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Designing for error HIC Basic topics.
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Designing to fit human capabilities
Designing for error1. What are the human capabilities?. Human factors2. Human errors vs. design errors3. Three different design approaches
TOPIC
DxE
HCI notes: Designing for error
HCI notes
HUMAN CAPABILITIES
What are the human capabilities?
1. What are the human capabilities?
■ Question too broad.
It involves at least two sets: One with human average capabilities (in a particular context)
and other one with human disabilities (also in a certain context)[topic Design for special needs].
It can be bounded in a context: HCI.
What are the human capabilities in relation to the use of computers? (Digital Tools)
...and we are back to the topic of human models (HCP)
LIMITATIONS AND CAPABILITIES
Physical Cognitive
perception memorybehaviorlimited attentional resources
motricityagilityresistance...
Social behavior
1.
HUMAN FACTORS
understand the properties of human capability
apply this understanding to the design, development and deployment of systems and services.
[human factor science]
[human factor engineering]
multidisciplinary field (psychology, engineering, industrial design,statistics, operations research and anthropometry)
focuses on how people interact with tasks, machines (or computers),and the environment with the consideration that humans have limitations and capabilities.
Evaluate "Human to Human," "Human to Group," "Human to Organizational," and "Human to Machine (Computers)"
methods Focus groups | Iterative design | Meta-analysis | Task analaysis | Think aloud protocol | User analysis | wizard of Oz
1.1.
Human error?
2. Human error vs. design error
Phobos 1 (1988) | In 1988, the Soviet Union's Phobos 1 satellite was lost on its way to Mars. Why? According to Science magazine, "not long after the launch, a ground controller omitted a single letter in a series of digital commands sent to the spacecraft.
“People err. That is a fact of life.
People are not precision machinery designed for accuracy”.
Donald Norman
Cognitive Errors (“Mistakes”)Mistakes are errors in choosing an objective or specifying a method of achieving it
"The division occurs at the level of the intention: (A person establishes an intention to act)
If the intention is not appropriate, this is a mistake. If the action is not what was intended, this is a slip."
Non cognitive Errors (“slips & lapses”)slips are errors in carrying out an intended method for reaching an objective
2.
2. Error password message2.
email1 Bank account
email 2 Bank online pass
work email Upf user
computer 1(home) Upf library user
computer 2 (work) website user
server work snapfish
Spotify hosting
Facebook Skype
Linkedin ...
How many passwords you drive in your daily life? How many of them are repeated?
How many are small variations of the same?
2.
Me?. About 17
This is very far fromthe “magic number 7”!(out from human capabilities)
George A. Miller
How do we solve it?...
2.
with unsafe passwords!
why?.. Designing for error: outside human capabilities.
2.
Use common and predictable passwords.
Repeat the same passwordfor everything
Human error?...NO!
2.
Approaches to prevent design errors...
3. Three different design approaches
occurs because the designer ignores (some) human capabilities.
Designing for error...
TECHNOLOGY-oriented approach
HUMAN-centered approach
(consider the human factor)
TECHNOLOGY-oriented approach
HUMAN-centered approach
■ Prioritizes computer based information processing and technology-mediated communications over human and their communicative collaboration.
■ needs, wants and limitations of end users are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process.
UCD tries to optimize the design around user.
Cooperativedesign
Participatorydesign
Contextualdesign
human
machine
3.3.
human
machine
Imprecise DisorganizedDistractibleEmotionalIllogical
CreativeObedientAlerts to changeInventive
ExactSortedImpossible to distractNot emotionalLogics
Not creativeStructuredInsensitive to changesLacking imagination
TECHNOLOGY-oriented approach
HUMAN-centered approach
+
-
-
+
Humans lost: All attributes of people are negative while the attributes of the machines are positive.
Humans win.
Norman (1998) The invisible computer
3.3.
TECHNOLOGY-oriented approach
HUMAN-centered approach
Both views are complementary:
human
machine
■ People stand out for their qualitative skills. Those decisions are made flexible, because they perform both qualitative and quantitative assessments.
■ The machines are noted for their quantitative skills. Take logical decisions based on the quantitative evaluation of numerically specified variables and independent of context.
3.3.
ACTIVITY-centered approach
Why are such non-Human-Centered Designs so successful?
Musical instruments, the clock, writing systems...
All them have: arbitrary divisions, decisions and complexity. Artificial and unnatural.It takes people time to learned and become skilled.
The reason for Norman is in the Activity-centered Design
Develop with a deep understanding of the activities that were to be performed.Activities ≠ Task: an activity is a coordinated, integrated set of tasks.
Example: Mobil phone Activity= communication | Task= looking up numbers. dialing. SMS...
3.3.
4.
REFERENCES
Norman, D. A. (1990). Commentary: Human error and the design of computer systems. Communications of the ACM, 33, 4-7.
Norman, Donald (1998) The Invisible Computer. Boston, MIT Press.
Bogdan Calin (2006) Statistics from 10,000 leaked hotmail passwords.http://www.acunetix.com/blog/websecuritynews/statistics-from-10000-leaked-hotmail-passwords/
infosecurity.com (2009)http://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/view/3779/many-people-use-same-password-on-all-websites-says-cpp/
Hotmail leak: Most popular password? 12345http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/hotmail-leak-most-popular-password-12345-641321
Humans factors. Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_factors