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Vehicle-to-Grid: Integrating Electric Drive Vehicles with the Power Grid Power Systems 2002 Conference March 13, 2002 Alec Brooks Chief Technology Officer AC Propulsion, Inc. San Dimas, California www.acpropulsion.com

Vehicle-to-Grid: Integrating Electric Drive Vehicles with the Power Grid

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Vehicle-to-Grid: Integrating Electric Drive Vehicles with the Power Grid. Power Systems 2002 Conference March 13, 2002 Alec Brooks Chief Technology Officer AC Propulsion, Inc. San Dimas, California www.acpropulsion.com. The Old and the New. Old way of thinking: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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  • Vehicle-to-Grid:Integrating Electric Drive Vehicles with the Power GridPower Systems 2002 Conference March 13, 2002

    Alec Brooks Chief Technology Officer

    AC Propulsion, Inc.San Dimas, California www.acpropulsion.com

  • The Old and the New..Old way of thinking:

    Electric vehicles are an unnecessary burden to an over-taxed electricity gridNew way of thinking:

    Electric drive vehicles will be an integral part of power grid operation and will provide valued services

  • Grid-Connected Vehicle Can Create ValueBidirectional Power Grid Interface

  • EPRI (Feb. 19, 2001)The Car of the Future May Help Power Your Home

    Electrified transportation will soon be a necessity rather than an option

  • The Economist, (Feb 8, 2001)We can use the energy unit in this car for homes or stationary power. When linked together by smart electronics, our customers can buy and trade energy freely.

    Dr. Ferdinand Panik Director DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell Program

  • General Motors (Jan 7, 2002)The car or truck would not only be transportation, but would also be a power source. Imagine the impact of a vehicle that can provide transportation, power or heat.

    Larry BurnsVice PresidentResearch, Development and Planning

  • California Air Resources Board (CARB) Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) ProgramLeading to mass manufacture of clean vehicles with electric power generation and storage capabilitiesThree Vehicle Types in ProgramFull ZEV: true zero emissions (EV, FCEV)Advanced Technology Partial ZEVPartial ZEV: Conventional vehicles with SULEV drive cycle emissions and zero evaporative emissionsBy 2020, there could be 1 million vehicles in California with electrical generation and/or storage capabilities (10,000 MW potential capacity at 10 kW each)

  • Electric Drive in Vehicles -- All the Ingredients for a Distributed Power System

  • Vehicle Examples

  • How Vehicles Can Provide ServicesVehicles, by their numbers, represent enormous power and energy storage potentialElectric vehicle charge stations: grid connection points for power and ancillary services deliveryVehicles can respond very fast compared to powerplantsVehicles could provide: Extra power during demand peaksSpinning reservesGrid regulation (automatic generation control - AGC)Uninterruptible power source for businesses and homesActive stability control of transmission linesDispatchable reactive power

  • Enabling Technologies, Regulations, and StandardsVehicle-to-grid bi-directional power interfaceWireless internet communicationGlobal Positioning System (GPS)Systems for tracking a large number of small transactionsVehicle interconnection standardsBi-directional energy metering at the retail levelAppropriate tariffs

  • AC Propulsion Integrated AC Power InterfaceTraction inverter and motor are re-configured to provide AC power interfaceSystems delivered for over 8 years20 kW bi-directional powerGrid-connected or stand-alone

  • Regulation Ancillary ServiceRegulation is the continuous matching of supply with demand in a control areaArea Control Error (ACE), is a measure of quality of operation of the gridACE includes a frequency regulation componentACE must be kept within grid operating requirementsPowerplants provide regulation todaySlow responseReal-time control of powerplant output by grid operator

  • Example Frequency and ACE Profile 3-14-01ACEFrequency

    Reg costs

    Regulation Up for 3-14-01

    NP15SP15

    HourProcured Capacity (MW)Capacity MCPCostHourProcured Capacity (MW)Capacity MCPHourTotal MW upTotal $ upTotal MW dnTotal $ dnTotal $

    1150148$22,2001453.75148$67,1551603.75$89,355-509.41$25,471$114,826

    2150148$22,2002442.54148$65,4962592.54$87,696-555.51$27,776$115,471

    3150146$21,9003306.07146$44,6863456.07$66,586-547.3$27,365$93,951

    4150146$21,9004344.7146$50,3264494.7$72,226-608.86$30,443$102,669

    5160148$23,6805441.93148$65,4065601.93$89,086-642.06$38,524$127,609

    6170148$25,1606419.44148$62,0776589.44$87,237-657.46$39,448$126,685

    7170110$18,700770.1110$7,7117240.1$26,411-753.8$37,690$64,101

    86517.66$1,14880.117.66$2865.1$1,150-785.85$39,293$40,442

    9217130$28,210979.1130$10,2839296.1$38,493-772.79$30,502$68,995

    10217150$32,5501079.1150$11,86510296.1$44,415-733.94$21,629$66,044

    11217150$32,5501179.1150$11,86511296.1$44,415-681.15$20,073$64,488

    12217150$32,5501279.1150$11,86512296.1$44,415-676.77$19,268$63,683

    1365150$9,7501379.1150$11,86513144.1$21,615-675.37$19,903$41,518

    1465150$9,7501479.1150$11,86514144.1$21,615-671.55$19,791$41,406

    1565150$9,7501579.1150$11,86515144.1$21,615-663.09$19,541$41,156

    1665150$9,7501679.1150$11,86516144.1$21,615-683.33$20,138$41,753

    1765150$9,7501779.1150$11,86517144.1$21,615-777.12$30,673$52,288

    18202150$30,3001879.1150$11,86518281.1$42,165-763.95$30,153$72,318

    19217150$32,5501979.1150$11,86519296.1$44,415-725.85$28,649$73,064

    20217150$32,5502079.1150$11,86520296.1$44,415-736.28$20,601$65,016

    21257150$38,5502179.1150$11,86521336.1$50,415-735.89$20,590$71,005

    22257150$38,55022129.1150$19,36522386.1$57,915-683.46$19,123$77,038

    23170148$25,16023534.75148$79,14323704.75$104,303-727.5$36,375$140,678

    24150148$22,20024555.13148$82,15924705.13$104,359-788.08$78,808$183,167

    8553.91$1,247,547-16556.37$701,826$1,949,373

    Regulation down for 3-14-01

    NP15SP15ZP26

    HourProcured Capacity (MW)Capacity MCPHourProcured Capacity (MW)Capacity MCPHourProcured Capacity (MW)Capacity MCP

    1000.01-330.4150$16,5211-17950$8,950

    2000.02-376.5150$18,8262-17950$8,950

    3000.03-368.350$18,4153-17950$8,950

    4000.04-429.8650$21,4934-17950$8,950

    5-4060$2,4005-424.0660$25,4445-17860$10,680

    6-10060$6,0006-379.4660$22,7686-17860$10,680

    7-10050$5,0007-474.850$23,7407-17950$8,950

    8-25550$12,7508-351.8550$17,5938-17950$8,950

    9-27039.47$10,6579-263.7939.47$10,4129-23939.47$9,433

    10-27029.47$7,95710-234.9429.47$6,92410-22929.47$6,749

    11-27029.47$7,95711-182.1529.47$5,36811-22929.47$6,749

    12-27028.47$7,68712-172.7728.47$4,91912-23428.47$6,662

    13-25529.47$7,51513-186.3729.47$5,49213-23429.47$6,896

    14-25529.47$7,51514-182.5529.47$5,38014-23429.47$6,896

    15-25529.47$7,51515-174.0929.47$5,13015-23429.47$6,896

    16-25529.47$7,51516-194.3329.47$5,72716-23429.47$6,896

    17-27039.47$10,65717-273.1239.47$10,78017-23439.47$9,236

    18-31539.47$12,43318-254.9539.47$10,06318-19439.47$7,657

    19-28539.47$11,24919-246.8539.47$9,74319-19439.47$7,657

    20-275.2827.98$7,70220-21327.98$5,96020-24827.98$6,939

    21-219.8927.98$6,15321-26827.98$7,49921-24827.98$6,939

    22-167.4627.98$4,68622-26827.98$7,49922-24827.98$6,939

    23-11550$5,75023-433.550$21,67523-17950$8,950

    24000.024-609.08100$60,90824-179100$17,900

    Reg costs

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    00

    Total MW up

    Total MW dn

    Hour

    MW regulation capacity

    Regulation Procurement 3-14-01

    ACE Energy graph

    0

    0

    -0.0868561718

    -0.5139463292

    -1.1853796509

    -1.847819527

    -2.5295899365

    -3.1313791566

    -3.8977018648

    -4.7789372418

    -5.4693233993

    -6.1165889184

    -6.8547813495

    -7.4114863793

    -7.8463754098

    -8.4698684984

    -9.078340941

    -9.47518021

    -9.8340104924

    -10.2471783612

    -10.6965070168

    -11.2405765613

    -11.9278693808

    -12.5139057663

    -12.8917266501

    -13.4662252294

    -14.2771940099

    -15.0745652596

    -15.742794617

    -16.1635295312

    -16.578661312

    -17.1673457119

    -17.5336062193

    -17.5903525432

    -17.7335184919

    -18.2135309087

    -18.8322852108

    -19.3532452345

    -19.5580781168

    -19.5393425067

    -19.426719451

    -19.1992034144

    -19.0137222158

    -18.8164889627

    -18.5174787177

    -18.4979063961

    -18.9467427863

    -19.3757707887

    -19.5874998013

    -19.5549372964

    -19.2704322788

    -19.0713374429

    -18.9360532098

    -18.7065624317

    -18.5274477932

    -18.3193211635

    -18.0644884507

    -17.86340336

    -17.6214411603

    -17.4209058311

    -17.1920134624

    -16.8119647741

    -16.3723262337

    -16.0604107247

    -15.9771883673

    -16.094548689

    -16.1931477838

    -16.2001812802

    -16.149934978

    -15.8302683698

    -15.0997657749

    -14.1183783611

    -13.1631153504

    -12.3270810843

    -11.5513734579

    -10.7900879727

    -10.1980617709

    -9.66022239

    -8.9722681655

    -8.2274154001

    -7.504037812

    -6.9187611236

    -6.3764400456

    -5.6074288236

    -4.7115606493

    -3.9348703994

    -3.2702617407

    -2.4686447541

    -1.6933959511

    -1.2165427499

    -0.7633798149

    -0.2552907281

    0.1612186458

    0.6104236841

    1.249437801

    1.9597948737

    2.5187993818

    2.9601133585

    3.3530637344

    3.6532636351

    3.9772120608

    4.4842444128

    4.9749185589

    5.228721812

    5.4093059566

    5.4953906828

    5.3416169299

    5.240470073

    5.150012464

    4.9372475968

    4.8054030339

    4.8425674041

    5.1964792278

    5.6159395032

    5.9209308015

    6.2404744493

    6.5163306581

    6.8436079476

    7.0344358852

    7.0561636627

    7.1768132627

    7.4002110581

    7.6163562238

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    8.0163473652

    8.3857913435

    8.601580341

    8.7071694738

    8.979180489

    9.2799359368

    9.3819161567

    9.4095697158

    9.5147853315

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    10.1691260967

    10.5523372961

    10.806084558

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    11.3378733416

    11.5284611854

    11.5520366238

    11.5289886044

    11.4683503714

    11.4701415029

    11.5121677816

    11.721097874

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    12.1740819633

    12.4483921177

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    13.1708736122

    13.2390152739

    13.2598242144

    13.2119412866

    13.3273679011

    13.4154378593

    13.1681349138

    12.8103410211

    12.4071717282

    11.9938675053

    11.8983165125

    12.0319491115

    12.129426084

    12.3065511882

    12.4253889898

    12.404668153

    12.3840406789

    12.2514764607

    12.043137808

    11.8907246888

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    11.6512808197

    11.502429637

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    10.9441840152

    10.8236508879

    11.0965169675

    11.6065510624

    12.0508177631

    12.4850757367

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    12.9294314894

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    9.2969818519

    9.2915433228

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    8.7940619555

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    8.0159661591

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    17.999387155

    18.5470601049

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    20.4800151686

    21.0751592921

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    22.1824377345

    22.7701067044

    23.4891028159

    24.0172034548

    24.3115265813

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    32.7632933577

    32.8552601563

    33.0462696142

    33.2868917531

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    33.0782132215

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    35.2089848055

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    35.2916903165

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    40.1656304644

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    36.7285319613

    36.5403008799

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