Vai ter game hoje, teacher?

7/24/2019 Vai ter game hoje, teacher?

1/17

Qeo tgr ledgbkig, tgecbgr;5

Wd iklk ude tgntetove vkhuntroe `g trenspkrkfstcuhks `gsngcgssroks

Fgrner` Suots]VGSS SPEVP

]ere e deokroe `g vkcs qug `gcoòu hgr gstg tgxtk, tehvgz nk beie `voè `g

qug ks ledgs kcuped ud huler `g duote odpkrtncoe (ehd `g duotk tgdpk

`gòce`k e ghgs) ne voè `g lren`g pertg `ks gstuèntgs qug argqugnted es

sehes `g euhes, `g quehqugr topk qug sgied ghes, errosck òzgr.

Des pere vkc qug aocku curoksk ckd k ttuhk, sgie pkrqug i kuvou ckdk

prkagsskr (e) e dgsde pgrlunte ud zohbk `g vgzgs ku eprgn`gu e prgperereuhe (ckdk gu) ckhkcen`k k fgnòtk ledgs nk aoneh è euhe, vehg e pgne hgr

gste ontrkùk. Ecbk vkc veo cknckrèr ckdolk qug quesg tk fkd quentk hgr

ikler, cgrtk; Gntk h veo...

E cetglkroe fusongss g e pgrlunte 9 K qug vehg 3= fohbgs bkig;

]ere ckntonuer iklen`k, ckhkqug e sgluontg aresg ne kr`gd ckrrgte9 CKNSKHG

FVESOHGOVKS QO@GK 5 DGNKS 1= LEDG ]GHK PD DOHBGS LEDG @G.

Ckdphgtg e aresg pere evener `g aesg9 ?6% `g croenes et [[[[[[ enks `g

oè`g ikled.

Gste vehg ude voè gxtre9 Uueh k ndgrk `g ikle`krgs etovks bkig nk dun`k;

Elkre tu`k ku neè, sg ecgrter hgve k prdok `kfre`k (sg pgr`gr, vkhte pre

cese sgd neè!)9 gd quentk tgdpk vkc ecbe qug e ledoaocetoknsgr e`kteè

nk gnsonk supgrokr;

Sgr qug vkc cknsgluou ecgrter e deokr pertg `ghes; S pere tgr cgrtgze vgie

es rgspkstes ngste nkte `g rkèp6.

5Gstg tgxtk ako gscrotk e pertor è eprgsgntek òspknvgh gdbttp9//prgzo.ckd/kp7c6wxexq5v/veo-tgr-

ledg-bkig-tgecbgr/Ecgssg! ]kstgrokrdgntg ako pufhoce`k pghe Gòtkre CNE nk Qkh.< `k Gntkrnks &Ckntkrnks6Ostk k qug vehg e on`stroe `g ledgs bkig: 1= DOHBGS @G FVESOHGOVKS PD ]GHK DGNKS 5CKNSKHG @G QO@GK LEDG `g eckr`k ckd k Ofkpg: 6: 5 fohbk: `g 6 e 3 enks `g eckr`k ckd k NDCBkrozkn Vgpkrt9 6=50 Bolbgr Gùcetokn Gòtokn .
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2/17

Aocku surprgsk ckd es rgspkstes; Gntk, prgperg-sg9 vkc nk `gvgroe. qug

k etk `g ikler tk entolk pere ns budenks qug ehluns rglostrks `g iklks

èted `g 3 doh enks etrs (ne Hòe, entole soe Dgnkr). Ne `ceè `g 5?3=,

Ikben Buozonle i nks cbedeve `g Bkdk Hu`gns gd sgu hovrk `g dgsdknkdg. Ghg `gaong essod k iklk

"K iklk ude etovoè`g ku kcupek vkhuntroe,gxgrcoè `gntrk `g cgrtks g `gtgrdone`ks hodotgs `gtgdpk g `g gspek, sglun`k rglres hovrgdgntgcknsgntoès, des efskhutedgntg kfroletroes, `kte`k`g ud aod gd so dgsdk, eckdpenbe`k `g udsgntodgntk `g tgnsk g `g ehglroe g `g udecknsconcoe `g sgr òagrgntg è 'voè cktoòene'.(Buozonle 5?23, p. 1)

Gste `gaonok ckntonue èn`k cknte bkig `ks iklks `g v`gk ledg, ku `ks

DDKV]Ls3g et èqughgs qug vkc ikle nk tefhgt kusdertpbkng.

Kutre `gaonok `g iklk `g DcLknoleh (6=569 p.62)9 tk`ks ks iklks

ckdpertohbed quetrk cerectgrstoces qug ks `gaongd9 dgte, rglres, sostgde `g

agg`fecj g pertocopek vkhuntroe. Gssgs quetrk ghgdgntks sk fgd cherks

quen`k gstedks òentg `g vo`gkledgs sefgdks `g entgdk e

dgte/dossk/kfigtovk (s vgzgs entgs et dgsdk `g ckdprer k iklk):repoèdgntg nks aedohoerozedks ckd es rglres (ckntrkhgs `k tgche`k ku

ikystocj, pk`grgs `g ceè pgrsknelgd, gtc.): k sostgde nks ` agg`fecj k

tgdpk tk`k (quentk tgdpk aehte pere ecefer, queh k nvgh `g gngrloe, quentes

voès eonè nks rgsted, pkr gxgdphk): g aonehdgntg, nonlud nks kfrole e

ikler. @gcoòdks k qu, quen`k g pkr quentk tgdpk ikledks. Sgr qug nksses

euhes sk essod;

Fkd, tgnbk cgrtgze qug elkre aocku deos chere e rezk pghe queh vkc,gùce`kr, `gvgroe ckntonuer hgn`k gstg tgxtk. Des eaoneh `g ckntes, qug topks

`g iklks gstk iklen`k nkssks gstuèntgs g k qug ghgs td e vgr ckd nksses

euhes; Ckntonug iklen`k, òlk, hgn`k, g gntgnè deos.

FGLONNGV HGQGH

3 Iklk `g ontgrprgtek `g pgrsknelgns knhong g gd desse pere dhtophks ikle`krgs (DessovghykuDessovg Duhtopheygr Knhong Vkhg-]heyonl Ledg kuDuhto dessovg knhong Vkhg-]heyonl ledg).


3/17

K dun`k gre ud pkuck deos sodphgs quen`k tnbedks fesocedgntg epgnes 6

cknskhgs `g vo`gkledgs nk dgrce`k9 Etero g Kòssgy. Eckdpenber ks

henedgntks `ks nkvks certucbks (sod, certucbks) gre ude tergaerghetovedgntg acoh ne `ceè `g 5?2=. Nk hgdfre; Essoste k `kcudgntrok

Qo`gkledg9 tbg dkvog pere (rg)hgdfrer0. Bkig, k cgnrok fgd deos rock g

veroe`k9 ]heyStetokn g sues 0 lgregs, \oo, Rfkx, Jongct gNotgn`k 3@S, pere

coter skdgntg ks proncopeos cknskhgs, sgnskrgs g pkrttgos. Sg ecrgscgnterdks

hoste ks iklks pere ckdpute`kr g ks gd rg`g, gntk rgehdgntg tgdks ud

cgnrok fgd deos edphk. Ehd `gssgs eonè b ks qug ikledks nks

sdertpbkngs g tefhgts, ckdk Cen`y Crusb g Enlry For`s. Nk gsquge qugeonè sg ikle duotk V]L, iklks `g tefuhgork, Wnk g, uae!, gspkrtgs gd lgreh.

]rkntk pere k `gseaok `gsse aesg; Vghgoe k perlreak entgrokr g tgntg chessoaocer

ks iklks cote`ks gd9 ENEHLOCKS, @OLOPEOS g ]GVQESOQKS. @gpkos, vgie

es rgspkstes ngste nkte `g rkèp7.

Uueh ako sgu sckrg; Ecbk qug ako fkd! Gstedks ne AESG Wd g ks `gseaoks sk

deos acgos, des nk sg prgkcupg qug ghgs aocerk ceè vgz deos òacgos

dgòè qug evenedks nk tgxtk. Epgser è òagrgne gntrg enehlock g òloteh

sgr fgd acoh `g rgcknbgcgr, tehvgz vkc tgnbe aoce`k ud pkuck deos curoksk

skfrg ks iklks pgrvesovks, ecgrtgo; E proncpok ghgs sk òloteos, des

gxtrepkhed e rghek ikle`kr-òspksotovk g gsse ontgrek sg ` gd pertg nk

edfogntg asock. (Qoenne 6=53, ]. 6


4/17

Fenck Odkfohorok gScreffhg. Ks iklks ckdphgxks pk`gd hgver et 5== bkres

pere sgrgd tgrdone`ks, gnvkhvgd `gcosgs `g voè ku dkrtg, òhgdes,

pgsquose, gstretloes ghefkreès g ckhefkrek: gd lgreh gncernedks kutres

o`gntoè`gs g `gdkredks gntrg 6= g 1= bkres pere eprgn`gr e ikler fgd. @gdengore lgreh, iklks pere ]C ku cknskhg sk ckdphgxks, g pere coter s

ehluns9 Sod Coty, Vosg ka Netokns, @oefhk, \krh` ka \ercreat gAOAE. I iklku

ehlud `gssgs; Nk;! E fke nktcoe qug vkc nk prgcose sgr ud ledgrg

cknbgcgr tk`ks ghgs pere aeher e hnlue `g sgus gstuèntgs. Des vkc veo

prgcoser `g ud pkuck `g fke vknte`g pere qug sgu sktequg nk eperge

`gdeos. Uug teh pgòr eiuè `ks prproks gstuèntgs sg dkstren`k ontgrgsse`k

g curoksk `g vgrè`g; Ossk i ud todk ckdgk!Ckdk gùce`kr, k qug vkc prgcose dgsdk gntgn`gr k dgcenosdk pkr trs

`ks ledgs g tgnter rgspkn`gr pgrluntes ckdk ]kr qug dgus gstuèntgs

pessed tentk tgdpk iklen`k (g quesg ngnbud aezgn`k e tergae); Ckdk aek

pere gnlei-hks deos ùrentg es euhes (g akre `ghes); ]ere tgnter rgspkn`-hes

vkc veo tgr `g pesser `g aesg g hgr e prxode sgk. Vge`y; ]rgss phey.

Q_LKPSJ_ G JVESBGN IKLEN@K QO@GKLEDG

Duotk tgdpk g gsakrk sk cknsudo`ks bkig gd gùcek ne tgntetove `g aezgr

nkssks gstuèntgs sg gnleier deos nes etovoè`gs `g eprgnòzelgd `gntrk g

akre è sehe `g euhe. Enk eps enk, prkagsskrgs hkted ks cknlrgssks,

sgdonroks g sodpsoks etrs ès htodes tgn`ncoes gd gnsonk-eprgnòzelgd

g/ckd tgcnkhkloe: lren`g pertg `ghgs lgnuonedgntg ontgrgsse`ks gd ckdk

phengier dghbkr sues euhes g lgrer dghbkrgs rgsuhte`ks `g eprgnòzelgd gd

sgus gstuèntgs: duotk sg h g gscrgvg e rgspgotk `ks dohhgnoehs, lgrek _, Y g

netovks òloteos. ]ergcg qug e on`stroe `g vo`gkledgs `gsckfrou b ehlud

tgdpk duotes ès rgspkstes pere gste qugstk.

Sglun`k ]rgnsjy (6==1, p.27) k dktovk `g ks vo`gkledgs cknsgluorgd

gnleier tente lgntg qug k kfigtovk prodkròeh `ghgs iustedgntg gstg

gnleier. Sgr qug gstg k nkssk proncopeh kfigtovk ckdk gùce`krgs ku

gsteredks epgnes ontgrgsse`ks (g ossk nk qugr òzgr `g dengore ngnbude

qug gstedks deh ontgncokne`ks) gd rgpesser ckntg`k; Et qug pkntk ks


5/17

dgcenosdks `g qug tgdks nks sgrvo`k ùrentg tentk tgdpk td so`k gaocogntgs

pere gssg rgpessg; I nk `gsckfrodks, etrevs `g ]euhk Argorg, qug gstg

rgpessg nk k dghbkr dk`ghk; G sg nk pretocedks (rgehdgntg) deos e

aedolgreè gùcek fencroe, quk fgd gstedks ephocen`k k dk`ghk(scok)cknstrutovoste `g ]oelgt g Qylktsjy;

Gsse sgk prgtgn`g dkstrer qug ks dgcenosdks utohoze`ks gd vo`gkledgs

gstk gd fke dgòè ehonbe`ks ckd ks gnsonedgntks `g ehluns pgnse`krgs

ckd ks queos i nks aedohoerozedks gd gùcek.

Eonè `g eckr`k ckd ]rgnsjy, ud gaocogntg dgcenosdk `g gnleiedgntk

gdprgle`k gd vo`gkledgs cbede-sg hgvghonl up (]VGNSJ_, 6==19 p.7?). Ghg

hotgrehdgntg qugr òzgr pesser `g nvgh (aesg) g e rezk `g sue gaoconcoe ceuser nks ikle`krgs e sgnsek `g qug sg gst dghbkren`k, prklrgòn`k,

dgòè qug sg evene nk iklk. Nk s iklks ckdphgxks gdprgled gstg

dgcenosdk. Et k Cen`y Crusb g ]hents QS Ykkdfogs, pkpuhergs gd

sdertpbkngs g tefhgts, cknsglugd ceuser gste sgnsek nks ikle`krgs. B

sgdprg ud `gseaok gd ud nkvk gstlok g quen`k k vgncgdks nks trezgd e

sgnsek `g qug skdks (ku gstedks aocen`k) fkns nossk!

Uuen`k aehgo gd `gseaok nk perlreak entgrokr, nk dgncokngo ud `gtehbg qug

aez tkè e òagrgne9 `gseaoks pkssvgos `g sgr supgre`ks, ku sgie, neè ngd

tk acoh qug nks gntgòg ngd tk òacoh qug nks arustrg. Nunce `gdeos aroser

qug e rezk pkr trs òssk, `goxer ks ikle`krgs gnleie`ks. Gst gntgn`gn`k

kn`g gu qugrk cbgler, hgotkr etgntk; Ossk! Ne Foghkrrssoe! `g h k psochklk

Hgv Qylktsjy. , gu sgo: nk bevoe vo`gkledg nequghe pkce ne eonè Wnok

Skvotoce, des Qylktsjy gscrgvgu skfrg ude tgkroe `g eprgnòzelgd fgd

pergcoè ckd k qug ks ledg `gsolngrsused pere aezgr ks vo`gkledgs qug

nkssks gstuèntgs ikled. Qylktsjy ecrgòteve qug eprgn`gdks ckd ehlud

topk `g dgòek skcoeh: ostk qugr òzgr qug ckoses qug eonè nk sefgdks

aezgr pk`gd nks sgr gnsoneès pkr ud per deos akrtg, ude pgsske deos

gxpgrogntg (nk ngcgsseroedgntg deos vghbe). Des gssg nkvk cknbgcodgntk

tonbe qug gster ek nkssk ehcencg, tonbe qug sgr etonlvgh. Ako deos ku dgnks

essod qug ghg pgnsku e zkne `g `gsgnvkhvodgntk prkxodeh (Y@]) e òstncoe

gntrg k qug i cknsgluodks aezgr skzonbk (`gsgnvkhvodgntk rgeh) g k qug

pk`gdks ehcener ckd e dgòek `g ud ordk, peo, prkagsskr


6/17

(`gsgnvkhvodgntk pktgncoeh). Gu sgdprg lkstk `g pgnser nossk ckd e eiuè è

aolure efeoxk9

Nkssk `gsgnvkhvodgntk sg ` gd crcuhks qug sg gxpen`gd sgdprg perton`k

`k qug i sefgdks gd òrgk ek qug pk`gdks eprgn`gr. dgòè qug gssg

dkvodgntk eckntgcg eudgntedks k nkssk `gsgnvkhvodgntk rgeh, des e zkne

`g `gsgnvkhvodgntk prkxodeh tedfd sg eherle nks epknten`k pere k prxodk

`gseaok. Nktg qug nk sehtedks Y@]s9 nk sedks è Y@] 5 pere e 3 sgd

pesserdks pghe Y@] 6. ]rgcosedks vgncgr gstes gtepes `g dk`k qug k`gsgnvkhvodgntk pktgncoeh gstgie sgdprg `gntrk èquohk qug pk`gdks

ehcener. Qkc tedfd i `gvg tgr nkte`k qug ks crcuhks sg gxpen`gd g nk

k ckntrrok, ostk , nunce aocedks, pghk dgnks nk `gvgredks, setosagotks ckd

k qug i sefgdks g qugrgdks eprgn`gr dgnks. Qkc gst hgdfren`k `g ehlk;

Aesgs `g ud vo`gkledg! Fezonle!E enehkloe ckd es aesgs `g ud vo`gkledg

aoce dgok fvoe, des pergcg dgsdk qug ks ledg `gsolngrs sg onspored ne

tgkroe `g Qylktsjy quen`k croed ud iklk. Dgsdk nequghes aesgs qugecbedks duotk òacgos b sgdprg ud decgtg (ku cbget, gd Onlhs), ude

ckdfonek `g tgches gscknòè nk iklk, sgd aeher nks edolks qug i zgrered

k ledgku nes ckdunoè`gs knhong, pere nks eiuèr e vgncgr ks kfstcuhks,

èr equghg gdpurrkzonbk k qu/qugd k psochklk foghkrrussk cbedku `g

dgòe`kr ku per deos akrtg.

E tgkroe `g eprgnòzelgd `g Qylktsjy fgd lgreh, g nk gspgcaoce pere

hnlues (detgrnes ku gstrenlgores). Gntrgtentk, ud kutrk gùce`kr, `g udhuler ud pkuck deos qugntg, e Cehoarnoe, `gsgnvkhvgu ude tgkroe deos

Y@] n

Y@] 3

Y@] 6

Y@] 5


7/17

gspgcaoce pere equosok `g sglun`e hnlue. Sue boptgsg aocku cknbgco`e,

gntrg kutrks nkdgs, pkr Onput Bypktbgsos ckdk nks onakrde Frkwn (6===,

p.6


8/17

gxgdphk `k Dongcreat, agfrg gntrg ks pr-e`khgscgntgs g kn`g ks ikle`krgs

td qug cknstruor ckoses, coè`gs g et dun`ks usen`k fhkcks pergco`ks ckd

k Hglk `k dun`k rgeh. ]rkve `k sucgssk k ndgrk `g usuroks nocks

ceèstre`ks9 deos `g 55 dohbgs `g eckr`k ckd k sotg kaocoeh `k iklk.Elkre qug `gsvgnèdks ks proncopeos dgcenosdks pkr trs `ks vo`gkledgs,

qug teh ckdger e èr sgnto`k e ossk tu`k gd nksses euhes; Des pere ossk

vkc veo tgr qug gncerer k `gseaok nk oncok è prxode sgk pere dkstrer qug

prgstku etgnk gd tu`k qug òscutodks ngsse aesg!

LEDG]HE_ Qs. HGSSKN ]HENNONL

Fkd, k `gseaok k sgluontg9 vedks vkhter qughe `gaonok `g iklefohoè`gè

sgk entgrokr g sufstotuor es pehevres gd nglrotk pkr gstuèntg(s), euhe(s),

phenk(s) `g euhe(s), cursk g eprgnòzelgd.

Ako acoh; Qkc cknckrè ckd e `gaonok `g phenk `g euhe qug kftgdks

quen`k aezgdks e sufstotuok ckrrgte ès pehevres2;

Enehkledgntg ek qug eckntgcg ckd ks vo`gkledgs g e iklefohoè`g, k

sucgssk `g ude euhe gst òrgtedgntg hole`k (gdfkre nk `gpgnè skdgntg

è) quehoè`g `k phenk `g euhe qug ns `gsgnbedks. fgd prkvvgh qug

ude fke euhe nese `g ude fke prgperek, ud phengiedgntk qug nks krognte

e ehcener ks kfigtovks qug treedks pere ude `gtgrdoneè hok ku unoè`g

ò`toce, pgnsen`k nes etovoè`gs, nks pepos `g gstuèntgs g prkagsskr,

pkssvgos prkfhgdes, nk tgdpk ehkce`k pere ceè tesj g topks `g ontgrek

gntrg ks pertocopentgs. Fkns phenks `g euhe `gvgroed sgdprg rgahgtor e

prgkcupek `ks prkagsskrgs gd gnleier ks gstuèntgs nes etovoè`gs

prkpkstes essod ckdk ks ledg `gsolngrs aezgd etrevs `k ledgphey

(iklefohoè`g).

Gntrg ks vroks aredgwkrjspere prgperek `g ude euhe `g hnlues, ud gd

pertocuher e`vkle `g dengore gnatoce e odpkrtncoe `k gnleiedgntk. Gstg

aredgwkrjckncgfo`k pkr Berdgr (6==


9/17

trs ghgdgntks gssgncoeos pere eprgnòzelgd sglun`k k eutkr9 ehd `g

gnlelg, tgdks k stu`y g ectovetg.Berdgr `gagn`g qug k gnleiedgntk `g

aunèdgnteh odpkrtncoe pere k sucgssk ès kutres ùes aesgs ne dgòè gd

qug gssg deokr gnvkhvodgntk `ks gstuèntgs nghes odphoce dghbkrgsrgsuhte`ks. Des, vedks e ude frgvg `gaonok `g ceè ud `gssgs ghgdgntks9

e) Gnlelg9 sk etovoè`gs qug dktoved ks ehunks pere k tpock `g ude hok

ckdk dsoces, òscussgs, gstroes g....LEDGS: f) Stu`y9 gssg topk `g

etovoè`g ckncgntre-sg ne cknstruk `g ehlk: nk cesk `g euhes `g hnlues -

akrdes, usk g skns `g ud `gtgrdone`k rgckrtg `gsse hnlue-ehvk: g c) Ectovetg9

ngsse aesg es etovoè`gs sk prgpereès pere prkpkrcokner k usk è hnlue `g

dengore hovrg g ckdunocetove. fgd ckdud, et pere qugd nk use ngnbud aredgwkrj gd pertocuher,

prgperer euhes ckd ledgsnk ckdgk ku aoneh `g ceè sgssk. Uugd aez usk

`k GSE tgn`g e ckhkcer k ledgùrentg e aesg `g gnlelgiustedgntg pkrqug

gstg topk `g etovoè`g pk`g `gtgrdoner k sucgssk `k rgstentg ès etovoè`gs è

euhe. Pedfd nk rerk ks ledgsepergcgd nk aod `g ude euhe ckdk rgvosk

`k ckntg`k vostk ku prdok pghk fkd ckdpkrtedgntk `ks gstuèntgs. Des,

pkr qug tgd `g sgr essod; Sgr qug k ledg s ud ecgssrok, ud etkr

ckeìuventg nk prkcgssk `g gnsonk-eprgnòzelgd; K prprok Berdgr (6==


10/17

pkuck deos skfrg gste pehevronbe e gd code9 ledoaocetokn. Qkc i `gvg tgr

kuvo`k ghe pkr e ehlude vgz, nk ; Des, eaoneh `g ckntes, k qug

ledoaocetokng k qug ossk tgd e vgr ckd nksses euhes; ]essen`k `g aesg gd

3...6...5....

LEDOAOCEN@K

K tgrdk ledoaocetokn pergcg sgr ude ès pehevres `g ehte argquncoe nk

dkdgntk gd gùcek, pertocuherdgntg gd GHP. Des, òvgrsks sgtkrgs i

aezgd usk `g dgcenosdks `g ledoaocek b ehlud tgdpk9 `g gdprgses

duhtonecokneos `g cknsuhtkroe s akres erdeès edgrocenes. Et k ephocetovk`g cbgcj-on qug vkc prkvevghdgntg use nk sdertpbkng ledoaoce`k.

Lgrehdgntg, gssgs sgtkrgs used ledoaocetokn nks trgonedgntks `g sgus

ckhefkre`krgs pkr cknte `ks rgsuhte`ks deos rpo`ks g pkrqug gssg sgd

skdfre `g `voè ude efkrèlgd fgd deos aedohoer g etretove pere e lgrek

qug gntre bkig nk dgrce`k `g trefehbk. Hgdfre `ks _s, dohhgnoehsg gtc...; ]kos

, es gdprgses prgcose(ve)d sg prgperer dghbkr pere hoèr ckd ks nkvks

gstohks `g eprgnòzelgd è gdgrlgntg dk `g kfre. G sg vkc prkagsskr ku

peo/dg, sefg ne prtoce qug ks gstuèntgs `g bkig eprgn`gd `g dk`k fgd

òagrgntg `k dk`k ckdk nksse lgrek eprgn`gu9 ghgs i nk supkrted deos k

dk`ghk òle-dg ckdk g k qug qugrgd dkstrg-dg ckdk.

Gntrgtentk nk sk skdgntg ks dohhgnoehsqug lksted `g ikler ckdk vodks ne

ontrkùk. ]ere vkcs deos aedohoeroze`ks ckd k trefehbk `k psochklk

edgrocenk Efrebed Deshkw g sue bogrerquoe `g ngcgssoè`gs (tedfd

cknbgcoè ckdk pordo`g `g Deshkw) pk`g pergcgr curoksk, gdfkre nk

ngcgsseroedgntg surprggn`gntg, qug k iklk gstgie nk cudg è pordo`g ne

cetglkroe ès ngcgssoè`gs `g rgehozek pgsskeh, ckdk9 dkrehoè`g,

croetovoè`g, gspkntengoè`g, cepecoè`g `g rgskhvgr prkfhgdes, eusncoe `g

prgckncgotk g ecgotek `ks aetks. , pergcg qug ns gùce`krgs, skdks

sgdprg ks htodks e sefgr. Des eonè nk ledg kvgrpere ns pkrqug, essod

ckdk nks vo`gkledgs, tgdks sgdprg ude voè gxtre, cgrtk; K qug

prgcosedks pere vorer gssg iklk ckdger e ckhkcer gd prtoce nes nksses

euhes ehluns `gstgs dgcenosdks g gsse sgk veo dkstrer ckdk.


11/17

Entgs `g ckntonuer, prgcosedks gntgn`gr ledoaocekg sg ghe tgd e vgr ckd

ks ledgs. fvok; Ngd tentk. @g eckr`k ckd Ikbnskn gt eh (6=50, p.06)

ledoaocek e ontrkùk `g ghgdgntks, gstruture g dgcnoces `g iklks gd

sotuegs g cgnroks `g nk iklks. Ku sgie, tgd g ek dgsdk tgdpk nk tgd evgr ckd iklks. e trenspksok `ks dgsdks dgcenosdks `ks iklks pere

rg`gs skcoeos, trgonedgntks g et euhes. ]kr ossk nk eòente ckhkcer k ledg

nk aoneh g/ku nk ckdgk (ku ne tergae `g cese!) pere ecber qug gst

ledoaocen`k e euhe. ]rgcosedks nks eprkproer `gstgs dgcenosdks

ehonbeven`k-ks ùrentg tkès es etovoè`gs è euhe g nk epgnes gd

dkdgntks gstenqugs. Qedks e ghgs;

Qoene (6=53, p.7=) `gstece ehluns espgctks `ks iklks qug pk`gd sgrephoce`ks ek ckntgxtk ckrpkretovk. Gu lksteroe `g edphoer gstg reok `g etuek

pere sehes `g euhes. Sk ghgs9 agg`fecjonstentngk, fe`lgs, dgtes etonlvgos,

ckdpgtotovoè`g g ckhefkrek, g eprgn`gr aezgn`k (gstg htodk sgr òscuto`k

deos ter`g ngste dgsde sgk).

Agg`fecj onstentngk

E proncpok, agg`fecjs `gvgroe sgr pkstgrle`k gd sehes `g hnlue gstrenlgore

quen`k etovoè`gs `g `gsgnvkhvodgntk `g ahuncoe gstovgssgd gd cursk `g

dk`k e nk ontgrrkdpgr k ahkw, e nk sgr qug gstovssgdks òentg `g

sotuegs gd qug k nk cknbgcodgntk `g ud vkcefuhrok ku ud grrk `g

prknncoe odpgòssg e ckdunocek. Sehvk ngstgs cesks, pkrqug eòerdks

agg`fecj skfrg e pgrakrdencg `ks gstuèntgs pere dkdgntks akrdeos `g

evehoegs g nk fkhgtod aoneh; Agg`fecj`gvgroe eckntgcgr ùrentg tkè euhe

gd tkès es euhes. essod qug eckntgcg nks ledgs, nksses egs lgred

rgegs9 dkrrgdks, lenbedks voès, pgr`gdks gngrloe, aocedks deos rocks,

gtc...

Fe`lgs

K rgcknbgcodgntk è gxpgrtosg `g ehlud gd `gtgrdoneè rge

onveroevghdgntg rgprgsgnteè pghe kftgnk `g ud òphkde, n `g rglostrk ku

hocgne: g nks ledgs nk òagrgntg. Nksse pgrcoe prgdoeè ckd òstongs

ckdk, pkr gxgdphk, pkr `grrkter 6 Lerlentgs ckd dssgos `g dohbk gd ud


12/17

nock gstlok ku pkr rgcgfgrdks k ttuhk `g prgagotk pkr aezgr k deokr ndgrk

`g cbgcj-ons nk nkssk gstefghgcodgntk prgagro`k. Des essod ckdk nks iklks,

rg`gs skcoeos g ne voè prkaossokneh, gstes prgdoegs nk epergcgd `k neè9

sefgdks ckd entgcg`ncoe k qug tgdks qug aezgr pere cknquost-hes. Gntk,nk ckdgk `k sgdgstrg, sgroe ontgrgssentg qug ks prkagsskrgs gstefghgcgssgd

qug fe`lgs sgrk òstrofu`ks g k qug aezgr pere cknquost-hks tree `g

fofhoktgce (pere equghg qug hgr k deokr ndgrk `g hovrks), fehe`gork (pere k

gstuèntg qug nk pgr`g ud gvgntk è gsckhe), hkuck pkr tergae (pkr dktovks

fvoks), g pkr e veo.

Dgtes etonlvgosGstg espgctk nks rgdgtg òscussk qug aozgdks ne sgk skfrg hgvghonl upg

Y@], hgdfre; Dgtes tenlvgos lgred sgnsek `g prklrgssk g deokr

gnleiedgntk. @g dengore prtoce, aezgdks ossk quen`k gsckhbgdks rge`grs

e`gque`ks ek nvgh `g prkaoconcoe è turde, trefehbedks ckd vgrsgs

rgsudoès `g tgxtks ikrnehstocks gd turdes onocoentgs ku gsckhbgn`k es

dsoces cgrtes pere trefehber ckd e turde. ]ere k trefehbk ckd prkigtks

ò`tocks, k eiustg ès gxpgctetoves ckd rghek cuhdonncoe/ prkùtk aoneh R

nvgh `g prkaoconcoe g eutknkdoe è turde, g et `ks prezks pere gntrgle ès

pgsquoses `gvgd hgver gstg espgctk gd cknso`grek. ]ere ledoaocere tergae

`g cese, vkc nk prgcose pgòr pere ks gstuèntgs iklergd Fkllhg ku \kr`s

wotb arogn`s g enkter k deokr ndgrk `g pehevres qug cknsgluorgd akrder

(gdfkre ossk sgie lgnoeh!). Feste ckdfoner ckd ghgs qug s veo denèr tergae

pere cese, pkr gxgdphk, gntrg e quonte g e tgre (g nk gntrg e tgre g e quonte)

pere èr deos tgdpk pere ghgs. Ku quehqugr kutrk eckr`k qug sg ephoqug ek

pgraoh è turde.

Ckdpgtotovoè`g g ckhefkrek

]k`gdks hener dk `gste cerectgrstoce budene gd prkh è eprgnòzelgd `g

nkssks ehunks. Des ek trensakrder e prodgore ne sglunè, ks rgsuhte`ks sk

pktgncoehoze`ks. Iklks ckhefkretovks, kn`g s b vgncg`kr quen`k tk`ks

lenbed, sk ude fke o`goe pere òdonuor equghe tgnsk gntrg ks treòcokneos

dgnonks ckntre dgnones. G nk ecbg qug ghgs vk rgcheder pkrqug

iustedgntg ossk qug ghgs aezgd quen`k ikled knhong g prgcosed sg ertocuher


13/17

gd todgs pere cudpror `gtgrdoneès dossgs. Nkvedgntg gd rghek tergae

`g cese, pkr qug nk rgsgrver ud gxgrccok qug prgcosg sgr agotk gd ùphes ku

troks usen`k ude rg`g skcoeh qug ghgs i ecgssed;

Ehd `gsses tcnoces `g ledoaocekdeos edphes, tgdks ehludes qug skdeos gspgcaoces pere iklks òloteos. Des entgs, vedks gntgn`gr ud pkuck

deos skfrg ostk. Ek `gaonor eprgnòzelgd fesgeè gd iklks òloteos, ]rgnsjy

òz9

@g dengore sodphgs, Eprgnòzelgd Fesgeè gd Iklks@oloteos quehqugr ckdfonek `g ckntg`ksgùcetovks g iklks `g ckdpute`kr, E prgdosse pkr trs`g Eprgnòzelgd Fesgeè gd Iklks @oloteos qug pkssvgh ckdfoner iklks `g ckdpute`kr g vo`gkledgs

ckd ude lren`g verogè`g `g ckntg`ks gùcetovks,cknsgluon`k rgsuhte`ks tk fkns ku dghbkrgs quentketrevs `g dtk`ks treòcokneos `g eprgnòzelgd nkprkcgssk. Gntk, vedks `gaonor Eprgnòzelgd Fesgeègd Iklks @oloteos ckdk quehqugr iklk `geprgnòzelgd gd ud ckdpute`kr ku kn-hong?.(]rgnsjy, 6==< pksok 3370 `g 5=0


14/17

vkc pk`g vgr duotes `gstes tcnoces sk fgd aedohoergs pere prkagsskrgs g

nk sk ckdphoceès `g sg ephocer. Qedks vgr ehluns gxgdphks ne prtoce;

Eprgn`gr aezgn`k

Duotks ckntg`ks qug prgcosedks cknstruor ckd ks ehunks gd ude sgquncoe

ò`toce ku ek hknlk `g unoè`g pk`gd sgr trefehbe`ks pkr dgok `g iklks.

]ere gxgdphoaocer epgnes ehluns9 Sodkn seys55 (odpgretovk, prgpksogs g

pertgs `k ckrpk), Pghgakng sgd aok (vkz pessove) g Fonlk (ndgrks). Gstgs

iklks i sk ikle`ks usuehdgntg gd sehe, des ghgs quesg sgdprg sk use`ksskdgntg `gpkos qug ontrkùzodks gstgs ckntg`ks. @e prxode vgz qug vkc

tovgr qug gnsoner gstgs tpocks qug teh user ks iklks; Ossk vehg pere kutrks

dkdgntks gd qug trefehbedks ckd aungs ckdunocetoves nkves,

eprgsgnten`k vkcefuhrok ku dk`ghen`k prknncoe ùrentg, pkr gxgdphk, k

stu`y pbesg `g Berdgr `gscrotk ne sgk entgrokr. E rglre `g kurk gd

dkdgntks ckdk k stu`y `gvgroe sgr ckdgerdks e sufstotuor e dengore

treòcokneh `g òzgr ckdk pghk dkstrer ckdk eks nkssks gstuèntgs. @ozgd

pkr e qug e Docrkskat ckhkcku k iklk ]econcoe nk \on`kws ckdk akrde `g

gnsoner es pgsskes e user k dkusg9 chocer, errester g pksocokner k curskr. Fgd

deos òvgrto`k qug dknter ud tutkroeh, cknckrè;

Eprgnòzelgd fesgeè gd pgrluntes

I pgnsku gd ckdk vkc pk`g trensakrder dkdgntks lgrehdgntg fgd cbetks

ès euhes gd qug tgdks qug ckfror rglres (g gxcggs) `g ehlud ckntg`k;

Pgnbk cgrtgze qug vkc i `gvg tgr to`k ehludes fkes o`goes pere ossk. Wde

dengore fgd sodphgs trensakrder es rglres gd pgrluntes g tgster k

cknbgcodgntk (prvok) è turde. ]kr gxgdphk, ek gnsoner es rglres `g usk `g

ertolks `gaono`ks g on`gaono`ks pk`gdks user ud iklk `k topk quoz ku Provoe,

ehlk pergco`k ckdUugd qugr sgr ud dohoknrok; Sg e turde nk skufgr es

rgspkstes, `goxg-ks cknsuhter gd ude fke lredtoce ku nk prprok hovrk tgxtk.

]k`g sgr gd lrupk ku onòvoùehdgntg, k cgrtk qug tk`ks vk sgntor-sg

`gseaoe`ks g lgnuonedgntg ontgrgsse`ks gd èr es rgspkstes ckrrgtes.

55Sgu rgo den`ku òzgr(gd ]krtulus) ku Sodn òcg(gd Gspenbkh) equghg iklk gd qug ud lrupktgnte sgluor es kr`gns òteès pkr ud h`gr, hgdfre;


15/17

@gsckfgrte g `gsckfgrte luoeè

Sgdprg qug `gsckfrodks ehlk pkr cknte prproe tgn`gdks e hgdfrer òssk pkr

deos tgdpk, ehd `g sgr gxcghgntg pere nksse eutkgstode. ]ere nvgos deosevene`ks quen`k prgcosedks gnsoner akngdes gd onlhs pk`gdks hener

dk `gsse tcnoce trezgn`k pere sehe pehevres, aresgs g et tgxtks gscrotks

ckd ehaefgtk akntock g `gseaoer e turde e `gckòaoc-hks ckd eiuè `g ud

òcoknrok ku udpbkngdoc cbert. Sg ghgs tovgrgd òaocuhè`gs vkc pk`g eiuèr

rgvghen`k ud ku kutrk akngde deos òacoh ku rgckrrgntg. e wn`r a iu wh fo

jiros na t òjk` s dgs`;56

Vkhg pheyonl

Gsse tcnoce fgd ckdud gd euhes `g hnlue gstrenlgore g tedfd

dgcenosdk cgntreh `ks V]Ls (rkhg pheyonl ledgs) iklks gd qug ks

pertocopentgs essudgd pepos g croed es nerretoves `g akrde ckhefkretove.53. K

prodgork V]L ako @unlgkns & @relkns(5?


16/17

Gsses sk epgnes ehludes dengores prtoces `g ontrkùzor e dgcnoce `g

iklks nes euhes. @gpkos `g hgr gstg ertolk (aehte pkuck, lerentk) `gseaok vkc e

gnckntrer kutres dengores `g ledoaocersues euhes (g tergaes `g cese). Nk sg

gsqugcg `g dg gscrgvgr `gpkos cknten`k k qug agz50

.

CKNCHWSK (g ud fnus)

Sg gstg tgxtk cknsgluou cudpror sgu kfigtovk proncopeh, k hgotkr qug cbglku et

equo p`g gntgn`gr ud pkuck skfrg ks prkcgssks `g gnleiedgntk topocedgntg

use`ks gd iklks g ckdk ghgs pk`gd auncokner ne prtoce gd sehes `g hnlue

gstrenlgore.

Gntgn`gr teos dgcenosdks nks eiuèr duotk e ckdprggn`gr ude pertgodpkrtentg ne voè `g nkssks gstuèntgs, k qug ks dktove, ckdk pk`gd sgr

onstole`ks e aezgr deos, ckdk lksteroed qug akssgd es euhes, gnaod ude nkve

pgrspgctove skfrg k aezgr gùcecokneh. Et bkig e deokroe ès onocoetoves toès

ckdk onkve`kres gd gùcek sg hodoted e utohozer es nkves tgcnkhkloes

epgnes ckdk deos ude agrredgnte `g trensdossk `g ckntg`ks nk

trezgn`k neè rgehdgntg nkvk ku qug qugfrg pereòldes. Cherk, gxostgd

gxcggs prkagsskrgs g onstotuogs qug utohozed e tgcnkhkloe `g dk`k

rgehdgntg onkve`kr. Qku `goxer ud cknvotg, dghbkr òzgn`k ud gstlok fnus,

pere vkc cknbgcgr ùes gxpgroncoes onkve`kres. Ecgote k `gseaok; Gntk,

ecgssg ks gn`grgks cknto`ks ne nkte `g rkèp57g `gscufre ckdk k fondok

gùcek-ledgs ako fgd-sucgò`k nghes.

Kutre prgkcupek qug tovgdks ek gscrgvgr gstg ertolk ako e `g tgnter

onckrpkrer ehluns `gssgs dgcenosdks ne gxpgroncoe `g hgoture pere ks frevks

g curoksks prkagsskrgs qug ecgotered ceè ud `ks `gseaoks/iklks qug

prkpkdks ek hknlk `k tgxtk. E hgoture skfrg gstg tgde nk pk`groe `goxer `g

akre e òvgrsk, eaoneh `g ckntes, ghe gst nk cgntrk è òndoce `g iklks. Sg

cknsgluodks aezgr ossk ckd ud tgxtk, pk`gdks supkr qug nes euhes veo sgr

fgd deos acoh, nk ecbe;

Gstedks sglurks qug ledoaoceknk penecgoe, des sod ude cedeè gxtre

qug sgrvg `g ghgdgntk dktove`kr tkrnen`k k prkcgssk `g gnsonk-

50

Denè ud gdeoh pere dod bulk.ehfuqugrqugMcne.ckd.fr57bttp9//www.onstotutgkaphey.ckd/ gbttp9//www.ikystrggt.ckd.fr/kig.btdh
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17/17

eprgnòzelgd deos gaocogntg iustedgntg pkrqug sg eprkproe `g ud `gsgik

budenk pghk hòck.

]hetk i `gagnòe k pepgh hòck `ks iklks gùcetovks pere croenes, g ngstgs

tgdpks quen`k `gdkredks ceè vgz deos e gnvghbgcgr, nk sgroe ngnbudefsur`k ckrrolo-hk g òzgr hgt gerhy gùcetokn fg e skrt ka edusgdgnt.

VGAGVNCOES

FVK\N,B.@. 6===. ]roncophgs ka henluelg hgernonl en` tgecbonl. Ngw_krj, ]gerskn Gùcetokn.

BEVDGV, I. 6== htodkecgssk9 =?/=

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