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VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-
LOUDNESS SPACE
Presented by Vinoth Kulaveerasingam
QMUL ELE021/ELED021/ELEM021 • 5 Mar 2012
Paper by Jorg Langner and Werner Goebl
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
What is the aim?
How is it done?
How is it tested?
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Data gathering and Processing:
Method to take the reading
Data Reduction
Timing
Loudness
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Method to take the reading: Special recording
Midi (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), It is a system which records music.
Audio recording (AR) Original piece of music.
Data Reduction: Windowing (smoothed)
Take section of music (in this case very close to one bar of played music), smoothed using the Gaussian window.
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Timing: Special recording
Midi has a built onset recognizer. AR:
Interactive software tool for automatic beat detection. Detect as many onset as possible then compute the
beat. The beat can be corrected manually.
Loudness: Zwicker’s loudness model
Measured in sones.
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Display: After all the data has been gathered, it is been is
played into a two dimension space of tempo (on the x axis) and loudness (on the y axis):
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Case Study 1 : Chopin’s E-Major Etude 3 samples of music
Pianist 9 Pianist 18 Maurizio Pollini
The first two pianists (Pianist 9 and 18) has been asked to play until bar 21 of the “Chopin’ s Etude” on a Bosendorfer SE290
The aim is to see the correlation between Tempo and Loudness in a visual way.
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Pianist 9:
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Pianist 18:
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Maurizio Pollini:
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Case Study 2 : Schubert’s G-Flat-Major Impromptu 2 samples of music
Alfred Brendel (1997) Todd Hybrid Model
The aim of this study is to see if Neil Todd’ s model about Tempo and Loudness is true. He stated that : “The faster the louder, slower the softer”
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Comparison of the two samples:
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Analysis of each sample: Alfred Brendel (1997)
Todd Hybrid Model It is not perfect “faster-louder” model. Different parameter for timing and intensity were
chosen. The loudness unit is in sone.
Comparison: Difference is huge.
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Analysis of the experiment: Increase in tempo then loudness Counter clockwise movement of the Tempo-loudness
graph
To be proven by future experiments: Increase loudness at maximum tempo Decrease tempo at maximum loudness Decrease loudness at minimum tempo Increase tempo at loudness minimum
VISUALIZING EXPRESSIVE PERFORMANCE IN TEMPO-LOUDNESS
SPACE
Future: Many future application
Help musician to understand better. Can be used to teach music
SOURCE
Langner J. & Goebl W. (2003). Visualizing Expressive Performance in Tempo-Loudness Space. Computer Music Journal, 27(4): 69-83.