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Ocular Drug Delivery Brian C. Gilger, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVO, Dipl. ABT Professor, Ophthalmology North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27609 Office phone: 919-513-6659 Office fax: 919-513-6711 Email: [email protected] Introduction Traditionally, medication is delivered to the eye by three main mechanisms: Topical ocular administration, systemic administration, and intraocular or periocular injection. Each of these methods has significant disadvantages. Topical ocular solutions or ointments have less than a 1% penetration, have rapid dilution and tear washout, and rely substantially on owner compliance to administer the medication. Systemically administered medications, in general, have limited ocular penetration and may require high peripheral drug levels with the potential of toxicity. Ocular or periocular injection of medication is traumatic and invasive, is rapidly diluted, and may require repeat procedures for adequate drug levels. Because of these limitations, especially for chronic internal ocular diseases of large animals, we have studied methods to deliver medications to the eye through the use of constant-release drug delivery devices. The practice of ophthalmology can be reduced to the simple goal of getting the right pharmacologic agent at the appropriate therapeutic dose to the target ocular tissue by a method that does not damage healthy tissue (Weiner & Gilger, 2010). In ocular disease, however, this simple goal becomes more challenging because of the highly sensitive ocular tissues (e.g., the uveal tract and retina) and the presence of tissue barriers to drug penetration, namely the lipophilic corneal epithelium, the hydrophilic corneal and scleral stroma, the conjunctival lymphatics, choroidal vasculature, and the blood-ocular barriers. When considering drug delivery in ocular therapeutics, there are three important aspects: 1) Duration of delivery 2) Intended tissue target 3) Owner or patient compliance. Duration of drug delivery varies from minutes, in the case of topical eye drops, to years, in the case of some ocular implants. The route of drug delivery may determine whether or not the drug can reach the targeted tissue. For example, topical ocular medications are likely to reach the cornea and conjunctiva in therapeutic concentrations, but are unlikely to reach the retina and choroid. Finally, the issue of compliance must be considered in ocular drug delivery. If a drug must be given every hour for a year, for example, to reach therapeutic tissue concentrations when treating a chronic disease, it is very unlikely to be given consistently, if at all, by the animal’s owner. Therefore, the

VANCE COUNTY ZONING AND BUILDING PERMIT ......VANCE COUNTY ZONING AND BUILDING PERMIT APPLICATION 156 Church Street, Suite 3 • Henderson, NC 27536 • Telephone: 252-738-2080 •

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Page 1: VANCE COUNTY ZONING AND BUILDING PERMIT ......VANCE COUNTY ZONING AND BUILDING PERMIT APPLICATION 156 Church Street, Suite 3 • Henderson, NC 27536 • Telephone: 252-738-2080 •

VANCE COUNTY ZONING AND BUILDING PERMIT APPLICATION 156 Church Street, Suite 3 • Henderson, NC 27536 • Telephone: 252-738-2080 • Fax: 252-738-2089

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Water Private Well County Water Municipal Water

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Construct a Single Family Dwelling Duplex

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Erect Residential Accessory Building

Set up a Modular Dwelling Set up a Commercial Modular

Set up a Manufactured Home

Construct a Commercial Building

Add to Remodel Repair an Existing Commercial Building

Move a Residential or Commercial Building

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Detailed Project Description

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Sprinkler System Yes No Fire Pump Yes No Fire Alarm System Yes No

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GENERAL CONTRACTOR MECHANICAL CONTRACTOR.

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PLUMBING CONTRACTOR.

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I Hereby certify that all information in this application is correct and all work will comply with the North Carolina State Building Codes and all other applicable State and local laws, ordinances, and regulations. The Planning and Development Department shall be notified of any changes in the approved plans and specifications for the project permitted herein. NOTICE! Providing false information or using contractors other than those indicated may result in revocation of permits, the issuance of a Stop Work Order, denial of a Certificate of Occupancy or termination of utility services such as electricity, gas or water.

Gen. Cont./Owner/Agent Printed Name Date

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ZONING INFORMATION (OFFICE USE ONLY)

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Set Backs Front _________ Rear __________ Side ___________ Corner __________ Max. Bldg. Height ___________ Census Tract ___________________________________

Flood Zone ________________________________________ Flood Map __________________________________________ Watershed ____________________________________

Notes ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Municipal Sewer (From) Project Cost

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Unheated Area -

Number of – Bedrooms Bathrooms

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☐ New ☐ Used ☐ Single Wide ☐ Double Wide ☐ Triple Wide

Located in MHP/Subdivision or ☐On Private Lot

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