v6.docx · Web viewthe future, and things both real and imaginary. We can think about nothing at all, and even think about thought itself. [3]A significant amount of thought is

Leesvaardigheid Cito Stepping Stones

Text 11Work with a classmateTuning inYou are going to read an article about thinking. First discuss the following statements with a classmate. Decide whether you agree or disagree, and why.

1 I think, therefore I am.2 Much more is possible in the world of thought than in the real world.3 Some things are unthinkable.

Now read the text.

Thoughts: The inside story

[1] Can you imagine a life without thought? It wouldn't be much of an existence. Thoughts fill our every waking moment, and whether they are insightful, banal, playful or bizarre, there is no denying that thinking comes naturally to us. We might say that thought is to humans what flight is to eagles and swimming is to dolphins.[2] But it is one thing to think and quite another to understand the nature of thought. Just as eagles fly without any grasp of aerodynamics, and dolphins swim without understanding fluid mechanics, so most of us think without having insight into its nature. Thought is elusive. We use it to solve problems and invent things, but how much control do we have over it? We think about an incredible variety of things: objects, people, places, relationships, abstract concepts, the past,

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the future, and things both real and imaginary. We can think about nothing at all, and even think about thought itself.[3] A significant amount of thought is undirected: not aimed at any specific goal or problem. This type of thought takes many forms, ranging from simply wandering away from a task to the spontaneous, unbidden thoughts that pop into your head during rest or routine chores. Until recently, undirected thought was considered unproductive and wasteful. But research now suggests that it is a normal, even necessary, aspect of our mental lives. Brain activity during mind-wandering is reminiscent of that seen when people are deliberately engaged in creative thinking, so it may be that, paradoxically, undirected thought is when we get our best thinking done. In any case, attempting to control the direction of a stream of thought can be counterproductive. In a famous study, participants who were asked not to think about white bears for a 5-minute period reported more thoughts about white bears than a second group who had been instructed to think about white bears. This demonstrates that, while we do have some control over the direction of our thoughts, that control is far from unlimited. [4] Is there a limit to what our minds can grasp? It's not unlikely. Given that the machinery of thought is part of our biology, there is every reason to suspect that it suffers from the kinds of bugs and blind spots that constrain other biological systems. It is doubtful whether chimpanzees possess the ability to think about quantum mechanics, for example. And if there are parts of reality that are inaccessible to other thinking species, why should we assume that no part is inaccessible to us? [5] Nevertheless, the potential of human thought is clearly very great. But does this mean that it is immeasurable? Are there borders to human thought, and can we demarcate those borders? It's an interesting question. You might argue that if a certain thought is unthinkable, we can't think about it – let alone know that it is unthinkable. But just as we can know some of what we don't know – the 'known unknowns' – so too we might be able to think about the 'thinkable unthinkables'.[6] Wherever the boundaries of human thought lie, there is little doubt that we are far from having reached them. There are thoughts – deep, important and profound – that no human has yet entertained. Thought has taken us a long way; who knows where it will lead.

Adapted from: http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21929350.500-thoughts-the-inside-story.html

2Reading Below you find a thesis statement of Thoughts: The inside story. For each part of this statement, write down from which paragraph(s) the information is extracted.

Thesis statement: Though its nature is difficult to fathom, thinking is a typically human characteristic. What we do understand is that undirected thinking is useful and that thinking probably has its limits, even if we haven't reached them by far.

1 Though its nature is difficult to fathom Paragraph(s) ______________

2 thinking is a typically human characteristic Paragraph(s) ______________

3 undirected thinking is useful Paragraph(s) ______________

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http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg21929350.500-thoughts-the-inside-story.html


4 thinking probably has its limits Paragraph(s) ______________

5 we haven't reached them by far Paragraph(s) ______________

3ReadingRead Thoughts: The inside story and write down quotes from the text to prove that the following statements are true.

1 The author appears to agree with the proposition 'I think, therefore I am'.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2 It is difficult to grasp how thinking works.

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3 It's amazing how extensive the possible objects of thought are.

_____________________________________________________________________________

4 When your thoughts are wandering, you might end up with the best ideas.

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5 We can only partly keep our thought processes in check.

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6 Observing other species suggests that our thinking capacity is probably limited.

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7 The author wonders whether we are able to define the limits of our thinking.

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8 Because we are able to think, we have progressed enormously.

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4Reading Read Thoughts: The inside story. Indicate in the table where the following paragraphs could be inserted in the text. Write down A, B and C in the correct places. For each of these paragraphs, there's only one possible place in the text.

title Par. 1

Par. 2

Par. 3

Par. 4

Par. 5

Par. 6

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ABut thinking is not limited in the way our physical and perceptual abilities are. We cannot see or visit distant tracts of space and time, for example, but we can think about them. Is there any reason to think there are cognitive limits – aspects of reality that are beyond us? There is.

BPeople might question whether this reasoning is valid because of the one aspect that distinguishes us from other species: language. Language facilitates thought. By putting thoughts into language we are able to take a step back and subject them to critical evaluation. There is good reason to suppose that much distinctively human thought involves, or is at least enabled by, language. But then again language, too, has its limits.

CThis might raise the question as to whether thinking is something we control or something that just happens to us. Suppose that I ask you why democracies tend not to wage war against other democracies. If you have not already considered this question, you may need to think about it. What precisely does that involve? You simply put the question to yourself... and wait for something to spring to mind. Sometimes nothing much happens; on other occasions, your unconscious comes up with something intelligible. Either way, there is no rule that you can consciously follow in order to generate the required thoughts. But this is not the only aspect of being unable to control our thoughts.

I-questionRead Thoughts: The inside story, then choose one of the unanswered questions that are brought up about thinking and find more information about this (use the internet, a magazine, a newspaper, …). Then write an essay about it explaining what you’ve found and what your own ideas are.English, 500 words

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Text 21Work with a classmateTuning in

You are going to read an article about connoisseurship: being extremely knowledgeable on a certain subject and consequently being an expert judge of quality. First answer the following questions.

1 Mention something you consider yourself a connoisseur of. Explain.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2 List three other things you can be a connoisseur of.

_____________________________________________________________________________

3 What connoisseurs do you know of? What are (or were) they connoisseurs of?

_____________________________________________________________________________

Now read the text.

In Pursuit of Taste, en Masse

[1] AMERICANS didn't always expect so much in their quest for enjoyment. It used to be enough simply to savor a good cigar, a nice bottle of wine or a tasty morsel of cheese. Not anymore. Driven by a relentless quest for 'the best,' we increasingly see everything we purchase as a reflection of our discriminating taste. We are not consumers; we are connoisseurs.[2] Connoisseurship, long confined to the appreciation of high art and classical music, is now applied to an endless cascade of items, from coffee and craft beers to cars, watches, lunchboxes and stereo systems. This is somewhat surprising since as recently as the social upheavals of the 1960s and '70s, connoisseurship was considered elitist. Today, it is a vital expression of how many of us want to see, and distinguish, ourselves.[3] Despite its expanded applications, connoisseurship still revolves around art, if we define art broadly as things that are more than the sum of their parts because they offer the possibility of transcendence. No one blinks when we apply the term to wine, food or literary forms like comic books; these are believed to offer deeper experiences to those who can gain access to them. True connoisseurs are not merely knowledgeable; they possess a sixth sense called

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'taste'. They are renowned for unerring judgment and a discerning eye. They are celebrated because of their talent for identifying and appreciating subtle, often hidden, qualities.[4] Rising connoisseurship is a response to life in an age of information shaped by consumerism. As ideas increasingly become the coin of the realm, people distinguish themselves by what they know. An important way to demonstrate this is through what they buy. 'A lot of what gets called connoisseurship is really just snobbery,' said Thomas Frank, author of The Conquest of Cool. 'It's not about the search for quality, but buying things that make you feel good about yourself. It's about standing apart from the crowd, demonstrating knowledge, hipness.' The rub is that these days few people have the time or inclination to become true connoisseurs. Most people now outsource connoisseurship, turning to others for guidance. This is nothing new, of course, but what is different is the idea that now one can become a paragon of taste simply by taking someone else's advice. [5] However, those whom we might rely on for this guidance often show a startling lack of discernment. In one experiment, Dr. Dan Ariely, a professor of psychology and behavioral economics at Duke University, asked people with an interest in wine to taste and write descriptions of four wines. After 10 minutes, a blind taste test was given in which they were asked to match the wines to their own descriptions. For the most part, they couldn't. In another experiment, food coloring was added to white wine to make it appear red. When asked to rate this 'red' wine, participants did so using descriptors characteristic of red wine, such as tannins and complexity. This work dovetails with other experiments that have found, for instance, that many people cannot tell the difference between foie gras and dog food in blind taste tests. [6] Even actual connoisseurs have a hard time getting it right. Nine wine experts at Princeton University recently compared revered French wines with ones from New Jersey costing, on average, about 5 percent as much. Not only did each expert give each wine a score vastly different to their peers', but they rated the cheap wines on a par with their costly counterparts.[7] But these results don't necessarily debunk the notion of connoisseurship. 'Whether we can actually tell the difference between cheap and expensive wine may be less important than whether we think we can,' said Dr. Ariely. 'We might actually experience more pleasure when drinking an expensive wine, enjoy it more, because we're slowing down, savoring it, paying more attention to its qualities.' Which, as it turns out, is a hallmark of connoisseurship.

Adapted from: www.nytimes.com

2Reading Read In Pursuit of Taste, en Masse and quote the first two and the last two words of the sentence or phrase from the text that …

1 illustrates that in some respects Americans used to be less demanding than today. (par 1)

_____________________________________________________________________________

2 indicates that the scope of connoisseurship has recently expanded. (par 2)

_____________________________________________________________________________

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3 explains why connoisseurship used to have a negative connotation. (par 2)

_____________________________________________________________________________

4 specifies which aspect of connoisseurship has remained unchanged. (par 3)

_____________________________________________________________________________

5 explains why some objects are considered to fall within the parametres of connoisseurship. (par 3)

_____________________________________________________________________________

6 describes our present time. (par 4)

_____________________________________________________________________________

7 states that many modern connoisseurs don't deserve the title. (par 4)

_____________________________________________________________________________

8 points out the pitfall of outsourcing connoisseurship. (par 5)

_____________________________________________________________________________

9 suggests that more expensive doesn't necessarily mean better. (par 6)

_____________________________________________________________________________

10 states what the essence of connoisseurship is. (par 7)

_____________________________________________________________________________

3ReadingALees In Pursuit of Taste, en Masse en maak een samenvatting van zeven zinnen; één zin voor elke alinea. Maak er een samenhangend geheel van.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

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_____________________________________________________________________________

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BGeef de hoofdgedachte van de gehele tekst weer in één zin.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

4Reading Read In Pursuit of Taste, en Masse. For each of the following sentences or phrases, indicate whether the author is stating a fact or employing irony. Also explain why you think so..

1 'driven by a relentless quest for “the best”' (par. 1).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

2 'because they offer the possibility of transcendence' (par 3).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

3 'literary forms like comic books' (par 3).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

4 'who can gain access to them' (par 3).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

5 'they possess a sixth sense called “taste”' (par 3).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

6 'appreciating subtle, often hidden, qualities' (par 3).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

7 'As ideas increasingly become the coin of the realm' (par 4).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

8 'turning to others for guidance' (par 4).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

9 'costing, on average, about 5 percent as much' (par 6).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

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10 'Which, as it turns out, is a hallmark of connoisseurship' (par 7).

Yes / No, _____________________________________________________________________

Now define: how do you decide whether something is ironical or not?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

I-questionRead In Pursuit of Taste, en Masse and study the ironical style used by the author.List the techniques used by the author to reach this effect.

Then find an article on the internet (250-300 words) and rewrite it in an ironic style. Hand in both the original article and your version.

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Text 3

1Work with a classmateTuning inYou are going to read an article about the colouring of leaves. First discuss the following questions with a classmate. 1 In autumn, leaves undergo a colour change. What do you know about this process? Be as

detailed as you can.[SL end]

2 Autumnal leaf colour has inspired many poems, songs, and works of art. Each name at least one example, and explain its link to autumn.[SL end]

Getting Reddy

[1] The Romantic poet Shelley imagined that in autumn leaves lost their colour as the wild west wind drove them...

...like ghosts from an enchanter fleeing Yellow, and black, and pale, and hectic red, Pestilence-stricken multitudes.

Well, that is one hypothesis. But it is unlikely to stand up to scientific scrutiny. And a surprising amount of such scrutiny is being devoted to the question of why trees turn such glorious colours.[2] Part of the puzzle has already been pieced together. Scientists have long known that lower temperatures and shorter days trigger the breakdown of chlorophyll – the green pigment that enables plants to capture energy from light – in the leaves of deciduous trees. As the chlorophyll wanes, it reveals other pigments that were swamped by its bold colour. These pigments, called carotenoids, aid in the process of light absorption and in doing so give rise to fall's brilliant yellows, ambers, golds and oranges. Different species of tree retain different

amounts of carotenoids, which accounts for much of the polychromatic beauty of a forest in autumn. [3] So far so good. But what about those 'hectic reds'? They have been a scientific curiosity for over a century. Scientists know that the pigments responsible for them, and also for purple and magenta, are not revealed by chlorophyll's absence, as in the case of the yellows and oranges, but rather are actively created by trees in autumn. In recent years researchers have argued that these pigments,

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called anthocyanins, are produced in response to environmental cues, setting off a mad dash to discover what these cues might be.[4] The quest is not entirely altruistic: foliage – or rather, foliage tourism – is a big business. Annual expenditures by foliage tourists in the state of Vermont surpass $700m, while in Wisconsin, a bigger state, they top $1 billion. A short foliage season – caused, for instance, by an untimely blizzard – can mean a significant financial setback to these areas. If the production of the world-famous red coloration could be accurately forecast, perhaps even prolonged, that effect could be reversed. [5] One team of scientists in hot pursuit of the elusive autumnal reds is William Hoch and his colleagues at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Their hypothesis, based in part on an idea proposed in the 19th century, is that anthocyanins are produced in reaction to excess illumination. As the leaves disassemble their light-gathering apparatus in preparation for winter, they argue, they become particularly sensitive to light damage. Anthocyanins provide a natural sunscreen while the tree recovers as many valuable chemicals as possible from each leaf before it is discarded. Support for this theory was found in work showing that autumnal anthocyanins were most abundant in leaves exposed to direct sunlight, and least so in those shaded by the canopy.[6] But not everybody agrees that protection from excess illumination is the main autumnal role of anthocyanins. Their production can also by triggered by a number of other factors, including nutrient deficiencies, drought, low temperatures, wounding, infection and exposure to ozone. And they do a lot more than just absorb light: they neutralise free radicals, help cells hold on to their water, and even act as anti-freeze. [7] The precise triggers for anthocyanin production could thus take years to figure out. Until then, a reliable foliage forecast is that researchers will spend their time seeing red, while everybody else simply enjoys the technicolor, sylvan swansong of the autumn.Adapted from: http://www.economist.com/node/1378446

2Reading 1 Scan Getting Reddy. In the left-hand column of the grid below, write down the names of three

pigments that are mentioned in the text.

Pigments: Colours:1

2

3

2 Now read Getting Reddy. Write down each colour and colour description that is mentioned in the text next to the name of the pigment that causes it.

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3Reading ARead Getting Reddy and summarize each paragraph in one sentence. B Function:

1 ______________________________________________________________________ ___B__

2 ______________________________________________________________________ ___D__

3 ______________________________________________________________________ _______

4 ______________________________________________________________________ _______

5 ______________________________________________________________________ _______

6 ______________________________________________________________________ _______

7 ______________________________________________________________________ _______

BIndicate the function of each paragraph by writing down the correct letters next to your key-sentences above. See the examples for paragraphs 1 and 2. Choose from:

A ConclusionB IntroductionC Partial explanationD Reaction to theoryE Reason for interest in subjectF Remaining questionG Theory for remaining question

Let op!Beantwoord vragen die in het Nederlands gesteld zijn altijd in het Nederlands. Op het examen levert een Engels antwoord op een Nederlandse vraag geen punten op.

4Reading Read Getting Reddy and answer the questions in Dutch.

1 Beschrijf in eigen woorden het proces van verkleuring dat in de herfst plaatsvindt in bladeren, zoals geformuleerd in de tekst.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

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2 Leg uit welk economisch belang dit onderzoek kan dienen.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

3 Leg uit op welk punt de theorie van William Hoch e.a. ter discussie staat en waarom.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

4 Verklaar de woordspeling in de titel.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

I-questionRead Getting Reddy and use all the information about the processes behind the colouring of leaves (including the existing questions) to write a biology lesson for English-speaking 12-year-olds.

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Text 4

1Work with a classmate

Tuning inYou are going to read an article about American politics. First work with a classmate and discuss the following questions:

1 What are the two most important political parties in America?2 Name at least two major differences between the two parties.

The poisonous politics of self-esteem

[1] The standard view of politics is that it mediates conflicting interests and ideas. The winners receive economic benefits and political privileges; the losers don't. Some while back, however, I proposed a contrasting concept. I called it 'The Politics of Self-Esteem'. My argument was that politics increasingly devotes itself to making people feel good about themselves, elevating their sense of -1- and affirming their belief in their moral superiority.[2] The two theories are not -2- . They can and do coexist. Each year, the federal government distributes about $2.4 trillion in benefits to individuals. Taxes and regulations discriminate for and against various groups, a process shaped by politics. But in truth, differences between American political parties are often small. Democrats want to spend more but don't want to raise taxes, except on higher earners; Republicans want to reduce taxes, but don't want to spend less. Vast budget deficits reflect both parties' reluctance to make unpopular choices of whose benefits to cut or whose taxes to boost.[3] Given this evasion, the public agenda gravitates toward issues framed as ethical matters. Global warming is about 'saving the planet'. Issues such as abortion and gay marriage evoke deep values, each side believing it commands the -3- high ground. When landmark healthcare reform was proposed in the US some years ago, it was pitched as a moral issue embodying 'the core principle that everybody should have some basic security when it comes to their healthcare'. If healthcare is a basic human right then opponents to it are, by extension, less moral. Such an approach was politically necessary. Based only on a simple calculus of benefits, the healthcare proposal would have failed. Perhaps 32 million Americans would receive insurance coverage – about 10 percent of the population – but for most Americans, the bill wouldn't do much. It might even impose costs: higher taxes, longer waits for appointments. -4- , people backed it, because they thought it was 'the right thing' – it made them feel good about themselves. What they got from the political process are what I call 'psychic benefits'. Economic

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benefits aim to make people richer; psychic benefits strive to make them feel morally upright and superior. [4] Purging moral questions from -5- is both impossible and undesirable. But today's tendency to turn every contentious issue into a moral confrontation is divisive. One way of fortifying people's self-esteem is by praising them as smart, public-spirited and virtuous. But an easier way is to portray the opposition as scum: the more scummy 'they' are, the more superior 'we' are. The opposition cannot simply be -6- – it must be evil, selfish, racist, unpatriotic, immoral or just stupid. A culture of self-righteousness reigns across the political spectrum. Stridency from one side feeds the other. Political polarization deepens; compromise becomes harder. How can anyone negotiate if the other side is so extreme?[5] The dangers are plain, as political scientists Morris Fiorina and Samuel Abrams argue in their book Disconnect: the Breakdown of Representation in American Politics. Using opinion surveys, they show that polarization is stronger amongst the elites (elected officials, activists, journalists) than the broad public. About 40 to 50 percent of Americans consistently classify themselves as 'moderates'. By contrast, -7- tend to identify themselves as either 'very liberal' or 'very conservative'. But it is the political class of activists that dominate the political agenda and determine how the debate is conducted. Various 'disconnects' result. Politics that seems too bare-knuckled alienates voters. Or Congress responds to the passionate party 'base' and enacts major programs without wide support, as happened with the recent health overhaul. [6] American politics caters to people's natural desire to -8- . But in so doing it often sacrifices pragmatic goals, and sows rancor that brings the government and the political system into disrepute. The ultimate danger is that this poisonous polarization of the elites will spread to the country at large.Adapted from: http://www.washingtonpost.com

2Reading Read The poisonous politics of self-esteem. Draw lines to match the paragraphs with the appropriate headings.

Paragraph 1 Basically similarParagraph 2 Focus on ethicsParagraph 3 Divisive strategiesParagraph 4 Minority dominanceParagraph 5 Negative consequencesParagraph 6 New analysis

3ReadingRead The poisonous politics of self-esteem and choose the appropriate words to fill the gaps. Tick the correct answers.

1 0 A bias0 B humility0 C obligation0 D self-worth

2 0 A comparable0 B exclusive 0 C incompatible 0 D questionable

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3 0 A moral0 B political0 C profitable0 D sensible

4 0 A And 0 B Instead0 C Still0 D Therefore

5 0 A benefits allocation0 B budget deficits0 C election results0 D politics

6 0 A harmless0 B malfunctioning0 C mistaken0 D virtuous

7 0 A extremists0 B intellectuals0 C political activists0 D the broad public

8 0 A embrace idealistic notions0 B identify with their political leaders0 C support the most influential0 D think well of themselves

4Reading Read The poisonous politics of self-esteem and answer the questions.

1 In which paragraph does the author explain how present politics works?

_____________________________________________________________________________

2 In welk opzicht willen Democraten en Republikeinen in feite hetzelfde (alinea 2)?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

3 Waarom zou het voorstel voor de gezondheidszorg (alinea 3) het niet gehaald hebben bij een traditionele politieke aanpak, zoals beschreven in alinea 1?

_____________________________________________________________________________

4 What is the author's main objection to 'today's tendency to turn every contentious issue into a moral confrontation' (par. 4)?

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0 A By doing so the parties will only cause more controversies.0 B It unavoidably results in depicting the opposing party as vile and immoral.0 C People will increasingly be inclined to disregard the real objective of politics.0 D The resulting mutual suspicion makes it harder to cooperate in politics.

5 What is pointed out in Disconnect: the Breakdown of Representation in American Politics, according to paragraph 5?0 A A great number of Americans don't identify themselves with the existing

political extremes.0 B About 40 to 50 percent of Americans are represented by only a handful of

political activists.0 C Activists who tend to dominate political debates can be found in all parts of

society. 0 D There is danger of polarisation if more people are involved in politics.

6 'Various "disconnects" result' (alinea 5). Welke twee beschrijft de auteur?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

7 Which quotation from the text best describes the poisonous effect referred to in the title?0 A 'Political polarisation deepens and compromise becomes harder' (par. 4).0 B 'It is the political class of activists that dominate the political agenda' (par. 5).0 C 'American politics caters to people's natural desire to think well of themselves'

(par. 6).0 D 'This poisonous polarisation of the elites will spread to the country at large'

(par. 6).

8 How would you characterize the tone employed by the author in discussing this subject? 0 A approving0 B emotional0 C gloomy0 D neutral

I-questionRead The poisonous politics of self-esteem and the article below. Then compare the way in which American voters are presented in both articles and explain in your own words what each view means for the American political climate and why so.

IMMODERATE AMERICABy Ethan PorterAmericans “are more interested in politics, better informed about public affairs, and more politically active than at any time during the past half-century.”

Nearly 50 years ago, sociologist Philip Converse published his landmark article “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics,” in which he presented polling data showing that most American voters lacked coherent ideologies. Now, Emory University political scientist Alan I. Abramowitz

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has turned this notion on its head. In his important and persuasive book The Disappearing Center, he argues that voters today take their ideologies quite seriously. His analysis of survey data stretching back several decades leads him to believe that Americans “are more interested in politics, better informed about public affairs, and more politically active than at any time during the past half-century.” Everyone knows how polarized our politics have become. Abramowitz points out that this is so in large part because we have become more politically engaged.

Abramowitz’s findings refute the notion that polarization is only an inside-the-Beltway phenomenon foisted on a reluctant electorate. At the start of the 1960s, he observes, less than 40 percent of Americans identified as strongly partisan; by 2004, more than 60 percent did. The liberal and conservative ideologies have ossified in voters’ minds, and become inseparable from the parties they call home. Abramowitz’s survey data shows that the strength of the relationship between partisanship and ideology has nearly doubled over the last 30 years. Meanwhile, pace his title, the center has all but disappeared.

This is startling. The consensus view of American politics, especially among political operatives, holds that primaries are for base voters and general elections are for persuadable moderates, whose votes get politicians over the finish line. But today, if Abramowitz is right, base voters are where most of the action is.

An engaged public, as Abramowitz notes, is a sign of a healthy democracy—especially when the parties in power respond to that engagement. Yet as he recognizes in his closing pages, polarization presents serious problems for governance. American politics is structurally embedded with numerous anti-majoritarian features. In particular, in the Senate, states have power disproportionate to their population, and individual senators have immense capacity to stymie legislation. When its opponents are unified, the majority party can find it very difficult to accomplish much of anything, as the Democrats have learned over the past two years.

For whatever reason, Abramowitz ends up glossing over the perverse result of this dynamic: While moderate citizens are a diminishing class, moderate legislators have grown more powerful, sometimes playing roles of near-presidential importance. Because the Obama administration desperately needed Senator Joseph Lieberman’s vote to pass its health care bill last decade, for example, his opposition alone doomed a major provision that would have allowed uninsured Americans ages 55 to 64 to purchase Medicare coverage. The center may be disappearing in the electorate, but the same cannot be said of Washington. If the will of the majority is to prevail, then, as Abramowitz well knows, our political institutions must be reordered. Unfortunately, though he offers a trenchant analysis, he stops disappointingly short of even attempting to describe how this could be brought about.

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Text 51Work with a classmateTuning inYou are going to read an article about inequality and the world economy. First study the mind map below. Discuss with a classmate in what ways the factors indicated influence the world economy. Then add two other factors that play a role.

Inequality and the World Economy

[1] By the end of the 19th century, the first age of globalization and a spate of new inventions had transformed the world economy. But this 'Gilded Age' was also a famously unequal one, with America's robber barons and Europe's landed aristocracy amassing huge wealth. In response, governments promoted competition, introduced progressive taxation and wove the first threads of a social safety net. The aim of this new 'Progressive Era', as it became known in America, was to make society fairer __1__ reducing its entrepreneurial vim.[2] Our era needs to undergo a similar reinvention. The twin forces of globalization and technical innovation have actually narrowed inequality globally, as poorer countries catch up with richer ones, but income gaps __2__ have widened to a startling degree. In America, for instance, the share of national income going to the top 0.01% of the population has risen from just over 1% in 1980 to almost 5% now. That's an even bigger slice than they got in the Gilded Age.[3] It is true that some measure of inequality is good for an economy. It sharpens incentives to work hard and take risks; it rewards the talented innovators who drive economic progress. But inequality today has reached a stage where it can be inefficient and bad for growth. That is __3__ in the emerging world. In China, credit is siphoned off to state-owned enterprises and well-connected insiders; the elite also profit from a string of monopolies. In Russia and India the system is even more skewed against entrepreneurialism. Such cronyism is better hidden in the rich world, but it is nonetheless present, __4__ the relatively wealthy by such means as disproportional mortgage-interest relief and implicit subsidies to too-big-to-fail banks. In America, for instance, the housing subsidy to the richest fifth is four times the amount spent on public housing for the poorest fifth.

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[4] Some of those at the top of the pile will remain sceptical that inequality is a problem in itself. But – whether they realise it or not – __5__ have an interest in mitigating it. Why? If it continues to rise, momentum for change will build along with it and may lead to a political outcome that serves nobody's interest.[5] Hence the need for a new, progressive agenda. We suggest a three-

fold approach for tackling inequality without harming growth: compete, target and reform.[6] In the first place, promote competition. The priority must be a concentrated attack on monopolies and vested interests across the board, be they state-owned enterprises in China, big banks on Wall Street, economic __6__ within the European Union, or restrictive labour unions.[7] Next, target government spending where it is most needed: on the poor and the young. Government subsidies and welfare payments that disproportionately favour the relatively affluent and the __7__ must be re-thought and, where possible, cut back, for instance by raising retirement ages. Some of the cash could go into education.[8] Last, reform taxes. In poorer economies, where tax avoidance is rife, the focus should be on lower rates and better enforcement. In rich ones, the main gains should come from eliminating deductions that particularly benefit the wealthy (such as America's mortgage-interest __8__ ) and relying more on efficient taxes that are paid disproportionately by the rich.[9] Different parts of this agenda are already being embraced in different countries, but it is not nearly enough. Much more must be done to stem the rising tide of inequality. If we don't act, everyone will pay.Adapted from: http://www.economist.com

2ReadingRead Inequality and the World Economy and answer the questions.

1 The first paragraph describes three government measures taken in the Progressive Era to fight inequality. List them in the second column of the grid.

progressive era Par. proposal for our erameasure 1

measure 2

measure 3

2 The writer proposes three measures to fight inequality in our era. In the third and fourth columns, write down the numbers of the paragraphs in which they are described and briefly describe the measures.

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3 Explain what the following numbers refer to:

0,01% (par. 2) __________________________________________________________

5% (par. 2) __________________________________________________________

the richest fifth (par. 3) __________________________________________________________

four (par. 3) __________________________________________________________

3ReadingRead Inequality and the World Economy and choose the appropriate words to fill the gaps. Tick the correct answers.

1 0 A as well as0 B by means of0 C instead of0 D without

2 0 A between developed and developing countries0 B related to age and gender0 C within many countries0 D among the lower classes

3 0 A a driving force0 B less of a problem0 C most obvious

4 0 A benefiting0 B criticising0 C singling out

5 0 A especially the poor0 B even they0 C not only the rich

6 0 A crisis management0 B development0 C protectionism

7 0 A aged0 B minors0 C rich

8 0 A discount0 B obligation0 C taxation

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4ReadingRead Inequality and the World Economy. For each sentence on the left, find the best conclusion on the right and fill the letter in the grid below. Two conclusions will be left over.

1 In response, governments promoted competition (paragraph 1),

A so government involvement is diminished.

2 The twin forces of globalization and technical innovation have actually narrowed inequality globally (paragraph 2),

B so action must be taken both in developed and developing countries.

3 It sharpens incentives to work hard and take risks (paragraph 3),

C so the problem of inequality was tackled.

4 momentum for change will build along with it (paragraph 4),

D so inequality should not be wiped out completely.

5 The priority must be a concentrated attack on monopolies and vested interests across the board (paragraph 6),

E so monopolies were stimulated.

6 Some of the cash could go into education (paragraph 7),

F so part of the problem has already been solved.

7 the focus should be on lower rates (paragraph 8),

G so people will rise up and challenge the existing political system.

8 the main gains should come from) relying more on efficient taxes that are paid disproportionately by the rich (paragraph 8),

H so the rich shoulder more responsibility for the poor.

I so young people would benefit.J J so there's less need to avoid paying

taxes.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

C

I-questionFind another article on the internet about the way in which global economic inequality should be tackled and compare it to this article. List all similarities and differences. Also indicate which solution you prefer and why.

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Text 6

1Tuning inYou are going to read an article about the relationship between new technology and the law. First test your knowledge of the law in general. Tick the correct answers.

1 The right to privacy is protected by law.0 A True0 B False

2 A press pass gives reporters the right to trespass on private property when covering news stories.0 A True0 B False

3 The government can ban song lyrics that most people would find offensive.0 A True0 B False

4 Copyright infringement is always forbidden by law.0 A True0 B False

5 An internet company can be sued if its search engine automatically adds abusive terms when a person's name is typed.0 A True0 B False

Answers: see below article.

Future Law

[1] When new technology emerges, the law must adapt. History is littered with poorly conceived laws covering new technologies, and pre-existing laws rendered absurd by them. During the 19th century, for example, UK law demanded that motorcar drivers employ somebody to amble ahead of their vehicles, waving a warning flag – which seems as ridiculous today as the early 20th century US law stating that an individual's property rights encompassed the sky above their homes. The first planes were actually trespassing until airspace was legally deemed a public highway.[2] Lawyers at Gikii, the annual 'geek law' conference, believe their profession should be better prepared for what's ahead. In their day jobs, they advise governments and wrestle with the minutiae of copyright and contract law. But once a year, these technophiles and sci-fi fans apply their legal minds to everything from robot injury liability to virtual property. And it's not all theoretical. A presentation at Gikii 2007 anticipated the ruckus around Facebook's impact on privacy rights and data-protection law at a time when few were considering the downsides of this then-new social network. A recent Gikii conference featured a discussion of another current technology with implications for privacy law: drones with cameras, able to follow people and record them in their homes or gardens. Whilst there are plenty of laws regulating video recordings in public places, it's hardly clear they suffice in this case.

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[3] Some new technology has the potential to change everything. Imagine we're able to teleport ourselves in the future: who will be liable if things go wrong? If someone were to disappear altogether during teleportation, would it be manslaughter? Should transporting somebody against their will be classed as kidnapping? And what about the ensuing privacy and data-protection issues? If your entire 'self' is stored somewhere en route, it could be stolen and copied, or the data employed to spam you with personalised adverts.[4] Human teleportation may still be firmly in the realm of science fiction, but other things are not – such as robots. What would happen if, for example, an autonomous car hit a pedestrian? It would be tempting to imagine that this legal territory is new, but there are case law precedents – coming, ironically, from laws governing horse ownership. Like self-driving cars, horses are autonomous, mildly intelligent forms of transportation that have the capacity to harm us. If a horse kicks someone, multiple precedents can help a court decide whether the owner should be held liable. If you approached the horse from behind, it's your fault. If the owner has mistreated the horse and it becomes aggressive, the court might see things differently. A robot car is not all that different. In both cases, there are certain facts a court would expect a pedestrian to know. Like a horse, a robot car can suddenly lurch off from stationary if, say, it is summoned by its owner. Deliberately dawdle in front of it and you would be knowingly reckless.[5] So while robots are new, questions of liability have been playing out in courts for years. However, robots can do something unprecedented – talk. Could a robot say something defamatory? It's not unthinkable. After all, 'defamation by algorithm' has already happened. In 2011, a claimant argued that Google's search algorithms defamed him – when people typed his name, the auto-complete function added libellous terms for all to see. While the algorithm only did this because previous searchers had used the claimant's name in conjunction with these terms, Google lost the case.[6] Given that technology has rubbed up against law for millennia, it is curious that a realistic picture of law's role in our future is seldom considered by anyone but the most dedicated science-fiction writers. Yet in all but the most utopian visions of humanity's future, we will always have property, contracts, conflict, and so forth. One thing is certain: when the future arrives we will still need lawyers.

Adapted from: http://www.newscientist.comAnswers tuning in: 1A; 2B; 3B; 4B; 5A

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2ReadingSkim Future Law. Circle yes or no to indicate whether the text gives information on the following subjects. If the answer is yes, write down the paragraph number.

1 cases of liability that are still theoretical Yes / No Par ____2 failed surgery by robots Yes / No Par ____3 human teletransportation Yes / No Par ____4 patent infringement Yes / No Par ____5 situations in which the law had to be adapted to new technology Yes / No Par ____6 slander by a machine Yes / No Par ____7 new applications for equine legislation Yes / No Par ____8 the future of the legal profession Yes / No Par ____9 what the Gikii law conference is about Yes / No Par ____10 where the next Gikii conference will take place Yes / No Par ____

3ReadingRead Future Law and indicate whether the following statements are true or false according to the text. Write down the first two and the last two words of the sentence or phrase that supports your answer.

1 That the law must be changed to accommodate new technologies is a recent development.

0 True 0 False: ___________________________________________________________

2 In the past, people were entitled to sue when planes flew over their houses.

0 True 0 False: ___________________________________________________________

3 Gikii participants are legal professionals active in the corporate and governmental sectors.

0 True 0 False: ___________________________________________________________

4 Existing privacy regulations will most likely be applicable to drones.

0 True 0 False: ___________________________________________________________

5 Teleporting people would involve the risk of data theft.

0 True 0 False: ___________________________________________________________

6 Legislation regarding horse ownership has little relevancy to injuries incurred by robot cars.

0 True 0 False: ___________________________________________________________

7 Google had deliberately defamed the person who successfully sued them.

0 True 0 False: ___________________________________________________________

8 It is understandable that most people haven't given much thought to future legislation.

0 True 0 False: ___________________________________________________________

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4ReadingRead Future Law and answer the questions.

1 Waar is het voorbeeld van de waarschuwingsvlag voor de auto een illustratie van (alinea 1)

_________________________________________________________________________

2 What is the main point made in paragraph 2?0 A At the Gikii conference all kinds of imminent law deficiencies are studied.0 B Gikii conference goers are mainly interested in theoretical scenarios.0 C Lawyers visit the Gikii conference to escape from their daily activities.0 D Subjects discussed at the Gikii conference often lead to changes in the law.

3 What is the function of paragraph 3?0 A to give an example of subjects that might be discussed at the conference0 B to point out that the subjects of the conference are worth considering0 C to show how our current laws might become useless in the future0 D to warn that even far-fetched ideas might become reality in the future

4 'A robot car is not all that different' (alinea 4). Leg uit hoe de schrijver die stelling onderbouwt.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

5 How could the last sentence in paragraph 4 ('Deliberately dawdle in front of it …') also start?0 A However, deliberately dawdle in it …0 B Instead, deliberately dawdle in front of it …0 C On top of this, deliberately dawdle in front it …0 D Therefore, deliberately dawdle in front of it …

6 'Google lost the case' (par 5). Leg uit wat de beschuldiging inhield.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

7 What does the author suggest about a utopian future? (par 6)0 A Lawyers would be as important as today.0 B Legislation would no longer be necessary.0 C More lawyers would think about future law.0 D New technology would no longer bother us.

8 Which of the following is the writer's intention in writing the article?0 A to call for action to update our present laws0 B to criticise the current system of legislation0 C to defend the usefulness of the conference0 D to report on the annual law conference

26


VocabularyText 1The subject of cloning lies on the boundary of science and ethics. grensThe repairman assured me he had worked out each and every bug. mankementI'm afraid that lack of funds will constrain our choices for the gala. beperkenYour introduction should demarcate the topics you are going to cover. afbakenenH2O varies from a solid to a fluid, depending on the temperature, vloeistofThe goal of this class is to give you a solid grasp of economics. greepWe use the term 'priceless' when an artwork's value is immeasurable. onmetelijk, oneindigThis is a secured file that is inaccessible without a password. ontoegankelijkThe machinery of the universe is still mostly a mystery to scientists. mechanisme'Less is more' seems paradoxical, but many people believe it's true. tegenstrijdig Dr Ware's insights are profound, but his books are eminently readable. diepzinnigSet goals for yourself that are challenging, but not unattainable. onbereikbaarHe looked towards the future, but thoughts of the past came unbidden. ongevraagdLet's harness this undirected energy into a game of basketball. ongerichtIt's essential to not let your attention wander from the task at hand. afdwalen

Text 2I object to the application of the term 'literature' to comic books. toepassingA good waiter must be knowledgeable about dining etiquette. verstand van zaken hebbenThis programme is an hour-long cascade of insults and snide remarks. watervalStreet art, long confined to the counterculture, has gone mainstream. beperktI possess some facts that should help to debunk this so-called expert. ontmaskerenI never claimed to be discerning when it comes to food. kritischDiscernment and tact are necessary qualities for a wedding planner. onderscheidingsvermogenThat cheap wine won't fool Desmond. He's very discriminating. oordeelkundigThe test subjects couldn't distinguish bottled water from tap water. onderscheidenWe expect our results to dovetail with previous research. naadloos aansluiten Making your guests feel at ease is the hallmark of a good host. keurmerkCarl spends long hours at the gym in pursuit of the perfect body. op jacht naarI have neither the time, the money nor the inclination to join a gym. zinThe judge said Jo's cookery was on a par with that of a professional. even hoogI've decided to outsource the party to a professional event organiser. uitbestedenThe prime minister's social advisor needs to be a paragon of tact. toonbeeldKindly recall that I am your boss, and not your peer. gelijkeShe refuses to wear anything without the name of a revered designer. geëerbiedigdI'm crazy about dogs, but here's the rub: I'm allergic to dog hair. moeilijkheidWhat's your hurry? Let's take the time to savour this delicious meal. genieten vanThe collector is known for his unerring eye for a good bargain. onfeilbaarThe arrival of newborn triplets caused an upheaval in the family. beroering

Text 3Rain is abundant In Britain, whereas sunshine is relatively scarce. overvloedigThe sunlight was unable to pierce the thick canopy of the trees. bladerdakThese solar panels will capture the sunlight and harness its energy. vangenDon't choose a deciduous tree unless you like raking leaves in autumn. loof-The doctor prescribed daily supplements for Karen's iron deficiency. tekortThe fort took hours to build, but only minutes to disassemble. afbrekenWhen metamorphosis is complete, the moth will discard the chrysalis. afwerpenThe enchanter cast a spell on the townspeople which made them sleep. tovenaarThe town dug a lake to catch excess rainwater during the rainy season. overtolligThe Japanese Maple is popular because of its distinctive red foliage. gebladerteThe setting sun imbued the scene with soft, golden illumination. belichtingThe mayor went out to try to reason with the angry multitude. menigte

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Protein is an essential nutrient, especially for vegetarians. voedingsstofIn the Middle Ages, entire cities succumbed to the pestilence. PestHer bold colours and abstract forms are reminiscent of Picasso. herinneren aanAfter close scrutiny, it was concluded that the document was genuine. onderzoekWith scores stricken by flu, doctors and nurses were working overtime. getroffen doorAn overload of hits could easily swamp our website. overstelpenWe hope this year's sales will surpass last year's by at least 10%. overstijgenBob spends as much time as possible in his rustic sylvan holiday home. bos-

Text 4By consistently favouring one player, you will alienate the rest. vervreemdenThe first step is to make a calculus of your income and expenses. berekeningWe envision a meal service that will cater to busy working parents. bedienenThough difficult, it's quite possible for different groups to coexist. naast elkaar bestaanThe legalisation of soft drugs is a contentious issue in the US. controversieelAt university, it's important to devote oneself to one's studies. zich wijden aanHe's very divisive – people are either for him or against him. verdeeldheid zaaiendThe new law benefits children, and by extension their parents. bijgevolgThe programme's writers gravitate towards biting political satire. neigen naar This law would impose a number of grave disadvantages on the public. opleggenThey're an odd couple: he's a moderate and she's a leftist activist. gematigd persoonWhen the overhaul was complete, only 50% of the staff still had jobs. hervormingThey have tried to pitch this bill as relief for low-income families. aanprijzenTheir goal is to purge the party of all less-than-loyal members. zuiverenThe rancour between the candidates boiled over in a very nasty debate. wrokHe angrily berated his opponent as 'the scum of the earth'. uitschotI find him annoying: full of self-righteousness and hypocrisy. zelfingenomenheidThey love to argue because they believe that stridency wins votes. felheidIt's hard to imagine how much a trillion pounds would be. biljoenShe is an upright citizen who works hard and pays her taxes. rechtschapen

Text 5Beware of schemes claiming you can amass a fortune without any work. vergarenShe vowed to put an end to cronyism and hire only according to merit. vriendjespolitiekIf you work from home, you can claim your house as a deduction. aftrekWith wealth, fame and beauty, she seemed to be living a gilded life. verguldIs a mark the only incentive that motivates pupils to do their best? stimulans, aansporingWe know we can't end world hunger, but we hope to mitigate it a bit. verlichtenIn another ten years, my parents will have paid off their mortgage. hypotheekWe are setting up a fund for the relief of the flood victims. tegemoetkomingThis disease was rife in Europe before the discovery of penicillin. wijdverbreidI'm afraid he'll try to siphon the club funds off for his private use. overhevelenThat politician's views on the economy are sadly skewed, I fear. scheefgegroeidOf course the government wants a slice of this very profitable pie. deelDuring those years, Silicon Valley saw a spate of new businesses. stortvloedWith so many problems, they didn't know which to target first. op een doel richtenEach new president vows to transform the economy, but none succeed. omvormenWe need a leader who will serve the people, not vested interests. gevestigde belangenAfter a two-week holiday, she returned to work full of vim and vigour. energie

Text 6I'm in a rush today. No time to amble along and smell the roses. kuierenHe is completely autonomous and takes his orders from no one. zelfstandigThe attorney found an example in case law to support his argument. jurisprudentieThe judge found in favour of the claimant and awarded him £1,000. eiserWhat a man can conceive, he can achieve, the old saying goes. bedenken

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You have to use the password in conjunction with the entry code. in combinatie metShe loves to dawdle in front of the pet shop and look at the puppies. treuzelenHe is considering suing them for their defamatory comments. lasterlijkAs the owner of the premises, he shares liability in the accident. aansprakelijkheidBe careful with comments like that – they can be considered libellous. lasterlijkThe floor was littered with debris from the impromptu indoor picnic. bezaaid metHe had just begun to lurch off home when, thankfully, a cop saw him. slingerend startenMurder was too hard to prove, so they charged him with manslaughter. doodslagTo the family's surprise, there turned out to be a pre-existing will. eerder bestaandThese new findings will render all previous research redundant. makenYou're sure to rub up against Kay in your dealings with the committee. tegenaan lopenThe council's unpopular decision ended up causing quite a ruckus. tumultWe've done all that we possibly could, but will it suffice? volstaanAll those who trespass on these premises will be punished. op verboden terrein

komenIn all my experience of the law, this situation is unprecedented. ongekendHis utopian ideals sound noble, but aren't practical in today's world. Utopisch

Answers

29


Text 1

A

1 Example key:1 The fact that you are able to think can be seen as proof that you exist, for if you didn't

exist, you wouldn't be able to produce any thoughts.2 You can think of a blue sea that changes colour, from blue to green to red etc. In the

real world that isn't possible.3 The fact that you think about things makes them thinkable. If you can think of things

that are unthinkable, you have already thought about them. However, it's difficult to think about how eternity works, which might be a case of an unthinkable concept.

2 Key:1 Parapraph 22 Parapraph 13 Parapraph 34 Parapraph 4, 55 Parapraph 6

3 Key:1 'Can you imagine a life without thought? It wouldn't be much of an existence.'

(paragraph 1)2 'it is one thing to think, and quite another to understand the nature of thought' /

'Thought is elusive.' (paragraph 2)3 'We think about an incredible variety of things' (paragraph 2)4 'it may be that, paradoxically, undirected thought is when we get our best thinking

done' (paragraph 3)5 'while we do have some control over the direction of our thoughts, that control is far

from unlimited'6 'if there are parts of reality that are inaccessible to other thinking species, why should

we assume that no part is inaccessible to us?' (paragraph 4)7 'Are there borders to human thought, and can we demarcate those borders?'

(paragraph 5)8 'thought has taken us a long way' (paragraph 6)

4 Key:title Par.

1Par. 2 C

Par. 3 A

Par. 4 B

Par. 5

Par. 6

Text 2

1 Example key:1 I consider myself a connoisseur of crisps: I know all the different brands and flavours

and I know exactly which brands offer the highest quality and the most interesting flavours.

2 Things like mobile phones, cigars, cars, watches, etc.3 A well-known American connoisseur of art is the late Cyrus J. Lawrence, other names

well-known names are Daniel Carasso (of the Danone deserts), Henry J. Heinz, Ethel Mars.

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2 Key:1 'It used … of cheese.'2 ('Connoisseurship, long) is now … of items ( … stereo systems').3 'since as … considered elitist'4 connoisseurship still … around art'5 'these are … deeper experiences (… to them')6 'an age … by consumerism'7 ('a lot of what gets called …. just snobbery')

'these days … true connoisseurs'8 'those whom … of discernment'9 'they rated … costly counterparts'10 'We might … its qualities.'

3A Key:Amerikanen zien zichzelf steeds meer als connoisseur. Door allerlei artikelen bewust te kiezen, onderscheiden ze zich van de massa. Ze stralen uit dat ze bijzonder zijn door hun smaak en intense beleving van al dat moois. Zo laten ze zien dat ze bijzonder zijn, hoewel ze vaak andermans advies nodig hebben. En dat advies is vaak nergens op gebaseerd, zoals aangetoond werd in proeven met wijn. Want zelfs echte wijnkenners zijn niet in staat dure van goedkope wijn te onderscheiden. Maar dit maakt niet dat de Amerikanen geen connoisseur kunnen zijn - als ze er maar van genieten.

3B Key:Hoewel veel Amerikanen geen echt verstand van zaken hebben, zien ze zichzelf als connoisseurs en ontlenen daaraan een stuk eigenwaarde.

4 Key:Note: There's no hard and fast answer as to the writer's intention, so in some casesthere's room for discussion.1 Yes: 'relentless' portrays the connoisseurs as extreme fanatics, which is too strong for

this context.No: it describes how seriously connoisseurs take their quest to find the best.

2 No: it's a fact: art is described as a phenomenon that offers something extra.3 Yes: comic books can hardly be considered literature.

No: comic books are literature, too.4 Yes: it's not difficult or expensive to buy things like food, wine or a comic book.5 Yes: it suggests common people don't have taste – (besides, taste in another

meaning is one of the five senses). No: it's a way of saying they have a special talent for picking out the best.

6 Yes: 'often hidden' suggests that the qualities are non-existent. No: it's just a way of saying other people don't notice them.

7 No: it's a metaphor, meaning that ideas are important nowadays, which is a fact.8 No: though it's a strange situation, it's presented as a fact.9 No: it's a fact.10 No: it's presented as a fact.

Text 3

1 Example Key1 In autumn, leaves change colour from green to red, brown, or yellow, before they die

and fall off. This is caused by a biological process involving the pigments which colour the leaves. It helps to prepare the trees for winter.

31


2 Autumn Leaves, by Eva Cassidy, uses autumn to signify a sadness linked with the end of summer, and summer romance.

2 Key:1, 2

Three pigments:

Colours:

1 chlorophyll green

2 carotenoids yellowpalebrilliant yellowsambersgoldsoranges

3 anthocyanins hectic red(s)purplemagentared

3 Key:1 There's much interest in the question of why leaves change colour in autumn. B2 The explanation for leaves' green and yellow colours is already known. C3 Scientists want to find the origin of the pigment that produces the red colours.

F4 The coloration of leaves brings tourists and money.

E5 According to Hoch's team, anthocyanines protect leaves from excess light. G6 Other scientists point out that anthocyanines have many more functions. D7 It will take many years to find the answer. A

4 Key:Antwoorden met de volgende strekking:1 Voordat de dagen kouder en korter worden zijn de bladeren groen doordat chlorofyl

groen is. In de herfst wordt de chlorofyl afgebroken, waardoor de kleur van de reeds aanwezige carotenoïde zichtbaar wordt. Afhankelijk van de hoeveelheid carotenoïde krijgen de bladeren verscheidene tinten, van geel tot oranje. Tegelijk worden er in de herfst anthocyaninen geproduceerd, mogelijk om het blad te beschermen tegen overmatig licht. Anthocyanine veroorzaakt de rode tinten.

2 De verkleurende bossen leveren veel toerisme en daardoor veel inkomsten op. Als voorspeld kan worden wanneer de periode van verkleuring plaatsvindt, kan daar beter op ingespeeld worden en als de periode verlengd zou kunnen worden levert dat nog meer toerisme op.

3 Hoch zegt dat de productie van anthocyaninen ontstaat door overmatig licht met als doel het licht te absorberen, zodat de boom voedingsstoffen kan onttrekken aan het blad voordat dit afsterft. Andere wetenschappers beweren dat er veel meer oorzaken zijn voor de productie van anthocyanine, en dat anthocyanine veel meer functies heeft dan het absorberen van licht.

4 De titel luidt 'Getting Reddy' en klinkt als 'Getting Ready'. De bladeren worden roodachtig (reddy) en maken door rood te worden de boom klaar (ready) voor de winter (doordat de rode stof het blad in staat stelt kostbare voedingsmiddelen voor de plant / boom te bewaren).

32


Text 4

1 Key:1 the Republicans and the Democrats2 Republicans are conservative, against increase of taxes, and believe in individual

rights and justice. Democrats are liberal, in favour of higher tax rates for wealthier citizens, and believe in community and social responsibility.

2 Key:paragraph 1 New analysisparagraph 2 Basically similarparagraph 3 A focus on ethicsparagraph 4 From moral superiority to conflictparagraph 5 Minority dominanceparagraph 6 Negative consequences

3 Key:1 D2 C3 A4 C5 D6 C7 C8 D

4 Key:1 Paragraph 32 Een antwoord met de volgende strekking:

Ze willen zoveel mogelijk geld uitgeven en tegelijk de belasting zo laag mogelijk houden (ook creëren ze beiden enorme begrotingstekorten en willen ze geen pijnlijke maatregelen treffen).

3 Een antwoord met de volgende strekking: Omdat het voorstel dan verworpen zou zijn op louter economische gronden.

4 D5 A6 Een antwoord met de volgende strekking:

Mensen verliezen interesse om te stemmen en wetten worden zonder veel steun aangenomen.

7 A8 D

Text 5

A

1 Example key:Other factors that play a role: the World Trade Organisation, wars, systems of government, 'clean' goods, exploitation, standard of living, knowledge gaps, etc.

2 Key:1, 2

33


Progressive era Par. ProposalMeasure 1

Promote competition 6 Promote competition

Measure 2

Introduce progressive taxation 7 Change the target of government spending

Measure 3

Create a social safety net 8 Reform taxes

3 0.01%: the richest people in America, making up one-tenth of a percent of the population.5%: the share of the American income that goes to the top 0.01% of very rich Americans.the richest fifth: the top 20% of the American population in terms of wealth.four: the richest 20% of Americans get four times as much housing subsidy as the poorest 20%.

3 Key:1 C2 C3 C4 A5 B6 C7 A8 A

4 Key:1 C2 F3 D4 G5 B6 I7 J8 HLeft over: A and E

Text 6

1 This exercise has no key

2 Key:1 Yes, par. 32 No3 Yes, par. 3(, 4)4 No5 Yes, par. 1

34


6 Yes, par. 57 Yes, par. 48 Yes, par. 69 Yes, par. 210 No

3 Key:1 False: 'History is … new technologies' (par 1)2 True: 'The first … were trespassing' (par 1)3 True: 'In their...contract law.' (par 2)4 False: 'it's hardly … this case' (par 2)5 True: 'If your … personalised adverts' (par 3)6 False: 'but there … horse ownership' / 'In both... to know' (par 4)7 False: 'While the ... these terms' (par 5)8 False: 'it is curious … seldom considered' (par 6)

4 Key:1 Een antwoord met de volgende strekking: Van een bestaande wet die later, toen er

meer auto's kwamen, te absurd was om nog toe te passen.2 A3 A4 Een antwoord met de volgende strekking: Een robotauto is een vervoersmiddel met

zelf-bestuur die redelijk intelligent is en die de capaciteit heeft om een mens te verwonden. Voor een paard geld hetzelfde. Bepaalde feiten over veiligheid in de buurt van paarden zijn algemeen bekend en dat zou voor robotauto's ook moeten gelden.

5 D6 Een antwoord met de volgende strekking: Google werd beschuldigd met laster, want

bij het intypen van de naam van de aanklager vulde de zoekmachine van Google deze automatisch aan met belasterende termen.

7 B8 D

35

Documents

v6.docx · Web viewthe future, and things both real and imaginary. We can think about nothing at all, and even think about thought itself. [3]A significant amount of thought is