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[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Vegetation Impacts from Air Pollution – focus on O3
Lisa Emberson, Chris Malley, Patrick Bueker, Steph Osborne
Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), University of York
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Ozone O3 injury on spinach, Europe
Source: J. Bender
Source: G. Mills
• Visible injury
• Biomass loss (above and below ground)
• Crop yield loss
van Dingenen et al, 2009
Source: A. Wahid
Other effects not so commonly
recognised by the wider
community….
• Photosynthesis, stomatal
conductance
• Leaf Area Index
• Transpiration
• Yield quality (e.g. N content)
• Carbon allocation
• Reproductive ability
• Etc….
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
KM1: There is evidence that O3 can cause a variety of damage responses
to crops, forests and grasslands. The strength of this evidence varies
with receptor type and location, with more evidence on crops than
forest trees, more on trees than grasslands, and equal evidence in North
America and Europe, but less in Asia.
More evidence now being collected in Asia
HTAP1
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
1. OTC Beijing
2. OTC in Jiaxing
3. FACE in Jiangdu
4. OTC in Guangzhou
5. OTC in Beijing
6. OTC in Harbin
1
2
4
3
5
6
Location of experimental infrastructure across China / Asia
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Source: G. Mills
Empirical data
Fumigation / Filtration studies
National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) - 1980s in North America
European Open Top Chamber (EOTC) – 1990s in Europe
Dose-Response relationships
DRs
Ozone metric
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Ozone characterization indices
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Year day
Ozo
ne
co
nc (
pp
b)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
AO
T4
0 (
pp
b.h
rs)
Growing season
M7: 7 hour growing season mean AOT40: Accumulated Over Threshold 40 ppb
M12: 12 hour growing season mean
SUM06: Accumulated Over 60 ppb
W126: Weibull weighted O3 concentration
NCLAN / EOTC :
Ozone Metrics
M7
AOT40
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Showed fairly substantial effect of ‘foreign sourced’ O3 on crop yields…causing
between 5 to 35 % of the O3 induced crop yield loss.
HTAP1 - By necessity, assessment used ‘Concentration’ based
indices....
O3 Yield
loss by
region
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
M7 AOT40
soybean more sensitive than
spring wheat
Spring wheat more sensitive
than soybean
…in part due to problems with concentration based indices
Uncertainty in the ranking of species sensitivity
Source attribution of the ozone found at a rural location in
southern England during 2006 (Derwent, 2008).
Year
AOT40
Using AOT40 (or a high threshold) the level of ‘domestic’ pollution needs to be
relatively high for imported pollution to have an effect on vegetation
…in part due to problems with concentration based indices
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
KM2: Concentration-based indices to assess the importance of O3
damage, especially those which use thresholds (e.g. AOT40) may not be
appropriate for assessment of damage resulting from ICT. O3 flux
metrics (e.g. PODy) that incorporate the effects of differences in
phenology and environmental conditions in estimates of O3 damage are
more suitable for assessments of the potential impact of ICT.
Stomatal O3 flux
Hourly stomatal O3 flux
above ‘y’ (Fsty) Non-stomatal
flux/uptake/deposition
External plant
surfaces
Soil
Species, cultivar,
Phenology,
Environmental
variables (e.g.
irradiance,
temperature, VPD,
Soil water status,
CO2 concentration)
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
PODy AOT40 W126 24hr
This more ‘biologically meaningful’ ozone metric can therefore be used to
understand the characteristics of O3 profiles most likely to cause damage
O3 flux incorporates a wider range of O3 concentrations in the
accumulation of the index
y
Hourly O3 flux >’y’ (Fsty) accumulates to form PODy
Source attribution of the ozone found at a rural location in
southern England during 2006 (Derwent, 2008).
…benefit of flux based indices
Year
y
Earlier and later in the season imported pollution is also likely to have a
greater influence on local vegetation
PODy
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Fst
y
e.g. Monthly mean stomatal O3 flux (Fsty) decreases over crop
receptor regions for combined 20% emission reductions
HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Fst
y
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Could ‘flux’ also help assess the significance across the globe of different
emission reduction policies (e.g. global CH4 vs local/regional NOx/VOC
reductions)
Mills et al, in prep
O3 profiles (magnitude & frequency of O3 conc.) change over
time and by region as a result of emission reductions – as PODy
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Other benefits of using the ‘flux’ approach
Already included in CTM modelling schemes as part of the O3
deposition module :o)….but lots of differences in these schemes :o(
Stomatal conductance a determinant of gas exchange (O3 and CO2)
and therefore plant C assimilation and growth – links to crop
growth models (AgMIP)
Stomatal Ozone
Flux - PODy
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
What are the main differences in O3 dry deposition
schemes?
Wesely (1989) Pleim et al (2001) DO3SE (2003)
Surface
resistance terms
Stomatal, plant cuticle, in
canopy (buoyancy,
density, upper & lower
canopies) ground surface
Stomatal, plant cuticle, in
canopy, (empirical),
ground surface, LAI
Stomatal, plant cuticle, in
canopy, (empirical), ground
surface, LAI
Stomatal
resistance
Multiplicative
Solar radiation, surface
air temperature
Photosynthesis
Species type, growing
season, photosynthetically
active radiation, surface air
temperature, vapour
pressure deficit, soil
moisture content
Multiplicative or
Photosynthesis
Species type, growing season,
photosynthetically active
radiation, surface air
temperature, vapour pressure
deficit, soil moisture content
Landcover
parameterisation
North America (?)
7 vegetation types and 5
seasonal categories (e.g.
Agricultural land -
Midsummer with lush
vegetation)
North America
25 vegetation types
European (& some Asian)
10 deposition cover types plus
>15 O3 sensitive target species
for effects estimates (with
climate region
parameterisations)
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Variation in O3 deposition estimates by 17 different global Chemistry
Transport Models
Hardacre et al. 2015
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
What are the main differences in O3 dry deposition
schemes?
Wesely (1989) Pleim et al (2001) DO3SE (2003)
Surface
resistance terms
Stomatal, plant cuticle, in
canopy (buoyancy,
density, upper & lower
canopies) ground surface
Stomatal, plant cuticle, in
canopy, (empirical),
ground surface, LAI
Stomatal, plant cuticle, in
canopy, (empirical), ground
surface, LAI
Stomatal
resistance
Multiplicative
Solar radiation, surface
air temperature
Photosynthesis
Species type, growing
season, photosynthetically
active radiation, surface air
temperature, vapour
pressure deficit, soil
moisture content
Multiplicative or
Photosynthesis
Species type, growing season,
photosynthetically active
radiation, surface air
temperature, vapour pressure
deficit, soil moisture content
Landcover
parameterisation
(LAI)
North America (?)
7 vegetation types and 5
seasonal categories (e.g.
Agricultural land -
Midsummer with lush
vegetation)
North America
25 vegetation types
European (& some Asian)
10 deposition cover types plus
>15 O3 sensitive target species
for effects estimates (with
climate region
parameterisations)
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Variability in O3 dry deposition partitioned to land cover
Total annual O3 dry deposition Annual average O3 Vg
Hardacre et al. 2015
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Variability in O3 dry deposition partitioned to land cover
Total annual O3 dry deposition Annual average O3 Vg
Hardacre et al. 2015
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
What are the main differences in O3 dry deposition
schemes?
Wesely (1989) Pleim et al (2001) DO3SE (2003)
Surface
resistance terms
Stomatal, plant cuticle, in
canopy (buoyancy,
density, upper & lower
canopies) ground surface
Stomatal, plant cuticle, in
canopy, (empirical),
ground surface, LAI
Stomatal, plant cuticle, in
canopy, (empirical), ground
surface, LAI
Stomatal
resistance
Multiplicative
Solar radiation, surface
air temperature
Photosynthesis
Species type, growing
season, photosynthetically
active radiation, surface air
temperature, vapour
pressure deficit, soil
moisture content
Multiplicative or
Photosynthesis
Species type, growing season,
photosynthetically active
radiation, surface air
temperature, vapour pressure
deficit, soil moisture content
Landcover
parameterisation
North America (?)
7 vegetation types and 5
seasonal categories (e.g.
Agricultural land -
Midsummer with lush
vegetation)
North America
25 vegetation types
European (& some Asian)
10 deposition cover types plus
>15 O3 sensitive target species
for effects estimates (with
climate region
parameterisations)
Growing season defined by
effective temperature sum
Two gsto algorithms:
Multiplicative
(Jarvis; Emberson, 2000 etc..)
Photosynthesis-based
(Farquhar, 1980 & Leuning, 1990)
Stomatal resistance (Rsto)
gsto = gmax [min(fphen, fO3)] * flight * max {fmin, (ftemp * fVPD * fSWP)}
𝒈𝒔𝒕𝒐 = 𝒈𝒔𝒕𝒐.𝟎 +𝒎.𝑨𝒏𝒆𝒕. 𝒉𝒔𝒄𝒔
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Stomatal Ozone
Flux - PODy
Soil water and influence on gsto
modelled using Penman-Monteith
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Other benefits of using the ‘flux’ approach
Already included in CTM modelling schemes as part of the O3
deposition module :o)….but lots of differences in these schemes :o(
Stomatal Ozone
Flux - PODy
Stomatal flux determines gas exchange (i.e. O3 as well as CO2) and
therefore photosynthesis, plant C assimilation, growth and yield….
…..links to crop growth models (AgMIP) AND can allow inclusion of
other stressors (e.g. water availability, soil fertility (N fertilizer),
[aerosol], [CO2], climate….
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
Development of DO3SE coupled Photosynthesis-stomatal
conductance (An-gsto) model ….
Integrating effects of O3, N, H2O, CO2 and climate
• Coupled An-gsto model (based on Farquhar et al. 1980 and Ball-Berry.
1987)
• Maximum rate of photosynthesis (An) determined by maximum
carboxylation efficiency (Vcmax) – which is species-specific
• …but with species-specific Vcmax altered by Leaf N
• ….and damaged by O3 (based on Martin et al. 1992)
gsto
CO2 supply
O3 uptake
H2O loss
A CO2 demand
Ci, Cs
An Vcmax
R
fO3 Leaf N
Damage e.g. biomass loss/
yield loss / reduction
in C sequestration
N deposition
HTAP2 output ‘request’ for flux
HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
• total O3 flux (Ftot),
• O3 dry deposition velocity (Vg),
• Stomatal O3 flux (Fsty),
• O3 concentration at canopy height [O3_ch],
• Leaf level stomatal conductance (gsto_leaf),
• canopy stomatal conductance (Gsto),
• leaf area index (LAI), etc...,
[email protected] HTAP, Potsdam, Germany
Feb 18-19 2016
• Which is the most appropriate metric to determine vegetation
impacts? Stomatal O3 flux (Fsty) to give PODy
• What is the influence of the metrics threshold (i.e. ‘y’ threshold and
phenology) on the importance of ‘foreign’ vs ‘domestically’ sourced
O3?
• What influence do domestic vs foreign emissions have on O3
vegetation impacts - Can we develop S-R relationships for PODy?
• What are the most effective future emission mitigation strategies for
vegetation; how will these vary ‘regionally’ and ‘into the future’?
(global CH4 or local/regional NOx/VOCs)
HTAP2 Qs for ecosystems