• Utopian Communities• Religion• Social harmony• Equality (Ideas of socialism/communism)

• The Shakers• Equality: men and women

• The Mormons (1820’s)• Joseph Smith – creator• Brigham Young – migrated to Utah• Limits of religious toleration

• Oneida (1848)• John Humphrey Noyes• Dictatorial community• Complex marriage

• Robert Owen (1824)• Equal rights for women• Education for all• Division internally led to demise• Owenism led to push for early reforms• Temperance 1830’s

• Institutions of Reform• Jails, asylums and orphanages

• The Common School• Free public education• Horace Mann (Whig)• 1860 – All states in North; Few in South

Established Liberia as a colony to send freed slavesSupported by: Clay, Marshall, Webster, and Jackson

• Opposed colonization• Slavery – sin and against Dec. of Independence• Immediate abolition • Equal Rights• William Lloyd Garrison• The Liberator (1831)• Diffuse union to diffuse connection

• Frederick Douglass• “What, to the Slave, is the Fourth of July?”

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852)

• Interfere with profits• Dissolve union • Overthrow white supremacy

• Women active in social reforms• Born out of abolitionism• “Slavery of Sex”

• Grimké sisters • Universal freedom

• Seneca Falls Convention (1848)• Women’s rights and suffrage• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• “Declaration of Sentiments”

• The Abolitionist Schism• Split based on fear of radicalism• American & Foreign Anti-Slavery system• Liberty Party (election of 1840)