsianCities

Wealthy

AsianCities

DevelopingAsian Cities


Source: Barter, 1999Source: Barter, 1999


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Bus transportation: howfast it cango?


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Rising IncomesRising Incomes

More CarMore CarOwnershipOwnership

More CarMore CarTravelTravel

CongestionCongestion

Difficulties forDifficulties forPedestrians andPedestrians and

CyclistsCyclists

EnvironmentalEnvironmentalImpactImpact

Bus Delays &Bus Delays &UnreliabilityUnreliability

VocationalVocationalChangesChanges

Less BusLess BusTravelTravel

Higher Bus FaresHigher Bus Faresand Reducedand Reduced

ServicesServices

Higher BusHigher BusOperating CostsOperating Costs

VICIOUS CYCLEVICIOUS CYCLE

Adapted from Goodwin, 1990Adapted from Goodwin, 1990


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Urban Density in a Wide Range of Cities

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Mumb

ai

Hong

KongHa

noi

Shang

hai

Seou

lTa

ipei

Manila

Surab

aya

Chenn

ai

Jakarta

Medan

Guan

gzhou

Mexic

oCity

Bangk

okBe

ijing

Kwang

ju

Santia

goTa

ejon

Singap

oreVie

nna

Tokyo

Klang

Valley

(KL) Zu

richParis

London

Toron

to

NewY

orkSy

dney

Washi

ngton,

DC

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Regular customers of Jakartas rickshaw

LaborsLabors 2%2%

StaffsStaffs 26%26%

StudentsStudents 28%28%HousemaidsHousemaids 14%14%

HousewivesHousewives 28%28%

OthersOthers 2%2%

Source: survey of ojek and becaks users by authors, 1999


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MarketsMarkets 18%18%

Religious placesReligious places 0.5%0.5%

Shopping centersShopping centers 12%12%

Schools, campusesSchools, campuses 19%19%

Factories, industrial areasFactories, industrial areas 1%1%

Office complexesOffice complexes 6%6%

Entertainment areasEntertainment areas 3%3%

Terminals: buses, micro-busesTerminals: buses, micro-buses 12%12%

Housing estatesHousing estates 22%22%

Others:Others: 5,5%5,5%

Common destinations of rickshaw in Jakarta

source: survey of ojek and becaks users by authors, 1999


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14.614.6

1212

6.56.5

8.88.8

6.66.6

13.713.7

00

22

44

66

88

1010

1212

1414

1616

Transport related deaths per 100,000 persons

in global cities, 1990

Transport related deaths per 100,000 persons

in global cities, 1990

US

Cities

US

Cities

Australian

Cities

Australian

CitiesCanadian

Cities

Canadian

Cities

EuropeanCities

EuropeanCities

WealthyAsian Cities

WealthyAsianCities


DevelopingAsianCities



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Highway

Services

And ParkingAccidents

Facility and

MaintenanceEnvironmental

Impacts

The True Costs of Driving


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Traffic per hectare versus traffic per personin an international sample of cities, 1990

3,306

1,998

1,574

2,637

3,692

4,994

1,6511,545

3,812

5,065

1,158

7,452

12,355

8,075

493,612 488,949472,916

347,148

320,485

293,148282,112

273,322 270,538

253,352

229,253

204,248

173,604

97,768

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

Bangk

okSeoul

HongKo

ng Asian

Singapore

Kuala

Lump

urJak

arta

Surab

aya Tokyo

Europ

ean

Manila

Canadian

Americ

an

Austra

lian

VKTpercapita

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

VKTperhe

ctare

VKT per capita

VKT per hectare

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252252245245

220220

112112

4040

109109

165165

210210

240240

135135

6060

220220

00

5050

100100

150150

200200

250250

300300

00

55

1010

1515

2020

2525

3030

Kg/ personKg/ personNO4, SO2, CO2, VHC and VPNO4, SO2, CO2, VHC and VP

US

Cities

US

CitiesAustralian

Cities

Australian

Cities

Canadian

Cities

Canadian

Cities

European

Cities

European

Cities

Wealthy

Asian Cities

Wealthy

Asian CitiesDeveloping

Asian Cities

Developing

Asian Cities

(g/pass - km)(g/pass - km)

Per capita emissions in global cities, 1990

Smog related air pollutants


Smog related air pollutants



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of CO2 from private and public transportation


of CO2 from private and public transportation

Kg/ personKg/ person

00

500500

10001000

15001500

20002000

25002500

30003000

35003500

40004000

45004500

500050004,5364,536

2,7892,7892,4342,434

1,8881,888

1,1581,158837837

Public transport/ partion

of emissions

Public transport/ partion

of emissions

US

Cities

US

Cities

Australian

Cities

Australian

CitiesCanadian

Cities

Canadian

Cities

EuropeanCities

European

CitiesWealthy

AsianCities

WealthyAsianCities

DevelopingAsianCities




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? Time

? User Cost Savings

? Safety

? Comfort & Convenience

? Time

? User Cost Savings

? Safety

? Comfort & Convenience

? Facility Cost

? Land Consumption? Air Pollution and Health

? Highway Services

? Accidents

? Noise

? Resource Depletion

? Time Loss Non-Motorists

? Social Disruption

? Facility Cost

? Land Consumption? Air Pollution and Health

? Highway Services

? Accidents

? Noise

? Resource Depletion

? Time Loss Non-Motorists

? Social Disruption

?


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FROM SUPPLY SIDE TO

DEMAND SIDEPLANNING


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Transport For The People

Feet First

TrafficCalming

On-Road

PriorityFor PublicTransport

DiversityIn PublicTransport

IntegrationOf PublicTransport


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Spatial Opportunities for Better PublicTransport in Asia


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Citizen ControlCitizen Control

Delegate PowerDelegate Power

PartnershipPartnership

PlacationPlacation

ConsultationConsultation

InformingInforming

TherapyTherapy

ManipulationManipulation

Nonparticipation

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

DegreesofTokenism

DegreesofCitizen Power

Eight Rungs on a Ladder of

Citizen Participation

Eight Rungs on a Ladder of

Citizen Participation


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The Global Plan for Action

(paragraph 27 d) :

improving access to work, goods, services, and amenities inter alia,

by promoting effective and environmentally sound, accessible,

quieter, and more energy efficient transport systems and by

promoting spatial development patterns and communication policiesthat reduce transport demand, promoting fiscal and economic

measures as appropriate, so that polluter bears the cost of pollution to

discourage polluting modes of transport.

City Summit, World Habitat II Conference

Istanbul, Turkey, 1996


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Thank youThank you

SUSTRAN NetworkSUSTRAN Network

Documents

UTM501 Session 1 Urban Cities Asia