Vertebrate ClassesVertebrate Classes

All in Chordate PhylumAll in Chordate Phylum11

All vertebrates have…All vertebrates have…

Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry

Fully developed coelom with organsFully developed coelom with organs

Closed circulatory systemClosed circulatory system

Endoskeleton with spinal cordEndoskeleton with spinal cord

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Vertebrate ClassesVertebrate Classes

FishFish AmphibiansAmphibians ReptilesReptiles BirdsBirds MammalsMammals

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Orders of FishOrders of Fish

Lamprey and hagfish (jawless)

bony fish

Shark (cartilage)44

Lampreys/HagfishLampreys/HagfishJawless FishJawless Fish

Lampreys attach to fish-parasitesLampreys attach to fish-parasites Have “round sucker like mouths”Have “round sucker like mouths”

• Hagfish are Hagfish are ScavengersScavengers of dead and dying of dead and dying fish on ocean bottomfish on ocean bottom

Sharks, Skates, RaysSharks, Skates, Rays

• JawsJaws

• The shark’s mouth has 6 to The shark’s mouth has 6 to 20 rows of 20 rows of backward-pointing teethbackward-pointing teeth

• Some Some can detect bloodcan detect blood from an injured from an injured animal as far as 500 miles away animal as far as 500 miles away

• No swim bladderNo swim bladder66

Bony FishBony Fish

Most are familiar fishes and include Most are familiar fishes and include snake-like eels, salmon, trout, bass, snake-like eels, salmon, trout, bass, herring, tallapia and lantern fishherring, tallapia and lantern fish

(most fish we eat)(most fish we eat)

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Bony FishBony Fish

Fishes are the Fishes are the most numerous of all most numerous of all vertebratesvertebrates and most widespread in and most widespread in their distributiontheir distribution

EctothermicEctothermic

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Obtain OxygenObtain Oxygen Fish obtain OFish obtain O2 2 through their gillsthrough their gills

Fish can extract 85 % of the Fish can extract 85 % of the oxygen passing over the gillsoxygen passing over the gills

Blood goes to the gills, is oxygenated and sent to all parts of the body

Single loop circulation in fish

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•Fish have a two chambered heart. •This is efficient for the fish since it is in water, but would not work for land animals who need more energy.

2 chamber heart2 chamber heart

The disadvantage of a 2 chambered The disadvantage of a 2 chambered heart is its heart is its slowslow delivery delivery

MUCH more energy required to move MUCH more energy required to move on land (or in air) = more Oon land (or in air) = more O2 2 needed needed

fasterfaster

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Fish ReproductionFish Reproduction

Usually external fertilization Large numbers of eggs are fertilized Large numbers of eggs are fertilized

during during SpawningSpawning – when fish reproduce – when fish reproduce

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Sockeye Salmon

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Cartilage FishCartilage Fish

Ectothermic Ectothermic Sharks, Skates and Rays fertilization is Sharks, Skates and Rays fertilization is

internal-most are born liveinternal-most are born live

Some sharks lay eggsSome sharks lay eggs

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Barndoor skate (Dipturus laevis)

Skate

Variety of RaysVariety of Rays

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There are many different types of rays including stingrays, electric rays, butterfly rays, round rays, manta rays, guitarfish, and sawfish.

Early aquatic adaptationsEarly aquatic adaptations

Teeth (everyone) – evolved from skinTeeth (everyone) – evolved from skin

Shift from scavenging Shift from scavenging

to predation (lampreys)to predation (lampreys)

JawsJaws (sharks and bony fish) (sharks and bony fish)

provide biting forceprovide biting force

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Later aquatic adaptationsLater aquatic adaptations Bony fish evolve Bony fish evolve swim bladderswim bladder

This is an air bag that allows fish to move This is an air bag that allows fish to move up and down in water-called buoyancyup and down in water-called buoyancy

sharks sink when not swimmingsharks sink when not swimming

Swim bladder adapted to be lungs on Swim bladder adapted to be lungs on landland

Transitional fish / Transitional fish / amphibian?amphibian?

Tiktaalik roseaeTiktaalik roseae

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AmphibiansAmphibians

Frog

Salamander

2020Toad

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Amphibians on landAmphibians on land

Four legs are an adaptation to walk on land-Four legs are an adaptation to walk on land-These are adapted fish fins at right angles These are adapted fish fins at right angles from bodyfrom body

Ectotherms- Body temperature the same as Ectotherms- Body temperature the same as the surrounding temperature.the surrounding temperature.

Hibernate or Estivate depending on climateHibernate or Estivate depending on climate

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3 Chamber Heart3 Chamber Heart

2 atria – 1 from body 2 atria – 1 from body (deoxygenated), 1 from (deoxygenated), 1 from lungs (oxygenated)lungs (oxygenated)

1 ventricle – pumps blood 1 ventricle – pumps blood to lungs and bodyto lungs and body

OO22 through lungs through lungs andand moist moist

skin called coetaneous skin called coetaneous respirationrespiration

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3 chamber heart3 chamber heart

AdvantageAdvantage of a 3 chambered heart of a 3 chambered heartBlood getting to body cells faster Blood getting to body cells faster (heart pumps directly to body)(heart pumps directly to body)

DisadvantageDisadvantage of a 3 chambered heart: of a 3 chambered heart: Deoxygenated blood mixes with Deoxygenated blood mixes with oxygenated blood in atriaoxygenated blood in atria

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Amphibian Reproduction Amphibian Reproduction

MustMust live near water for 2 reasons live near water for 2 reasons

1) External fertilization - Reproduce in water 1) External fertilization - Reproduce in water (lay eggs there)(lay eggs there)

egg egg tadpole tadpole young frog young frog adult adult

Called Metamorphosis Called Metamorphosis

2) Go to water to keep skin moist 2) Go to water to keep skin moist

to obtain oxygento obtain oxygen

Bullfrogs Eat Everything

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ReptilesReptiles

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ReptilesReptiles

turtle

snake

crocodile

Adaptation-Claws Adaptation-Claws

Strong, bony skeletons Strong, bony skeletons and toes with and toes with clawsclaws

ClawsClaws-aid in climbing, -aid in climbing, digging and movement in digging and movement in various terrainsvarious terrains

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More Reptile More Reptile AdaptationsAdaptations

Adaptations evolved which allow reptiles Adaptations evolved which allow reptiles to live totally on to live totally on landland..

1) 1) ScalesScales to prevent water loss to prevent water loss

2) The 2) The most importantmost important adaptation for living on land adaptation for living on land is theis the

amniotic egg amniotic egg

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Reptilian ScalesReptilian Scales

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EggsEggs

Amniotic eggAmniotic egg – has all the water and – has all the water and nutrients inside for embryo to survivenutrients inside for embryo to survive

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Reptile limitationsReptile limitations

Disadvantage of Ectothermy:Disadvantage of Ectothermy:

1.1. Must live in warm areasMust live in warm areas

2.2. Cannot be active at nightCannot be active at night

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Regulating Body Regulating Body TemperatureTemperature

EctothermEctotherm (“cold-blooded”) – (“cold-blooded”) –

animal does animal does notnot maintain a constant maintain a constant body temperature body temperature

Outside Temp = Body TempOutside Temp = Body Temp

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EctothermyEctothermy

•Become sluggish in very cold temperature

•Bask in the sun or seek shade 3636

EctothermyEctothermy

AdvantagesAdvantages No energy used to No energy used to

keep warm keep warm

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Restricted to warm Restricted to warm

climates onlyclimates only Active only during Active only during

dayday

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3838

HeartHeart

1.1. Heart of most Reptiles-3 chambersHeart of most Reptiles-3 chambers

2.2. Disadvantage: Oxygenated and Disadvantage: Oxygenated and Deoxygenated blood mixes-less Deoxygenated blood mixes-less efficientefficient

3.3. Crocodiles and alligators Crocodiles and alligators

have a ventricle that is totally separated have a ventricle that is totally separated into two pumping chambers-4 into two pumping chambers-4 chamberschambers

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CirculationCirculation

Double loop circulationDouble loop circulation

Transitional bird / reptileTransitional bird / reptile

ArchaeopteryxArchaeopteryx

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BirdsBirds

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BirdsBirds

Adaptations for Adaptations for Flight: Flight: Feathers, Feathers, wings, hollow bones wings, hollow bones

Adaptation for living Adaptation for living on land:on land:

Amniotic Egg like Amniotic Egg like reptilesreptiles

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EndothermyEndothermy EndothermEndotherm (“warm-blooded”) (“warm-blooded”)

keeping a constant body keeping a constant body temperaturetemperature

Advantages:Advantages: Can be active even in colder biomesCan be active even in colder biomes Can be active at night Can be active at night (nocturnal predators)(nocturnal predators)

Disadvantages:Disadvantages: Requires Requires lotslots of energy of energy ((mustmust find food often) find food often) 4343

Hummingbirds

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4 chamber heart4 chamber heart

2 atria – 1 from body (deoxygenated), 1 from lungs (oxygenated)

2 ventricles – 1 pumps to lungs , 1 pumps to body

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4 chamber heart4 chamber heart

Even more energy needed for cellsEven more energy needed for cells Birds = energy for flightBirds = energy for flight Mammals = energy for large brainsMammals = energy for large brains

NO mixture of blood in 4 chamber NO mixture of blood in 4 chamber heartheart

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Digestive and Excretory Digestive and Excretory systemsystem

Food passes from the Food passes from the mouth cavity straight mouth cavity straight to the esophagus.to the esophagus.

The The cropcrop stores and stores and moistens food.moistens food.

Then passes through Then passes through the the gizzardgizzard, a muscular , a muscular organ that kneads and organ that kneads and crushes the foodcrushes the food

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Air enters nostrils at base of Air enters nostrils at base of beakbeakDown trachea past song Down trachea past song boxboxenters two primary enters two primary bronchiibronchiito lungsto lungs

75% bypasses the lungs and 75% bypasses the lungs and flows directly to posterior to flows directly to posterior to sacssacssacs connect with air sacs connect with air spaces in bones, filling the spaces in bones, filling the hollow bones with air.hollow bones with air.

When bird exhales the carbon When bird exhales the carbon dioxide rich air from the lungs, dioxide rich air from the lungs, oxygen rich air is forced out of oxygen rich air is forced out of the posterior air sacs into lungs.the posterior air sacs into lungs.

Adapations for FlightAdapations for Flight

Air sacs Air sacs allow birds to take in more allow birds to take in more oxygen for cellular respirationoxygen for cellular respiration

Hollow bones Hollow bones is a adaptation to decrease is a adaptation to decrease weight take in more oxygen for cellular weight take in more oxygen for cellular respiration.respiration.

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Transitional reptile / Transitional reptile / mammalmammal

Egg-laying Mammals or Monotremes Egg-laying Mammals or Monotremes

PlatypusPlatypus

EchidnaEchidna

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5252

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Evolution andEvolution andAdaptationsAdaptations

Mammals belong

to the class Mammalia, which includes 4000 species

Most dominant land animals on earth.

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Circulatory SystemCirculatory System

Mammalian Mammalian heart has 4 heart has 4 chamberschambers

Mammals have Mammals have a muscle , the a muscle , the diaphragm diaphragm that aids in that aids in lung lung breathingbreathing

5555

Adaptations that distinguish Mammals Adaptations that distinguish Mammals from other vertebrates:from other vertebrates:

1.1.Hair which helps in insulation Hair which helps in insulation 2.2.Mammary glands that produce milk for the Mammary glands that produce milk for the

young.young.

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MammalsMammals 19 orders of mammals19 orders of mammals 17 nourish unborn young by the 17 nourish unborn young by the

placenta placenta The others are: egg laying The others are: egg laying

Monotremes Monotremes and and MarsupialsMarsupials

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MarsupialsMarsupials Marsupials give birth to tiny Marsupials give birth to tiny

immature young that crawl to immature young that crawl to a a pouchpouch on the mothers belly on the mothers belly immediately after they are immediately after they are born.born.

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Characteristics of Characteristics of Placental Mammals Placental Mammals

Placental mammals carry unborn Placental mammals carry unborn young in the uterus until young can young in the uterus until young can survive in the wild. survive in the wild.

Oxygen and nutrients are transferred Oxygen and nutrients are transferred from mother’s blood to baby’s bloodfrom mother’s blood to baby’s blood

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Placental CharacteristicsPlacental Characteristics

TheThe placentaplacenta is a is a membrane providing membrane providing oxygen and nutrients and oxygen and nutrients and removal of COremoval of CO22 and waste and waste between the mother and between the mother and developing youngdeveloping young

Gestation period Gestation period is the is the time which mammals time which mammals develop in mother’s uterusdevelop in mother’s uterus

MammalsMammals

Also endothermicAlso endothermic Hair helps to insulate, maintain internal Hair helps to insulate, maintain internal

body temperaturebody temperature

6060Paraguaian Hairy Dwarf Porcupine

Hairy Armadillo

Hairy Saki-Monkey

MammalsMammals Large brain sizeLarge brain size (learning / communicating) (learning / communicating)

Disadvantage:Disadvantage: longer time needed for brain longer time needed for brain developmentdevelopment

Solution:Solution: longer gestation period in mom and longer gestation period in mom and intensive parental care early on (including milk intensive parental care early on (including milk from mammary glands)from mammary glands)

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The EndThe End

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