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INDEX

AAgrarian aristocracy, 6, 75,

161, 190Anglo–American (Western) model of

capitalism, 1, 10, 29, 43–44AsiaBarometer Survey, 121–122, 130,

132, 136Association of South East Asian

Nations (ASEAN), 144, 156,161, 181, 216

BBalance of payments (BOP), 110, 190,

206, 209, 212, 213, 214Bank of Japan (BoJ), 55, 65, 68, 69Biotechnology, 71, 73, 114, 182–185,

209, 218, 236Black ships (kurofune), 49, 64Bowring Treaty (1885), 152Boxer Rebellion (1900–01), 194Brain Korea 21 (BK-21), 80, 107Britain, 26, 50, 57, 82, 122, 123, 125,

129, 203colonialism, 81–82empire, 125, 127, 227parliamentary democracy, 153, 189,

196, 200

CCambodia, 161, 181, 234Capital-intensive, heavy industry-led

economic regime (CIHIER), 38,191, 197, 202, 204, 206,208–209, 213

Capitalist market economy, 1Caste-class-region-religion-identity

complex (CCRRIC), 194–195,221n1

Central Provident Fund (CPF),127, 140

Chemicals, 100, 102, 108, 139, 159Chiang, Kai-shek, 190, 198, 201China

agriculture, 192–193, 196, 198capitalism, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 18, 19,

21, 29, 31, 35–36, 38, 40, 50,78, 79, 118–120, 129, 135,138, 145, 167, 189–191, 201,206, 208, 210, 211, 213, 215,223, 228, 232, 235, 236

communism, 171, 189, 197–198,205, 213, 233–234

confucianism, 77–78, 202culture, 11, 29, 78, 79, 80, 86,

152, 205currency (Yuan), 217

© The Author(s) 2017D. Hundt, J. Uttam, Varieties of Capitalism in Asia, Critical Studiesof the Asia-Pacific, DOI 10.1057/978-1-349-58974-6

277

China (cont.)economy, 141, 144, 146, 190,

212, 217exports, 94, 124, 141, 143, 204,

209, 210, 211–212, 216–220,235, 236

foreign direct investment, 65,109, 159

land reforms, 6, 13, 16, 21, 38, 78,83, 192, 224, 228–229, 234

markets, 193, 197, 205, 206, 207,210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215,219, 221

market socialism, 31, 201, 207, 210,215, 234

overseas community, 118relations with Hong Kong and

Singapore, 6, 18, 31, 38,118–119, 120, 123, 125–126,143, 145, 228, 234

society, 192, 193, 194, 195,196, 197

sovereignty, 49, 51, 56, 118,120–122, 127, 129,135, 143

state, 191, 192, 193, 194,195, 196

United Nations embargo, 126Chinese Communist Party

(CCP), 190, 194, 198, 201, 202,206–208, 228

Confucianism, 8, 77–78, 84, 202Cultural Revolution, 190Cumings, Bruce, 44, 50

DDeng, Xiaoping, 190, 194, 198, 201,

204, 205, 206–207, 210, 234Dual-exchange rate system, 215–216

EEast India Company, 189Economic Planning Board (EPB), 3,

91–92, 134, 144, 231Economic Stabilization Board,

92, 231European Union (EU), 9, 145, 215

FFeudalism, 40, 49, 197, 199, 226Five-Year Plan, 182, 198, 203Foreign exchange, 26, 65, 92, 102,

103, 108, 110, 112Foucault, Michel, 33–34Free trade agreements

(FTAs), 144–145Free trade zones (FTZs), 103, 175,

205, 216

GGlobal economy, 19, 174, 206Great Leap Forward (GLF), 190, 197,

204, 206, 210

HHeavy and chemical industries

(HCI), 55, 66, 89, 92, 100,102–103

Hinduism, 201Hong Kong

capitalism, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 18,31, 38, 50, 117–119, 120, 123,125, 128–129, 131, 134–135,138, 145, 190, 227–228, 229,232, 234, 235, 240

economic governance, 50, 120,134, 138

278 INDEX

economy, 120, 123, 124, 126, 127,133, 135, 138, 140, 141, 143,144, 145, 146, 147

entrepôt capitalism, 117, 119, 125,131, 135, 145, 232

industrial policy, 139, 235investment ties with China, 143land reforms, 6, 13, 16, 38, 227,

228, 229, 234manufacturing, 118, 124–125,

139–140, 216, 235markets, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126,

127, 141, 145, 146resources, 117, 125, 128, 129, 135,

140, 146society, 118, 119, 125, 133, 135,

136, 138, 143, 145, 146state, 6, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122,

123, 124

IIndia

brahmins, 224capitalism, 191caste system, 19, 20, 31, 195, 199,

206, 208, 210, 224, 233democracy, 32, 189, 196, 199, 200economy, 189, 202, 203, 206embedded elitism, 199, 201, 206,

220, 232foreign direct investment, 205, 210,

213, 214, 215, 217land reforms, 13, 16, 21, 38,

155, 228markets, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194politics, 195, 196resources, 199–201society, 191, 194, 195, 196,

197, 200state, 8, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195

Industrial policy (IP), 2, 66, 88, 89,101, 107, 109, 112, 119,139–140, 142, 145, 172, 235

Information and communicationstechnologies (ICT), 182, 183,184, 209, 215

Information technology (IT), 28, 66,71, 89, 184, 215, 236

JJapan

agriculture, 50, 54, 57, 64, 67automotive industry, 55capitalism, 1, 39–52, 55, 57, 59, 60,

64, 69colonialism, 5, 19, 49, 78, 82, 86communism, 6, 7, 20, 78, 79, 82,

83, 156, 161, 171, 189,230, 233

currency, 65, 100economy, 17, 18, 19, 41, 43, 46,

65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 76education system, 50financial institutions, 69, 70firms, 30, 35, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 51,

54, 55industrialisation, 5, 11, 24, 79labour, 39, 47, 57, 58, 59land reforms, 13, 16, 38, 39, 40, 41,

48, 53, 59markets, 42, 43, 47, 58neoliberalism, 73politics, 45, 50–52, 61relations with the US, 5, 20, 44, 48,

52, 65resources, 42, 43, 55, 67society, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48,

49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 57state, 6, 17, 18, 25, 39–51, 54, 55,

56, 57, 58

INDEX 279

Japan (cont.)technology, 28, 49, 50, 55trade, 18, 28, 31, 43, 47, 49, 57,

58, 64, 68, 73, 100

KKeynesian/ism, 9, 40, 77, 78, 91, 108,

151, 158–159, 162, 200,213, 226

Kim, Dae-Jung, 97, 104Kim, Young Sam, 92Knowledge-intensive, service-

industry-led economic regime(KISIER), 38, 191, 197, 204,206, 208–209, 213

Koreaautomotive industry, 183capitalism, 12, 16, 19, 27, 32, 33,

59, 60, 63, 64, 79, 83, 84cold War alliance, 5–8, 20, 79, 81,

84, 230colonialism, 5, 19, 78, 81, 82, 86,

156, 168communism, 156, 189, 230,

233–234currency, 26, 101, 103economic nationalism, 101, 105economy, 3, 6, 19, 30, 87, 88, 89,

90, 96, 100, 102, 104, 107,114, 223, 228

ethnic homogeneity, 18, 37, 77,86–87, 88, 92, 93, 99, 227

financial institutions, 26, 93, 99,231

industrialisation, 5, 79, 81, 83, 84,87–90, 92, 95, 99, 102, 105,106, 109

industrial policy, 88, 89, 101, 107,109, 112, 235

international trade, 110land reforms, 155, 157

markets, 10, 64, 88neoliberalism, 19, 84politics, 26resources, 20society, 11, 17, 18, 20, 21,

23, 31, 60, 61, 62, 63,69, 83, 102, 153,155, 158

state, 10, 21, 61, 66, 69, 74, 78, 79,89, 157, 160

technology, 77–79, 85, 89, 99,106–109, 112, 113–114

Korean People’s Republic (KPR), 100Korean War, 82, 100, 126

LLabour-intensive, mass-

manufacturing-led economicregime (LIMMER), 38, 191,197, 202, 204, 206,214, 218

Lew, Kuan Yew, 122Liberal/coordinated-market

dichotomy, 10Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), 18,

42, 48, 54, 56, 58, 59–60Liberal-market economy (LME), 5,

11, 35, 39, 42, 44, 191

MMahathir, Mohammad, 162, 172Malays, 19, 20, 37, 153–154,

155–157, 160, 164–165, 171,174–175, 186

Malaysiacapitalism, 8, 13, 16, 149–151,

154, 156–158democracy, 153, 160economy, 21, 144, 157, 159, 160,

161, 164, 165

280 INDEX

ethnic relations, 3, 20, 32, 37,156, 158

foreign direct investment, 159foreign workers, 180, 182land reforms, 229, 234markets, 176, 177nationalism, 151, 155, 156,

158, 160neoliberalism, 162resources, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154,

155, 156rural-urban divide, 21, 37, 156,

158, 164, 165, 172society, 149, 151, 154, 155, 158,

164, 165, 166, 167, 168socioeconomic order, 38, 156, 164,

166, 229state, 149, 167, 171

Malaysian Ringgit, 177Mao, Tse Tung, 190, 194, 198, 206Marxism, Marxist–Leninism, 33, 194,

201, 207Marx, Karl, 10, 33Meiji Restoration, 40, 41, 48, 49,

226, 230Ministry of Finance (MOF), 69, 70,

91, 94, 104, 111Ministry of International Trade and

Industry (MITI), 28, 57, 66,71, 230

Moore, Barrington, 7, 32Multinational corporations

(MNC), 46, 66

NNanotechnology, 37, 184–185Nehru, Jawaharlal, 201, 203, 211New Economic Policy, 37New Taiwanese dollar (NT$), 110Nixon, Richard, 103Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 203North Korea, 21n1, 52, 96

OOrganisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development(OECD), 65, 72, 75, 80, 219

PPacific War, 40, 42Park, Chung Hee, 8, 33, 88, 89, 91,

94–95, 97, 100, 104, 107Peoples’ Action Party (PAP), 128,

129, 132–133People’s Bank of China, 217Perry, Matthew, 49Petroleum, 139, 159, 215Pharmaceuticals, 67, 139, 183, 209,

215, 218, 236PL480 scheme, 203Plaza Accord (1985), 65, 110, 235Polanyi, Karl, 33, 223Private sector, 2–3, 23, 27–28, 35, 36,

42–43, 73–74, 89, 91, 98, 104,106, 108, 127, 133, 142, 169,212, 235, 238–239

QQing dynasty, 86, 192

RRhee, Syung-man, 82, 87–88, 90–91,

97, 100, 103–104

SSamurai class, 20, 52, 224, 230Shin, Chae-ho, 30, 44, 55, 71,

85, 210Singapore

cold War, 5, 7

INDEX 281

Singapore (cont.)economy, 133, 135, 138, 140,

141, 145entrepôt capitalism, 13, 18, 31, 117,

119, 125, 131, 145, 146, 232firms, 144, 147governance, 119, 120, 121, 122,

123, 129land reforms, 38, 40, 227, 228,

229, 234manufacturing, 118, 124, 139, 144markets, 117, 119, 123, 124, 125politics, 121resources, 117, 125society, 118, 119, 125, 133, 135state, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 127trade, 18, 31, 117–118, 123,

124–126, 128, 129, 132, 134,143, 144, 190, 227

Singh, Manmohan, 206Small and medium enterprise

(SME), 30, 37, 67, 79, 90, 109Special Administrative Region

(SAR), 118, 119, 121, 122, 130,135, 145

Steel, 49, 100, 102, 108, 215Strategic industrial policy (SIP), 88,

90, 94, 101, 102, 104, 235Sun, Yat-sen, 83, 98Swadeshi Movement, 203

TTaiping Rebellion (1850–64), 193Taiwan

capitalism, 5–7, 13, 16, 18, 19,20, 21, 30–31, 38, 77–114,117, 123, 125, 134, 146,165, 190, 225, 227, 230,231, 234–236

cold War, 5, 6, 7, 20, 79, 81,84, 230

colonialism, 156, 168communism, 7, 20, 78, 79, 83, 154,

155, 189, 198, 230economy, 6, 13, 15, 21, 83, 87, 88,

89, 90, 94, 96ethnic heterogeneity, 18, 37, 77,

78, 85, 87, 89, 92, 108, 109,172, 227, 231

financial system, 93, 94, 95,96, 111

foreign direct investment, 109industrialisation, 5, 81, 83, 84,

90, 109industrial policy, 107, 109, 112land reforms, 13, 21, 38, 83, 224,

227, 228, 231, 234markets, 84, 88military, 82, 88neoliberalism, 84resources, 82society, 13, 15, 18, 21, 79, 83, 85,

108, 109, 113, 125socioeconomic order, 85, 90, 92, 99state, 20, 64, 69, 71, 72, 78, 79,

83, 155trade, 18, 91, 92, 99, 110–111,

118, 125, 134Tang dynasty, 192Thai Baht, 178Thai Central Plain region

(TCPR), 152–153, 157, 159,165, 167, 185

Thailandagriculture, 157, 165, 169, 183capitalism, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 16, 17,

19, 38, 149–151, 157,158–159, 161, 162–164,167–168, 170, 172, 186, 199,224, 228–229, 231–232,234, 235

Cold War, 6, 7, 159colonialism, 157, 158

282 INDEX

economy, 6, 19, 149, 152–153,155, 156, 157, 159

financial institutions, 176, 232financial reforms, 150, 153foreign direct investment, 159industrialisation, 150–151, 159,

167, 169, 181, 235land reforms, 38, 151, 153, 166,

167, 228nationalism, 151, 155, 156, 158,

160, 163, 166politics, 153, 155, 164, 168–169rural-urban divide, 3, 21, 37, 156,

158, 164, 165, 172society, 13, 15, 19, 149, 153, 158,

164, 165, 167, 177, 182, 224,227, 229, 232, 234, 235

socioeconomic order, 38, 151, 156,158, 164, 166, 172, 186, 224,229, 232

state, 3, 7, 16, 19, 124, 149–155,157–163, 165, 167–168

‘3-D jobs’ (dirty, difficult anddangerous), 97

Total factor productivity (TFP), 219Trump, Donald, 9Tung, Chee-wha, 135

UUnited Malays National Organisation

(UMNO), 153, 157, 171United Nations Temporary

Commission on Korea, 100United States Military Government in

Korea (USMGK), 82

Uruguay Round of the GeneralAgreement on Tariffs & Trade, 64

United States (US)aid, 6, 82, 92, 100, 107alliances, 6capitalism, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 20, 26, 29,

42, 44, 51–52economy, 6, 20, 48, 52, 54, 64government spending, 56hegemonic power, 6production chains, 117relations with China, 189trade, 64, 102

VVietnam, 161, 169, 234Vietnam War, 161, 169

WWarring States period (475–221

BC), 192Western societies, 44, 212, 241World Trade Organization (WTO), 9,

144, 216World Values Survey (WVS), 16, 61,

62, 63, 135, 136World War II, 1, 11, 24, 32, 40, 49,

51, 53, 64, 70, 75, 87, 108, 121,123, 124, 158

YYangban aristocracy, 87

INDEX 283