Vechicle Recovery Operations

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FM 2 22AUGUST 1984

VEHICLE RECOVERY OPERATIONS

HEADO UARTERSDEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

•

: .,

DISTRI BUTI ON RESTRICTION : This publication contains technical or operational information that isfor offic ia l government use only . Distribution is limited to US government agencies . Requests fromoutside th e US government fo r release of this publication under th e Freedom of Information Act or theForeign Military Sales Program must be made to HQ TRADOC Fort Monroe VA 2365



Field ManualNo . 20 22

P r e f a c e

FM 20 22HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYWashington DC 31 August 1 9 8 4

V HI L RE OVERY OPER TIONS

PURPOSEThis manual provides field methods for recovering vehicles disabled or

immobilized due to terrain conditions enemy actions and /or mechanicalmalfunctions This manual also briefly discusses recovery and evacuationmanagement

SCOPE

This manual contains formulas and rules for use in vehicle recovery operationscovers methods of determining resistances of vehicles disabled by terrain as well

as the application of riggings and equipment to overcome these res is tances

This manual sup ersedes FM 20 22 30 July 1970

1



covers expedient repairs recovery expedients and saf ety p recau tions to beobserved in vehicle recovery opera tions. The fundamental s a re applicable withmodification to both nuclear an d nonnuclear warfare and to peacetime activities .

Users of this manual are encouraged to submit suggestions changes orcomments to improve this manual. Key comments to the specific page paragraphand l ine of the text. Provide reasons for each comment to insure understanding anda compl ete evaluation . Prepa re you r comment s on DA Form 2028 RecommendedChanges to Publications and Blank Forms and forward it to Commander USArmy Ordnance Center and School TTN ATSL-TD -PMD Aberdeen ProvingGround MD 21005 .

UTION

No recovery procedure outlined in this field m nu l will beattempted without reference t o th e oper tor s t echn ic l m nu l forthe disabled vehicle . ll special prec utions regarding th e disabledveh icle as outlined in th e governing technic l m nu l wi ll bestrictly adhered to .

2



CH PTER

SECTION

II

CH PTER 2

SECTION

IICH PTER 3

SECTION III

IIIIV

Table of Contents

PageRECOVERY AND EV CU TIONMANAGEMENT 6Recovery Management • • • • • • • • •• • 9Evacuation Management • • • 12

FUNDAMENTALS AND METHODS OF RECOVERy 15Methods of Recovery • • • • • • • • • 17Characteristics Use and Care of Tackle System Hardware 18RESiST NCE • •• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ••• ·••• • 36Types of Resistance • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 38Resistance Reducing Factors 46

Sources of Effort 5

Fundamentals of Mechanical Advantage 55

3



H PTER

SECTION

H PTER

SECTION

H PTER

SECTION

4. RIGGING 59

I. Rigging Fundamentals 61II. Rigging Techniques 68

III. Anchors 785 RE OVERY OPERATIONS

I. Recovery Procedures 86II. Recovery Methods Using Wheeled Recovery Vehicles 91

III. Recovery Methods Using Tracked Recovery Vehicles 2

IV. Self- and Like-vehicle Recovery 4

V. Safety Precautions 129VI. Special Considerations NBC 1376. FIELD EXPEDIENTS .· 4

I. Recovery Expedients 42

II. Expedient Repairs 56



APPENDIX A HAND AND ARM SIGNALS 73

B OPERATIONS SECURITY SiGNATURES 8

GLOSSARY 84

REFERENCES 86

INDEX 87

The provisions of this publication are th e subject of international agreement aSTAG 171Procedures fo r Repair and Recovery of Military Technical Equipment



Recovery and vacuation anagement

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.. . \ 7 \

. ..:.;. t i ~



Current threat analysis and the a tt endant tactical doctrine AirLand .Battle)pictures a complex, lethal, and highly mobile battlefield. Many combat weaponssystems can be lost. To sustain tactical operations in such surroundings, groundcombat weapons systems must be repaired and returned t the user as quickly aspossible.

he maintenance system must respond to combat forces through the use offorward support doctrine. he emphasis must be on recovery operations and thewise use of evacuation assets. Maintenance supervisors/managers must plan andtrain for th e best use of all available resources t support and sustain our combatforces.

Recovery and evacuation are two critical elements of these operations. They mustfully merge all aspects of a maintenance support plan. Recovery s the first step

th e repair and return to user process. Disabled or unserviceable equipment must berecovered from the line of fire in the forward battle area to a place where damagecan -be assessed and the repair level can be determined.

Recovery is an owning unit responsibility. t is accomplished with specificallydesigned recovery equipment, similar equipment like-vehicle recovery), or selfvehicle recovery. Based on the tactical situation, the damage involved, and

7



available mobile maintenance teams recovery operations could be limited to themovement of equipment from the direct line of enemy fire However it m y alsoinvolve movement to a unit maintenance collection point intermediate forward

maintenance collection point or the brigade support areaEvacuation is initiated by the intermediate forward maintenance unit ts

primary purpose is to expedite movement of disabled equipment to activity ormaintenance level where repairs c n be made t is also used to controlmaintenance backlog t ny level Depending on the tactical situation nd theterrain evacuation could be directed as f r forward as a unit m inten ncecollection point if n intermediate forward maintenance support team is availableto diagnose the level of repair However it is usually initiated t the intermediateforward maintenance collection point or t th e brigade support area

8



S TION

ecovery anagement

The manager m ust recognize that the personnel system does no t currentlyprovide for a specific recovery MOS or skill level. An additional skill identifier H8s now authorized. Depending on th e type of unit and the equipment authorized,recovery operations become t he addi tional duty of wheeled or tracked vehiclemechanics repairers . Specialized recovery equipment is limited bu t is important to

a ll aspects of maintenance Therefore, it is essential that th e maintenance managerselect th e best-qualified people to operate and maintain that equipment.

Once recovery equipment operators crews have been identified, they must betrained and skil led in the following tasks:

• Assist in securi ty against opposing forces during recovery operations.

• Execute recovery operations to limit damage to equipment.



• Use m p reading n l n n vig tion to locate n retrieve disabledequipment.

• Use basic issue items BII) n other available equipment to i ,recovery.

• Use appropriate m nu ls n secure-voice communications equipment.

• Employ smoke, as needed, recovery operations.

• Operate in. mission _oriented protective posture MOPP a nuclear,biological, chemical NBC) environment n decontaminate equipment.

• Use oxyacetylene for cutting operations, s needed, to i recovery.

• Use winches, booms, block n tackle, anchors, n mechanical v nt geto effect recovery.

Information contained in chapters 2 through 6 of this m nu l gives themaintenance m n ger n the -recovery operators/crews much of the informationneeded for recovery tasks. References the back of this m nu l n thesoldier s m nu l for common t sks li st materials for t r ining the nontechnicalt sks associated with recovery operations.

10



Specialized recovery equipment includes wheeled vehicle wreckers M578 lighttracked recovery vehicles nd M88Al medium tracked recovery vehicles. The type nd quant ity of specialized recovery equipment is based on the type unit i ts

mission nd overall equipment authorizations.There is a limited number of specialized recovery equipment in any organization.

As a result considerations should be given to control equipment centrally.

Proper care nd maintenance of recovery equipment is critical to the overallmaintenance mission. n addition to i ts use for recovery operations this equipmentis often all th t is available for the lifting required in other maintenance

operations. Maintenance managers/supervisors must carefully use all resources toprovide sustained support. They must plan nd tr in other equipment operators

self nd like vehicle recovery nd field expedient measures. Further information

provided in chapters 5 nd 6.

11



SE TION

vacuation \lanageulentEvacuating battle damaged or malfunctioning equipment is a logistics matter .

should provide timely movement of equipment to t he maintenance level whereauthorized repairs can be made . can also be used to balance the maintenancebacklog at any level depending on resources available and the tactical situation

Specialized recovery equipment is not usually used in support of evacuationoperations. Evacuat ion assets can be called as far forward as the tactical situationand terrain will allow . Normally evacuation begins at the intermediate forwardmaintenance collection point or in the brigade support area . However if anintermediate forward maintenance support team is available at the unit level theymay initiate evacuation.

Evacuation assets and operations must be centrally controlled. At the divisionlevel this normally takes place at the materiel management center.

Personnel who direct evacuation operations mus t have a thorough knowledge ofexisting maintenance backlogs at each lower level activity . This insures that

12



unserviceables are moved to a location which can expedite repair. In a tacticalenvironment, an intermediate forward maintenance support team or a specializedbattlefield damage assessment team will determine th e level of repair and estimatethe time required make the repairs.

At times, the requirement will exceed the local capability due to the level ofmaintenance availability of tools or repair parts or the time required repair andreturn to the user. When this happens the requirement is sent from themaintenance company, forward support battalion, the division materielmanagement center DMMC .

The request for evacuation will provide, a t a minimum, the location of theequipment, an ini tial assessment of the damage, and an estimate of the timerequired for repair. Accurate damage assessment by intermediate forwardmaintenance personnel is essential .

Equipment must be evacuated only as far t he r ea r as is absolutely necessaryfor repair. The desired method used for the movement of damaged equipment is asingle haul from the current location to where repairs will be made. This could

conceivably be from a collection point well forward in the brigade area

the corpsarea Most often, however, equipment will be evacuated to the brigade support area

13



or th e division rear area.

Equipment control during evacuation remains maintenance channels. Underthe current Division 86 organizational structure of the rmy heavy equipment

transporters HETs belong to the divisional main support battalion MSB . HETswill be assigned the transportation motor transport company of th e MSB withinthe division support command. In either situation, requests for evacuation will beprocessed to the DMMC. t that time, a decision will be made as to which unit to .evacuate. Movement will be directly from the maintenance activity to the

.supporting maintenance activity.

14



e ntals a nd Methods of Recovery

H PTER



No matter how simple the task, there are certain things a person must knowbefore starting th e task. It is the same with recovery.

Three questions should come to mind when faced with a recovery task: Whatmust be done? and What equipment must be used to do it? and What methodsmust be used to do it? his chapter answers these questions.

Section I discusses the four methods of recovery. Section II gives details about

the types of tackle that can be used, how to use them, and how to care for them. orexample, not all recovery t sks require the same type of rope. Some tasks require achain rather than a rope. Ropes and chains also vary size an d strength andrecovery personnel must know which is right for th e method of recovery used.

16



S TION

ethods o f ecovery he four methods of recovery re

• Winch ing wh ich is performed using winches o n special purpose or ca rgovehicles.

• Towing which is performed using the towing capabili ties of simil r orspecia l purpose v ehicles. T his is the quickest recovery met hod.

• Lifting which is performed using special purpose recovery ve hicles.

• Expedients w hich re used when othe r metho ds re not a d pt b le to t hes itu tio n or whe n pprop ri te recovery ve hicles or other ve hicles n deq uipment re not re dily available. hi s method is a fie ld fix mea ns toeffect r ecovery of equipment with the le st possible damage.

17



SE TION II

haracteristics Use and

are o f Tackle Sy stem H ardw are

FIBER ROPEFiber rope may be used the recovery of relatively l ight loads. The least breaking

strength BS of fiber rope is much grea te r than the safe working capac ity SWC .Applying a safety factor causes th e difference . To obtain the safe working capacity of

rope, divide t he b reak ing strength by a f ac to r o f safety FS) SWC = : A new

l -inch-diameter number 1 manila rope has a breaking s tr ength o f 9,000 pounds. To

determine th e rope s safe working capac ity, divide it s b rea kin g strength 9,000

pounds by a minimum standard safety factor of four . The result is a safe working

capacity of 2,250 pounds.

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X MPL

reakingStrength9 pounds

SafetyFactor

4

Safe

= Working apacity2 25 pounds

This means that 2 250 pounds of tension can be safely applied to that rope innormal use. A safety factor is necessary because use and exposure to weatherreduce the breaking strength of rope. Also a safety factor is required because ofshock loading knots sharp bends and other stresses on th e rope during use. Someof t he se s tr es se s reduce the rope strength by as much as 50 percent.

tables are not available estimate th e safe working capacity by squar ing thediameter D of th e rope SWC =D2 . The safe working capacity in tons of a 1/2

inch-diameter fiber rope would be one-half inch squared or one-quarter ton. Thisallows a safety factor of approximately four.

19



W R ROP

A wire rope is the most important single item in vehicle recovery. The mostcommon use in military units is for winch cables.

onstruction Wire rope is made of many wires usually improved plow steel forwinches twisted together to make a strand The strands usually six for winchesar e then twisted together around the core, making a rope . Wire rope is designatedby th e number of strands pe r rope and the number of wires per strand 6 strandsper rope, 19 wires per strand .

WIR R P ONSTRU TION

WIRE

9 CORE

- 4 1 1 1 ~ ~ ~ - - - - - -STR N S A

\1

ROPEDIAMETER

20



ores Wire rope cores are of three types: fiber strand and indepen dent achtype gives support to the strands laid around it Fiber cores will add flexibility ande las ticity to a wire rop e Metallic strand cores will withstand high operati ng

pr essures resist heat and give min imum stretch and a dditi onal stre ngt hHowe ver ind ep en d ent wire rope cores are often used for winches because t hey addt he most strength

WIRE ROPE OR ES

INDEPENDENT

WIRE CORE STR ND CORE FI ER C OR E

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S IZIN WIR ROP

eizing Always bind the ends of wire r ope to prevent str nds n d wire fromuntwisting Before cutting wire rope it is necessary to bind it he seizing methodis recommended when special fittings re not available

To seize wire rope wind wire onto the rope by h nd Keep the coils tigh t n d therope under tension wist the ends of the seizing wire counterclockwise nd tightenthe twist enough to remove slack he number of seizings for each end of th e wirerope should be three times the di meter of th e rope in inches hey should be m dethe s me length s the di meter of th e rope nd spaced a dist nce equal to twiceth e di meter of th e rope

W RNIN

When seizing wire rope it is important to be safety consciousables or wire ropes can become damaged through use ersonnel should a lways wear heavy gloves with leather palms

when handling wire rope or cable The material in th e gloves will

keep hands from being injured or cut du e to broken wires

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R EMOVE SLACK

S IZIN WIR R P

TWIST CLOCK WISE

CUT N O FOLO INST WIRE ROP E



utting After seizing, wire rope m y be cut by t he following me ns :

• A special wire rope cu tter nd sledge h mm er.

• A long tapered chisel nd s ledge h mmer The chisel must be wider th n th erope being cut.

• A bolt clipper small rope only .

• A hacksaw.

• An oxyacetylene cutting torch if rope is n ot to be spl iced.

UT M D E FTER SEIZING

• SEIZES S ME LENGTH S DI METER OF ROPE• SP E SEIZES EQU L TO TWI E THE DI METER OF THE ROPE

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WIRE ROP A ITACHMENTSFittings or end attachments for wire rope vary with use. The standard fittings for

field use are thimbles and clips. Splicing is not practical in the field.

himbles Thimbles ar e used the b ight formed when the rope is attached to

the eyes of hooks or rings. Thimbles keep wires the s trand from shearing andbreaking when stress is applied.

lips When attaching clips place all the U-bolts on the short or dead end of therope. This protects the live or stress-bearing end of th e rope against possible

crushingand

abuse.The

flat-bearing saddle or baseand

extended prongso f t he

body are designed to protect the rope and should always be placed against th e liveend. f clips are incorrectly installed they will cause shearing excessive wear andbreakage.

To determine the number of clips use three times the rope diameter inchesplus one. f calculation results in a fraction use the next larger whole number. Theclips should spaced at least six rope diameters apart for th e best holding power.

After the rope has been placed service under tension the nuts should betightened again to compensate for any decrease in rope diameter caused by stretch.

26



ORRE T METHOD OF TT HING LIPS

THIMB LE LIV N

Use n

Strength ooks Hooks are used as attachments on chains wirero pe fiber rope and blocks h e hook affords a m eans of hauling or ra i sing loadswithout tying directly to an object with rope or ch ain Hooks ma y s traigh ten anddr op the loa d when overl oaded but they seldom break f they show cracks orexcessive wear they should be discarded

T he in s ide of a hook is usually an arc of a circle it has spread or s tr aig hte nedit s hould b e di scarded he di ameter is mea sured at the point where the hook starts

to tak e the s hap e of an arc Hooks should not be used to apply force or lift loads bybearing directly against the point of the hook

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WIRE ROPE RE N USE

ndle wire rope correctly t all times for best service a nd to prevent injury topersonnel When using wire rope the prec utions given b elow should be observed

ew Rope Work newly ins ta lled wire rope sever l times under a light load s oth t it c n djust itself to working conditions

K N K S N W R ROP

FOR

FOR

KINK



nks • Avoid l l kinks and straighten ll loops in slack rope before a load isapplied When a load is applied to a loop to remove th e kinks the wire rope must bebent back in the opposite direction in which the kink was formed A kink cannot bestraightened by pulling the rope taut since this merely unlays the rope

iscellaneous Avoid pullin rope around small trees or flat surfaces since thiscauses strands to spread Avoid using wire rope on sheaves which are too smallsince this breaks wiles in the strands and weakens the rope

WIRE ROPE LUBRICATIONBe sure to lubricate wire rope which is in service Lubrication protects the rope

against corrosion reduces friction within the rope helps keep moisture out andpreserves the rope Wire rope is lubricated when manufactured but this is no tenough to last the useful life of the rope Check th e appropriate vehicle technicalmanual for type and interval of lubrication

CHARACTERISTICS N TYPES OF BLOCKSBlocks consist of a shell or frame with one or more grooved wheels called



she ves . T he s he v es re mou nted on a p in th t is s upp orte d b y t h e sh ell. he sh ellc n also tt ch the block to a lo d or to n a nchor.

he she ve of a block functions s a lever . More effic ient th n a simpl e b r lev erit p rovides a continuous lever ct i on th t do es n ot n eed r epositi onin g ea ch tim e it

LO K OMPONENTS

30

SH V

PI N

SH V



has moved through it s arc n effect a sheave is a spinning lever Blocks with onesheave are called single sheave blocks and blocks with two sheaves ar e calleddouble sheave blocks

A conventional block is genera lly used where it will remain as part of a riggingsystem On recovery equipment it is used with fiber rope To form a tackle withconventional blocks layout the blocks and thread or reeve the rope through theblocks

CONVENTION L LOCK

31



A sn tc h block is used where it will not be a perm nent p rt of a tackle system nd c n be used as required based on the situ tion is constructed so th t theshell c n be opened t the se of its tt chment to dmit a cable without reevingWinch cables h ve t t chments like hooks or sockets on their free ends nd c nnotbe reeved through a block

SN TCH LOCK

3



BLOCKS CL SSIFIC TION BY US GEA fixed block is a block attached to a stationary anchor. The sheave of a fixed

block permits the rope to change direction. functions as a first-class lever seechapter 3 because the rope enters one side of the sheave from the source of effort,passes around the sheave, and returns to the resistance . T he sheave pin is th efulcrum. The distance from th e pin to one side of the sheave is equal to the distancefrom the pin to the opposite side. When effort distance E and resistance R areequal , no mechanical advantage is gained . However, when a vehicle is rigged forself -recovery, a fixed block has a mechanical advantage .

FIXED LOCK

NCHOR

ECH NIC L DV NT GE

33184 55 0 - 87 - 2



A running block is a block which is attached to the load and moves with the load.A running block has a mechanical advantage and i ts sheave functions as a second-class lever see chapter 3). he sheave is reeved in th e s am e w ay as the fixed block;

however,the

load location is ont he sheave pin

. he

fulcrum is at one s ide ofthe

sheave a nd th e effort is exerted on the opposite side . he resistance distance R) isfrom the pin to one side of the sheave radius of the sheave). ffort dis tance E) isfrom one side ofthe sheave to th e opposite s ide sheave diameter). Effort distance istwice the resistance distance, making the mechanical advantage 2:1.

R U N N I N G LOCK

NCHOR

MECH NIC L DV NT GE 2:1

34 /





CHAPTER

Resistance

=



Resistance can be simply defined as any opposing force that prevents movementn recovery operations resistance is caused most often by terrain conditions

Therefore vehicles disabled by terrain are of the most concern in recovery

situations Section I of this chapter describes the four types of resistance that occurwhen recovering vehicles disabled by terrain conditions

There are three factors which help to reduce resistance Section II shows whatthese methods are and how to use them when resistance must be overcome tosupport recovery The reducing factors discussed in this section normally cannot beapplied wheeled vehicles

When it is not possible to reduce this resistance some source of effort will beneeded effect recovery This is covered Section III which discusses howsimilar vehicles and special purpose vehicles can be used S sources of effort Onland towing is the quickest method When towing cannot be accomplished awinch will provide the necessary source of effort Winching with both similar andspecial purpose vehicles is always used in water recovery

Section IV describes the use of mechanical advantage in overcoming resistanceThis section also shows how levers and tackle play an important role obtaininga mechanical advantage

37



S TION

ypes o f esistance

FOUR TYPES OF RESIST N E

ou r types of resistance occur in recovering vehicles disabled by terrainconditions

Grade resistance is created when a vehicle moves up a slope and gravity affectsthe weight of th e vehicle

Overturning resis tance is that part of th e weight of the vehicle which actsagainst th e force exerted to bring it back on its wheels or tracks

Mire resistance is created when mud snow or sand become impacted around the

wheels tracks axle or gear housing or hullWater resistance occurs when flooded vehicles ar e pulled from water to land

38



ESTIM TING RESIST NCE OF VEHICLESDIS LED Y TERR IN CONDITIONS

r d e e s ist nce stim t e gr de r esist n ce s eq u l to th e weigh t of thedi s bl ed vehicle p lus cargo ven th ough a ct u l gr de re sistance m y be less th n

th e we ig ht of the ve hicle the m ost resist nce en countered o n a gr de i s t he w eigh tof t he dis bled vehicle

GR DE RESIST N E

39



verturning Resistance stimate overturning resistance as equal to halfthe weight of the disabled vehicle Half the weight of the vehicle is the m ost thatwill be beyond the center of gravity

OVERTURNING RESIST N E

RESIST N E IS

V HI L WEIGHT

4



ir e Resis tance stimate mire resistance depending on h ow deep the vehicleis mired . A vehicle is mired when it is stuck in mud, snow, sand or other matterand can no longer move under its own power. There are three depths of mire

resistance. They are - heel epth - A vehicle mired up to, but no t over, the top of the road wheels tracked vehicle or the center of the hub wheeled vehicle . stimate wheel -depthresistance as equal to th e weight of th e vehicle .

WHEEL EPTH MIRE

41



ender depth - A vehicle mired over the top of the wheels nd up to, b ut n ot over,the fenders . stim te fender-depth resist nce s twice th e weight of the vehicle.

FEN ER EPTH MIRE

;

urret or cab depth - A vehicle mired over the fenders from t he tur re t ring to thetop of the turret on a tank or on the hull l ight-tracked vehicles or on the c b

wheeled vehicles . stim te turret-depth resist nce as three times the weight of t hevehicle .

42



TURRET OR C B DEPTH MIRE

OTf a loaded vehicle is mired est imate resistance by adding th e weight o t h

load to the weight o f the vehicle

X MPL

A loaded tru ck we igh ing 6 tons is carrying 2 tons of cargo At wheel depththe r esistance should be estimated at 8 tons ; at fender depth 16 tons; and atc ab d epth tons



Water esistance E stimate the am ount of resistance met during underwaterrecovery operations in th e same way as for land recovery . When pulling floodedvehicles from water to land consider the weight of the water when determining the

resis tance. In some instances the resistance to be overcome is less than the rollingresistance of the same vehicle on land

Swimming v hi l s A mechanically disabled swimming vehicle offers littleresistance while on water. Compared to it s rolling resistance on land it can bemoved with a small amount of effort .

a vehicle is flooded and submerged determine the resistance on the riverbot tom in th e same wa y as on land Take into consideration th e weight of thevehicle cargo and th e river bottom conditions which may be sand gravel or mud .

r X MPL

An M 11 A armored personnel carrier APe with a weight of 12 tons isflooded and mired in the mud at road-wheel depth on th e r iver bottom. The

resistance is estimated at 12 tons .

44



The greatest resistance met with a flooded vehicle occurs when it is being pulledfrom water to land. The volume of water contained in a submerged vehicle, such asan MI13A2 APe greatly affects the resistance of the vehicle as it is pulled fromthe water. Estimate the weight of the water as equal t the vehicle s weight.Therefore, an MIl3A2 APe s weight 12 tons) as it s pulled from the water is 24tons. The resistance created depends on this weight and the terrain of the exit area.

ording vehi les - Vehicles become mired, nosed, and overturned during fordingoperations just as they do during land operations. As a result, estimate theresistance in t he s am e way by considering vehicle weight and type of disablement.The resistance of a flooded fording vehicle underwater is the same as a similar

vehicle mechanically disabled on land.

45



SE TION II

esistance educing actors

THREE REDU ING F TORS

he situ tion nd mech nic l condition ffect the lo d resist nce of miredvehicles. However, resist nce reducing f ctors c nnot norm lly be applied to miredwheeled vehicles. When trying to pply them to wheeled vehicles, the mount ofresist nce th t is reduced varies too much. his is due directly to the l ck oftraction. As a result, a s fe e sti m te c nnot be made.

irection o f Travel and Recovery When a mired vehicle is pulled in th eopposite direction of it s origin l travel, the tr cks p ss through ruts the vehiclem de go in g into the mire. h is reduces est im ted res is t nce pproxim te ly 10percent. See example, p ge 47. Recovering a vehicle in the direction opposite it soriginal tr vel is commonly used in most situ tions where vehicles become mired .

46



X MPL

A tank weighing 53 tons is mired at wheel depth and can be recovered in theopposite direc tion of travel Est imate resistance as 53 tons and subtrac t 1

percent for recovery in the opposite direction of travel The load resistanceequals 47 7 tons

53 tonsX 15 30

Estimated Resistance Reduction= Load Resistance

53 .0- 5 .347 7 tons

owe r ppl ied to Tracks When power is applied to the tracks of a miredvehicle, the movement of th e tracks helps to break the suction of mud against th ebelly of the vehicle . This reduces estimated resistance approximately 40 percent .Before computing th e 40 percent reduction , m ake sur e that th e mire is not deepenough to prevent the operation of th e vehicle s engine, for example, clear airintake c lear exhaust See example , page 48.)

47



X MPL

A tank weighing 53 tons is mired at fender depth. It can apply power to thetracks but must be recovered in the direction in which it was traveling .Estimated resistance twice t he w ei gh t of th e vehicle is 1 6 tons. less 4percent for applying power to the tracks. The load resistance equals 63 .6tons.

1 6 tonsX.40

42 4

Estimated Resistance Reduction= Load Resistance

1 6- 42.4

63.6 tons

These f irst two reducing factors rely heavily on the extent to which the vehicle ismired and the condition of the vehicle. Where the vehicle can be recovered in theopposite direction of it s original travel resistance will be reduced. ower applied tot he t racks of a mired vehicle will also reduce res is tance. esistance can be slowlyreduced by maintaining a steady pull on a mired tracked vehicle allowing water to

seep between the mud and the bottom of the vehicle . This will break the suction.The third and final resistance reducing factor is a combination of th e first two.

48



106- 53

53 tons

X MPL

A tank weighing 53 tons is mired at fende r depth . It can be recovered in th eopposi te d irection of its origi nal t ravel a nd ca n apply power to its tracks .Estima ted res istance twice th e weight of the vehicle is 106 tons, less 5percent 10 percent for opposite direction, plus 4 percent for applying powerto its tr acks . The load res ist ance equals 5 3 t ons .

6 tons Estimated Resistance 50 Reduction53 .0 = Load Resistance

9



SE TION III

Sources o f Effort

L N R OV RY

im i l ar V ehic les Si milar vehicles are th e q uic kest a nd m ost ava ila b le s our ce ofrecovery e ffo rt . On dry, l evel hard s tand , in fir s t gear , the a ver age ve hicle exe rts aforc e equ al to its own weight . T errain conditions a ffect th e towing capabili ty of avehicl e. h ese c onditions ma y require tw o or m ore ve hicles t o e xert the sa me forcetha t one v ehicle co uld exert und er idea l co nditio ns

in he s Wh en th e situati on do es n ot permit recovery by a s imilar v ehicle, us e awin ch . Th e most common s it uat ion occ urs w hen th e ap proach to th e di sab l edve hicle d oes not prov ide good t ract ion. A wi nch is a mo re p ositive so urce of effortas i ts ca pac ity d oes n ot depend o n terra in conditio ns .

A winch exerts its gr eat est force wh en it pulls by th e fir st layer or th e layer n ext th e bar e win ch drum . As ea ch s uccessive l ayer of ca ble is wo und ont o the winch

drum, th e dia meter increases a nd t he winch capacity dec reases. See t he tab le onthe n ext pa ge.

50



WINCH V R BLE C P CITIES

Winch Cable Cable on Drum CapacityType layer ft tons

5 1 0 39 5 000Ton 2 40 85 4 225

3 8 6 1 3 8 3 6704 139 199 3 230

5 200 266 2 890

10 1 0 41 10 000Ton 2 42 91 8 450

3 92 1 48 7 250





I

CE NTERLINE : IIII

FLEET NG LEGRE TERTH N °

CENTERLINE FLEET NGLE ° RL ES S



WATER R OV RY imilar ehicles Similar vehicles are used as a source of effort much the sameas for recovery on land and with the same restrictions governing their use The

towing capability of a fording vehicle is t he same as on land and can be adapted tothe same disablements Position the towing vehicle gun tube prevent possiblecollision with the disabled vehicle A floating vehicle offers only slight resistanceso do not w it by another floating vehicle For further information check theappropriate technical manuals

pecial urpose ehicles Wrecker trucks and recovery vehicles ar e readilyadaptable to recovery operations on submerged vehicles The winch cables of therecovery vehicles are long enough to allow winching operations from land waterin most situations

54



SE TION

Fundamentals o f Mechanical dvantage

OVER OMING RESIST N E

pplying effort to overcome resistance has been a challenge to mankind . Modernmachinery is evidence of this. nergy released by burning a small amount of fuelin an engine provides the effort to move a truck weighing thousands of pounds.The truck engine, with all of i ts var ious mechanica l devices, can move the vehiclefrom a s tands ti ll through a wide range of speeds.

ME H NI L DV NT GE

A mechanical advantage is a small amount of force applied over a long distance move a great load a short distance. In other words, a mechanical advantage isthe multiplication of force. A mechanical advantage is needed whenever the loadresistance is greater than th e capa city of t he ava il ab le effort.

To determine th e amount of mechanical advantage MA necessary in a recoveryoperation , divide the load resistance R by the available effort E and round any

55



fraction up to the next whole number Mechanical advantage is th e only item inrecovery application that is rounded Rounding up is required because only wholenumbers ca n be rigged

X MPL

A disabled vehicle with a load resistance of 53 tons will require a 2:mechanical advantage when the available effort is a win h with a m ximumcapacity of 45 tons

:ME H NI L

DV NT GE

6



LEVER GE PRINCIPLEThe use of levers is the most basic means to overcome resistance. A wrench

handle a can opener and th e gears of a truck overcome resistance through aleverage principle. The simplest form of a lever is a rigid bar free to turn on a fixedpivot called a fulcrum. When effort is exerted on one end of the bar the bar rotatesaround the fulcrum. Mechanical advantage is increased by extending the distancebetween the point where effort s applied and the fulcrum. v r Classification Levers are divided into two classes. The location of th efulcrum with relation to effort and resistance determines the class of lever.

First class Lever Th e fulcrum is located between the effort and the resistance. Acrowbar is a good example of a first class lever.

Second class Lever The point of resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort.A wheelbarrow is a good example of a second class lever.

TACKLETackle is a combination of ropes or cables and blocks used t gain a mechanical

advantage or to change direction of pull using a winch. Tackle is classified assimple or compound.

57



Simple tackle is one rope or cable with one or more blocks Compound t ckle ismore th n one rope or cable used with two or more blocks hi s is a series of two ormore simple tackles he output of one s imple t ckle is used as the effort for th eother Since a winch h s only one cable simple t ckle will lmost lw ys be usedduring recovery operations

SIMPLE T KLE

F LL LINE

LOCK

DE DLINE

58





Chapter 3 explained mechanical dv nt ge nd how tackle s a necessary p rt ofth t process This chapter will go one step further nd describe how ropes re usedin rigging Included is n explanation of terms nd the types of force created by thearrangement of tackle Section II describes the various rigging methods nd howthey are used t also goes into detail on how to tt ch tackle since the methodsdiffer between wheeled nd tracked vehicles Section concludes this chapterwith a look t anchors t shows how mechanical anchors c n be made when nonatural anchors exist

Rigging is the application of tiber or wire rope in various tackle combinationsused to raise or move loads Rigging involves installing the necessary equipment t

use the available effort nd it m yor may not produce a mechanical advantage

6



S TION

igging undamentals

T KLE TERMINOLOGY

F a ll L in e This is the winch lin e which runs from the source of effort to the firstblock in the tack le There is only one fall line in a simple tackle systemReturn Lines These ar e the winch l ines between th e blocks or th e winch linefrom th e sheave of a block to the point where the end of th e line is attached

e a d Lines These are lines used to attach blocks or other equipment to the loa dor to an anchor

ME H NI L DV NT GE OF T KLE

echanical advantage is needed whenever the load resistance is greater than th ecapacity of the avai lable effort T he a mo un t of mechanical advantage needed is

estimated by dividing the load resistance by th e effort The mechanical advantageof any simple tackle rigging is equal to the number of winch lines supporting th e

6



load or the number of wi nc h lines th t become shorter as power is p plied to t hewinch he lines can be tt c hed directly or indirectly thro ugh a b lock

VARIOUS TACKLE MECHANICAL ADVANTAGES

M :

: § 2 :

4 ~

3:

62



T KLE RESIST N E

Fricti on created by a sheave rotating on it s pin, the rope flexing around th esheave, o r the rope scuffing in th e groove of t he sheave causes a loss in energy as

the rope passes around the sheave. his loss is resistance a nd must be overcomebefore the resis tance of the load can be overcome . ach sheave in the rigging willcrea te res is tance . To determine tackle resistance, multiply 10 percent of the loadresistance by the number of sheaves not blocks in the rigging.,

X MPL

A load resistance of 10 tons and a tackle with tw o sheaves are being used; 10

percent of tons equals 1 ton. times tw o sheaves equals 2 tons tackleresistance.

TOT L RESIST N E

S ince tack le r esistance must be overcome be f ore th e load resista nce ca n be

moved, th e two resistances ar e added. his resistance is total resistance the totalamount of resistance that the availab le effort must overcome . Using the previous

63



example on tackle resistance th e load resist nce of 10 tons plus the tackleresistance of 2 tons equals 12 tons tot l resistance

F LL LINE FOR E

he mount of force th t must be exerted on the fall l ine relat ive to th e v il bleeffort must be considered in every problem To determine the fall line force dividethe total resistance by th e mechanical dv nt ge of the tackle he fall line forcemust be less th n the capaci ty of th e effort to accomplish th e recovery

X MPLA 12-ton total resistance must be overcome with an effort of 5 tons using a3:1 mechanical advantage tackle. When 12 tons is divided by 3 3:1 MAl itequals 4 tons fall line force. A to n fall line force is less than the effort of 5tons making the mechanical advantage correct for the recovery .

Total Resistance 12 Tons = 4 Tons Fall Line Force 3 :1 MAl 3

64



RETURN LINE FORCEReturn line force is always the same as the fall line force.

DE D LINE FORCEDead lines, in most cases, must withstand more force than other lines in a tackle

rigging To determine dead line force, multiply the fall line force by the number ofwinch lines supported by the dead line. See illustration, page 66.

DETERMINING DE D LINE FORCESThe first dead line is the sling attachment of the block to the load. There are four

lines the fall line and three return lines supported by the dead line through theblock . Four times the fall line force of 9,750 pounds equals 39,000 pounds on thedead line.

The second dead line attaches a single sheave block to an anchor and supports

two return lines.C •

184-855 0 - 87 - 3



DISTRI UTION LINE FOR ES

3

LBS

FIRST DEADLINE

39 LBS

THIRD DEADLINE

9 75 LBS

1 LBS

_ CAPACITY WINCH

••

SE CON D D EADLINE19 5 LBS



X MPL

Fall Line ForceNumber of Winch Lines

ead Line Force

h e t hi r d d ead line s upports on ly o ne r t urn line

X MPL

Fall Line Force

Number of Winch Lines ead Line Force

9 75 Ibs

X219 5 Ibs

9 75 Ibs

X9 75 Ibs

7



SE TION II

igging echniques

RIGGING M THO S

Th e rigging method used depends on the ty p e of vehicle and t he distance betweent he winch ing vehicle and load

The manpower method is used when the winch cable and ot h er riggingequipment are lightweight and ca n be carried easily by th e cre w members to where

they are neede dThe backup method is used when the recovery vehicle c an be safely posi tion ed

within 20 to 25 feet of the disabled vehicle ul l out enough main win ch cable toattach to the recovery vehicle lace th e main winch snatch block in the loop of th ecable close the block a nd a tta ch it t o the disabled vehicle ac k up th e recoveryve hicle a llow ing the ma in winch cable to be spoo led from the winch dr um unti lsufficient cab le is removed to obtain maximum winch capacity The illustration onpage 69 shows the recovery vehicle in posit ion to perform the winching operation

68



CKUP METHOD RIGGING

MOVE R OV RY V HI L

TO W ITHIN 2 25 F TOF DISABLED V HI L

BACK R OV RY V H I LAWAY TO OBTAIN MAXIMUM

WINCH CAPACITY



he lead method is used when terrain conditions do no t permit close access to thedisabled vehicle Use the hoist winch to lead the main winch rigging to thedisabled vehicle Since th e hoist winch cable weighs less than the main winchcable it can be carried to the disabled vehicle

To rig for the lead method assemble the m ain winch tackle just in front of therecovery vehicle as in preparation for the ba ck up m etho d ttach the hoist cableend to the main winch snatch block then manually pull out the loop formed by thehoist winch cable and place it into a snatch block that is attached to th e disabledvehicle By paying in the hoist winch cable t he main winch tackle will be pulled tothe disabled vehicle

LE M E T H O RIGGING

70



METHODS OF TT HING T KLE

n recovery operations, rig the tackle so that no damage is done to the vehicle oreq uipme nt . Fo r in sta nce, on disabl ed wheeled vehicles , atta ch th e rigging tackle

to the li fting shackles on both sides or th e tow pintle.

the pulling force isat ta ch ed onl y t o on e fram e member , it could be pulled out of alignment

UTION

The pull on the to w pintle should not exceed wh t is specified inthe technical manual Even though the lifting shackles aredes igned t o withst nd force from a horizontal or vertical pull asling tt chment must be used to apply the effor t equally to bothshackles For vehicles not equipped w it h lifting shackles effortshou ld b e a pplied to the ma in structural members not to thebumpers or umper brackets

he e led eh i l e s Whether th e pull is made from th e front or rear , apply th eeffo r t to b oth li fting sh ackles or th e t ow p intle.

71



APE X

72

SLING RR NG M NT

6 F E E T

3 °



he force exerted on each leg of the sling is slightly greater than half theresistance. On most wheeled vehicles a 12 foot chain attachment in this mannerforms a sling having an included angle at the apex of about 30°. The apex will beapproximately 6 feet from the bumper.

racked Vehicles Always attach rigging to the tow hooks or lugs. The liftingeyes and tow pintle are not designed to withstand the pulling force required forrecovery. Use an attachment that will distribute the applied force to each side ofth e vehicle. f the vehicle requires towing after winching time can be saved byusing the same attachment.

When a disabled vehicle does not require towing or mechanical advantage uset he m ain winch snatch block with one tow cable to form a floating block hookup. hi s hookup is easy to install and evenly distributes th e effort to both tow hooks.To rig a floating block attach the ends of the tow cable to the two w hooks. Placethe snatch block in the loop formed by the tow cable. Attach the winch cable to thesnatch block.

73



FLO TING LOCK TT CHMENT

When a disabled vehicle requires a 2:1 mechanical advantage rigging and iftowing over rough terrain after winching is required use two tow cables to makethe attachment hi s attachment is the quickest to rig

74



TOW C LE TT CHMENT

Wh en tow ing a v ehicle o ver re la t ive ly level terr in or on the hi ghway fterwinching us e th e tow b r method of a ttachment tt ach th e tow b r to th e towlugs of the dis bl ed ve hicle a nd tt c h t he win ch riggin g to th e lun et te o f th e tow

7



bar. After winching disassemble the rigging nd place th e tow b r lunette in therecovery vehicle tow pintle.

Communications from t he re r of the recovery vehicle to th e driver c n be gre tly

improved by using a 25 foot extension cord nd the st nd rd communicationsheadset. tt ch t he br nched electrical cord assembly a p rt of th e electricalequipment accessory kit to a communications j ck inside th e vehicle.

76



a 3:1 mech nic l dv nt ge is used tt ch the running block to one of th e towlugs on the dis led vehicle the change of direction block to the tow lug on therecovery vehicle nd the end of the winch cable to the other tow lug on thedisabled vehicle.

3: ME H NI L DV NT GE

7



E TION III

nchors

US OF N HORS

Frequently wheeled and tracked vehicles must have some anchoring meanswhen moving heavy loads with tackle. An anchor can assist in holding a winchingvehicle in providing a change of direction pull or in supporting part of the loadduring a winching operation .

N TUR L N HORS

An anchor that does not have to be constructed is a natural anchor Examplesare trees tree stumps large rocks or other vehicles. Avoid dead or rotten trees ortree stumps and examine rocks carefully to make sure they are large enough andembedded firmly in th e ground.

ME H NI L N HORS

There are several types of mechanical anchors The type constructed depends on

78



ho ld ing abi li ty requirements t ype of soil availability of mater ia ls and thesituation

A pi k t hol f s t is constructed by using two or more sound wooden pickets at

least 3 inches in diameter and 5 feet long Drive the pickets about 3 feet into theground 3 to 6 feet apart and in line with the dead line Tie the pickets togetherwith fiber rope by first tying one end of the rope to th e top of the front picket with aclove hitch hen make four to six wraps of the rope starting from th e top of thefront picket to the bottom of t he r ear picket and tie the other end of the rope to the

COMBINATION PICKET HOLDFAST

79



bottom of the rear picket with a clove hitch inally pass a stake between the ropewraps midway between the pickets tighten the rope by twisting it with the stake then drive t he s take into the ground Repeat this operation for each successive pairof pickets

Th e strength of the holdfas t depends mainly on th e first or front picket Toreinforce it drive two or more pickets into the ground close to the front picket Tiethem together before tying to the rear picket

3 2 COMBINATION PICKET HOLDFAST

80



A s nd p r h ut e is used as an anchor in a s an dy a re a with no trees Dig alarge deep hole and line it with a tarpaulin Fill th e tarpaulin with the sandremoved from the hole lash the four corners together a nd a tt ac h th e rigging hesand parachute has limited holding abil ity and should not be used when a major

effort is requi red

S ND P R HUTE

8



A s o t h n h or is used to anchor a truck during a winching operation whennatural anchors a re not available Select a log at least 6 inches in diameter and 2feet wider than th e vehicle Dig a shal low trench about 3 or 4 inches deep parallelto the front axle j us t ahead of the front wheels Then la y a tow chain across the

center of the trench place th e log in th e trench and move the vehicle forward untilboth f ron t tires are against the log Finally attach both chain ends to th e lifting

shackles and remove all slack from the chain

S OT H N HOR

82



As power is applied to the winch the front wheels are pulled onto the log makingth e c hain taut and anchoring the vehicle f two chains are available a similarmethod may be used ay two tow chains across the trench next to the inside ofeach front wheel Place the log in the trench and move th e vehicle forward until

both f ront tires are against the log Then wrap th e ch ai ns through the liftingshackles remove slack from the chains and fasten them together

A v hi l can be used as an anchor to assist in the recovery of a mired vehicleequipped with a winch The winch cable is extended to the anchoring vehicle andthe mired vehicle winches itself out The anchoring vehicle should not a ttempt

pull; it is only an anchor This eliminates th e chance of damage the winch

83



H PTER

Recovery Operations



Recovery is a big job. During any recovery operation always use a tried andproven procedure. haphazard approach to a recovery problem or the use of trial

and error methods can he costly mistakes. They will deadline the disabled vehiclelonger than necessary lose valuable time damage equipment and injurepersonnel. hapter 5 goes into great detail to keep this from happening.

Section I gives a simple eight step procedure that is basic to recovery. It alsoprovides easy wa y to remember each of the steps involved.

Sections II and discuss recovery using wheeled and tracked recovery vehicles.

Both sections cover winching and lifting operations as well as towing. Section IIIalso presents the use of smoke in combat recovery.

Section IV is devoted to self and like vehicle recovery techniques to be used whenrecovery vehicles are not available. Section details safety precautions duringrecovery and Section VI presents special considerations for recovery in an NBCenvironment.

85



S TION I

Recovery ProceduresIn any recovery operation use th e following eight step method .

ST P RECONNOITER R

Check t he t er ra in for an approach to the load then determine th e m eth od ofrigging and the availability of natural anchors . As with a tactical mission arecovery crew must know the problem before making decisions. Make a completeground survey of the area then select th e best route of approach to the disabledvehicle to prevent possib le disablement to the recovery vehicle .

ST P ESTIMATE THE SITUATION

stimate th e resistance created by th e load and determine the capacity of theavailable effort . For most recovery operations involving winching th e availableeffort would be th e maximum capacity of the winch . In some recovery operationsparticularly with the wrecker truck the maximum distance between the winch andth e disabled vehicle could be restricted making the available effort as little as halfthe winch capacity .

86



STEP 3. CALCULATE RATIOCompute an estimated mechanical advantage for the rigging by dividing the

resistance of th e load step 2 by the available effort the capacity of the winch .

STEP OBTAIN RESISTANCECompute the tackle resistance and total resistance. Determine the resistance of

th e tackle as explained on page 63. Ten percent of the load resistance asdetermined in step is multiplied by the number of sheaves in the rigging. Thedetermined resistance of the tackle added to the load resistance equals the totalresistance.

STEP 5. VERIFY SOLUTIONCompute line forces to compare with the winch and dead line capacities. Divide

the total resistance step 4 by the mechanical advantage step 3 . The result is theforce of the fall line. The fall l ine force must be less than the capacity of effort.Therefore, this step of th e recovery procedure is the key step to solving the problem.

When verifying th e solution, if th e computed fall l ine force is greater than theeffort, the mechanical advantage must be increased. Note that no physical work

8



has taken place up to this point As a result no time is lost moving equipment orhaving to reerect rigging equipment Compute th e dead line force determine thestrength of equipment sling leg capacities and choose th e correct equipment t useas dead lines

ST P 6 R T RIGGINGOrient the crew instruct them to assemble th e tackle an d then move t a safe

location Advise th e crew members of the plan direct them to erect the tackle andassign specific tasks Crew members who have finished their tasks should assistthose who are having difficulty Th e crew members can save time by having athorough knowledge of the tackle to be erected and by helping each other Observe

all safety precautions

ST P 7 R H K RIGGINGMake sure that tackle is erected for proper and safe operation Direct th e operator

to remove most of the slack from the lines and to inspect for correct assembly If y corrections must be made direct th e crew members to make them Explain theactions of the operation to the operators of th e recovery vehicle an d the other

vehicles involved Direct them to be prepared t ac t on signals as seen through



their periscopes Then move to a safe location where hand s ignals can be observedby the operators of the vehicles

STEP YOU RE RE Y

Signal the opera tors to apply winch power and recover the load Be a lert andmake sure that nothing obstructs the operation of the equipment and that allpersonnel on th e ground remain at a safe location

OT

T his eight-step procedure should be followed during all recoveryoperat ions . To ass i s t in memoriz ing these s tep s an d thei r sequence, theya re ar ranged so tha t th e first le t ter of each s tep will spell out the wordrecovery. Se e f igure on page 90. This plan is of value to recovery crewsfor appl ica t ion a n d s up er vi si on and also to commanders for determiningthe efficiency o f thei r recovery crews and the need for t ra ining

9



RECOVERY PROCEDURE

RECONNOITER RE

ESTIM TE SITU TION

C LCUL TE R TIO

O T I N RESIST NCE

VERIFY SOLUTION

E R E C T RIGGING

R E C H E C K RIGGING

You RE RE DY



S TION

Recovery Methods

Using Wheeled R ec ove ry Veh ic le sTYPES AND US G

Recovery using wrecker trucks is performed by trained recovery personnel of thecompany or battalion Use these special purpose vehicles for recovery when themethods used by the operator crew or platoon do not fit the situation or when the irefforts have had no success

he methods of recovery performed with special purpose vehicles are winchinglifting and towing

OTThis section c ov er s th e v eh ic le s a bi li ty to winch lift and to w. F or morein-depth information refer to the t echnica l manua ls w hi ch r el at e to theoperation o f the e qu ip me nt a nd its speci fic abil it ies.

9



MIRE TRU K

Nontactical factors that must be considered during th e recovery of a mired truckusing a wrecker truck are the resistance of the load the approach to th e load and

t he d is tance between the wrecker and the mired vehicle n example of a verysimple winching operation is shown below Use a direct pull because the resistancecreated by th e mired vehicle is less than the winch capacity of th e wrecker

Some winching operations are more difficult he mired truck may have aresistance greater than the winch capacity of the wrecker Also the wrecker mayno t b e able to a lign i tsel f with the tr uck due to terrain so use a 2:1 mechani ca la dv an ta ge a nd a change of direction pull

DIRE T PULL W I N H I N G OPER TION

92





NOSE TRU KTh e recovery of a nosed truck using a wrecker truck may require only a towing

operation. Some situations may require all three of the truck s capabilities winching, lifting, and towing) to complete the recovery.

A 1/ ton cargo truck is nosed off a narrow road and mechanically disabled.Although the apparent fleet angle of th e winch cable th e figure on th e previouspage is greater than 2°, the wrecker winch has a level winding device which offsetsthe difference. Other vehicles with winches do not have this device.

To perform the recovery, position the wrecker truck on th e road

that the frontend of th e nosed truck, when pulled back up on th e road, will be in line with therear of the wrecker truck. Make a change of direction pull using th e wrecker rearwinch to pull the truck onto the .road. See the figure on page 95. Then lif t the frontof the truck with the wrecker s outriggers emplaced and tum the crane to place thetruck directly behind the wrecker truck to prepare for towing. See th e figure onpage 96.

94



H NGE DIRE TION W I N H I N G OPER TION



L IF TIN G O PE R TI ON WITH WRE KER TRU K

UTION

o not overload crane capacity



OV RTURN TRUCKTo upright an overturned truck using the wrecker truck a sling method of

attachment must be used because a pulling force applied to only one point of theframe may result in a bent frame. A sling attachment is made of two utility chainsor L inch fiber rope. The sling ends are attached to the front and rear liftingshackles on the h igh side of the overturned truck. Then th e winch cable is attachedto the center of th e sling. A holding effort will be required to prevent the overturnedvehicle from crashing onto its wheels.

The holding force could be another vehicle the wrecker boom or a rope block andtackle with manpower. The attachment for the holding force is a holding sling

attached to the same points on th e overturned truck as th e pulling sling. Theholding sling is then attached to th e holding force with cable rope or chainmaking sure th e holding force is attached to the center of th e sling. If a holdingvehicle is not available use the wrecker boom hold the load.

Apply power gradually to the winch until the overturned truck is past th e verticalposition. Then lower the truck on its wheels with th e hoist winch rather thanbooming out with the crane. When this method is used maximum use of th e boomjacks and outriggers should be made where necessary.

97

184 855 0 87 4





: M E H N I ~ D V N T G E T KLE

WIN HING VEHICLE

FALL LINETO A TREE

TOWING WHEELE VEHI LES

Recovered vehicles must often be towed wi th a wrecker truck to a rep ir shop he method of towing depends on the terr in nd the mech nic l condition of the

dis bled vehicl e A wrecker truck is c p bl e of towing vehicles in th e followingw ys :



Highway Tow Attach the tow bar to the disabled vehicle s lifting shackle eyesand the wrecker truck tow pintle . All wheels of the towed vehicle are on the ground.A driver is no t required in the towed vehicle.

ROSS OUNTRY TOW WITH WRE KER TRU K

Cross country Tow Over rough terrain a cross-country tow controls the towedvehicle better. To ri g for the cross-country tow attach a chain lifting sling or th ehoisting bar between the truck s front lifting shackles. Attach a tow chain from thewrecker tow pintle to th e disabled truck s lifting shackles. Place t he hoist blockhook in the lifting sling approximately 12 inches off the ground. Extend the boomto remove the slack from the tow chain to keep the towed vehicle from ramming

100



in to the r ear of t he wr ecker truck . S upport th e boom with th e s hipper br aces topr ev ent im pact loads on t he cra ne m ech anisms

f th e fr on t e nd o f the vehicle is d amag ed us e cross country towing even though

th e di s ab l ed vehicle is b eing tow ed on th e high way. Us e th e tow ba r inste ad of atow c ha in.

H I G H W Y TOW USING WRE KER TRU K



SE TION III

ecovery ethodsU

sing Tracked ecovery VehiclesMIRED TR KED VEHI LES

Recovery w ith one recove ry vehicle is us ed for recovering m ost m ired tracke dve hicles T o prepare for winch ing pos it ion t he recovery veh icle as nea rly in lin e a spossible with th e mired vehicle must be at a distance to obtain max imumw inching capacity ttach the block to the mired ve hicle by th e proceduredescribed on page 74 he resistance may require a greater mechanical advantage Use another recovery veh icle or a portion of it s BII to recover the mired vehicle When a 3 :1 mechanical advantage is required refer to the procedure on page 77

Recovery with two recovery vehicles is used w hen the load resistance of a mi redtracked vehicle is so great that the calc ulated fa ll line force is mo re tha n t he w inc hca pacity of one recovery veh icle wi t h a 3 :1 mecha nical adva ntage Rig ea c hre covery ve hicle ma in wi nch wit h a 2:1 me chanical a dvan tage ttac h the sn atchblock of each rigging to a t owing point on t he mired vehicle

102



: ME H NI L DV NT GE

T o t ke a dv n t ge of th eir v ri bl e c apac ity w inch es the r ecovery vehicl es a reposit ione d s ide by s ide h e sa m e len gth s of w in ch ca ble can t hen b e used T osynch ronize wi nch speeds both recovery vehicle ope rators s hou ld u se th e h ndthrot tle to se t their engi ne s peed a t th e desired rpm a nd co m pens te wi th the win chcontrol lever to m int in t ut cables

3



RECOVERING MIRED T R C KE D VE HICLE

vITH TWO RECOVERY VEHICLES

4



NOS TR KED VEHI LE

Various factors must be considered before recovering a tracked vehicle nosed in adeep trench or ravine . the terrain behind the nosed vehicle is level recover by

towing.

the terrain is no t suitable for towing perform a winching operation.

W I N H I N G NOSED TR KED VEHI LE

WITH RE OVERY VEHI LE

the recovery vehicle cannot be safely positioned behind the nosed vehiclemove the recovery vehicle to the opposite side of the ditch. sing the recovery

vehicle s boom with its maximum mechanical advantage rigging attach i ts hoi stblock to the front lifting eyes on th e nosed tank with a V-chain. if t the vehicle 5



horizontally nd pull it to the opposite side of th e ditch where towing or winchingcompletes the recovery

the tow hooks re accessible on th e nosed vehicle use a rigging to tt ch themto the tow winch Recover the nosed vehicle with a com in tion of winching ndhoisting Control th e weight nd movement of th e dis led vehicle during theentire recovery operation by coordin ting the h ois t wi nc h nd th e tow winch

L IF TI NG O PE R T IO N TO RE OVER NOSED

TR KED VEHI LE

6

OV RTURN TR KED VEHI LE



OV RTURN TR KED VEHI LE

To upright an overturned tracked vehicle wit h a recovery vehicle position therecovery vehicle so that it is facing the bottom of the overt urned vehicle . shouldbe at a distance equal to the width o f th e overt urned vehicle p lus 2 feet for safety.For the uprighting source of power use a util ity chain to attach the main winchcable to the near center road wheel arm support housing on the high side .

For the holding source of power rig the boom with its maximum mechanicaladvantage rigging a nd atta ch it s hoist block to two tow cables to form a slingPass th e opposite ends of t he s li ng und er the track. ttach them to th e front andrear tow hooks on t he h ig h side of the overturned vehicle . pp ly power to th e main

winch until the vehicle pulls past i ts point of balance and is supported by the hoistrigging. Then by lowering the hoi st w inch rigg ing slowly lower the overturnedvehicle onto i ts suspens ion system.

W RN IN

Be ca us e of th e spilled oi l fuel and b ttery cidp rese nt do no t pe rmit smoking or open fl mesovert urned vehic le

no rm llyne r the

I

107





T ak e c a re t o pr ev en t f urt her d amage to t he v ehicl e wh en towin g. Do not eng geth e towed v ehicle s t ran sm is sion d uring towing ope r tions . Chec k t he di sab ledvehicl e s tec hn ic l m nu l for prep r ation of th e vehicl e for towing a ny furth e rpreca utions a nd the to wing speed .

ighway ow A tt ch t he recove ry ve hicle s to w b r to th e to w lugs of th edis bl ed vehicle wi th th e lun et t e of th e tow b r in st ll ed in th e r ecovery vehicle stow pin tle. S ecur e th e p intl e in t h e closed po s ition with a locking key . A d river isn ot requir ed in t he to wed ve hicle.

. HIGHW Y TOW WITH RE OVERY VEHI LE

109



Cross country Tow Use crossed tow cables between the recovery vehicle andthe disabled vehicle as when towing similar vehicles. A driver is required to applythe brakes on the towed vehicle to keep it from overrunning the recovery vehicle ondowngrades .

ROSS OUNTRY TOW WITH RE OVERY VEHI LE

Combat Tow ttach th e lifting V chain to the recovery vehicle s tow pintlebefore moving it to the disabled vehicle. Move the recovery vehicle into the areaBack it up until contact is made with th e front of the disabled vehicle. A crewmember in th e disabled vehicle can slip through the escape h atch a nd connect the

110

V h i l t h f t t h k f h di bl d hi l



V-chain legs to the front tow hooks of the disabled vehicle. a vehicle does no t have or cannot use the escape hatch th e crew member

must slip through another available hatch After making the hookup th e crewmember reenters through th e same hatch

The recovery vehicle then moves out towing the disabled vehicle. Use combattow to make a towing connection under small arms fire to provide the least possibleexposure of personnel. Do not use combat tow for dis tances greater than onequarter mile. Condit ions permitt ing. change the towing procedures after thatdistance .

COM T TOW WJT RECOVERY VEHICLEv

111

SMOKE COMBAT



US OF SMOKE IN COMBAT R OV RYDuring combat tow hookups, both vehicles will be stationary for several minutes.

This presents an easy target for enemy direct fire weapons systems. In order todeny or hinder observation by th e enemy, place a smoke screen between them andth e hookup operation. Perform the combat tow hookup and tow the vehicle whererepairs can be made. There are four basic types of smoke-generating systems tochoose from for this operation. They r e

• Hand-held smoke grenades.

• Onboard grenade launcher.

• Vehicle engine exhaust smoke system VEESS .

• M3A3 smoke generators.

With th e hand-held smoke grenade system, the recovery crew drives between th edowned vehicle and the enemy. While in this position, they drop th e grenades

give the most effective screening. The recovery crew then positions their vehicle forthe combat hookup.

112

When using the onboard grenade launcher system the recovery vehicle drives



When using the onboard grenade launcher system the recovery vehicle drives

the downed vehicle nd fires the smoke grenades toward the enemy After forminga good smoke screen the recovery crew positions their vehicle for combat hookup

Using the VEESS the recovery crew obscures the downed vehicle with a smokescreen Once n effective screen forms the recovery crew places their vehicle inposition for the combat hookup

f the M3A3 smoke generator assets re available use them to screen vehiclerecovery operations accordance with the uni t SOP

113

S TION IV



S TION IV

Self and ike vehicle Recovery

SOUR S OF FFORT

The amount and type of equipment used as the source of effort during anyrecovery operation depends on th e level of recovery . Drivers and crews should tr yto carry out the recovery before calling on support from a higher level. Duringcombat, it may be of utmost importance that cargo reach its destination at adefinite time, that personnel or cargo be picked up at a g iven time, or that a combat

vehicle be at a given place at a specific time .The use of similar vehicles is usually the quickest method of recovery because

they a re readily available. al l for recovery support only when self- or like-recoverytechniques cannot be used. A mired vehicle with no winch may be able to free itselfby using recovery expedient measures found in chapter 6. ombat vehicles whichneed fuel, ammunition , or repairs not related to mobility for example, a fire contro lmalfunction ca n tow disabled vehicles to th e refuel, rearm or maintenance site.However, engaged combat vehicles s hould n ev er be diver ted just for recovery .

114

/ USE OF SIMILAR TYPE WHEELED



/ USE OF SIMILAR TYPE WHEELEDVEHICLES FOR RECOVERY

U se s imila r wheeled vehicles as the source of effort to perform recovery bytowing and winching. For vehicles not equipped with lifting shackles, attach a towchain to the main structural members. Prior to towing or recovering a disabledvehicle, check that vehicle s technical manual -10 to insure that all physical andsafety features are considered that is, automatic transmissions, fail-safe brakingsystems, and articulation, to name a few). This must be done so that no addeddamage is caused to the disabled vehicle.

To recover a mired truck by towing with a similar vehicle, use a tow chain, cable,

or rope between the towing vehicle and the mired vehicle. Attach it to one liftingshackle of the mired vehicle and the tow pint le on the towing vehicle. If a greaterworking distance is required to enable the towing vehicle to get better traction, usethe towing device from both vehicles.

Apply power slowly to prevent placing an impact load on the towing device andli ft ing shackles . A chain , unl ike a cable, will not stretch and can easily be brokenby impact loading. If one towing vehicle cannot attain sufficient towing effort to

overcome th e resistance, use another towing vehicle in tandem with the first.115



fl b d l h bl f



correct fleet angle is obtained. Free-spool the winch cable from th e drum and attachth e free en d of the cable to one of the front lifting shackles of the winching vehicleor to a separate anchor Form a c ha in sl in g between th e lifting shackles of themired vehicle a nd a ttac h the snatch block in the apex of th e sling. Place the loop

tha t is formed in th e winch cable in th e snatch block and apply power to the winchto remove the slack from th e cable.

t times the winching or recovery vehicle must be anchored by more t ha n j us ti ts weight. Place wheel blocks chocks or natural material in front of the recoveryvehicle s front wheels.

WIN HING WITH S IM IL R VEH I L E

117





SELF WINCHING OPER TION

TOWING DIS LED WHEELE VEHI LES

Use a vehicle of the same size or larger to tow a disabled vehicle and use a towchain for the hookup ttach the chain to the lifting shackle on the towed vehiclean d the pintle of the towing vehicle A qualified driver must be in th e towed vehicleto control it Check the towed vehicle s technical manual for precautions andpreparations necessary to tow the vehicle Never exceed the towing speed outlinedin the technical manual

119



Wh en usin g tw o tow c les b etween two ve hicles m ak e sur e th e cables r e



Wh en usin g tw o tow c les b etween two ve hicles m ak e sur e th e cables r ecrossed a gr e t er working dist n ce between th e pulling v ehicle a nd the mir edve h icle i s req uired jo in the tow c les toget he r wit h tow h ooks

two vehicles a re req uired for a n ope r t ion one tow cable is e no ugh beca use thes tren gt h of on e tow ca ble is slightly g re te r th n t he pullin g ef fo rt of the seco ndpulling v ehicle H owever us e two tow ca bles wh en available to m in t i na lign men t a n d eq ua lize the pullin g effo rt When using tw o vehi cles t urn t he gu ntube of th e ce nte r ve hicle to t he s ide to pr even t co nt ct a nd possib le d m ge

RE OVERING MIRED T NK USING ONE SIMIL R VEHI LE

121

RE OVERING NOS TR KED



RE OVERING NOS TR KEDVEHI LE WITH SIMIL R VEHI LES

As many as three similar vehicles may be needed t recover a nosed trackedvehicle This depends on the degree to which the vehicle is nosed and the terrainconditions on which the pulling vehicles must operate n extreme instances asource of effort may be required t lift the front of the nosed vehicle

RE OVERING NOSED TR KED VEHI LE

WITH S IMIL R VEHI LES

22

Position th lifting vehicle to face th nosed vehicle Connect the cables of th



Position the lifting vehicle to face the nosed vehicle Connect the cables of th epulling vehicles in th e same way as for recovering a mired vehicle Apply power toall assisting vehicles at the same time he front of the nosed vehicle will rise andmove toward the rear Slowly move the lifting vehicle forward Support th e vehicle

until it is recovered f any oil or fuel has spilled in the nosed vehicle do not run theengine until the spill is cleaned up

RE OVERING N OVERTURNED TR KEDVEHI LE W T SIMIL R VEHI LES

overtumed tracked vehicle can be uprighted by using three similar vehiclesUse one vehicle to pull the overtumed vehicle upright Use the other two vehicles to

hold and retard the fall of th e overtumed vehicle so that it does not crash down onits suspension system

Connect tow cables together in pairs to allow a safe working distance Connectthe cable used to upright th e overtumed vehicle to the nearest center road wheelarm support housing on the upper side of the overturned vehicle Never connect toany other part of th e suspension system turret or the tiedown eyes

12

Position the two vehicles used for holding at a 30° to 45° angle fro m the



Position the two vehicles used for holding at a 30 to 45 angle fro m theoverturned tank w it h t he ir cables connected to the tow hooks on the high side ofthe overturned vehicle he holding vehicles must be posit ioned in this way toprevent damage to the cables fenders or lights of the overturned vehi cle as it is

uprightedDrivers of the holding vehicles mus t shi ft to low range he pulling vehicle then

applies power grad ually in reve rse while th e holdi ng ve hicles move forwar d on lyenough to keep their cables taut until the overturned vehicle passes through thepoint of balance As the overturned vehicle passes through the ba lance point theholding vehicles move forward slowly supporting the overturned vehicle andlower in g it onto its s uspension system

W RNINGBecause of the chance of spilled oil fuel or battery acid DONOT permit smoking or open flames near the overturnedvehicle Position the vehicles so that their exhausts always pointaway from t he o ve rt ur ne d vehicle

124



RE OVERY O N O VE RT UR NE D T R K ED

VEHI LE

W ITH SIMIL R VEHI LES

PULLING VEHICLE BACKING UP

HOLDING VEHICLES MOVING FORWARD

TOWING DIS LED TR CKED VEHICLES



TOWING DIS LED TR CKED VEHICLES

Tow a disabled t racked vehicle with a simil r vehicle of the s me weight classusing two tow cables Cross the tow cables to keep them from getting t ng led with

the tracks When towing tracked vehicles with only one track there will be adifference in resist nce nd steering c p bility between a complete tr ck on oneside nd ro d wheels on the other side As a result th e towed vehicle will pull in thedirection of th e side l cking th e track hi s pull is compens ted for by proper tt chment of the towing cables

126

HOLDING V HI L DIS LED V HI L TOWING V HI L

A driver must be in the towed vehicle to operate the brakes lternate the driver



pin the towing vehicle and the disabled vehicle often because of carbon monoxidegas Check the technical manual pertaining to th e towed vehicle to determine thepreparations necessary and precautions to be used to prevent fu rthe r damage

Never exceed the towing speed outlined inthe

technical manualthe disabled vehicle has defective brakes or its universa l joint s ar e

disconnected use another similar vehicle for holding Use crossed cables betweenthe holding and disabled vehicles when available With vehicles that ar e issuedonly one tow cable th e vehicles will be connected with crossed cables between thetowing vehicle and the disabled vehicle Connect a single tow cable between thedisabled vehicle and the holding vehicle See the figures on pages 138 and 140

WARNINGWhen using vehicle to tow other vehicles use extreme cautionan d refer to the appropriate operator s manual for furtherrestrictions

127



TOWING WITH VEHICLES ISSUED ONE TOW C LE

8

HOLDING V HI L DIS LED V HI L TOWING V HI L

SE T IO N V



afety recautionsA successful recovery operation is one that is accomplished quickly and safely.

Be careful when erecting and applying equipment. This prevents damage to th evehicles and equipment and injury to personnel .

H NDLING C LES

Cables and wire ropes may become damaged through use. The wires that makeup the strands of the rope may break Personnel handling wire ropes should wearheavy leather palmed gloves to prevent hand injuries or cuts from broken wires .

Never allow a moving cable to slide through th e hands even when gloves are wornsince broken wires can cut through the gloves.

HOOK POSITION

For rigging, position the hook with the open part throat upward. th e hookshould straighten ou t from overload, the rigging could be forced downward. thehook were posit ioned with the open part throat down, t he r igging could travel

upward unrestrained and cause serious injury to personnel or damage to vehicles.129

184-855 0 - 87 - 5



HOOK POSITION

IN ORR T ORR T

. . p

S F TY K YS fe ty keys should be in place on all tow hooks sh ckles or other items of

equipme nt requiring them. Even though the s fety key supports no gr e t load itsabsence c n allow a pin to move nd place n excessive force on only a p r t of aconnection. Some shackles use a threaded type pin. I f the pin is not completelythreaded into the sh ckl e p r t th e sh ckle or pin c n be bent or broken when forceis applied.130





FUEL OR OIL SPILL GE



If fuel or oil has spilled from the disabled vehicle, there must be NO SMOKINGand NO OPEN FLAMES. Make sure th e exhaust flash from other vehicles s notdirected at the vehicle with spilled fuel or oil. Clean up spilled fuel or oil thoroughlybefore attempting to start th e recovered vehicle s engine. When winching or liftinga disabled fuel carrier, thoroughly ground the vehicle to keep static electricity fromigniting the fuel. The petroleum, oil, and lubricants POL) carrier should have thegrounding equipment needed.

POSITIONING GUN TU ESDuring tank recovery, position th e main gun tube so t ha t i t will not be damaged

in the event of a collision. If t he gun tube of a disabled tank s involved. this mightoccur on a nosed or overtumed tank), support maintenance personnel shouldalways check the gun before firing.

CCELER TION IMPACTDo not apply loads suddenly. This puts excessive strain on the rope an d it ma y

fail. Failure occurs when a weight is allowed t fall for a distance and is suddenlystopped. A similar strong force happens when power is engaged suddenly.

133184-855 0 - 87 - 6

B CKL SH



B CKL SHTake extra care to avoid accidents. Make every effort to stand clear of ny wire

rope under tension. When wire rope is drawn taut and then released suddenly by abreak, it s recoil or backlash will cut a person n two. A winch line under loadstretches like a rubber ba nd and stores up a lot of energy. In fact, a steel winchcable weighing 50 to pounds has a better spring than rubber. A broken winchcable snapping back could be compared with a rifle bullet except the bullet makes afairly clean hole and the winch cable makes a messy wound. Treat a wire ropeunder stress with the same respect you would a loaded gun.

OPER TOR DRIVER S FETYOperators and other personnel, in both the recovery an d disabled vehicles,

should keep their hatches closed during a recovery operation and use theirperiscopes to view hand signals directed to them.

GROUND GUIDEFor safe control of a recovery operation, there should be only one ground guide.

To prevent confusion, the ground guide should stand separately from other

134

pe rsonnel t the recovery site nd where oper tors ca n easi ly obse rve the sign ls.



p y p y gT he oper tors must kn ow the m eaning of the sig n ls to be us ed a nd a ct on ly onthose sign ls. See ap pendix A .

NGL U

Avoid eing in a ny a ng le of pull b y a s n t c h blo ck. A winch lin e m akes a n id eals lingshot . th e de d lin e of a sn atch block br e ks , a 200-pound s n tc h blo ck c ntr vel as f r as 300 y r ds in t he a ir.

UTION

ll observing personnel s ho uld st nd t le st one c ble length w y nd opposite the ngle of pull when the c b le is under stress

135



6

UNS F R S

SE TION



pec ia l ons iderat ions NBC

Recovery operations are more difficult when recovery personnel may be exposedto an NBC attack or have to work with contaminated equipment. FM 21·40 hasinformation on defense operations and protection of personne l. TM 3 220 coversdecontamination procedures. The following discussion highlights the NBC defenseprograms

NBC defense procedures are organized into three categories. They are

• ndividual protective measures: act ions taken by the individual in order tosurvive and continue th e mission using the protective clothing andequipment .

• Unit protective measures: actions taken at unit level which counter theaffects of the NBC environment and allow the unit to continue its mission.The unit NBC defense program should be written in detail in the SOP. The

137

SOP sets various levels of MOPP which provide increasingly greaterprotection t l g i NBC d f t to i l d t l ti



protection. t also organizes NBC defense teams to include control partiesradiological survey and monitoring teams chemical detection teams anddecontamination teams. Unit procedures ar e made to handle recovery repairand disposal of contaminated equipment. NBC inspection point monitorsall equipment and personnel entering or leaving th e maintenance area.Contaminated equipment should be kept in a separate location.

• Complete decontamination: action taken by chemical defense units withassistance from supported units. t reduces the hazard level and allowssoldiers to work at lower MOPP. Decontamination procedures are discussedin detail in FM 3-87.

Full MOPP reduces the efficiency of recovery personnel. Protective clothing andequipment restrict the soldier s working ability. While wearing gloves manualdexterity and touch sensation are reduced. Wearing the mask limits sight speechand hearing. eat buildup is a major factor doing heavy work for long periods.The rate of work may be varied by short rest periods rotation of heavy jobs

adequate water supply and use of vehicle transportation.138

When there is no direct threat the protection level for t sks using m nu l



dexterity visual acuity nd voice communication m y be reduced Generalguidance on the levels of MOPP nd associated protective clothing nd equipment re covered in the unit SOP

Recovery teams must be trained in NBC defense procedures nd monitoring nddetection techniques he teams should h ve extr decontamination equipmentdecontaminating agents nd protective clothing

139

H PTER 6



4

Field Expedients

l



An expedient measure is ny method by which a t sk is accomplished by usingmaterials th t re on hand. For example vehicles m y be required to operate in

remote re s where assistance is no t readily available. Under these conditions thedriver or crew must attempt self recovery by using methods like those described insection I.

Likewise the crew c n perform makeshift repairs on a mechanically disabledvehicle by using field expedients. Section II covers such repairs. Even crewmembers with limited mechanical tr ining c n apply expedient repairs withenough accuracy to restore t least p rti l operation to a disabled vehicle.However expedient repairs re to be used as a l st resort n emergency situationsonly. They must never be used in lieu of normal maintenance repair procedures. erm nent repairs should be made as soon as possible.

141

S TION



RE OVERY EXPE IENTS

SU ST ITUTES FOR J KWhen n outside du l tire is fl t nd a j ck is not available ru n the inside du l

wheel up on a sma ll log or rock his t akes t he weight from the outside wheelwhich c n then be removed for replacement

142

nother substitute for a jack is a piece of timber which is longer than thedistance from th e axle to the ground lace one end of the timber against th e axle



distance from th e axle to the ground lace one end of the timber against th e axleat an angle and the other end in a shallow hole Drive th e vehicle onto th e timberSet the brakes and block th e vehicle securely

SU STITUT FOR J K TO R MOV FRONT WH L

To raise th e front wheel of a cargo truck secure a timber about 5 feet long to th efront bumper at an angle with a chain or rope Place the bottom of th e timber in ashallow hole Move the vehicle forward until the t imber is in a vert ical position andth e wheel clears the ground Set the brake and block th e vehicle securely

143

US O RY



A pole c n be used to pry a lightweight truck out of a ditch if t th e front end ofthe truck with the pole Apply power to th e truck in reverse gear

44

U OF WH LS FOR WIN HING



On dual wheeled vehicles not equipped with a winch use th e rear wheels to ai d inrecovering the vehicle i f a rope is present. asten one end of th e rope to th e wheelhub and anchor the other end. h is lets the rope wind between the dual wheels to

give th e same action as a winch.

DU L WHEELS USED S WINCH

145

Run th e end of the rope fastened to the wheels between th e duals and throughf h h l i h h l di k T k l h h h h l i



one of the holes in the wheel disk Take care not to place th e rope through a hole inthe wheel disk where the valve stem is located Tie a knot in th e end ofthe rope andslip it over the hub Tie a second rope th e same way to the dual wheels on the

other end o f th e axle Place th e vehicle in reverse gear The ropes will wind betweenth e two duals and cause the vehicle to move rearward

the truck has single wheels th e same expedient measure can be used Place abar through the hole in the end of the axle flange ttach a rope to the wheels oneach side of th e vehicle by fas tening them to the bars with figure eight hitchesApply pressure to wind the ropes around the hubs and move the vehicle

146



To build an A frame use two poles long enough to clear the f ront of th e truckonce it is i d h th poles together t th top by a figure ight or gi th hitch



once it is raised . ash the poles together at th e top by a figure eight or girth hitch.Place th e lower end of the poles in th e ground 10 to 12 inches deep to prevent themfrom sl iding when power is applied . Then lay the upper end of the A frame against

the front of th e vehicle. ttach the A frame. Rig the winch cable for a 2:1mechanical advantage . Secure the end of th e cable to the apex of th e A frame.

RECOVERY O NOSED TRUCK USING N FR ME

148

As the winch is wound in, the A-frame lifts and pulls th e truck forward, Suspendthe truck over the ditch or hole Then fill the ditch with rocks dirt or other



the truck over the ditch or hole. Then fill the ditch with rocks, dirt, or othermaterial that the vehicle can be driven forward or backward.

ANCHORING TRACKSVehicles often become bellied high-centered on stumps, rocks, y ridges, or

mire and ar e immobilized by lack of traction.

To recover a bellied vehicle, obtain a log long enough to span the width of thevehicle and of sufficient diameter to support the vehicle weight. Place the logagainst both tracks. Place a tow cable so that one en d of the cable goes over the logand through the tracks from the inside. Place th e other end of the tow cableunderneath the log and connect the ends of the cable together with a tow hook onthe outside of the track make disconnecting easier.

Follow t he s am e procedure to a tt ac h t he log the track on the opposite side ofthe vehicle. Take up the slack in the tow cables by gradually applying power to thetracks. This pulls the log underneath the tracks until it comes in contact with theobstacle, anchors the tracks, and causes the vehicle to move.

14

U TION



U TION

o p revent d m ge to th e fenders a nd tow c les s top t h e ve hiclebefore th e log reaches th e fend er s o r th e c ab le re ch es th e drive

sp rocket

5

or a bellied disablement other than mire anchor the tracks by using two towcables onnect the tow cables together with a tow hook a nd a tt ac h the cables to



cables onnect the tow cables together with a tow hook a nd a tt ac h the cables toboth tracks by passing th e ends of th e cables through the t racks from the outsideand attaching them to t he s tand ing parts of the cables with tow hooks Whenpower is applied to the tracks th e cable will contact the obstacle and anchor thetracks

C LES USED TO NCHOR TR CKS

151

MOVING TR CKED VEHICLEWITH OTH TR CKS ROKEN



WITH OTH TR CKS ROKEN

When both t racks are thrown they may need to be separated before the vehicleca n be moved to remount the tracks Break one track and attach a cable from the

drive sprocket hub to an anchor This will support the vehicle so that th e othertrack can be separated Chock the vehicle to keep it from rolling ou t of controlApply engine and steering power to the drive sprocket attached to the cable Whenthis is done the vehicle will move by the winching action of the drive sprocket hub

152

MOVING VEHI LE ONTO TR K



Align the vehicle w ith the tra ck and position a plank type ramp on the end of thetrack Where a ramp is not available dig a sha llow ditch in which the end of thetrack can lie

MOVING VEHICLE WITH O TH TR CKS ROKEN

53



54

~ _ = = = = C E

INST LLING A TRACKAlign the tr ck ith t h d wheels so th center guides will pass between the



Align the track with t he road wheels so th e center guides will pass between theroad wheels when the vehicle is moved. Stop th e vehicle so that th e rear road wheelis resting forward far enough for all the track pass over the sprocket.

Then tie a rope to the center of t he t rack pin on th e rear track link. Pass the ropeover the center guide groove of the sprocket hub around and between the rearsupport roller wheels and back arou nd t he sprocket hub making two turns .

As power is applied to th e sprocket and the free end of the rope is held taut theend of the track is pulled up to the sprocket. Once the sprocket has engaged aminimum of three track links stop the sprocket lock the brakes a nd s hu t off the

vehicle s engine. Remove the rope from the sprocket hub and extend it forward overthe compensating idler wheel. Then restart the vehicle and move forward. Whenthe end of the track has passed over th e compensating idler connect th e track.

155



R ISING T N E M XLE



7

TT HING T N D E M X LE TO FR ME



8

THIS PRO EDURE IS TO BE USED ONLY WITH T NDEM

XLE VEHICLES ONLY ONE XLE SHOWN FOR L RITY

DIS LED T NDEM XLE



_

THIS PRO EDURE IS TO BE USED ONLY WITH T NDEM

AXLE VEHICLES ONLY ONE AXLE SHOWN FOR CLARITY

9



LOOSE BATIERY CLAMP

h b l b



W RNINGWhen working around batteries and battery clamps take care toprevent tools and j ewelry f rom arcing This could c use damageto veh ic le e lect ri ca l c om po ne nt s o r personal injury O NOTsmoke or permit n open flame near the batteries since the gas

fro m battery acid can be explosive

When a battery cable clamp becomes loose and cannot be tightened any moreuse a nail or wedge to make contact between the bat te ry post and the cable clampLoosen the clamp i nsert t he wedge between t he b att er y posts and clamp andtighten the clamp

INOPERATIVE STARTER SWITCH GASOLINE AND DIESEL ENGINES

A gasoline or diesel engine can be started even though the starter switch is not

working Before using the following procedure insure that the ignition switch lever161

is in the ON position. Make and mainta in contact between t he bare ends of the twowires removed from the switch. t this point th e engine shou ld crank and start . As



wires removed from the switch. t this point th e engine shou ld crank and start . Assoon as the engine starts separate th e wires to prevent any possible damage to th e s ta rt er and flywheel r ing gea r . Tape the bare ends of the starter wires to stop any

unwanted flow of electricity.LE KING LOW PRESSURE LINE FITTING

FL RED P P

COUPLING NU T

162

LE KING LOW PRESSURE LINE FITIING



To repair a leaking low pressure line fitting wind a string or rag tightly aroundthe line behind the flare. Slide the coupling nut over the material screw it onto itsconnection and tighten it securely against the packing string with a wrench. Thestring will act as a gasket and seal the leak. Wind th e string clockwise in the samedirection the coupling nut is turned to be tightened.

CR CKED LOW PRESSURE OIL OR FUEL LINES

Cracked low pressure oil or fuel lines usually are caused from vibration ordefective metal. If this occurs stop the leak by wrapping the line t ightly withfriction tape held in place by wire. The wire helps the tape withs tand pressure andusually stops the leak until a permanent repair can be made.

COLL PSED FLEXIBLE FUEL LINESMake a support for th e inside of the fuel line by wrapping a thin welding rod or

wire around a pencil or another object of the same size. Place the coiled rod or wireinto the flexible line. Fuel will be able to flow and the fuel line will not collapse.

163

PUNCTURED FUEL T NK



Use a piece of hose about the size of the punctured hole in the fuel tank a boltnut and two flat washers Assemble the washers and piece of hose on the bolt andscrew the nut down snugly Enlarge the hole the fuel tank if necessary so thatthe assembled bolt and hose passes into it and fits snugly Hold the hose to preventits turning and tighten down th e bolt This causes the piece of hose to expand inthe hole and seal the leak

164

PUNCTURED TU E TYPE R DI TOR ORE

R di f d h hi l i i d d b



Radiators ar e often punctured when vehicles are operat ing in wooded or combatareas . When this happe ns cu t the cooling fins and pus h them away from theleak ing tubes. Cut the leak in g tube in half and fold t he ends of the tube back abo ut

three fourths of an inch . Close the tub e ends by pr essing them flat with pliers .Cooling s yst em e fficiency is r educed wh en several t ubes ar e cu t ca us i ng th e e ngineto ov erheat When field expedient repairs on the radia tor ha ve been made loosenth e radia to r ca p . This keeps the radiator pressure from building up and breakingthe repair .

REP IR OF PUN TURED R DI TOR OR

165

184 855 0 8 7 7

LE KING R DI TOR OR HE TER HOSES



To repair a leaking radiator or heater hose allow the engine to cool so that thehoses can be safely handled Patch the leak by wrapping it with standard issueelectrical or reinforcing tape Refill the radiator with coolant and leave the radiatorcap loosened Operate the vehicle at reduced speed until the hose can be replaced

ROKEN F N ELT

When a fan belt breaks and a replacement is not available mend or substitute itTo mend punch holes both ends of the broken belt and put a small gage wire or

boot laces through each hole Secure the wire or laces Replace the belt with justenough tension to drive the vehicle accessories

Use fiber rope from the vehicle tarpaulin or a piece of field telephone wire as asubstitute for the broken fan belt Loop the wire or rope around the pulleys severaltimes pull as taut as possible and tie with a square knot

In both cases operate the engine at low speed to keep from losing or breaking the

substitute belt166

ROKEN F N L DES



A broken fan b lade will cause the engine to vibrate and make it dangerous tooperate On fans with an equal number of blades equally spaced rem ove theremainder of the broken blade then remove the blade opposite the removed bladeThe vehicle can then be operated but be careful that it does n ot over heat On fanswith unequally spaced blades the entire fan can be removed on some e ngines Theengine can then be opera ted under light load for short periods of time

D M GED FRONT XLE R KE SYSTEMWhen damage has occurred to the front axle brake system close the line at the

junction block to the axle This ass is ts the driver in mainta ining stee ri ng controlwhile braking and allows pressure buildup in the rear brakes

D M GED RO D WHEEL COMPONENTS

OTT he following damaged road wheel expedients do not apply to the M1 b rams t ank

167

To ope r te a vehicle wit h a d m ged ro d wheel spi nd le or ro d wheel rm tieth e a rm up out of the way T o t ie th e roa d w heel r m u p re move t he to rsion b r by



p y p ypositioning th e ve hicle ac ross a di t ch s hould be n rro w e no ugh t o perm it t hefr ont a nd r e r road w heels to support th e we ight of the ve hicle n d d eep enoug h topermit t he track to s g w y from th e defective ro d wheel

E XP ED IE NT M ET HO D R R EM OV IN G T OR SIO N R

EN D PLUG

G SK T

168

a ditch is not available dig a trench This position allows th e road wheelassembly to sag and removes the tension from th e tors ion bar Then remove the



torsion bar by removing i ts caps crew and end plug replacing th e capscrew in th etorsion bar and prying behind the capscrew head with a tanker s crowbar

Reposition the vehicle on level ground Remove the road wheel ; position atanker s crowbar across two torsion bar support housings; and using rope from th evehicle tarpaulin tie the road wheel arm to the tanker s crowbar Use thisexpedient with intermediate road wheels only

RO D W HE EL E XP ED IE NT PPLIED

T NKER

CROW R

169

D M GED SUSP NS ON OMPONENTS

A k d hi l i h d d t k d h l d idl h l



A tracked vehicle with a damaged track rear road wheel arm and idler wheelcan be operated by us in g t he short track expedient. However th e hull must notinterfere with the shortened track as with M60 series tanks To apply this

expedient remove the companion components to th e damaged suspension partssuch as the rear shock absorber track adjuster road wheel arm and torsion bar

SHORT TR K E XP EDIE NT PPLIED

170

To give the vehicle better stability move the number 3 road wheel with arm tothe rear road wheel position as in the example shown. Due to the absence of the

ff bl k



idler wheel, sufficient track blocks must be removed to permit the track to beconnected.

SHE R P SU STITUTE ak e a substitute for a broken shear pin by punching out the remains of the

broken shear pin, c ut tin g th e remains in half, and i nser ti ng the two shear pin

ROKEN SHE R PIN

T PE

W OWEL

171

halves with a short wooden dowel between them rap friction tape around theshaft to cover t he sh ea r pin hole and prevent th e end of the substitute shear pin



from dropping out Do no t use a steel bolt spike nail or screwdriver blade as asubstitute shear pin because it could damage the winch and cable

172

APPENDIX A

Only hand and arm signals tha t apply to specific recovery vehicles are



O y s g a s app y to spec c ecove y ve c es a eillustrated in this field manual. For hand and arm signals tha t apply to driving,refer to TM 21-306 or FM 21-305 .

• R ISE THE HOIST WINCH CABLE•• LOWER THE HOIST WINCH CABLE•

• R ISE THE BOOM•• LOWER THE BOOM•

• SWING TRAVERSE THE BOOM L E F r •• SWING TRAVERSE THE BOOM RIGHT •

• R ISE THE SP DE .• LOWER THE SP DE .

• INH UL MAIN TOW WINCH.• P Y OUT MAIN TOW WINCH.

• EXTEND TH E BOOM CROWD .• RETR CT THE BOOM CROWD •

• UTTON U P OR UNBUTTON•• STOP.

173



R ISE THE

OIST

WIN

C LE

LOWER THE

OIST

WIN

C LE

he sign l to r is e the hoist cable is m de with the rm extended to the side ndbent upw rd t th e elbow with the index finger extended from a fist nd the h ndrot ted slowly he sign l to lower the hoist cable is m de with the rm helddownward nd out slightly from th e side with the index finger extended from a fist nd th e h nd rot ted slightly his sign l m y be m de with e ithe r h nd withrotation m de in either direction

7



R ISE T

OO M

LOW R T

OOM

T he signal to r ai se t he boo m is made by extending the a rm toward t he ope ratorwith th e fis t clen ch ed a n d th e thumb pointin g upw ard h e s igna l t o low er theboo m is m ad e by ex te nding the arm an d clenc hing the fi st in t he sa me w ay bu twith the thumb point ing downward his signal may be made wit h eit he r h and

75



SWING TRAVERSETHE BOOM

LEFT

SWING} ¥ , ; ; J t l r J L r i TR VER S

THE BOOMRIGHT

or vehicles with a tr versing boom the sign l to swing r igh t or left is m de byextending the rm to shoulder level in the direction which the oper tor musttr verse

176



R ISE TH E

SP E

LOW R T

SP E

T he s ign al to raise the spade is given by f irst point ing at the spade with theindex finger of th e left hand While pointing with the left hand extend t he r ig htarm toward the operator while clenching the fist and pointing t he thumb upwardThe signal to lower th e spade is made in t he s am e way but with the thumb of th eright hand pointing downward

177



INH UL

M IN TOWWIN H

P Y OUT

M IN TOWWIN H

T he s ig n l to in h aul t he m in w inch c b le is m de by po int ing t th e o pe r torwith the index finge r nd rot ti ng the rm in a c ircu l r motion he s ign l to p yout the winch c b le i s m ad e with the rm bent bringing the h nd in front of thechest T he h nd is moved down nd w y from t he body t belt level circl ing b ckto the chest he circular motion is con tinued unt il the sign l to stop is given

178



EXTEND THEBOOM

CROWD

RETRACTTHE BOOM

CROWD

h e s ig na l to exte nd t h e boom is m ad e w it h th e ind ex a nd center fing er e xte n dedupw ard with the b ack of th e h and facing the opera tor and th e hand mov ed intow ar d a nd aw ay fr om t he ches t by b endin g th e e lbow sl owly in a pumpi ng action

h e signal to retract th e boom is mad e in th e sam e way bu t with th e palm of th eh a nd faci ng th e op er ator

79



UTTO UP U UTTO

or the signal to button up place both hands one on top of the other palms downon top of the h elmet lace both arms back and in the same plane as th e body orthe signa l to unbutton give the bu tton sig na l then se pa rate t he h ands mov ingthem sl ig htly to each side in a s licing mot ion Repeat

180



S T

h e si gnal to sto p a ny ac t ion th t is bei ng p erformed is giv en by cl asping th eh a nds tog eth er wit h p lms fa c ing each ot h er t chin level

18 1

PPEN IX

Operations Security Signatures



VISU LVehicle movement can be detected by th e aided or unaided human eye

Identi fication of a larger target often can be made by sighting a lesser targetassociated with it For example i f recovery vehicles are found in an area tanksand mechanized units ma y be found nearby

When moving do so as quickly and as quietly as possible Make good use ofdarkness bu t control lighting During daylight recovery natural camouflage orpainted patterns offer protection Shiny metal surfaces should be masked withtape

NOISBattle sounds such as from explosives or gunfire are not t he only things which

give away a position The enemy also relies on noise made by vehicles andequipment Sound means that some movement is taking place even though the

enemy may not know exactly what has made the sound

182

ELE TROM GNETI

Communications equipment should be used as little as possible during combat



Communications equipment should be used as little as possible during combatrecovery Every time a radio is used i t sends out a signal he enemy can use thosesignals to locate specific areas without even reading a message f a radio isrequired use it carefully Know what mus t be said before keying the microphone

183

loss ry of ronyms



184

APe armored personnel carrierAR 0 Army regulationBII 0 o basic issue itemsBS 0 ·0 • • • • • • • • • breaking strengthD

0 diameter

DA Pam Department of the Army pamphletDMMC division materiel management centerE 0 •• 0 • • • • effortFM 0 0 field manual

FS 0 0 • 0 o factor of safetyft 0

feetH T 0 • 0 o heavy equipment transporterMA 0 • • 0 •• 0 • • 0 • • mechanical advantageMOPP 0 0 mission oriented protective postureMOS military occupational specialtyNBC o • • • • • • • • • nuclear biological chemical

NSN0 • 0 0 • • • •

national stock number



References



ARMY REGUL TIONS AR

310-25 Dictionary of UnitedStates r my

Terms310-50 Authorized Abbreviations and Brevity Codes

DEPARTMENT OF ARMY PAMPHLETS DA PAM310 Series Military Publications Indexes as applicable

FIELD MANUALS FM3-5 N C Decontamination TBP3-87 HT:B ) N C Reconnaissance and Decontamination Operations5-36 Route Reconnaissance and Classification21-26 Map Reading21-30 Military Symbols21-40 N C Defense21-305 Wheeled Vehicle Driver21-306 Tracked Combat Vehicle Driver 5 3 How to Conduct Training in Units TBP

186

TECHNICAL BULLETINS TB)43-0142 Safety Inspection and Testing of Lifting Devices

TECHNICAL MANUALS TM



TECHNICAL MANUALS TM5-725 Rigging9-2320-233-10 Operator s Manual for Truck, Cargo: 8-ton, 4x4, M520 w w

NSN 2320-00-873-5422), w o w 2320-00-191-1310), M877 w w

w Material Handling Crane 2320-01-010-4956), w o ww Material Handling Crane 2320-01-010-4957 ; Truck, Tanker,Fuel Servicing: 2500 Gallon, 4x4, M559 w 2320-00-873-5420and w 2320-00-445-7250)

9-2320-260-10-1 Operation, Installation, and Reference Data Operator Level for5-ton, 6x6, M809 Series Trucks Diesel): Chassis, M809 w lo

Winch NSN 2320-00-050-8842), w/Winch 2320-00-050-8841 ,M809Al w Winch 2320-00-050-8941), M810 w o Winch 232000-051-0586 w w 2320-00-051-0585), M811 w o Winch 2320-00050-8986), w Winch 2320-00-050-8985), MaliAI w/Winch 232000-050-8989), M811A2 w o Winch 2320-00-050-9005), M812w IWinch 2320-00-050-9011); Chassis Rocket Launcher:M812AI w/Winch 2320-00-050-9040); Truck, Cargo: M813 w o

187

Winch 2320 00-050-8902 , w /Winch 2320-00-050-8890 , M813A1w o Winch 2320-00 050-8913 , w/Winch 2320-00-050-8905 ,M814 w o Winch 2320 00-050-8488 , w/Winch 2320-00-050



9-2350-238-10

9-2350-256-10

21-306

188

,8987 ; Truck, Bolster, Logging: M815 w/Winch 2320-00-0508927 ; Truck, Wrecker, Medium, M816 w/Winch 2320-00-0510489 ; Truck, Dump: M817 w o Winch 2320-00..050-8970 ,w/Winch 2320-00-051-0589 ; Truck, Tractor: M818 w o Winch 2320-00-050-8984 , w IWinch 2320-00-050-8978 ; Truck, TrackerWrecker: M819 w/Winch 2320-00-050-9004 ; Truck Van,Expansible: M820 w o Winch 2320-00-050-9006 , M820A1 w o

Winch 2320-00-050-9007 , w o Winch 2320-00-050-9010 ; TruckStake Bridge Transporting: M821 w/o Winch 2320-00-050

9015Recovery Vehicle, Full Tracked: Light Armored, M578 NSN2350-00-439 6242Recovery Vehicle, Full Tracked: Medium, M88A1 NSN 2350-00122 6826Tracked Vehicle Combat Driver

INDEX

Page

Anchors 78



Anchors 78

Mechanical anchors:

Picket holdfast 79Sand parachute 8

Scotch anchor 82

Vehicle anchor 8

Natural anchors ·

Blocks classification by usage:

Fixed block 33

Floating block 35 73 74

Running block 34

Blocks types of

Conventional block 3

Snatch block 32 89



Defective differential 6

Defective tandem axle 156

I i h li d di l i ) 161



Inoperative starter switch gasoline and diesel engines) 161

Leaking low-pressure line fitting 63

Leaking radiator or heater hoses 66

Loose battery clamp 161

Punctured fuel tank 64

Punctured tube-type radiator core 165

Shearpin substitute 171

Leverage:

Leverage principle 57

Lever classification 57

Mechanical advantage 55, 61

Methods of recovery 17

Methods of rigging:

Backup method 68

Lead method 7

Manpower method 68

Methods of attaching tackle 7



9

Methods of attaching tackle 7

Mired tracked vehicles 2

Mired truck 92Nosed tracked vehicle 5

Nosed truck 94

Overcoming resistance 55

Overturned tracked vehicle 7

Overturned truck 97

Recovery expedients 42

Anchoring tracks 4 8

Installing a track 55

Moving a tracked vehicle with both tracks broken 52

Moving a vehicle onto a track 53

Substitute for a jack to remove front wheel 4 3



Crossed cables 132

Fuel or oil spillage 133

G d id 134



9

Ground guide 134

Handling cables 129

Hook position 129

Inspecting rigged equipment 132

Operator/driver safety 134

Positioning gun tubes 133

Rigging between vehicles 132

Safety keys 130

5elf and like vehicle recovery operations:

Recovering a nosed tracked vehicle with similar vehicles 122

Recovering an overturned tracked vehicle with similar vehicles 123

Towing disabled tracked vehicles 6

Towing disabled wheeled vehicles 119

Use of similar type tracked vehicles for recovery 120

Use of similar-type wheeled vehicles for recovery : 115

Sources of effort:

Similar vehicles 50 114



Similar vehicles 50, 114

Winches 50

Special considerations NBC 137

Tackle:

Compound tackle 58

Dead lines 61

Dead line force 65

Fall line 61

Fall line force 64

Return lines 61

Return line force 65

Simple tackle 58

Towing tracked vehicles 108

Towing wheeled vehicles 99 9

•Use of smoke in combat recovery : : 12

Water recovery



96u O ~ R N M N TPRINTING OFFICE: 98 184 855

FM 20 22

31 AUGUST 1984



By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

JOHN A. WICKHAM JR.General United States r my

Chief of Staff

Official:ROBERT M. JOYCE

ajor General United States rmyThe djutant General

DISTRIBUTION:Active Army ARNG and USAR To be distributed in accordancewith DA Form 12-11A Requirements for Vehicle RecoveryOperations Q ty rqr block no. 150 .Additional copies may be requisitioned from the USArmy AdjutantG l P bli ti C t 2800 E t B l d B lti

Documents

Vechicle Recovery Operations