V Teliya - Lexical Collocation - Denominative and Cognitive Aspects

8/6/2019 V Teliya - Lexical Collocation - Denominative and Cognitive Aspects

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VeronikaTeliaInstituteofLinguistics,RAS,MoscowNatalyaBraginaInstituteof RussianLanguage,Moscow ElenaOparinaInstituteof Information forSocialSciences,RAS,Moscow

IrinaSandomirskayaIndependentresearcher,Moscow LexicalCollocations:

DenominativeandCognitiveAspectsAbstract

Themainurposefhisapersouggestoundationsor lexibletypologyoflexicalollocations.Thiswouldelya)neferentialeatures;b)onunctionalemantics;c)nognitivendonceptualnformation;d)nculturaldatacontainedinthemeaning;e)nthetypeofdiscourseinwhichthelexicalollocationsypicallysed.hraseologismsreonsideredtotandnveryloseelationoulturendnowledge.ulturalatashownodeterminethechoiceofthecollocator.1.Introduction

Lately,hereaseenrowingnterestmonginguistsnhereformulationfheoreticalndppliedpproachesoheroblem ofordombinatorics.ithinhetructuralramework,hecombinatorialspectwasmostlyonsiderednermsfsyntaxndthepurposewasoindules,sniversalsossible,ccordingowhichfreeunitscombineintosyntacticchains.Bycontrast,helatesttrendsimthenalysisftheexiconoractorsestrictingreecombinability.Inthisconnection,therehasbeenconsiderableinterestinlexicalcollocationssre-fabricatedanguageunitsCowie994a).Broadly


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Thewaywordsworktogether/combinatorics69speaking,ifferentiationetweenollocationndo-location (Knowls994)mpliesombinatorialffectsha treerivedrom meaningotential,inguisticallyelevantspectsfmeaningeinggraduallyxpandedoncludeanyactsreviouslyeglecteds"extralinguistic".Forinstance,hecorrelationbetweencombinatoriallanguagenitsndinguisticorldicture,ncludingulturalconnotationsaomainracticallynexploredyanguageheory)seemstobeahighlypromisingdirectionofresearch.Anotheraspectoftheproblemsthedefinitionof thepositionoflexicalollocationithespectohees tfhehraseologicalcorpusndithespectoreeordombinations.orawdemarcationinemeansoworkut ypologyflexicalollocati-onsseeowie994bor omparativenalysisfespectiveclassificationpproachesnesterninguisticsndnussian phraseology).However, nifiedypologyfexicalollocationseemsdifficultasktresent.heaineasonshatuiteifferentfoundationsaveeenuggestedyifferentuthorsorhe isolationndlassificationfexicalollocations.nsteadftypologicalaradigmwhichigidlyividesheorpusntolasses,wepreferaflexiblemulti-dimensionaletoftypologicalmotivationswhichouldesultnnand/or"lassification,otecessarilyleadingoheormationfclasses.nact,hiswoulde oly-modallassificationftypesfrelationshiphatxistetweenhebasendheollocator.uch lexibleystemselievedoeusefulnelievingexicographersfheotorioushraseologicalmarginwhichsullof"occasional"wordcombinationstraditionally referredtoasusagepeculiarities".

Foretternderstanding,heermsbase"ndcollocator" willesedsuggestednausmann1985)nddoptednWesternlexicography.2.Lexicalcollocations:anominativepointofview

IntheAnglo-Saxontradition,hegreatestemphasisisputonthesyntacticspectfexicalollocations,ithurtherivisionnto substantive,erbal,djectivalnddverbialhrases.ndeed,his divisionsheirsttepnexicographicresentation;ee,orinstance,orkovkin1978),houghnenson1989)emanticinformationsncludedn yntacticallassificationfcollocationsas an additional parameter. However, classification by surface


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370 uralex1994structuresfteninderedytsasicontradictionitheepsemantics.iddenredicatesnaccBeT/3aicaTKyjibrypbiaveoverbalcounterparts,ndnosolutioncanbefoundatthesurfacelevelofhehrase.urfaceyntaxs erymportantarameterfclassification,utwhenappliedontsownitleavestheusagemargintoowide.Inhetructuralerspective exicalollocations asef"excessive"inguisticxpressionatestheyreieweds"stylistic"eans,snally1961),utheyreoreftenreferredtoheidiosyncraticdomainofusage).Ontheotherhand,ntermsfheheoryfaming,uchanguagenitsaneinterpreteds wayfimplementinglinguo-creativeorder"B.A.Serebrennikov).nact,nheussiananguageheyerveocompensateorhehortageforphologicalord-nd form-buildingmeanstheFutureensefnoexflaTbflepacynoe^ysbestexpressedthroughacollocation;osanaspectualmeaningfoMoraTtKa3aTtoMomb,tc.)sorexicalcollocationswithbstractouns,heyssumeullesponsibilityorform-ndword-building,inceraditionalorphologicalmeansfderivationarenotusedhere.

IntheRussianraditionofnamingheory,V.Vinogradovpro-posedheheoryfoundeaningtheependenceetweenhesemanticsftheasendhehoiceftheollocator). lassifi-cationfphraseologicalnitsasednheegreefboundness"(semanticohesion)asidelydoptednovietinguistics.ngeneral,bound"eaningsescribedsa)roducingunctionaldependenceetweenheasendheollocator;b)nvolving semanticranspositionfheollocatesc)ervings pecialform-building andderivativemechanism(Telia981,986).Theacthatoundmeaningtandsn unctionalelationothemeaningofthebasewashownwithreatestclarityntheMea-ning=>extodelyA.K.holkovskind.A.Mel'chuk

(Mel'chuk,holkovski984;Apresyan974).heheoryescribesboundmeaningnermsflexicalunctionsndepresentsexicalcollocationssrganizedroundheeywordthease)whichssemanticallydominant.ThesamedependencewaslsootedbyV.G.GakGak972):theconnectionbetweenthemeaningofthebaseandthechoiceofthecollocatorsescribednermsfcategorialenses"ertain configurationsfeaninglikeinitial/finaltagefnctivepassivection',tc.).uch "categorialenses"ndimilarheno-


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Thewaywordsworktogether/combinatorics71 menawhichanbetreated,houghwithaution,septhemanticcounterpartsfMelchuk'sexicalunctions)uggesthathemoti-vationliesatadeeperlevelofmeaning,nditsanalysishouldstartatthedepthlevelsof semanticsandconceptualmeaning.Asentionedbove, ornerstonefbound"eaningssemanticransposition:metaphororanotherrope)ssedtoameaemanticarameterontainednhemeaningfheaseTelia1986).ropeicechanismsngagednheormationfcollocationnheollowingway:orxample,heRussianwordzav'azat'toiep)eganoeusedoenotethenitialtageffriendshipzav'azat'druzhbu),becauseherimarymeaningftheverb('tofasten[arope]byconnectingitsndsandtyingthemntoaknot')fits"heeaningfheaseruzhbantsemanticparametermutualonnectionetweenwororeeople'cf.uzydruzhby,it.:inksffriendship,nhemeaningflastingnd matureelationshipetweenriends',azorvat'ruzhbu,it.:obreaktear]priendship,nhemeaningtoterminateriendship',whereheam eemanticonnectionyssociationsmplementedbymeansofawordcombination).Inact,heeaningfheaseogetherithespective functionalelationsaneescribednermsfframes,withuchframeparametersas:

(a) aspectual ones (obretat', khranit', teriat' nadezhdu;nadezhdylopnuli;nadezhdavernulas 'vozrodilas',umerla);(b)ualitative and quantitative parameters(robkaianadezhda,slabayanadezhda,etc).;(c)arametersertainingoheubject'snvolvednhesituation(rabstrastei,zhertvaobmand);(d)nstrumentativeparametersrukasud'by,perstsud'by;(e)ocativeparametersepicentrbor 'by,glubinastradania)andotherategoriesfarametershatreomparableoFillmore'sdepthscases;(f)arametershatndicateingularityrultitudeluchnadezhdy,orokhnovostei,etc).

3.emantics.onceptual:ognitivepproachoexicalcollocations

Asaseenhownbove,emanticnalysisfexicalcollocations is usefuls it produces system ofarameters to


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372 uralex1994

describeheramefmeaning.hiss erymportanttagenlexicographicepresentationutnacttivesonsightntohemotivationthatcontrolsthechoiceofaspecificcollocatortomatchaspecificbase.FramesemanticsannotexplainthedifferencebetweenfreeordombinationsikeoponiHHapaKTepndjioxaanaMOTb,nheneand,ndheirransposedsynonyms"30Ji0T0fl/aHrejibCKHapaKTepndopoTKaa/fleBHHbaaMTb(lexicalollocations),nhetherand.dditionalonceptualinformationmustbeemployedtodifferentiatebetweentheseforms.Annsightntoonceptualizationouldeainedfmetaphorswereubjectedoiteralecodingndurthernalyzedncognitivebasis.Wereatmetaphors mostignificantmechanism ofconceptualizationmeaninggeneration.Deconstructingametaphor,wecangainaccessoculturalatainvolvedinconceptualizationandtoheworldicturehatsharedyllembersfaanguagecommunityandreflectedinitslinguisticsigns.Inhort,heoleofmetaphoraneescribedsnowledgeacquisitionhroughhelsbrinciplehichsheodeoassimilateewxperienceolreadyxistingatterns,nheasisofanalogy.Asmetaphorishelinguisticxpressionfthisrocess,itsorthwhileonsideringetaphoricalfigurative)inguistic meaningtobeabridgebetweenheworldofconceptsandtheworldofemantics.hus, ognitivepproachoexicalollocationsbecomesossibleueoheresencefmetaphor,hisrincipallinguo-creativemechanism,nthestructureofmeaning.Inact,herucialointshemodefknowledgecquisition androcessing.ere,ereealingithulture-ndlanguage-specificnowledgencodedninguisticignsndrepresentingwhatWeisgerberalledWeltansightWeisgerber929).Thenowledgefulturalinguisticodes,rulturalinguistic competence,s onditionineuaonorhenterpretationflexicalcollocations.Theresentuthorsuggestheollowingmodesfacquisition ofculturaldatainlexicalollocations:

(1)culturalconnotation; (2 )culturalseme;(3 )culturalbackground;(4)culturalconcept.


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Theway wordsworktogether/combinatorics73 1.yulturalonnotationeeannthno/socio-culturalinterpretationfssociativendigurativeotifsithespectoculturalategoriesmythologems,prototypicalituations,rchetypes,quasi-symbols,etc.).nourclassification,ulturalonnotationishemotnfluentialarameterstresupposesropeicransposition,typicalechanismnexicalollocationsithnbstractase.E.g.inHHralyumndHHraKH3HHheependentomponentKHHrasusednafigurativemeaning.oulndlifearefigurativelyconceptualizedsfheyereooks nformationbjectsrom whichnybodywhonowsheodemightbtainnowledgesffromeading ook.hemetaphoricale-conceptualizationfthecollocatorJKH3HI>,yuia)mplies eferenceoheHolyWrit.Thusheetaphor"soul/lifesftwere ook")efersoculturalymbolratherthenaclassofobjects.2.ulturalemeanedentifiednomeexicalollocationsdenotingbstractotions.heaserheollocatorignifiesculturalealiasuchasangel'nHreJibCKHHapaicreprhell'nanOflHHOHecTBa).Differentrom1),ulturalatasotassociatedwiththeconceptualstructure,utispartoftheliteralmeaningofth ebase/collocator.3.ulturalackgroundsbservednollocationshoseasercollocatorenotesistoricalventrocialhenomenon,highly-ideologizedocialealia.hus,iTypMaHbi arraTaHMapxHTeKTopuepecrpoOKHenotetheagentsfahistoricalocialprocessnheUSSRnheate980s.tsulturalackgroundsveryloseto2),utithasatrongpoliticalomponentofmeaning thatoftenhastobeexplainedtonon-nativespeakers.4.ulturalonceptsreonstructsfocialndpiritualpheres.Thus,T O C K aTHeTeTcontainsaculturalconceptT O C K a asth ebaseofthecollocation.inguisticomparisonhowsha tuchonceptsreconstructedinaculture/language-specificway:nthecaseofTOCKa,fo rinstance,heresoxactquivalentnEnglishndomparablepsychologicaltatesreenotedy umberfwordsanguish,sorrow,rief,etc.).Culturalconceptsrefertolinguisticworldpictureandoheannerfworldappinghatspecificor ivenlanguage.


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4.CollocabilityresultingfromdiscourseAtthebeginningwementionedtheneedtodifferentiatebetweenco-locationsndollocations.owever,snyhraseologistsknows,hissotlwaysasy;nact,oigidoundaryaneestablished.Ashaseenaid,neveryattemptofclassificationthereremainsaumberofmarginalcaseswordcombinationsthatcanbetreatedithersreerethrasesependingnwhatystemfdescriptionheesearcherasdoptedsisrerramefreference.ntermsfaognitiveapproach,uchubiouscasesan

beiewedsexicalollocationsnd,herefore,epresentednphraseologicalictionaries,ut pecialexicographicroceduresrequiredoakehemvisible"gainstheackgroundfnumberlessreewordombinations.taslreadyeenotedhattheestrictionfollocationnuchasesesultsromohesionwhichseneratedtheognitivenotemantic)evelndeflectsthegeneralstructureoflinguisticworldknowledge.Linguisticorldnowledgencludesnowledgebouthow thingsormallyre".neanpeakfthno/socio-cultural specificityinthisidealworldpicture.

InRussian,heres corpusfse thrasesha tirectlyeflectsuchnowledgend,nllheirultitude,akep indf"encyclopaedia"mplementedninguisticeanings.heyanetentativelyclassifiedasfollows:1.hecollocatornamesaconstantorfrequentpropertyofthesignifiedfthease,.g.:HHeeMope,ejieHaapaBa,6ejibiHctier,TeMHaaHOHB.2.heollocatoramesaunctionalropertyftheignified

ofthebase,.g. :crptiHHO cTpaapnTBa,MarxaanepHHa.uchcollocationsarequiteexplicitastothenor-mal"tateofthings:s knifeisesignedforcutting,tisnormallysharp.Abluntknifeisanabnormalone.3 .heollocatoreflectsnmplicativeelationetweenhecollocatendthesignifiedofthebase,.g.:epHbiHpyr,HecnacTHaHnpoTa.ccordingoictionaries,heoun"friend"oesotontainheemeloyalty',oroeshenounorphan"ontainheemeunhappy'.exicalcollocationsfsuch ypeontainerivednowledge,heconnectionetweenwordmeaningandmplicationbeingoclosehatfntonymousexemesreubstitutedntohe


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Theway wordsworktogether/combinatorics75 collocationheesultsnxymoronicxpression(*HeBepnbiHpyr,cHacTjiHBaHcnpoTa).4.hemodifierreflects propertyexpectedofthesignifiedofthease.omplicativeinksbservedtheurface,motivationisestablishedatthedepthevelndisssociatedwithonceptualatherhanemanticeaning.orexample,nheussianonceptualorldicture,medicinesxpectedoebitter.hisaneeennhecollocationropucoeieKapcTBO,nth eidiomnoflCJiacTHTb riHJiiojiK),ndn metaphoricexicalollocationopucaJinpaBfla.

TellingomebodyheitterruthropbKyiopaBjry)eansoel lhimrheromethingnpleasantwithnntentionoelprealhim/her(ofabadhabit,of amisconception,etc.)Thus,abittertruthis ruthhateals.weethingsannoteal,f.heussianproverbJlynuieopbKaanpaB.uaneincjiaflKaaJIOXB.LikewiseJiaaanexaescribesnxpectedroperty.step-mothersssociatedwithheOther,lienndvil.herefore,th eollocationJiaaianexalsoindsmotivationtheognitive level.ordombinationsuchslopaaanexa,JiaflKoejieKapTCBOoundverymuchlikeoxymorons.Althoughwewereusingthetermscollocator"ndbase"withreferenceowordombinationsoftheboveype,lassifyinghem asexicalollocationssnlyossiblen erypecialay.Indirectly,heirrestrictedombinabilityanedemonstratedyhefactha tanyfhemanexpandedntoomparisons,.g.:MflncaaepHHaMrKaaKepHHa;crpuox. OCTPHHKaKHoac.hisakeshemifferentormreeombinations,f.:MsncaJiTKaHb-MarKHHKaKTicaHb; CTPHHonop OCTPHHK a K Tonop;JIOHejiOBeKCJIOHKaKnejiOBeK.However,heemanticohesionesultingromorldknowledge,suiteweak.tsnlywhen wordombinationsregularlyeproducednoneormoretypesfdiscoursethatonecanspeakufficientfboundness"orheirnclusionnhelassflexicalollocations.fhisshease,heycquireulturalmarkedness.Thuswedentify lassfwordombinationswhichanetreatedsexicalollocationsnderertainonditionsndouldbedescribedsdiscoursetereotypes".hesereemanticallynon-transposedwordombinationshichrereeombinationsn


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termsfemanticriteriauthichignify olisticoncept,conveyonnotationsndrectivelymployednertainenresfdiscourse.nhemosteneralensetaneaidhatuchword combinationsreulturallyestrictedyheirsagendoptedgenresfiscourse.hus,ordombinationsikeJiaaManexa,ropbKoeieKapcTBO,epHbiHlpyr,imeeMoperedentifiedsstereotypesoffolkpoetry.5.Conclusion

Theroblemftypologyaneolvedorlexicalollocations if lexiblelassificationfonditionsestrictingollocationselaborated.heumberfuchestrictionsnd ombinationftypesfestrictionsnveryndividualasewouldprovidegroundsforheifferentiationetweenreewordombinationsndexicalcollocations.esultshusbtainedouldbeppliednexicographicpresentationhichouldakeccountfelevantnformationderivingfromeachtypeofrestriction. Ineneral,heifferentypesfrestrictionsescribednhis papercanbereducedtothefollowingclasses:

(1)hehoicefollocatorependsponheemanticsfbothpartners".hemotivationfrestrictedsagehouldbeookedornheemicontentfheasendhecollocator,ndthefixedformandusagearethefunctionof"binding"betweensemes.(2)hehoicefcollocatorsheunctionftherame.helexicalollocationervesoillp morphologicalacunaortocompensateforthelackof derivationalmechanisms.

(3 )hechoiceofcollocatoristhefunctionofconceptualizationofreality,othhysicalndultural.Metaphorworksscognitiveechanismelatingheeaningfexicalcollocationstoother(non-verbal)symbolicsystems.(4)hehoicefcollocatorsheunctionfdiscourse,oth intermsofitscontentsandpragmatics.Identifyingheselasses,tepytep,nheontinuumfixedexpressions, flexibletypologicalsystemcanbeobtainedthatwouldaccountoramuchwiderscopeoflinguisticphenomenathanwould bethecasehouldaclassificationwithewerdimensionsbeapplied.Thisrinciplehasnmportantpracticalpplicationnexicography,


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Theway wordsworktogether/combinatorics77 astllowsepresenting arreaterumberftemsnsystematicasis.heracticabilityfheroposedpproachsbeingestedyheuthorsnheDictionaryfRussianLexicalCollocationswhichisbeingcompiledatpresent.Lastutoteast,heroposedpproachsmportantecauseofthemphasistaysnheonnectionetweenhraseologyndculture.inguo-culturalesearchfhraseologysromising theoreticalirectionndaveryignificantneinurtimeofglobalpoliticalhanges.heresent-dayituationnheworldhowslltheymptomsfncreasingculturaleafness".ross-culturalcontactsreeinglockedythno-culturalarriershichsometimeseemnsurmountable.heroblemfcrossculturaltranslation"sotnly politicalecessity,utlso challengeothetheoryoflanguageandculture.ReferencesApresyan Yu.D. 1974. Leksicheskaya semantika. Sinonimicheskie sredstva

yazyka.Moscow:Nauka.BallyCh. 1961.raitedetylistiquefranaise.ussianranslation.Moscow:InostrannayaLiteratura.BensonM. 1989. "AollocationalictionaryfRussian". SlavicndastEuropeanJournal33 ::Winter989.

Cowie,A.P. 1994aPhraseology"n:R.E.Ashered.),heEncyclopediaofLanguageandLinguistics.Vol.6OxfordandNewYork:PergamonPress.Cowie, A.P. 1994b. "Phraseological dictionaries - some East-Westcomparisons". International symposium on phraseology. Proceedings.Leeds.Gak V.G.1972. "K probleme semanticheskoi sintagmatiki" in Problemystrukturnoilinguistiki.971.Moscow:Nauka.

HausmannF.J.985.KollokationenmeutschenWrterbuch:inBeitragurTheorie des lexikographischen Beispiels" in H. Bergenholtz und J.Mugdon(eds.)LexikographieundGrammatik.Tubingen.Knowls, F. 1994. "CollocabilitynanguagesorpecificurposesLSP's):some preliminaries". International symposium on phraseology.Proceedings.Leeds.

Mel'chukI.A.,ZholkovskiA.K.984.ExplanatoryCombinatorialDictionaryofModernRussian.Vienna.

MorkovkinV.V. 1978. Uchebnyilovar'usskogoyazyka. Moscow: RusskiYazyk.TeliaV.N 1981. Tipyazykovykhnachenii. Svyazannoeznachenielova vyazyke.Moscow:Nauka.TeliaV.N.986.Konnotativnyiaspektnominativnykhedinits.Moscow:Nauka.Weisgerber J.L.929.MutterspracheundGeistesbildung.ttingen.

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V Teliya - Lexical Collocation - Denominative and Cognitive Aspects