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The modular security toolboxAssembling state and citizenship in JerusalemVolinz, L.

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Citation for published version (APA):Volinz, L. (2019). The modular security toolbox: Assembling state and citizenship inJerusalem.

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Download date:26 Mar 2021

The ModularSecuriTy Toolbox:

Assembling stAte And Citizenshipin JerusAlem

lior Volinz

The ModularSecuriTy Toolbox:

Assembling stAte And Citizenshipin JerusAlem

ACAdemisCh proeFsChriFt

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor

aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam

op gezag van de Rector Magnificus

prof. dr. ir. K.I.J. Maex

ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie,

in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel

op woensdag 23 januari 2019, te 14:00 uur

door

lior Volinz

geboren te Ramat Gan

Promotor:Copromotor:Overige leden:

Faculteit:

Promotiecommissie:

Prof. dr. R.K. JaffeDr. E. GrassianiProf. dr. N. Shalhoub-KevorkianProf. dr. W. PullanProf. dr. ir. L. BertoliniProf. dr. M. de GoedeDr. V.D. Mamadouh

Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen

Universiteit van AmsterdamUniversiteit van AmsterdamHebrew University of JerusalemUniversity of CambridgeUniversiteit van AmsterdamUniversiteit van AmsterdamUniversiteit van Amsterdam

vi

tAble oF Contents

Acknowledgments viiiPreface xList of Figures xi1. Introduction 12

Security pluralization and privatization 17Assemblage and the modular security toolbox 21Security and citizenship 23Negotiating urban citizenship 27Dissertation outline 30

2. Researching Jerusalem 34Jerusalem and its histories 36Governing Jerusalem, Re-making Jerusalem 40Methodology 47Access and positionality, or on doing research in difficult settings 50Ethical considerations 55

3. Governance through Pluralization 60Modularity and pluralization 65Heterogeneity: ‘they come together’ 68Calling in the reserves 73The multifacetedness of (in)security distribution 80Informal knowledge and information transfer 84Conclusion 89

4. Crafting and Reinforcing the State through Security Privatization 92Security privatization and state-led projects 95Reconfiguring security at East Jerusalem’s settlement compounds 101New public and the private nodes of authority in Jerusalem 104Challenges and tensions in an emerging security provision 110Seeking indemnification, differentiation and depoliticization 113Conclusion 118

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5. Outsourced Security and the Politics of Uncertainty 120Governance through uncertainty in a city of barriers 124Plural security actors: obfuscation and confusion 129Military permits 142How settlers travel 146Shifting borders in spatiotemporality 152Conclusion 164

6. Performing the Home and Negotiating Citizenship in Jerusalem 166Performing citizenship 170Citizenship under occupation 173Fresh bananas and a moist toothbrush 177Performing the home through socio-material practices 181Secrecy, self-censorship, and how to mobilize the social 184Performing the home through paperwork 188Conclusion 193

7. Conclusion 196(Re)assembling security landscapes 201Towards a future of (in)security 204

Bibliography 208English summary 230Nederlandse samenvatting 235

viii

ACknowledgments

Writing a PhD is a bumpy journey full of obstacles, doubts and forks in the road. But I never had to traverse this road alone. I am indebted to so many colleagues and friends, guides and interlocutors, for accompanying me and supporting me over these past years. First, I would like to thank Rivke Jaffe and Erella Grassiani, my supervisors. Rivke assembled a diverse group of re-searchers, and with strong determination and unbounded optimism brought us together, leading us to question, to think, to debate and re-consider, both as a group and as individuals. Rivke’s out-of-the-box thinking, meticulous reading of texts and shrewd observations accompanied me in every step of this journey. I was very fortunate to have Erella as my co-supervisor. With her attentiveness, methodological expertise and ample of research experience in Israel/Palestine, Erella provided me with valuable advice in every part of my work, and especial-ly during my fieldwork.

I found a warm welcome at the University of Amsterdam, and particularly with my close colleagues at the SECURCIT project, whose similar research inquiries provided the background for endless hours of discussion, deliberation, chatter and laugher. Thank you Thijs, Carolina, Francesco, Tessa, Francesca, Frank and Patrick. I’m further thankful to my lovely colleagues from both the Governance and Inclusive Development group and from other research groups at the UvA: to Tracian, Alana, Sterre, Jelke, Joeri, Tara, Malin, Shazade, Yannis, Rowan, Juileen and many others. The stimulating academic environment at the Univer-sity of Amsterdam allowed me to learn and seek advice from a large number of scholars. Among them I would like to mention Jan Nijman, Dennis Rodgers, Anna Nikolaeva and Joyeeta Gupta at the department of Human Geography, Urban Planning and International Development, as well as our guests from other institutions - Tahire Erman, Martijn Oosterbaan and Finn Stepputat, to name a few. I’m further thankful to the members of my doctoral committee, for their time and efforts in this important step of my academic development.

ix

My thanks are also due to Eric Stoddart, Susanne Wigorts Yngevesson and David Lyon, who encouraged me to engage further in debates on surveillance technologies, and how these are contested and negotiated. In the writing-stage of my PhD, I was welcomed for a short visiting fellowship at the Crime & Society research group of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. I’m grateful for the support of Lucas Melgaço, Kristel Beyens and Els Enhus, among others, who inspired me with new perspectives on security, policing, technology, and fear. Their support now continues, as I found a new scholarly home within their research group.

My academic training would have been incomplete without the advice and en-couragements of Rajko Muršič and Staffan Löfving, my MA thesis supervisors. Thank you for demystifying the academic world and allowing me to develop my own voice within it. There are many others to whom thanks is due. While I can’t name them all, I would like to mention a few - Erez Tzfadia, Munir Nus-seibeh, Hillel Cohen, Oren Yiftachel, Nir Gazit, Barbara Segaert, Simone Tu-lumello, Ana Ivasiuc, Mijke Mulder, Shir Hever, Joan van Geel, Shira Havkin, Oren Shlomo, and Nils Zurawski. For the colourful cover and layout design of this dissertation, I’m thankful for the creative work of Urban Breznik. Many friends supported me on this journey, too many to list them all; yet I would like to make a particular mention of Itamar Shachar, who shared with me the travails of academia, of politics, and of an unwarranted hope for a better world. A special word of thanks is reserved for my anonymous interlocutors in Jeru-salem, to those Jerusalemites, security agents, policymakers and advocates who allowed me a glimpse into their world, in all its shame and glory, in a city that became my home for a short while.

I was blessed by a family that encouraged me to replace full stops with questions marks, that encouraged me to let my inquires lead my way, allowing me to travel both near and far. Simple words could not express my thanks. Lastly, a word of thanks to my love, whose contribution to this work is immeasurable. Without her support and patience, the following pages would be nothing but blank.

x

preFACe

This doctoral dissertation is the result of 52 months of research work as a doctoral candidate at the department of Human Geography, Planning and International Development of the University of Amsterdam, under the supervision of Prof. dr. Rivke Jaffe and dr. Erella Grassiani.

This research project was funded by the European Research Council (ERC), as part of a research grant awarded to Prof. dr. Rivke Jaffe, titled ‘Transform-ing Citizenship through Hybrid Governance: The Impacts of Public-Private Security Assemblages’ (SECURCIT). This research was further supported by the Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR), and the Centre for Urban Studies at the University of Amsterdam.

Earlier versions of Chapters 3 and 4 of this dissertation, and sections of the introductory chapter, were previously published in journal articles in the following peer-review journals:

Volinz, L. (2018). Governance through Pluralization: Jerusa-lem’s Modular Security Provision, Security Dialogue, In Press. DOI: 10.1177/0967010618789758.

Volinz, L. (2018). Crafting and reinforcing the state through security priva-tisation: territorialisation as a public–private state project in East Jerusalem, Policing and Society, In Press. DOI: 10.1080/10439463.2018.1489396.

Cover and layout design: Urban Breznik

xi

list oF Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

42

106

138

147

158

Map of Greater Jerusalem

Private security guards providing transport ser-vices for Jewish-Israeli settlers, Silwan, Jerusalem.

An Israeli policeman and private security guard directing traffic near Qalandyia checkpoint, Jerusalem.

Aerial photo of Ras Abu Sabitan and al-Zayim checkpoints.

Israeli border-policemen and a military police-woman watch over the passage of Palestinian women into Jerusalem, Qalandyia Checkpoint.