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< \(SAPINDACEAE, SAPOTACEAE 403402 SAPINDACEAE

berulous racemes; calyx sometimes persistent,lobes to 4 cm long. Schizocarp obovoid, to 4 x3 x 1.5 cm, green, minutely puberulous; coccica. 1.7 x 1.3cm, veined: wingscontinuing alongcocci, basally subtruncate.

Notes. Tree to 15 m; rare; along watercourses. Guianas.

late, sessile; fruiting calyx lobes ca. 0.2 cm long. 9.15. Talisia sylvatica (Aubl.) Radik. (T. pedi-Berry ovoid, to 2.2 x 1.6cm, green when young, cellaris) boesiknepa (S); bosknippa (SD)tomentose, apiculum to 0.2 cm long; seeds 1. PI. 145, fig. 5

Notes. Tree to 8 m; not common; rain and Leaves (l-)2-3-jugate. Panicles axillary nearcreek forests. Surinam. Fr. Guiana. j twig ends, to 6 cm long, simple or 1 2 x

branched, rachillae yellow-puberulous; fruitingTalisia praealta (Sagot) Radik, sinja-oe- pedicels 0.1-0.15 cm long, 0.1 cm thick; fruitingdoe (S); sinja-basoe (P) i calyx lobes to 0.3 cm long. Berry subellipsoid,

Leaves 2- or less often 1-jugate, petiole 3-5 to 2.5 x 1.3 cm, green to light orange-yellow,cm long, petiolules 0.3-0.5cm long. Panicles ax- black when dried, glabrous, shiny, apex someillary near twig ends, 2-5cm long, sessile, 1-2 x times abruptly acuminate over to 0.2 cm: epi-branched, rachillae racemose, pale brown-to- carp papillose or granular, woody, 0.1 cm thick;mentose; pedicels 0.2-0.5 cm long; calyx some- seeds 1, ellipsoid, to 1.4 x 1 x 0.9 cm, brown.times persistent, coriaceous. Berry ovoid, 2-2.5 Notes. Tree to 15 m; endozoochorous (at leastx 1-1.3 cm, yellowish-orange, glabrous, shiny, spider and howler monkeys); fairly common;apiculate; epicarp leathery; seeds 1, ellipsoid, rain forest and forested slopes (on granite ortesta juicy, fragrant, edible. bauxite). Surinam. Fr. Guiana.

Notes. Tree to 20 m; fairly common; rain and(marshy)creek forests, and forested slopes (alsoon bauxite). Surinam. Fr. Guiana.

9.12. Talisia reticulata Radik.Leaves 2-3-jugate. Panicles terminal and lat

eral, large, pyramidal; (lowers in dense clusters,subsessile. Fruit not seen.

Notes. Small tree; very rare; riverine forest.Surinam, Fr. Guiana.

narrowly ovoid, 3 x 1.5 x I to 3.5 x 1.8 x1.2 cm, 3-coccous. stipe slender, 0.2 cm long,crowned by 3-lobed style: cocci 1.5-2 cm long.0.4-0.5 cm wide, minutely veined and wrinkled,with dorsal, membranaceous, basally and api-cally rounded wipg.

Notes. Small liana; anemochorous or hydro-chorous; not common; riverine forest and forestmargins. Guianas.

13. Vouarana Aubl.13.1. Vouarana guianensis Aubl. kulishiri (A);

bergi-gawetri(S) PI. 145, fig. 11Leaves 4-8-foliolate. Panicles axillary, pyra

midal, 10-20 cm long; fruiting pedicels 0.3-0.6cm long; calyx petaloid, membranaceous, lobesfree, 0.2 cm long. , Capsule compressed-pyriform, woody, 2.2 x z.31.6 cm, green to black, glabrous, shiny, with afairly deep, medial groove on both sides, basetapering over 0.3-0.5 cm and truncate, firm,apex abruptly acuminate (over to 0.2 cm),apicu-late, 2-locular. loculicidally 2-valved dehiscent:valves tomentose to glabrous inside, equal, eachbearing part of septum and central axis; seeds(1)2, ellipsoid. 1.3 x 1 to 2 x 1.5 cm, black.shiny, finely wrinkled, attached ca. 1 cm abovebase of valve, 1/3 surrounded by fleshy aril.

Notes. Tree to 15 m; endozoochorous; notcommon; esp. upland creek, riverine, and rainforests. Guianas.

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(9.11.11.2. Toulicia pulvinata Radik, hikuribianda

(A); mankrapa (S); tatoe (P) PI. 145, fig.9.

Leaves 12-18-folioIate. Panicles terminal,very large, to 1 m in diam., peduncle to 90 cmlong;calyx sometimes persistent, lobes 0.25-0.3cm long. Schizocarp subquadrangular, 3.3 x2.5 x 1.3 to 4.6 x 3.3 x 1.6 cm, pale yellowish-green, cocci hemispherical, 1.3 x 1 x 1 to 2.3x 1.2 x 1.2 cm, veined; wings continuing along

cocci, base and apex truncate.Notes. Tree to 15 m; common; rain, creek,

and riverine forests and forested slopes. Guianas.

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x 1.2 to 2.8 x 2.5 x c10. Thinouia Planch, et Triana10.1. Thinouia myriantha Planch, et Triana PI.

145, fig. 7Leaves temate. Panicles axillary, solitary or

in fascicles, composed of thyrses. 1-1.5 cm indiam., peduncle 1-6 cm long, sometimes withtendrils at base; pedicels articulate above middle; calyx sometimes persistent, lobes basaljconnate. Schizocarp 3-coccous, stipe slender-0.4 (cm long; cocci hemispherical, to 1.5 x0.7-0.8 x 0.7-0.8 cm, glabrous (puberulouswhen young), reticulately veined; wings to 4 cmlong, 1.4 cm wide just below apex, membranaceous, veined, obtuse;central axis filiform; seeds1 per coccus, exarillate.

Notes. Liana; anemochorous or hydrocho-rous; rare; upland riverine forest. Surinam, Fr.Guiana.

(12. Urvillea H. B. K.12.1. Urvillea ulmacea H. B. K. PI. 145, fig. 18

Leaves ternate, terminal leaflet to 10 cm long,5 cm wide. Racemes axillary, flowers in smallfascicles (cincinni), sessile, rachis slender, 6-8cm long, densely puberulous; fruiting pedicelsslender, 0.2 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes 4, ca.0.1-0.2 cm long, 1 lobe 2-lobate. Schizocarp

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v.9.13. Talisia retusa CowanLeaves (l-)2-3(-6)-jugate. Panicles terminal,

sometimes leafy in basal part, 10-40 cm long,1-2 x branched, axes canaliculate-striate, minutely whitish-puberulous; flowers few togetherin short lateral monochasia'or solitary; pedicels0.1-0.2 cm long. Berry subovoid, subacute,1.5-2 cm long, glabrous, obscurely venucose.

Nates. Tree to 20 m; very rare; upland rainforest in far interior. Guianas.

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SAPOTACEAE(Leaves alternate, simple, entire, usually exstipulate. Inflorescenses fasciculate, axillary or cauli-

florous; flowers small, regular, 3-6(-7)-merous; petals more or less connate; ovary superior,1-12-locuIar; styles 1. Fruit a berry, globose, ovoid, or ellipsoid, woody or fleshy and edible, inde-hiscent; seeds large, shiny, testa corneous, with an usually large, dull, very variable hilum.

Notes. Trees, bark with white latex; mainly endozoochorous (esp. spider monkeys, howler monkeys, tortoises, cotingas, toucans); young seeds heavily predated upon by saki monkeys (Chiropotes,Pitbecia), parrots, and macaws.

i V-11. Toulicia Aubl.Leaves paripinnate, 6-many-foliolate. Inflor

escences paniculate, large, often composed ofracemes; calyx petaloid, 5-merous. Fruit a schizocarp (resembling fruit of Serjania), 3-coccous;cocci with long, membranaceous, veined wing,with apical,oblique,curved apiculum;seeds oneper coccus, lenticular, dark hjpwn, glabrous.

Notes. Small trees; anemochorous or hydro-chorous.

i (>9.14. Talisia squarrosa Radik, moroballi (A);

sinjabasoe. tatoe (P) PI. 145, fig. 6Leaves 1-jugate. Panicles axillary near branch

ends, to 25cm long, 2or 3 x branched, axes densely gray-puberulous; pedicelsshort; fruiting calyx lobes almost free, ovate or narrowly ovate,ca. 0.25-0.3 cm long. Berry narrowly ovoid toalmost fusiform, to 2.4 x 1.2 cm. at first gray-tomentose. yellow-tomentellous when ripe: testa edible.

Notes. Tree to 30 m: very rare: upland rainforest. Guianas (not yet found in Surinam).

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1H7

1. Achrouteria Eyma1.1. Achrouteria pomifera Eyma (Planchonella

guianensis) limonaballi. paripiballi (A):laurierkers (SD.): kimboto (S): boesisoke.monkisoki(P) PI. 146, fig. I

Fascicles axillary or above leaf scars; pedicels0.15-0.2 cm long, appressed-pilose, in fruit 0.3cm long, 0.4 cm thick, fruits solitary or in pairs;

fruiting calyx lobes 5, broadly ovate, recurved.0.2-0.3 cm long. Berry obovoid when young.subglobose when ripe, 2 x 1.7 cm to 4 x 3.5cm. yellowish, apiculate and with apical pit ca.0.4 cm in diam.. epicarp thin, smooth, notwrinkled when dry; pulp fleshy, firm, edible;seeds few, flattened laterally, hilum long, narrow, straight.

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(11.1. Toulicia guianensis Aubl. hikuribianda( AY.gawetri (S) PI. 145, fig. 8

Leaves 12-18-foliolate. Panicles terminal.stout, to 50 cm long, pyramidal, acutely 3-angled, composed of ferrugineous pulverulent, pu-

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SAPOTACEAE 405404 SAPOTACEAE)Notes. Tree to 35 ra; fairly rare; endozoocho-

rous (spider and howler monkeys); creek forest,forested slopes and mountain savanna forest ongranite. Guianas.

2. Chrysophyllum L.Young twigs, leaves (abaxiaily), and petioles

golden-, brassy-, or brownish-red sericeous.Flowers 5(-7)-merous; ovary 5-11-locular.

Notes.Trees.

3. Ecclinusa Mart.3.1. Ecclinusa guianensis Eyma bartaballi (A);

batambali (S, P) PI. 146, fig. 5Fascicles axillary; flowers sessile; fruits soli

tary or in small fascicles. Berry globose, 1.5 x1.5 to 3.5 x 3 cm (sometimes to 5 or 6 cm indiam.), yellow to brownish-orange, brown- orgray-tomentose, base sometimes short-tapering; pulp edible; seeds (1)2(5), narrowly ellipsoid, ca. 2.6 x 1.3 x 1.1 cm, hilum oblong, ca.0.7 cm wide.

Notes. Tree to 30 m, trunk straight, barkbrownish-gray; endozoochorous (spider andhowler monkeys, tortoises); common; rain, savanna, and marsh (riverine) forests, also rocksa-vannas and mountain savanna forest. Guianas.

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2.1. Chrysophyllum auratum Miq. (Cynoden-dron auratum) sururuburuen (A); pinto-bo-letri (S) PI. 146, fig. 2

Fascicles axillary; pedicels ca. 0.3 cm long (infruit 0.4-0.5 cm long), ferrugineous-tomentose;fruiting sepals 5, 0.15-0.25 cm long, ferrugineous-tomentose; fruits solitary or in pairs. Berrynarrowly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, to 2.5 cm long,green to yellow, finally red, or purplish, shiny;prickle ca. 0.1 cm long; pulp sweet-tasting; seeds1-2.

Notes. Slender tree to 15(20) m; fairly common; rain, riverine, and creek forests, forestedslopes, esp. on sand. Guiimas.

2.2. Chrysophyllum cainito L. slar'apra (S);sterappel (SD) PL 146, fig. 3

Fascicles axillary, dense; pedicels ca. 1 cmlong, red-sericeous; calyx sometimes persistent,red-sericeous, lobes 5, rounded. Berry at first ellipsoid, subglobose when ripe, to 7.5 x 6.5 cm(sometimes to 10 cm long), green to purplish,glabrous; pulp white; seeds 7-10 (some abor-

five), depressed-ellipsoid, brown; cross sectionof fruit shows stellately arranged locules.

Notes. Tree to 15(20) m; cultivated, also naturalized in riverine forest and on forestedslopes (on bauxite). Guianas.

2.3. Chrysophyllum rufocupreum Ducke PI.146, fig. 4

Fascicles axillary; pedicels 0.6-0.8cm long (in.fruit to 1 cm long), rufous-tomentose; calyxsometimes persistent, lobes 5, acute, ovate,0.3-0.5 cm long, tomentose. Berry ovoid. 5.5 x4.5 to 7 x 6cm, brown, glabrous, apex obtuselyacuminate over to 0.7cm; pulp very thick, firm;seeds to 5.

Notes. Small to middle-sized tree: rare: upland rain and riverine forests. Surinam.

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?'4g4. Eremoluma Baili.4.1. Eremoluma sagofiana Bail!. (Pouteria sago-tiana) apra-oedoe, djoe-bortri (S) PI. 146,fig. 6

Fascicles in leaf axils, above leaf scars-, or onshort, leafless twigs (sometimes with leaves attip); pedicels 0.3-0.5 cm long, in fruit ca. 0.5 cmlong; fruiting calyx lobes recurved, to 0.1 cmlong. Berry ellipsoid or ovoid, to 2 x 1.4 cqj.green to black, apiculate; seeds 1, to 1.7 x Tx 0,7 cm, hilum linear, to 1.6 cm long, 0.3 cmwide.

Notes. Tree to 12 m (or more?); fairlv common; rain, savanna, and mountain savatya forests (on granite). Guianas.

5. Franchetella Pierre5.1. Franchetella gonggrijpii (Eyma) Aubr.

(Pouteria gonggrijpii) apra-oedoe, pinto-bo-letri (S); akwansiba (P) PI. 146, fig. 7

Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars,dense; pedicels slender, ca. 0.6 cm long, brown-puberulous, in fruit ca. 1.25 cm long; fruits solitary; fruiting calyx lobes (4-)5, recurved or pa-

' tent, ca. 0.1 5 cm long, brown-puberulous. Berryellipsoid or ovoid, fleshy, 1.7 x 1.5 cm (possiblylarger), green, base and apex rounded; seedsK-2).

Notes. Tree to 18 m (or more?); fairly common; rain forest, esp. on slopes. Surinam. Fr.Guiana.

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Plate 146. Figs. 1-7. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Achrouteria pomi/era, a. young fr.; b. fr.; c. fr. from below; d. crosssection of fr.; e. seed. 2. Chrysophyllum auratum. a. young fr.; b. fr.: c. seed. 3. Ch. cainito, a. fr.; b. crosssection of fr. 4. Ch. rufocupreum. fr. partly opened to show the seeds. 5. Ecclinusa guianensis, a. fr.; b. seed.6. Eremoluma sagotiana. a. infruct.; b. seed. 7. Franchetella gonggrijpii.

6. Nlanilkara Adans.Flowers in fascicles in or above leaf axils: ca

lyx with 2 pairs of 3 sepals: ovary 6-14-locular.Berry subglobose; epicarp firm; seeds slightly

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((406 SAPOTACEAE 407SAPOTACEAE;

(Berry globose, ellipsoid or ovoid, 5.5 x 5 cm(4-10 cm in diam.), grayish or dirty brown, darkmottled, apiculate: epicarp thin-leathery; pulpbrownish-yellow, edible; seeds 10-12, laterallyflattened, hard, 2 cm long, brown or black,shiny, hilum linear.

Notes. Tree to 20 m; cultivated (originatingfrom Central America).

7. Micropholis (Griseb.) PierreFlowers (4-)5-merous, corolla tube usually

much longer than lobes; ovary (4-)5-locular.Berry subellipsoid; epicarp firm; seed usually 1,flat, hilum oblong.

Notes. Trees.

flattened, hilum on ventral side, oblong or linear.i O (tNotes. Trees.6.1. Manilkara amazonica (Hub.) Chev. PI.

147, fig. 1Fruiting pedicels fasciculate, to ca. 3.5 cm

long, tomentose, apically thickened; fruiting calyx tomentose, lobes acute. 0.4-0.5 cm long.Berry (only immature seen) depressed-globose,0.9 x 1.2 cm, yellow, apiculate.

Notes. Tree to 25 m; rare; savanna forest andforested slopes. Guyana. Surinam.

6.2. Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) Chev. batataburue (A); bortri. boietri (S); boiti (P) PI.147, fig. 2

Flowers above leaf axils near twig ends, pendent; pedicels 1.5-3 cm long, in fruit 1.53(5)cm long, stout, apically thickened; fruiting calyxbrown-puberulous, lobes triangular, 3 large, to0.4 cm long, alternating with 3 smaller ones, to0.3 cm long. Berry ellipsoid (depressed-globosewhen young), 2.5-3 x 1.8-2.5 cm, yellowish-orange, prickle 0.1-0.3 cm long; pulp edible,sweet-tasting; seeds 1 (sometimes 2), depressed-ellipsoid, ca. 2.2 x 1.3 x 1.1 cm, with a darkand a light patch, hilum oblong,ca. 1.1 cm long,0.45 cm wide, dull.

Notes. Tree to 40 m, buttresses to 1 m highand wide, bark with copious white latex (bala-ta'), crown broad, dense; common; rain andmarsh forests. Guiancts.

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7.1. Micropholis egensis (A. DC.) Pierre bakoe-man (S); kimboto, bakoeman (P) PI. 147,fig. 5

Fruiting fascicles axillary near twig ends;fruiting pedicels 2-3.2 cm long, apically somewhat thickened; fruiting calyx lobes 5, ca. 0.2cm long. Berry to 4 x 2.3 cm (2-3cm in diam.),green to yellow, somewhat bullate when dry,apex abruptly acuminate; pulp yellow, edible,sweet-tasting (like plums).

Notes. Tree to 20 m; not common; swamp forest op bauxite, and on forested slopes. Guianas7.2. Micropholis guyanensis (A. DC.) Pierre lo-

oedoe (S), riemhout (SD); wetibakoeman.mamanlen (P) PI. 147, fig. 6

Fascicles axillary and on leafless twigs, peduncle 0.2-0.5 cm long, lepidote; pedicels0.4-0.7 cm long, in fruit ca. 1(1.5) cm long,stout, straight; fruiting calyx brown-puberulous, lobes 5, obtuse, 0.15-0.3 cm long. Berrydepressed-globose to ellipsoid, 1.2 x 1.5 to2.5(3) x 2 cm, green to yellow, reddish-brownto black when ripe, light brown-puberulous,base rounded, apex rounded, short-apiculate:epicarp soft, weakly longitudinally groovedwhen dry; pulp soft, white, transparant, edible:seeds 1 (rarely 2-3), conical-ellipsoid, black.shiny.

Notes. Tree to 40 m. buttresses flat, to 2 mhigh: very common: rain and savanna forests.Guianas.

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6.3. Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chev. basra-borlri. basra-boletri (S) PI. 147, fig.3

Flowers near twig ends; pedicels 2.4-3 cmlong (sometimes longer), in fruit to 4 (or more)cm long, pale-tomentose, apically thickened;fruiting calyx lobes broadly triangular, to0.35(-0.4) cm long, tomentose. Berry globose,to 3 x 2.8 cm, green to light yellow or moreor less red, apiculate; seeds 1-2.

Notes. Tree to 30 m: fairly rare; rain forest,esp. riverine forest. Guianas.

6.4. Manilkara zapota (L.) P. van Royen (A-chras zapota) sapot'ille (SD); sapatia (S) PI.147, fig. 4

Flowers solitary in leaf axils; pedicels 1-3 cmlong, pubescent, in fruit to 3.5 cm long, apicallythickened; fruiting calyx lobes (5)6(8) in 2 series. acute-ovate, 0.8-1 cm long, tomentose.

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7.3. Micropholis venulosa (Mart, et Eichl.)Pierre kudibiushi (A); riemhout (SD) PI.147, fig. 7

Fascicles axillary, small: pedicels 0.2-0.5 cm

Plate 147. Figs. 1-10. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Manilkara amazonica. young infruct. 2. M. bidentata. a. young fr.:b. fr. from below; c. seed. 3. M. huberi. 4. M. zapota. 5. Micropholis egensis. 6. M. guyanensis. a. young infruct.;b. fr. 7. M. venulosa. a. b. different fruit forms. 8. Nemaluma engleri. 9. Neopomeua ptychundra. 10. Neoxythecedura. a. fr.; b. seed.

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x409SAPOTACEAE408 SAPOTACEAE

) Iong.reddish-brownpuberulous,infruit0.5-0.9 10.1. Neoxythece cladantha (Sandw.) Aubr.cm long, apically thickened (to 0.35 cm thick); (Pouteria cladantha) aiomorokushi (A);fruiting calyx reddish-brown puberulous, lobes pinto-boletri (S)4(-5), suborbicular, 0.1-0.2 (-0.4) cm long. Flowers on slender, usually leafless, 1-6 cmBerry subellipsoid, to 2.1 x 1.2-1.7 cm, green long, ferrugineous-tomentose twigs above leafto yellow, apex obtusely acuminate over 0.4 cm axils; pedicels 0.15-0.6 cm long; calyxor obtuse, apiculate; pulp soft-fibrous; seed 1.5 4(-5)-merous, outer sepals ovate to semiorbicu-x 0.5cm,'hilum 1.5cm long,0.25cm wide, dull, lar, ca. 0.15-1.75 cm long, inner ones somewhat

Notes. Tree to 35 m, buttresses small; fairly smaller and shorter. Berry depressed-globose,common; rain forest on slopes, esp. on granite to 1.3cm in diam.; seeds 1-2.flats. Guianas. Notes. Tree to 20 m (or more?); not common;

rain and savanna forests. Guianas.

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't 0Y'riff1 a v\ X8. Nemaluma Baill.8.1. Nemaluma engleri (Eyma) Aubr. et Pellegr. 10.2. Neoxythece dura (Eyma) Aubr. (Pouteria

dura) kokoritiballi (A); akwasiba (S) PI.147, fig. 10

Fruiting pedicels on young twigs, stout,Fascicles on young twigs, small; pedicels 0.5-0.6 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes 5, broadly

0.5-0.8 cm long, puberulous, in fruit fairly thin, ovate, 0. 1(0.3) cm long. Berry pyriform, to 2.60.8 cm long; fruiting calyx lobes 5, ovate, x 1.8 cm, green, darkly veined, base tapering(0.15)0.2 cm long, gray-sericeous. Berry glo- over 0.5 cm, apex abruptly acuminate (ca. 0.1bose or ellipsoid, fleshy, to 2 x 1.5 cm, light cm long); seeds 1, to 1.5 x 1.1 x 0.8 cm, hilumgreen to yellow, finally orange, apex acuminate to 1.5 cm long, 0.4 cm wide.over ca. 0.2 cm; seeds 1, hilum small. Notes. Tree to 27 m (or more?), buttresses (if

Notes. Tree to 25 m (or more?), buttressed; present) broad, long, zigzagging; fairly com-.very common; rain and savanna forests. Gui- mon; rain forest. Guianas.

10.3. Neoxythece robusta (Mart, et Eichl.J*Aubr. et Pellegr. (Pouteria robusta var.longifolia) pinto-boletri (S) PI. 148, fig. 1

Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars,

7 "a '((I:'js 4(Pouteria engleri) konoko (A); groolbladigzwart riemhout (SD): mamanten. lo-oedoe(S) PI. 147, fig. 8

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3b)i 'iifanas. r ;/ w/ /Tv5 b *) I9. Neopometia Aubr.9.1. Neopometia ptycbandra (Eyma) Aubr.(Pouteria ptychandra) kimboto (S); kimbo-

to. kwatabobi, weti-malobi (P) PI. 147, fig. dense; pedicels 0.7-1.2 cm long, brown-puberu-9 lous, in fruit stout, to 1.2 cm long; fruitingcalyx

Fascicles on finger-thick twigs and trunk, lobes 5, ovate, 0.25-0.3(-0.4) cm long. Berrydense; pedicels 1.25-2 cm long, brown-puberu- long-pyriform to fusiform, woody, to 3.5 x 1.7lous, in fruit stout, to 2 cm long; fruits solitary cm, gray-puberulous, base tapering over to ca.or in fascicles; fruiting calyx lobes 5, ovate, ob- 0.8 cm and subcylindrical, apex obtusely acu-tuse, somewhat patent, 0.2-0.3 cm long. Berry minate over to 0.4 cm, apiculate; seeds 1.

Notes. Large tree, buttresses low, thick; corn-green to (orange-)yellow, apex obtuse or mon; rain and savanna forests. GuianaAabruptly acuminate; pulp pale yellow,ca.0.7cmthick, edible; seeds l(-2), large, brown, hilum 11. Pouteria Aubl.narrowly oblong.

5a 1} ..- 7I) m*..vy f)i MMa 6 b

i 7ellipsoid or (depressed-) globose, 4 x 2.8-5 cm,

;*; iFascicles axillary, sometimes on leaflessNotes. Tree to 20 m (or more?); fairly com- twigs, flowers small (sometimes to 1.5 cm long),mon; rain forest. Guianas. \ - 8 e -8 d4-5-merous; ovary 1-8-locular. Berry variable;

seeds usually not strongly flattened; hilum dull,sometimes rough.

Notes. Trees.

8co10. Neoxythece Aubr. et Pellegr.

Calyx 4-5-merous. Berry with (sub)woodvepicarp; seeds 1 (-2), hilum linear.

Notes. Trees, often buttressed. Plate 148. Figs. 1-8. SAPOTACEAE. 1. Neoxythece robusta. a. young fr., b. infruct. 2. Pouteria catmtio. 3.P guianensis. a. young fr.; b. inlruct.; c. seed. 4. P. melanopoda. fairly young fr. 5. P. surinamensis. a. infruct.:b. seed. 6. Prieurella cuneifolia. a. fr.; b. cross section of fr. 7. P. prieurii. 8. P. sp.. a. fr.; b. fr. partly openedto show the seeds; c. cross section of fr.; d. large seed type:e. smaller seed type.

11.1. Pouteria caimito (Ruiz et Pav.) Radik.asepokoballi (A); ingi-oedoe (S); pepeboiti(P) PI. 148, fig. 2

Flowers solitary or in small fascicles, usuallyti) t:)

)

J\

I(SAPOTACEAE 411410 SAPOTACEAE

on leafless twigs; pedicels 0-0.1 cm long; calyxlobes 4, not persistent, ovate, outer 2: 0.25-0.4cm long, inner 2: 0.35-0.5 cm long. Berry globose, ovoid, or (narrowly) ellipsoid, 3 x 2.3 cm(to 7cm in diam ), yellow when ripe, apex obtuseor acuminate; epicarp leathery, fairly firm; pulpwhite or yellowish, edible; seeds 1-4, brown,shiny, hilum narrowly oblong.

Notes. Tree to 40 m; not common; rain andriverine forests. Guianas.

(11.5. Pouteria surinamensis Eyma (acc. to Au-breville probably a Neopometia) kimboto(S); boesisoke, monkisoki (P) PI. 148. fig.5

Fascicles in leaf axils or above leafscars; pedicels 0.2 cm long, appressed-pilose. in fruit0.3-0.4(-0.9) cm long; fruits usually solitary;fruiting calyx lobes 5. ovate, somewhat patent.0.15 cm long (young fruit) to 0.6 cm long (ripefruit). Berry ellipsoid or globose, 2.5 x 1.4 to4x4 cm, green to light yellow, orange-redwhen ripe; pulp light yellow, edible; seeds 1, 2x 1 x 0.9 cm (in one fruit 2.5 x 1.4 cm), darkbrown, base somewhat tapering, obtuse, hilumnarrow, not continuing the entire length, 1.6 cmlong, 0.3 cm wide, with a light brown patch (1.7cm long, 0.2 cm wide), on both sides.

Notes. Tree; fairly common; rain forest, esp.creek and riverine forests. Surinam, Fr. Guiana.

vM m (:(

, 2 c (((fr-Va 2 b l1 1.2. Pouteria guianensis Eyma asepoko (A);

jansnijder (SD); redi-jamboka (S);pepeboi-ti (P) PI. 148, fig.3

Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars, ca.6-flowered; pedicels 0.3 cm long, brown-puber-ulous, in fruit to 0.6 cm long, thickened; fruits1-2 together; fruiting calyx lobes 4, ovate, patent, 0.3-0.5 cm long, brown-puberulous, outer2 convex. Berry globose or broadly ellipsoid, to4.5-5 x 4-5.3 cm, dark green to yellow, tomen-tose when young, sometimes apiculate; pulpfirm, edible, sweet-tasting; seeds 2, depressed-ellipsoid. 1.7 x 1.3 x 1.1 to 2.5 x 1.8 x 1.4cm, hilum fairly broad-oblong.

Notes. Tree to 35 m, buttresses narrow, thick;endozoochorous (spider monkeys); common;rain forest. Guianas.

f&V-vN ((y

__j

(31I V (fyj /i (12. Prieurella Pierre

Fascicles on old twigs; calyx 4-5-merous.Berry with hard epicarp; seeds 1-5, depressed-ellipsoid.

Notes. Trees, buttressed.

/ ( (:12.1. Prieurella cuneifolia (Rudge) Aubr. (Ec- ''dinusa cuneifolia) kwatabobi (S) PI. 148jfig. 6

Leaves compact at twig ends. Fascicles on excrescences on trunk and old twigs; pedicels0.8-1.5cm long (in fruit 1.5-2 cm long); fruitingcalyx lobes 4-5, recurved, 0.3-0.5cm long, lightbrown-sericeous, fierrysubpyriform to globose,2.8-3.8 x 2.5-3.2 cm (sometimes to 5 x 4 cm),yellowish or orange, glabrous or with golden-yellow tomentose patches, apiculate; epicarpfairly hard; pulp edible; seeds (3-)4-5, somewhat depressed-ellipsoid, equal in size, brown,hilum narrowly oblong.

Notes. Tree to 15 (sometimes to 25) m, buttresses slightly developed; commonbin and savanna forests. Guianas.

i (511.3. Pouteria hispida EymaFascicles above leaf scars on young twigs; pe

dicels ca. 0.1 cm long; sepals 4, acute-ovate,white appressed-pilose. Fruit not seen.

Notes. Tree to 17 m (or more?); fairly rare;rain and savanna forests. Surinam.

(mi (r,v v>" l . X (

i ; i < s\ : / .# c11.4. Pouteria melanopoda Eyma (acc. to Au-breville not a Pouteria) moraballi (A);riemhout (SD); blaka-jamboka (S); ak-wansiba (P) PI. 148, fig. 4Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars on

young twigs, small; pedicels 0.4-0.7 cm long,brown-puberulous, in fruit slender, ca. 0.9 cmlong; fruits solitary or in pairs; fruiting calyxlobes 5, acute-ovate, patent, 0.2-0.3 cm long,brown-puberulous: petals often persistent.Berry ellipsoid, ca. 1.5 x 1.2 cm (not ripe),green, apiculate; pulp white, transparant, edible: seeds 1 (sometimes 2-5), to 1.4 x 0.9 x0.7 cm. dark brown, hilum 1.4 cm long. 0.4 cmwide, white.

Notes. Tree to 27 m (or more?); fairly common; rain forest, esp. on slopes. Guianas.

v.j(

:S:\% , 1; m ((\jiiyl12.2. Prieurella prieurii (A. DC.) Aubr. (Eccli-

nusa prieurii) peprebortri (S); kwatabobi.malobi. pepehoiti (P) PI. 148, fig. 7

Fascicles on old, leafless twigs; pedicels 0.6-1cm long (in fruit 1-2 cm long), ferrugineous-pu-berulous: fruiting calyx lobes ca. 0.2 cm long,rounded, ferrugineous-puberulous. Berry ellipsoid to globose, to 3.5 x 3cm, yellow to orange.ferrugineous- or red-tomentose; epicarp hard:

46

((

Plate 149. Figs. 1-6. SAPOTACEAE. I. Pseudoctadia minutiflora. infruct. 2. P. scytalophora. a. b. differentforms offr.:c. seed. 3. Radlkoferella grandis. 4. R. trigonosperma. 5. R. venosa. 6. Ragala sanguinolenta. infruct. (

((

(

((

SAPOTACEAE, SIMAROUBACEAE 41 3412 SAPOTACEAE

pulp white or yellowish, edible, sweet-tasting;seeds 1(-5), depressed-ellipsoid, brownish.

Notes.Tree to 25 m, buttresses high, flat, fairly narrow, bark brown with longitudinal cracks:fairly common; rain forest Guianas.

13. Pseudocladia PierreFascicles in leaf axilsor above leaf scars;calyx

4-merous. Berry with hard epicarp; seeds 1.Notes. Trees.

15.1. Radlkoferella grandis (Eyma) Aubr. (Pou-teria grandis) PI. 149, fig.3.

Leaves large, petioles to 7 cm long. Fasciclessmall; pedicels stout, ca. 1.75 cm long, in fruitstout, thick, ca. 2.3 cm long; fruiting calyx lobesrecurved, 0.60.7( 1.5) cm long. Berry globoseto broadly ellipsoid, (not ripe) to 5 x 5cm; seedsto 6.

(sometimes with few leaves at tip): pedicels0.2-0.4 cm long, brown-sericeous; fruiting sepals 4, broadly ovate to deltoid, brown-sericeous. Berry depressed-globose, to 2.5 x 3 cm.

Notes. Tree to 20(25) m, buttressed; notcommon; rain and marsh forests. Guianas.

!

17. Sandwithiodoxa Aubr. et Pellegr.17.1. Sandwithiodoxa egregia (Sandw.) Aubr. tomentellous, base abruptly tapering; seeds

et Pellegr. (Pouteria egregia) kokoritiballi l(-2).Notes. Large trees; rare; rain forest, esp. on(A)

Flowers in leaf axils or on short leafless twigs bauxite. Guianas.Notes. Large tree; endozoochorous (spider

monkeys); young seeds heavily predated uponby saki monkeys (Chiropotes); rare; rain foreston bauxite plateaux and slopes. Guianas.

)

r 13.1. Pseudocladia minutifTora (Britton) Aubr.(Pouteria minutiflora) moraballi (A) PI.149, fig. 1

Fruiting pedicels sometimes slender, 0.9-1.4cm long; fruits solitary or in small fascicles;fruiting calyx lobes patent, broadly obtuse, 0.2cm long, 0.3 cm wide. Berry ellipsoid or ovoid,2.1 x 1.3 to 2.4 x 1.7 cm, green to orange-yellow, apex abruptly acuminate (over ca. 0.1 cm)or obtusely acuminate (over 0.3-0.4 cm), apicu-late.

SIMAROUBACEAE

15.2. Radlkoferella trigonosperma (Eyma)Aubr. (Pouteria trigonosperma) kama-hora (A); mabi-jari, sabana-djoebortri (S)PI. 149, fig. 4

Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars,3-4-flowered; pedicels 1.2-2 cm long, in fruit to2.5 cm long, apically thickened; fruiting calyxlobes 4, outer two 1.1-1.3cm long, dark brown-pilose, inner two somewhat longer, light brown-pilose. Berry somewhat depressed-globose, 4.5x 6 cm (to 7 cm in diam.), apex sometimes obtuse-acuminate; pulp soft, pale yellow, with apple fragrance; seeds (5-)7-8, flattened, trigonous, dark brown, testa thick, on hilum vttYthin.

Leaves alternate, pinnate, leaflets entire, exstipulate. Inflorescences paniculate or racemose;flowers usually unisexual, regular, (3-)4-5(-6)-merous, small (except Quassia); sepals free or basallyconnate; petals free; ovary superior, 2-5-locular or 2-5, free, 1-locular ovaries. Fruit a berry (Pic-ramnia) or a drupe (Quassia) consisting of 1-6 mericarps on a gynophore; seeds 1-2 per locule,ovoid.

Notes. Trees or shrubs with bitter-tasting bark; endozoochorous.)

1. Picramnia Sw.Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets alternate,char-

taceous. Inflorescences paniculate-racemose,dioecious, glomerules ca. 4-fiowered; flowerssmall. 3-5-merous; sepals imbricate, somewhatbasally connate; style short, sometimes absent;stigmas 2(3). Fruit a berry, crowned by stigmas; seeds max. 6.

Notes. Shrubsor small trees; endozoochorous(birds, monkeys).

1.1. Picramnia guianensis (Aubl.) Gadella (P.tariri) PI. 150, fig. 1

Leaflets 9-19, 2-6 cm long. Panicles axillary,pendent near twig ends, densely appressed-pu-berulous; fruiting pedicels 0.2-0.3 cm long;fruiting calyx lobes narrowly triangular, ca. 0.1cm long. Berry somewhat pyriform, to 1.5 x1.2 cm, yellowish-green to orange, densely pu-berulous, apex with 2 or 3 stigmas.

Notes. Shrub or tree to 5 m; rare; rain foreston bauxite. Guyana. Surinam.

1.2. Picramnia macrostachya Klotzsch ex Engl.PI. 150, fig. 2

Leaflets (5)79( 1 1), 5-20 cm long. Paniclesaxillary, to 35 cm long, sparsely appressed-pi-lose; fruiting pedicels (0.2)0.3 cm long, basallyarticulate; fruiting calyx lobes narrowly triangular, acute, recurved, 0.05-0.1 cm long. Berrynarrowly ovoid or ellipsoid, to 1.2 x 0.8 cm,green to orange, finally red. subglabrous, with

2 stigmas; seed with purple testa.Notes. Tree to 8 m; fairly rare; creek forest

in hill and mountainous region. Guyana. Surinam.

Notes. Tree to 15 m (or more?); not common;rain and savanna forests. Guianas.

)

13.2. Pseudocladia scytalophora (Eyma) Aubr.(Pouteria scytalophora) PI. 149, fig. 2

Pedicels 0.4-0.7 cm long, in fruit to 0.7(1.5)cm long; fruiting calyx lobes broadly ovate,0.15-0.2 cm long. Berry ellipsoid, 2.5 x 1.5 to3 x 1.7 cm, green, apex sometimes obtuselyacuminate over 0.2-0.4 cm, apiculate; seed ca.2 x 1.3 x 0.9 cm, testa thickly veined, somewhat ribbed, darker than hilum, hilum shorterthan seed, to 1.7 cm long, wider near base (to0.3 cm wide).

Notes. Fairly large tree; fairly common; rainforest, esp. on slopes.Surinam, Fr. Guiana.

14. Pseudolabatia Aubr. et Pellegr.14.1. Pseudolabatia filipes (Eyma) Aubr. (Pou

teria filipes) kamahora (A)Fascicles on young twigs, ca. 7-flowered; pe

dicels filiform,ca. 0.7cm long, appressed-pilose;calyx lobes 4, narrowly ovate, ca. 0.3 cm long,densely gray-pilose. Fruit not seen.

Notes. Tree with slender, ferrugineous-puber-ulous twigs; rare; upland rain forest on bauxite.Guyana. Surinam (Brownsberg).

15. Radlkoferella PierreFascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars; fruits

usually solitary; calyx 4-merous. Berry with 5-8seeds.

Notes. Trees.

1.3. Picramnia spruceana Engl. PI. 150, fig. 3Leaflets (5)79(15), 416 cm long. Panicles

axillary, to 35 cm long, densely appressed-pilose, with few, erect, racemose rachillae; fruitingpedicels 0.4-0.5(-0.8) cm long, basally articulate; fruiting calyx lobes narrowly triangular,acute, patent, ca. 0.2 cm long. Berry (narrowly)ellipsoid or (narrowly)ovoid, 1.3 x 0.6-0.8cm.red, glabrous, apex with 2 stigmas.

Notes. Shrub or small tree; not common;along creeks and rivers in rain forest. Guyana.Surinam.

Notes. Tree; common; savanna forest andsometimes on dry savannas. Guianas.

15.3. Radlkoferella venosa (Mart.) Aubr. (Pouteria venosa) kamahora (A) PI. 149, fig. 5

Fascicles in leaf axils or above leaf scars; fruiting pedicels thick, 0.5 1(3) cm long; fruitingcalyx subpatent, lobes 0.3-0.4 cm long. Berrysubglobose, fleshy, 2.7 x 2.5 cm (to 6 cm indiam.), green, prickle stout, 0.1 cm long; seeds

Notes. Tree to 35 m; not common; rain forest.Guyana, Surinam.

16. Ragala Pierre ft16.1. Ragala sanguinolenta (PierYe) Aubr. (Ec-clinusa sanguinolenta) barataballi (A);swit'anini (S); switi-amini (P) PI. 149, fig.6

Pedicels on old, leafless twigs. 00.2(0.3) cmlong, in fruit to 0.5 cm long; fruiting calyx lobesrounded, to 1 cm long. Berry globose or ovoid.4 x 5 to 6' x 7 cm, castaneous. brown-senceous;epicarp hard (finally 5-valved dehiscent): pulpedible, sweet-tasting; seeds 45(10), ca. 1.8 x1 x 0.7 cm.

( )

1.2. Quassia L.

Leaves pari- or imparipinnate, or simple, leaflets opposite or alternate. Inflorescences racemose or paniculate; flowers 4-6-merous; calyxmore or less lobed;disccylindrical or suborbicu-lar, varying in size. Fruit a drupe, composed of1-6 (fairly) free mericarps on gynophore, eachwith 1 seed.

Notes. Subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees.

2.1. Quassia amara L. kwasibita (S); asoemari-pa (P) PI. 150, fig. 4

Leaflets usually 5, sessile, rachis winged. Racemes terminal, 10-25cm long, minutely puber-

)

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