VERTEBRATE PESTICIDES

VERTEBRATE PESTICIDES

G-1 Registered Vertebrate Pesticides William W. Jacobs

G-23 Description of Active Ingredients Robert M. Timm

G-24 AcroleinG-25 Aluminum PhosphideG-26 AnticoagulantsG-30 Avitrol®G-32 Bone Tar OilG-33 BromethalinG-34 CapsaicinG-35 Alpha-ChloraloseG-36 ChloropicrinG-37 CholecalciferolG-38 Denatonium SaccharideG-39 Egg Solids, PutrescentG-40 Fatty Acids (various compounds)G-41 FenthionG-42 Gas CartridgesG-43 Methyl AnthranilateG-44 Methyl BromideG-46 NaphthaleneG-47 Red SquillG-48 Sodium CyanideG-49 Sodium FluoroacetateG-52 Starlicide®G-54 StrychnineG-56 ThiramG-57 Zinc PhosphideG-60 Ziram

G-63 Poison Control Centers Blain (Jess) Benson

G-67 Sample Labels of Representative Products Scott E. Hygnstrom

G-69 Avitrol®

G-70 ReJeX-iTTM AG-36G-71 ReJeX-iTTM TP-40G-72 ReJeX-iTTM AP-50G-73 Tanglefoot® Bird RepellentG-74 Alpha-ChloraloseG-78 Rid-A-Bird® Perch 1100 SolutionG-79 PurinaTM StarlicideTM CompleteG-80 Compound DRC-1339 Concentrate - FeedlotsG-82 Compound DRC-1339 98% Concentrate - PigeonsG-84 1339 Gull Toxicant 98% ConcentrateG-85 Compound DRC-1339 98% Concentrate - Livestock DepredationsG-87 Hinder® Deer and Rabbit RepellentG-89 Millere® Hot Sauce® Animal RepellentG-90 Ro-pel® Animal, Rodent and Bird RepellentG-91 Ro-pel® Garbage ProtectorTM

(continued)

G-92 Bonide® Dogzix Dog and Cat RepellentG-93 SudburyTM Chaperone® Squirrel and Bat RepellentG-94 Eaton’s® 4 the SquirrelTM RepellentG-95 Deer-Away® Big Game RepellentG-96 Gustafson Thiram 42-SG-98 NOTT Chew-Not Animal RepellentG-99 F & B® Rabbit & Dog Chaser

G-100 Earl May® Rabbit ScatG-101 Talon®-G Rodenticide Bait Pack (Pellets)G-102 Contrac® RodenticideG-103 Maki® Mini-BlockG-104 PurinaTM Mouse-A-RestTM PelletsG-105 Eaton’s® AC90TM RodenticideG-106 Rozol® Rat and Mouse KillerG-107 Rozol® Pocket Gopher BaitG-108 Ditrac® Tracking PowderG-109 Ditrac® Rat & Mouse BaitG-110 Eaton’s® All-Weather Bait Blocks®G-111 Liqua-Tox II®G-112 Ramik® GreenG-113 Rodere Paraffinized Rat BaitG-114 Eaton’s® AnswerTM for Pocket GophersG-115 Eaton’s® A-C 50TM RodenticideG-116 Final® Rat & Mouse BaitG-117 PurinaTM Rat Control PelletsG-118 RodexTM BloxTM-1G-119 PurinaTM Assault Rat Place PackG-120 Quintox® Rat and Mouse BaitG-121 M-44 Cyanide CapsulesG-122 Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Livestock Protection CollarG-123 0.5% Strychnine S.R.O. Pocket Gopher BaitG-124 Petersens Pocket Gopher Killer IG-125 Wilco Gopher Getter AG BaitG-126 Bonide® Moletox IIG-127 Bonide® Orchard Mouse BaitG-128 Ridall-ZincTM Tracking PowderG-129 Roban II AgG-130 Zinc Phosphide on Wheat for Mouse ControlG-132 Zinc Phosphide Concentrate for Muskrat and Nutria ControlG-134 Zinc Phosphide Prairie Dog BaitG-135 ZP® Rodent Bait AGG-136 ZP® Rodent Bait Place PackG-137 ZP® Tracking PowderG-138 Phostoxin®G-140 Chlor-o-pic®G-141 ChloropicrinG-142 Brom-o-gas®G-145 The Giant Destroyer®G-147 Gas Cartridge for Woodchucks, Ground Squirrels, Prairie Dogs and Pocket GophersG-148 Gas Cartridge for CoyotesG-149 Snake-A-Way® Snake Repellent

G-151 Index, Chemical and Trade Names Scott E. Hygnstrom

G-155 Index, Target Species Scott E. Hygnstrom

PESTICIDESFEDERALLYREGISTERED FORCONTROL OFTERRESTRIALVERTEBRATE PESTS

William W. JacobsRegistration DivisionOffice of Pesticide ProgramsUS Environmental

Protection AgencyWashington, DC 20460

This report lists the pesticide formula-tions federally registered for use incontrolling vertebrate organisms dis-cussed in this manual. The tableswhich follow indicate the chemicalsregistered, the types of formulationsavailable, the number of registeredproducts (as of winter 1993) for eachtype of formulation, and significantspecial factors which must be consid-ered prior to using a particular type ofproduct.

Species which represent closely relatedtaxonomic groups or similar classes ofpests may be listed in the same table.For example the Norway rat, the roofrat, and the house mouse are placed inone table because they are closelyrelated and many labels bear claimsfor control of all three species. Simi-larly, products bearing claims for con-trol of ground squirrels are listed in asingle table even though some labelsclaim control of only one or two types.Although these factors have resultedin some adjustments, the order inwhich registered formulations arelisted generally follows the table ofcontents of this manual (Table 1).

PR

CoInUn

UnAnAn

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Tables 2 through 23 below do notinclude products registered, underSection 24(c) of the Federal Insecticide,Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act(FIFRA), for use in individual statesbecause of special local needs. Themost common Special Local Needsregistrations for controlling vertebratepests are chlorophacinone anddiphacinone baits used in post-harvestapplications to control voles in or-chards or to control ground squirrels.State agencies responsible for regulat-ing pesticides and extension specialistscan provide information on the prod-ucts available only in their states. Cali-fornia residents may consult theircounty agricultural commissioners.

The tables also do not list productswhich have been or are currently avail-able under the emergency exemptionprovisions (Section 18) of FIFRA.Extension specialists can provideinformation on products which aretemporarily available for emergencysituations.

Federal registration certifies that it islegal to market and use the product inquestion in the United States, subject

EVENTION AND CONTROL OF WILDLI

operative Extension Divisionstitute of Agriculture and Natural Resourcesiversity of Nebraska - Lincoln

ited States Department of Agricultureimal and Plant Health Inspection Serviceimal Damage Control

eat Plains Agricultural Councilildlife Committee

to the conditions and restrictions stipu-lated on the approved label. Federalregistration does not guarantee that aparticular chemical or product will beavailable throughout the United Statesor even that the product will actuallybe marketed. If a particular productcannot be found in a local outlet, themanufacturer should be contacted. Ifthe name of the manufacturer is notknown, it can be obtained from yourlocal extension specialist or fromProduct Management Team 14, Regis-tration Division (H7505C), Office ofPesticide Programs, US EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Washington, DC20460.

Federal registration does not guaran-tee that a particular pesticide will beeffective in controlling a specific pestin every possible situation. This hand-book offers guidance for selecting theproper course of action for resolving aparticular problem. The product labelprovides directions for using the prod-uct to your best advantage in anenvironmentally safe manner. Usersshould read labels carefully beforeproceeding, and should consult with

G-1

FE DAMAGE — 1994

G-

Animal Type(s) Table Number

Beavers 2Chipmunks 13Gophers, Pocket 3Mice, Deer 6Mice, Harvest NoneMice, House 4Mice, Pocket 6Mice, White-footed 6Mountain Beavers NoneMuskrats 7Nutria 7Porcupines 8Prairie Dogs 9Rats, Cotton 10Rats, Kangaroo 10Rats, Norway 4Rats, Polynesian 5Rats, Roof 4Rats, Water 10Woodrats 10Squirrels, Ground 11Squirrels, Tree 14Voles 6Woodchucks 12Badgers NoneBears NoneBobcats NoneHouse Cats 15

Animal Type(s) Table Number

Coyotes 16Dogs 15, 16Foxes 16Mink NoneMountain Lions NoneRaccoons NoneRiver Otters NoneSkunks 17Weasels NoneWolves NoneArmadillos NoneBats 18Deer 19Elk 19Moles 20Opossums NonePronghorn Antelope NonePigs, Wild NoneRabbits 21Hares 21Shrews NoneBirds 22Alligators NoneCrayfish NoneFrogs & Toads NoneSalamanders NoneSnakes 23Turtles None

Table 1. Tables where federally registered pesticide formulations forcontrolling terrestrial vertebrates can be found.

extension agents if any questionsremain after the appropriate section ofthis manual and the product label havebeen read.

In the tables which follow, mostproducts are identified as “baits.”“Baits” are formulations which aredesigned to be consumed by the targetpests. Baits may be “dry” formulationssuch as whole grains or pelleted grainmixtures treated with a toxicant, orliquid formulations to be presented fortarget organisms to drink. “Weather-resistant” baits are dry baits treatedwith a material such as paraffin whichis intended to make the baits resistantto the effects of excessive moistureand/or heat.

“Technical” products consist of theactive ingredient in pure or relativelypure form. Technicals are usually soldfor manufacturing purposes only, butthere are a few (see Tables 2 through23) which can legally be mixed intobaits or other types of formulationsand applied as pest control agents.Tables 2 through 23 list the availabletechnical vertebrate pesticide formula-tions only once. Technicals are listedwith products for control of commen-sal rodents (Table 4), unless the chemi-cal in question is not registered forcontrol of Norway rats, roof rats, orhouse mice. Other technicals are alsolisted once — under the heading forthe type of pests which comprise theprincipal vertebrate target speciesgrouping for the chemicals in question.Technicals bearing use claims arelisted in tables for each pest typeclaimed.

Products identified as “concentrates”are formulated with active ingredientstrengths lower than those found intechnicals but higher than the concen-trations which are used in pest controlapplications. Concentrates are of twotypes. One type is sold for manufactur-ing or formulating purposes only. Thelabels for these products bear no usedirections. It is unlawful to use suchproducts directly in pest control opera-tions. Such concentrates can be formu-lated into products which can beregistered and sold as pesticides. Thesecond type of concentrate bears label

2

directions for mixing and applying theproduct. In vertebrate pest control, thistype of concentrate enables the experi-enced worker to mix baits suited to thecontrol of a particular infestation.

“Restricted Use Pesticides” areproducts which may be used only bypersons who have been trained andcertified to use them. Nearly allpesticide-user certification programsare run by state governments. A pesti-cide may be classified as “restricted”because the US Environmental Protec-tion Agency has determined that theproduct is highly toxic and must behandled especially carefully or thatspecial training is necessary to ensurethat the material is used effectively orin a safe manner.

Other significant terms in the tablesare consistent with their use elsewherein this manual.

Within a species grouping, productsare classed under use category head-ings such as “Toxicant,” “Fumigant,”and “Repellent.” In some cases, prod-

ucts of different formulations or evendifferent chemical compositions havebeen grouped together as one tableentry. Such grouping has occurred forgas cartridge fumigants with morethan one product for a species or typeand for “polybutene” bird repellents.

The abbreviation “Conc.” in Tables 2through 23 stands for “concentration.”

In Tables 2 through 23, the columntitled “Use Considerations andRestrictions” highlights factors thatmust be considered in determiningwhether a product is appropriate foruse in a given situation. These limita-tions are fully explained on productlabels. Do not use any pesticide untilyou have thoroughly read and under-stood its label.

Acknowledgments

The author wishes to thank WilliamErickson and Barbara Madden for as-sistance in updating the lists of verte-brate pesticides.

Table 2. Pesticide federally registered to repel beavers.

DENATONIUM SACCHARIDEConc. Product Form No. of Use Considerations and Restrictions

Products

0.065%* Liquid 1 Taste repellent used to protect trees, poles, fences, siding,outdoor furniture, shrubs, ornamentals, grass, flowers, andgarbage

* Also contains 0.035% thymol

Table 3. Pesticides federally registered to control pocket gophers.

TOXICANTS

CHLOROPHACINONE (RoZol)

Conc. Product Form Species No. of Use Considerations and RestrictionsProducts

0.005% Dry bait Geomys spp. 1 Subterranean applicationsThomomys spp.

DIPHACINONE (Eaton’s Answer)


0.005% Dry bait Geomys bursarius 1 Subterranean applications(block) Thomomys bottae

T. talpoidesT. mazamaT. bulbivorousT. monticolaT. townsendii

STRYCHNINE ALKALOID

Conc. Product Form Species No. of Use Considerations and Restrictions*Products

0.25%-0.5% Dry baits Geomys spp. 5 Manual subterranean applications onlyThomomys spp.

0.35% Dry bait Unspecified 1 Manual subterranean applications only

0.5% Dry baits Plains 2 Manual subterranean applications onlyDesertYellow-facedNorthernSouthernMazamaMountainTownsend’sBottaCamas

0.31%-0.5% Dry baits Geomys spp. 3 Restricted Use PesticidesThomomys spp. Subterranean applications

0.5% Dry baits Thomomys spp. 2 Restricted Use PesticidesSubterranean applications

0.5% Dry baits Plains 2 Restricted Use PesticidesYellow-faced Subterranean applicationsNorthernSouthernMazamaMountainTownsend’sBottaCamas

0.35% Dry bait Unspecified 1 Restricted Use PesticideSubterranean applications

98.4%-100% Technical 1 Manufacturing use

* Strychnine alkaloid pocket gopher baits are classified as “Restricted Use Pesticides” if their labels permit applications by machine-drawn burrowbuilders. All strychnine alkaloid pocket gopher baits must be applied underground.

G-3

G

Table 3. (Continued)

ZINC PHOSPHIDE


2% Dry baits Geomys spp. 6 Subterranean use(bulk) Thomomys spp.

2% Dry bait Geomys spp. 1 Subterranean use(placepack) Thomomys spp.

2% Dry baits Geomys bursarius 2 Restricted Use Pesticides*Geomys pinetisPappogeomys castanopsThomomys spp.

* Products are classified as “Restricted Use Pesticides” due to directions on labels for using burrow builders and claims for control of species other thanpocket gophers for which zinc phosphide baits are “restricted.”

FUMIGANTS

ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE (Phostoxin)


55%-60% Tablets, Unspecified 16 Restricted Use PesticidesPellets, or for treating burrowsBags

GAS CARTRIDGES (many active ingredients)


Various Ignitable Unspecified 4 For treating burrowscartridges

-4

Table 4. Pesticides federally registered to control commensal rodents: Norway rats, roof rats, house mice.

CHRONIC TOXICANTSBRODIFACOUM (Talon) - 3-[3-(4'-bromo[l,l’-biphenyl]4-yl)-l,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-l-naphthalenyl]4-hydroxy-2H-l-benzopyran-2-one

Conc. Product Form No. of Species Claimed Use Considerations and RestrictionsProducts Norway Roof House

rat rat mouse

0.005% Dry baits (bulk) 7 X X X In and around buildings

0.005% Dry baits (in 14 X X X In and around buildingsplacepacks)

0.005% Dry baits (in 2 X X X In and around buildingsbait trays)

0.005% Dry baits (in 4 X In and around buildingsnonprotectivebait dispensers)

0.005% Dry bait (in 1 X In and around buildingstamper-resistantbait stations)

0.005% Weather-resistant 2 X X X In and around buildings, sewersbaits

0.25% Concentrate 1 Formulating use

90% Technical 1 Manufacturing use

BROMADIOLONE (Maki, Contrac) - 3-[3-(4'-bromo[l,l’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-l-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-l-benzopyran-2-one


rat rat mouse

0.005% Dry baits (bulk) 7 X X X In and around urban buildings;indoor use only in other areas

0.005% Dry bait (bulk) 1 X In and around urban buildings.Indoor use only in other areas.

0.005% Dry baits (in placepacks) 5 X X X In and around urban buildings.Indoor use only in other areas.

0.005% Dry bait (in non- 1 X In and around urban buildings.protective bait Indoor use only in other areas.dispensers)

0.005% Weather-resistant 3 X X X In and around urban buildings.baits Indoor use only in other areas.

1.0% Concentrates 2 Formulating use

93.5%-96.5% Technicals 2 Manufacturing use

CALCIUM SALT OF PMP - 2-isovaleryl-1,3-indandione, calcium salt


rat rat mouse

2.18% Tracking powder 1 X X X

CHLOROPHACINONE (RoZol) - 2-[(p-chlorophenyl)phenylacetyl]-1,3-indandione


rat rat mouse

0.005% Dry baits (bulk) 5 X X X

0.005% Dry baits 2 X X X

0.005% Weather-resistant 1 X X Xbait

0.2% Tracking powders 2 X X X Restricted Use Pesticides

0.28% Mineral oil 1 X X X For mixing dry baitsconcentrate

2% Concentrate 1 Formulating use

96.03% Technical 1 Manufacturing use

G-5

G-6


CHOLECALCIFEROL* (Quintox) 9,10-seocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trein-3-betaol


rat rat mouse

0.075% Dry bait (bulk) 1 X X X In and around buildings

0.075% Dry bait (bulk) 1 X In and around buildings

0.075% Dry bait 1 X X X In and around buildings(placepacks)

0.075% Dry bait 1 X In and around buildings(placepacks)

* Cholecalciferol is the only chronic poison listed in this table that is not an anticoagulant.

DIPHACINONE (Ditrac, Ramik) - 2-(diphenylacetyl)-l,3-indandione


rat rat mouse


0.005% Dry baits (in 6 X X Xplacepacks)

0.005% Dry bait (in 1 Xnon-protectivebait stations)

0.005% Weather-resistant 13 X X X Can be used indry baits damp/moist areas

0.005% Weather-resistant 11 X X Can be used indry baits damp/moist areas

0.1% Concentrates 3 X X X Mixing dry baits

0.1% Concentrates 2 X X X Manufacturing use

0.2% Tracking powders 2 X X X Restricted Use Pesticides

2.0% Concentrate 1 Formulating use

98.0%-98.6% Technicals 3 Manufacturing use

SODIUM SALT OF DIPHACINONE

0.1% Concentrate 1 X X X Mixing dry baits

0.106% Concentrates 2 X X X Mixing liquid baits

PIVALYL (Pival, Pindone) - 2-pivalyl-l,3-indandione


rat rat mouse


0.025% Dry baits 2 X X

0.30% Concentrate 1 X X X Mixing liquid and dry baits


100% Technical 1 Manufacturing use

SODIUM SALT OF PIVALYL

0.14% Concentrates 2 X X X Mixing liquid baits

1.5% Concentrate 1 X X X Mixing liquid baits

100% Technical 1 Formulation use

PIVALYL AND SODIUM SALT OF PIVALYL MIXTURE

0.11% Dry bait 1 X X XPivalyl0.15%Sodium salt


WARFARIN - 3-(αα-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin


rat rat mouse

0.025% Dry baits (bulk) 23 X X X In and around buildings

0.025% Dry bait (bulk) 1 X In and around buildings

0.025% Dry baits (in 4 X X X In and around buildingsplacepacks)

0.025% Dry baits (in 2 X X X In and around buildingsbait trays)

0.025% Dry bait (in 1 X X Xnonprotectivebait stations)

0.025% Weather resistant 1 X X X In and around buildings and insewers

0.054% Dry bait (in 1 X In and around buildingsnonprotectivebait stations)

0.3% Concentrate 1 X X X Mixing dry baits


0.5% Concentrates 4 Formulating use

5% Concentrate 1 Manufacturing use

50% Technical 1 Manufacturing use(encapsulated)

99.9%-100% Technicals 5 Manufacturing use

SODIUM SALT OF WARFARIN

0.54% Concentrate 1 X X X Mixing liquid baits

ACUTE TOXICANTSBROMETHALIN (Assault, Vengeance) - N-methyl-2,4-dinitro-N-(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine


rat rat mouse

0.005% Dry bait (bulk) 1 X X In and around buildings, alleys

0.01% Dry baits (bulk) 2 X X X In and around buildings, alleys

0.01% Dry bait (bulk) 1 X In and around buildings, alleys

0.01% Dry baits (in 3 X X X In and around buildings, alleysplacepacks)

0.01% Dry bait (in 1 X X In and around buildings, alleysplacepacks)

0.01% Dry bait (in 1 X In and around buildings, alleysplacepacks)

0.01% Dry bait (in 1 X Indoor use onlynonprotectivebait stations)

0.01% Weather-resistant 1 X X In and around buildings, alleysbait

1.5% Concentrate 1 Formulating Use

2% Concentrate 1 Formulating Use

G-7

G-


RED SQUILL


rat rat mouse

10% Bait in caulking tube 1 X X

ZINC PHOSPHIDE

Conc. Product Form No. of Species Claimed Use ConsiderationsProducts Norway Roof House and Restrictions

rat rat mouse

1.0% Dry bait 1 X X X Restricted UsePesticide - structural

1.88%-2% Dry baits 2 X X X Restricted UsePesticides - sugarcane

1.88%-2% Dry baits 5 X X X Restricted UsePesticides - sugarcane and other uses

1.88%-2% Dry baits 3 X X X Structural uses only

2% Dry bait 1 X X Structural uses only

2% Dry bait 1 X X X Restricted UsePesticide - structural

10% Tracking powders 2 X Restricted UsePesticides - indoor use

63.2% Concentrate 1 X X Restricted UsePesticide for making baits

74.7% Concentrate 1 X X X Restricted UsePesticide for making baits

80%-94% Technicals 2 X X X Restricted UsePesticides for making baits

80%-94% Technicals 5 Manufacturing use

FUMIGANTSALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE (Phostoxin)


rat rat mouse

55%-60% Tablets, pellets, 18 X X X Restricted Use Pesticides foror bags treating burrows

CHLOROPICRIN (Chlor-o-pic)

99% Liquids 2 X X X Restricted Use Pesticides fortreating structures

GAS CARTRIDGES (Many active ingredients)

Various Ignitable 2 X For treating burrowscartridges w/fuse

METHYL BROMIDE (Brom-o-gas)

98%-100%* Gases 16 X X X Restricted Use Pesticides fortreating structures

* Some products contain small amounts of chloropicrin.

REPELLENTDENATONIUM SACCHARIDE (Ro-pel)

0.065%* Liquid 1 X X X Taste repellent used on trees,poles, fences, shrubs, garbage, andother objects


8

Table 5. Pesticides federally registered to control polynesian rats.*

ACUTE TOXICANT

ZINC PHOSPHIDE

Conc. Product Form No. of Products Use Restrictions and Considerations

1.88%-2% Dry baits** 5 Restricted Use Pesticides for use in sugarcane fields

* In the United States, this species is found only in Hawaii.** Prebaiting is recommended.

Table 6. Pesticides federally registered to control native mice (voles, deer mice, and others)

TOXICANTSZINC PHOSPHIDE


1.0% Dry bait Meadow voles 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for post-harvest use in orchardsPine voles and other sites

1.82% Dry bait Voles (Microtus spp.) 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for post-harvest use in orchardsand noncrop areas

1.82% Dry bait Meadow voles 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for post-harvest use in orchardsPrairie voles and other sitesPine volesWhite-footed mice


2.0% Dry bait Meadow voles 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for post-harvest use in applePine voles orchards

2.0% Dry bait Microtus spp. 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for use in grape vineyards,Peromyscus spp. orchards, and other sites

2.0% Dry baits Meadow voles 3 Restricted Use Pesticides for post-harvest use in orchardsPine voles and other sitesWhite-footed mice


2.0% Dry bait Meadow voles 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for post-harvest use in orchardsPine voles and other sitesWhite-footed micePocket mice

2.0% Dry baits Meadow voles 3 Restricted Use Pesticides for use in grape vineyards,Prairie voles orchards, and other sitesPine volesWhite-footed miceMeadow jumping mice

62% Concentrate “Orchard mice” 1 For making baits with “cubed apples”

63.2% Concentrate Meadow voles 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for making baits withPine voles “cubed apples” for post-harvest use in orchardsWhite-footed mice

G-9

G-1


FUMIGANTS

ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE (Phostoxin)


55%- Tablets, pellets, Voles 16 Restricted Use Pesticides60% or bags for treating burrows

REPELLENTS

CAPSAICIN


2.5% Liquid Meadow voles 1 Ornamental trees, shrubs, dormant fruit and nut trees,Pine voles vines, and certain crops

THIRAM


7% Liquids “Meadow mice” 2 Ornamental plants and trees

20% Liquid “Meadow mice” 3 Nursery stock, ornamentals, fruit trees, and other sitesconcentrates

NOTE: Labels vary in the use of common or scientific names for native mice. This table generally portrays species claims as they appear on the labels.Scientific names are used in this table only if common names for species do not appear on labels. The term “pine vole” refers to Microtus (orPitymys) pinetorum. “Meadow vole” technically refers only to Microtus pennsylvanicus, but at times has been applied to other Microtus species(except M. pinetorum). Peromyscus species include deer mice and white-footed mice, and related types. Pocket mice are Heteromyid rodents ofthe genus Perognathus. Jumping mice are of the genus Zapus. “Orchard mice” — a poorly descriptive term — is taken to include voles andPeromyscus species.

0

G-11

Table 7. Pesticide federally registered to control muskrats and nutria.

TOXICANTZINC PHOSPHIDE


63.2% Concentrate Muskrats 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for making baits to be placedNutria on floating rafts

NOTE: This is a grouping of convenience due to ecological similarities between muskrats and nutria. It is not a taxonomic grouping.

Table 8. Pesticide federally registered to repel porcupines.

REPELLENTCAPSAICIN

Conc. Product Form Number of Use Considerations and RestrictionsProducts

2.5% Liquid concentrate 1 To be applied to maple sap collection equipment

Table 9. Pesticides federally registered to control prairie dogs.



1.88%-2.0% Dry baits* Black-tailed 7 Restricted Use PesticidesWhite-tailedGunnison

* Prebaiting is recommended.


Conc. Product Form Species* No. of Use Considerations and RestrictionsProducts

55%-60% Tablets, Black-tailed 16 Restricted Use Pesticides for treating burrowspellets, or White-tailedbags Gunnison

* Labels claim “Prairie dogs (except Utah prairie dogs).”

GAS CARTRIDGE (many active ingredients)


Various Ignitable Unspecified 1 For treating burrowscartridge

G-12

Table 10. Pesticides federally registered to control native rats (woodrats, cotton rats, kangaroo rats, and others).



2.0% Dry baits Cotton rats 3 Restricted Use Pesticides for use in sugarcaneRice rats (first three claims)Florida water rats andMerriam’s, Ord’s, rangeland vegetation and noncrop areas& banner-tailed (latter three claims)kangaroo rats

2.0% Dry bait Cotton rats 1 Trees and grassy areas (implied)

2.0% Dry bait Cotton rats 1 Sugarcane

2.0% Dry bait Cotton rats 1 SugarcaneRice rats

Table 11. Pesticides federally registered to control ground squirrels.



1.0% Dry bait* Columbian 1 Restricted Use PesticideRichardson’s13-lined

1.88% Dry bait* California 1 Restricted Use PesticideRichardson’s13-lined

2.0% Dry bait* California 1 Restricted Use Pesticide

2.0% Dry baits* California 3 Restricted Use PesticidesColumbianRichardson’s13-lined

2.0% Dry bait* Belding’s 1 Restricted Use PesticideCaliforniaColumbianGolden-mantledRichardson’s13-linedTownsend’sUintaWashington

* Prebaiting is recommended.



55%-60% Tablets, Pellets, Unspecified 16 Restricted Use Pesticidesor Bags for treating burrows




G-13

Table 13. Pesticides federally registered to control chipmunks.



55%-60% Tablets, pellets, Unspecified 16 Restricted Use Pesticides for treating burrowsor bags

REPELLENTTHIRAM


21% Liquid Unspecified 1 Shrubs, ornamentals, and dormant fruit trees

Table 12. Pesticides federally registered to control woodchucks and yellowbelly marmots (rockchucks).


Conc. Product Form Species No. of Use Considerations andProducts Restrictions

55%-60% Tablets, pellets, Woodchucks 16 Restricted Use Pesticides for treating burrowsor bags Yellowbelly marmots



Various Ignitable Woodchucks 4 For treating burrowscartridges

NOTE: Consult state and local wildlife laws before using any pesticide to control woodchucks or yellowbelly marmots.

G-14

Table 14. Products federally registered to control tree squirrels.

REPELLENTSCAPSAICIN


2.5% Liquid Gray squirrels 1 To be applied to maple sap collection equipmentconcentrate “Black” squirrels

Fox squirrelsRed squirrels

DENATONIUM SACCHARIDE (Ro-pel)Conc. Product Form Species No. of Use Considerations and Restrictions

Products

0.065%* Liquid Unspecified 1 Taste repellent used to protect seeds, bulbs, trees, poles,squirrels fences, siding, outdoor furniture, shrubs, ornamentals,

grass, flowers, and garbage

* Also contains 0.035% Thymol

NAPHTHALENE


100% Flakes Unspecified 1 Attics, wall, and floor voidssquirrels

POLYBUTENES


90% Tacky gel Unspecified 1 Buildings and “adjacent inanimate structures”squirrels

Table 15. Federally registered dog and cat repellents.

PRODUCTS CLAIMED TO PROVIDE INDOOR OR OUTDOOR AREA OR SPOT REPELLENCY, CESSATION OF URINATION ORDEFECATION, OR PROTECTION OF GARBAGE CONTAINERS

ANISE, OIL OF


1.6% Liquid Dogs and cats 1 Outdoor use to prevent defecation, urination, and digging(cats only) in lawns, gardens, and flower and shrub beds

d-LIMONENE


4.015%* Granular Dogs 1 Outdoor use to prevent defecation in lawns, flowergardens, driveways, sidewalks, and other areas

* Also contains 0.049% dihydro-5-heptyl-2(3H)-furanone and 0.024% dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone

METHYL NONYL KETONE*


0.08% Granular Dogs and cats 1 Outdoor use to repel from ornamental plants, trees,shrubs, flowers, and vegetables

1.8% “Water Dogs and cats 1 Outdoor use to prevent urination and defecation on orcrystals” near trees, shrubs, and flowers, or in yards

1.9% Sprays Dogs only 1 Indoor use to protect rugs and furniture and/or outdoorCats only 1 use to prevent urination or defecation on or near trees,Dogs and cats 31 shrubs, and flowers, or in yards, and (in some cases) to

repel dogs and cats from garbage cans and/or trash bags

1.9% Granulars Dogs and cats 2 Outdoor use to protect trees, shrubbery, lawns, and flowerbeds from urination or defecation, and to repel dogs andcats from garbage cans

47.5%-95% Concentrates 3 Manufacturing useor Technicals

* Methyl nonyl ketone products also contain compounds “related” to methyl nonyl ketone at an aggregate concentration of about 5% of theconcentration declared for methyl nonyl ketone.

NAPHTHALENE


15%* Granular Dogs 1 Outdoor use to repel dogs from lawns, flowers, shrubs,and fences

* Also contains 5.0% dried blood, 4.0% thiram, and 0.5% nicotine.

TOBACCO DUST


70%* Dry mixtures Dogs 2 Border treatment for protecting trees, shrubs, andvegetable gardens

* Also contains 15% dried blood and 15% naphthalene.

NO-CHEW PRODUCTBITREX


0.065%* Spray Dogs 1 For use on furniture, rugs, and other “household articles”

* Also contains 1.3% thymol, and 1.3% essential oils.

G-15

G-16

Table 15 (Continued)

ATTACK REPELLENTSCAPSAICIN (Oleoresin of Capsicum)


0.35%-1.0% Sprays Dogs 4 Protection from attack

DENATONIUM SACCHARIDE (Ro-pel)


0.065%* Liquid Dogs and cats 1 For use on trees, poles, fences, siding, outdoor furniture,similar objects, shrubs, ornamental plants, grass, flowers,and garbage

* Also contains 0.035% Thymol

Table 16. Pesticides federally registered to control coyotes, foxes, and wild dogs.

TOXICANTSSODIUM CYANIDE

Conc. Product Form No. of Species Use Considerations and Restrictions*Products

88.78% Powder packed 1 Coyotes Restricted Use Pesticide for use in M-44 ejector devicein capsules Wild dogs (livestock protection only)

91.06% Powder packed 1 Coyotes Restricted Use Pesticide for use in M-44 ejector devicein capsules Gray fox (livestock protection only)

Red foxWild dogs

91.06% Powder packed 4 Coyotes Restricted Use Pesticide for use in M-44 ejector devicein capsules Gray fox (livestock and endangered species protection)

Red foxWild dogs

91.06% Powder packed 1 Coyotes Restricted Use Pesticide for use in M-44 ejector devicein capsules Gray fox (livestock and endangered species protection, and control

Red fox of vectors of communicable diseases)Wild dogs

* Consult specific labels and technical bulletins for information pertaining to where products may be used, who may use them, and detailed restrictionson use. Specific training and state certification is required.

SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (Compound 1080)

Conc. Product Form No. of Species Use Considerations and Restrictions*Products

1.00%-1.04% Solutions in 6 Coyotes Restricted Use Pesticides with specific training and state“Livestock certification required (collars are placed on necks of sheepProtection Collar” and goats in fenced pastures)

90.0% Technical 1 None May only be used to formulate solutions for federallyregistered “Livestock Protection Collars”

* Consult specific labels and technical bulletins for information pertaining to where products may be used, who may use them, and detailed restrictionson use

FUMIGANTGAS CARTRIDGE (many active ingredients)

Conc. Product Form No. of Species Use Considerations and RestrictionsProducts

Various* Ignitable 1 Coyotes For use in dens onlycartridge

* Also contains 35% charcoal.

G-17

Table 17. Pesticides federally registered to control skunks.

FUMIGANTSGAS CARTRIDGES (many active ingredients)


Various Ignitable Unspecified 2 For treating burrowscartridges skunks

Table 18. Pesticides federally registered to control bats.

REPELLENTSNAPHTHALENE


100% Flakes Unspecified bats 4 For use in attics and wall voids

G-18

Table 19. Pesticides federally registered to repel deer and elk.

AMMONIUM SOAPS OF HIGHER FATTY ACIDS (Hinder)


15% Liquid Unspecified 1 Fruit trees, vines, field crops, forage crops, grain crops,concentrate deer ornamentals, nursery stock, vegetables, and noncrop areas

15% Liquid Unspecified 1 Flowers, trees, vines, lawns, ornamentals, and vegetablesconcentrate deer

BONE TAR OIL (Magic Circle)


93.75% Liquid Unspecified 1 Grain and forage crops, fruit and shade trees, shrubs,concentrate deer flowers, vegetable gardens, and nursery stock

CAPSAICIN (Hot Sauce)


2.5% Liquid “Deer” 1 Ornamental trees, shrubs, vines, nursery stock, dormantconcentrate fruit and nut trees, and certain crops



0.065%* Liquid Unspecified 1 For use on trees, poles, fences, siding, outdoor furniture,deer similar objects, shrubs, ornamental plants, grass, flowers,

and garbage


EGG SOLIDS, PUTRESCENT WHOLE (Deer-Away)


36% Powder White-tailed deer 1 Various ornamentals, almond, fruit, and citrus trees

Black-tailed deer Conifer seedlingsMule deerRoosevelt elk

37% Liquid White-tailed deer 2 Various ornamentals, nonbearing fruit, and citrus treesconcentrates

Mule deer Conifer seedlingsBlack-tailed deerRoosevelt elk

THIRAM


7% Liquid “Deer” 1 Dormant fruit trees, shrubs, and ornamentals

11% Liquid “Deer” 1 Shrubs, fruit trees, ornamentals, and nursery stock

20%-21% Liquids Unspecified 5 Dormant fruit trees, shrubs, and ornamentals

42% Liquids Unspecified 2 Fruit trees, shrubs, ornamentals, and nursery stock

G-19

Table 20. Pesticides federally registered to control moles.

TOXICANTSTRYCHNINE ALKALOID


0.5% Dry bait Unspecified 1 Subterranean applications



55%-60% Tablets, pellets, Unspecified 16 Restricted Use Pesticides for treating burrowsor bags




Table 21. Pesticides federally registered to control rabbits.

REPELLENTSAMMONIUM SOAPS OF HIGHER FATTY ACIDS (Hinder)


15% Liquids Unspecified rabbits 2 Fruit trees, flowers, vegetables, ornamentals, and other sites

CAPSAICIN


2.5% Liquid Unspecified rabbits 1 Ornamentals, dormant fruit and nut trees, fruit bushes andvines, and certain edible crops

THIRAM


7.0% Liquid Unspecified rabbits 1 Ornamentals

11.0% Liquid Unspecified rabbits 1 Shrubs, fruit trees, ornamentals, and nursery stock

20%-21% Liquids Unspecified rabbits 5 Dormant fruit trees, shrubs, ornamentals, and other sites(claims vary somewhat among products)

42% Liquids Unspecified rabbits 2 Fruit trees, shrubs, ornamentals, and nursery stock

TOBACCO DUST


70%* Dry mixtures Unspecified rabbits 2 Border treatment for protecting trees, shrubs, andvegetable gardens

* Also contains 15% dried blood and 15% naphthalene.

ZIRAM


23% Dust (to be Unspecified rabbits 1 Flowers, shrubs, and certain garden fruits and vegetablesapplied as is orto be mixedand sprayed)

NOTE: Labels that state “rabbits” are taken to refer to “true rabbits” as well as “hares.”

G-20

Table 22. Pesticides federally registered to control birds.

TOXICANTSFENTHION (Rid-A-Bird 1100)


11% Liquid Starlings 1 Restricted to “persons trained in bird control” to be usedHouse sparrows only in special perches placed where stipulated on labelPigeons

STARLICIDE (Compound DRC-1339)


0.1% Dry bait Starlings 1 For use around livestock and poultry operations underBlackbirds direction of personnel trained in bird damage control

97% Technical Starlings 1 For formulation, by state and federal agencies, into “experi-Blackbirds mental baits suitable for starling and blackbird control”

98% Technical with Starlings 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for use by or under directuse directions Brewer’s blackbirds supervision of US Department of Agriculture employees

Red-winged blackbirds in cattle, poultry, or hog feedlotsCommon gracklesBrown-headed cowbirds

98% Technical with Herring gulls 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for use by or under directuse directions Great black backed gulls supervision of US Department of Agriculture employees

Ring-billed gulls in or near nesting colonies of certain types of birds withincoastal areas between March 1 and June 30

98% Technical with Pigeons 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for use by or under directuse directions supervision of US Department of Agriculture employees

on flat rooftops or within fenced areas from which thepublic and pets, domestic animals, and most non-avianwildlife can be excluded

FRIGHTENING AGENTS4-AMINOPYRIDINE (Avitrol)


0.03% Dry bait Common grackles 1 Restricted Use Pesticide to be used to protect ripeningRed-winged blackbirds sweet corn and field cornYellow-headed blackbirdsCowbirdsStarlings

0.03% Dry bait Common grackles 1 Restricted Use Pesticide to be used to protect ripeningRed-winged blackbirds sunflower fieldsRusty blackbirdsYellow-headed blackbirdsCowbirdsStarlings

0.3% Concentrate 1 Formulation and repackaging

0.5% Dry baits* House sparrows 3 Restricted Use Pesticides for use in, on, or in the area ofGrackles structures, nesting, feeding, and roosting sitesCowbirdsRed-winged blackbirdsYellow-headed blackbirdsRusty blackbirdsBrewer’s blackbirdsStarlings

0.5% Dry bait* House sparrows 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for use in, on, or in the area ofGrackles structures, nesting, feeding, loafing, and roosting sitesCowbirdsRed-winged blackbirdsYellow-headed blackbirdsRusty blackbirdsBrewer’s blackbirdsStarlingsPigeons

Table 22. (Continued)4-ANIMOPYRIDINE (Avitrol) (Continued)

0.5% Dry bait* Pigeons 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for use in, on, or in the area ofstructures, feeding, nesting, loafing, and roosting sites

0.8% Dry bait* Starlings 1 Restricted Use Pesticides for use in, on, or in the area offeedlots, structures, nesting, feeding, and roosting sites

1.0% Dry bait* House sparrows 1 Restricted Use Pesticides for use in, on, or in the area ofGrackles feedlots, structures, nesting, feeding, and roosting sitesCowbirdsRed-winged blackbirdsYellow-headed blackbirdsRusty blackbirdsBrewer’s blackbirdsStarlings

1.0% Dry bait* Crows 1 Restricted Use Pesticide for use in, on, or in the area ofstructures, feeding, nesting, and roosting sites

25% Concentrate Herring gulls 1 Restricted Use Pesticide to be applied at, in, or nearpowder to sanitary landfillsbe mixed*

50% Concentrate Starlings 1 Restricted Use Pesticide to be used in or near feedlotspowder tobe mixed*

* Prebaiting is recommended

REPELLENTSCAPSICUM (Ground red peppers)


12%* Granulars Horned larks 2 For use on certain fruit, vegetable, and grain cropsHouse finches (specific crops claimed as sites differ between labels)Unspecified sparrowsStarlings

* Also contains 5% ground garlic



0.065%* Liquid Unspecified birds 1 Taste repellent used to protect seeds or bulbs


LINDANE


25.08% Powder Pheasants 1 Seed treatment for various agricultural crops

75.0% Powder Pheasants 1 Seed treatment for various agricultural crops

* Also contains 12.5% captan and “related derivatives.”

NAPHTHALENE


100% Flakes Unspecified birds 1 Attics, floor and wall voids

PETROLEUM NAPHTHENIC OILS


79.65%* Aerosol Pigeons 1 For treating ledges where birds roost or landStarlingsHouse sparrows

86.0%** Paste Pigeons 1 For treating ledges where birds roost or land, and treesStarlings and shrubs“Nuisance birds”

* Also contains 1.65% polyisobutlyenes** Also contains 2.0% polyisobutlyenes

G-21

G-22


POLYBUTENES


42.8% Semi-liquid Starlings 1 For use on buildings and adjacent inanimate structuresHouse sparrowsPigeons

49.0% Liquid Pigeons 1 For interior use on beams, girders, struts, supports, andHouse sparrows other places where birds roost or landStarlingsGracklesCowbirdsBrewer’s blackbirdsCommon crowsRing-billed gullsHerring gullsCalifornia gulls

49.7% Paste Pigeons 1 For treating ledges where birds roost or landStarlingsHouse sparrowsGulls

80% Paste Pigeons 1 For use on structures where birds roost or landHouse sparrowsStarlingsGracklesCowbirdsBrewer’s blackbirdsCommon crowsRavensRing-billed gullsHerring gullsCalifornia gulls

90.0% Paste Pigeons 1 For use on buildings and adjacent inanimate structures

93.5% Paste Pigeons 1 For treating structures where birds roost or landHouse sparrows

NOTE: The heading “Polybutenes” is applied here to a variety of related compounds which are used to discourage birds from perching on treatedareas due to the tackiness and other irritating tactile properties of these substances.

Table 23. Pesticide federally registered to repel snakes.

SULFUR


28.0%* Dry mixture Rattlesnakes 1 For use in areas around houses, cabins, trailers, garages,Checkered garter snakes utility houses, barns, wood piles, sand piles, trash cans,

and flower beds

* Also contains 7.0% naphthalene

EditorsScott E. HygnstromRobert M. TimmGary E. Larson

DESCRIPTION OFACTIVE INGREDIENTSCompiled by Robert M. Timm

The following pages contain information concerning the active ingredients commonly found in pesticides registered forcontrol of wildlife damage. In general, each description follows a standard format that includes information about thecompound’s use, history, physical and chemical properties, pharmacology, and toxicity.

Toxicity is defined using the following abbreviations:

For toxicity by oral exposure,LDL0 = lowest dose reported to be lethal to an animal

LD50 = dose lethal to 50% of the animals tested

LD100 = dose lethal to 100% of the animals tested

MLD = minimum lethal dose, or LDL0.

Doses are typically reported as mass of compound per mass of animal (mg/kg).

For toxicity by inhalation,LCL0 = lowest concentration reported to be lethal to an animal

LC50 = concentration lethal to 50% of the animals tested

TCL0 = lowest concentration, for any given period of time, reported to produce any toxic effect.

A toxicity expressed as LC50 = 300mg/m3/30M signifies that 50% of the population can be expected to die when exposedto a concentration of 300 mg per cubic meter of air for 30 minutes.

For certain compounds, much of the descriptive information has been taken from the Vertebrate Pest Control Handbook(1986) as revised by Jerry P. Clark, and from the 1975 edition of the same publication compiled by Dell O. Clark. Bothvolumes were published by the California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento. I thank Jerry Clark and DellClark for permission to use this material. Other references used are listed under “For Additional Information” followingthe description of many compounds, and under “References” at the end of this section. The publications by Spencer (1981),Sweet (1993), and Worthing (1991) were particularly helpful. Rex E. Marsh (University of California-Davis) and KathleenFagerstone (USDA-APHIS-Denver Wildlife Research Center) reviewed a draft of this section and provided many helpfulcomments, additions, and corrections. Additional review was provided by Bill Erickson (US-EPA); Ed Schafer, Jr., PeterSavarie, and Paul Woronecki (USDA-APHIS-Denver Wildlife Research Center); Russ Mason (Monell Chemical SensesCenter, University of Pennsylvania); Scott Hygnstrom (University of Nebraska-Lincoln), and Gary Larson (USDA-APHIS-Animal Damage Control). I greatly appreciate their help in improving the accuracy and usefulness of this section.

G-23

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE — 1994

Cooperative Extension DivisionInstitute of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Nebraska - Lincoln

United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceAnimal Damage Control

Great Plains Agricultural CouncilWildlife Committee

G-2

ACROLEIN
Chemical Name
Acrolein, 2-propenal, acrylaldehyde

Trade Name

Magnacide®

Use

Developed originally as an aquaticherbicide, it is useful in the control ofsubmerged and floating weeds infreshwater ponds and other impound-ments.

History

The original research leading to regis-tration of acrolein as an aquatic herbi-cide was conducted by Shell ChemicalCo., which patented the material in1959 in the United States. Baker Perfor-mance Chemicals received a CaliforniaSpecial Local Needs 24(c) registrationfor acrolein as a burrow fumigant forcontrol of ground squirrels in 1993.

Properties

Acrolein is a colorless, highly volatileliquid with a pungent odor. It is mod-erately soluble in water at 20oC. It ismiscible in the lower alcohols, ethers,hydrocarbons, acetone, and benzene.At room temperature, it is noncorro-sive to iron or steel. At low doses, it ir-ritates the throat and eyes, thusserving as its own warning agent.

Toxicity

Skin contact causes chemical burns inhumans. A concentration of 1 ppm inair produces detectable eye and noseirritation in 2 to 3 minutes and is intol-erable after 5 minutes.

4

Oral LD50 values for acrolein havebeen reported as follows:

Acute OralSpecies LD50 (mg/kg)a

Mouse 40 mg/kgRat 46 mg/kgRabbit 7 mg/kg

Toxicity by inhalation has been reported as follows:a

Species TCL0 LCL0 LC50

Mouse 66 ppm/6HRat 8 ppm/4Hb

300 mg/m3/30MHuman 1 ppm 153 ppm/10MaSweet (1993), unless otherwise notedbLewis and Sweet (1985)

For Additional Information

Lewis, R. L., and D. V. Sweet. 1985. Registry ofToxic Effects of Chemical Substances. 1983-84 Supplement. US Dep. Health and HumanServ., Public Health Serv., Centers forDisease Control, Nat. Inst. OccupationalSafety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio.

O’Connell, R. A., and J. P. Clark. 1992. A studyof acrolein as an experimental groundsquirrel burrow fumigant. Proc. Vertebr. PestConf. 15:326-329.

G-25

ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDEChemical Name

Aluminum phosphide

Trade Names

Phostoxin®, Detia® Rotox®, Fumitoxin®, Gastoxin®, PhosTek®

3% paraffin, and 14% to 15% alumi-num oxide. Aluminum phosphidereacts with atmospheric moisture torelease phosphine (PH3) gas, the activeingredient. Phosphine is colorless andhas a slight carbide-like odor. At someconcentrations it is flammable orexplosive. In formulations which con-tain ammonium carbamate, this com-pound hydrolyzes to release CO2 andammonia. Aluminum phosphideshould be stored in its original metalcontainer until used.

Toxicity

Phosphine gas is a potent mammaliantoxicant. At a concentration of 1,000ppm, it is lethal to humans after a fewbreaths. At 400 ppm, it is lethal in 30minutes.a It is immediately dangerousto life or health at 200 ppm.b At a con-centration of 1 ppm, it can be lethal tosome rats within 24 hours.c

The following toxicity values are givenfor phosphine gas:

InhalationSpecies LCL0

d

Mouse 380 mg/m3/2HCat 70 mg/m3/2HHuman 1000 ppm/5H


Baker, R. O. 1992. Exposure of persons tophosphine gas from aluminum phosphideapplication to rodent burrows. Proc. Vertebr.Pest Conf. 15:312-321.

Lewis, R. J., Sr., ed. 1979. Registry of toxic effectsof chemical substances, 1978 ed. Nat. Inst.Occupational Safety Health, Centers forDisease Control, Public Health Serv., USDep. Health, Education and Welfare,Cincinnati, Ohio.

Salmon, T. P., W. P. Gorenzel, and W. J. Bentley.1982. Aluminum phosphide (Phostoxin) as aburrow fumigant for ground squirrel control.Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 10:143-146.

aSpencer (1981)bBerg (1983)cLewis (1979)dSweet (1993)For complete citations, see References at theend of this section.

Use

A fumigant for certain burrowing ro-dents and moles, it is also used to con-trol insects in stored products.

History

Aluminum phosphide was introducedas a fumigant for stored products inthe early 1930s by Dr. Werner Frey-berg, Chemische Fabrik. Its formula-tion into molded tablets or pellets is arather recent development. This mate-rial was registered for mammal controlin 1981, although the compound hasbeen used for this purpose in someother countries for a much longer time.

Properties

Aluminum phosphide forms dark grayor yellowish crystals. For mammalcontrol, it is formulated into 3-g tabletsor 600-mg pellets. A typical formula-tion contains 56% to 57% active ingre-dient plus 26% ammonium carbamate,

G-26

ANTICOAGULANTSChemical Names

See below

Trade Names

See below

Use

Anticoagulants are a group of widelyused rodenticides; an estimated 95% ofall commensal rodent control is con-ducted with anticoagulants. They areseparated into two functional groups,first-generation and second-generationanticoagulants. Those of the secondgeneration have the ability to controlwarfarin-resistant rats and house mice,and they are also considered single-feeding anticoagulants.

First generation anticoagulants are alsoused for the control of certain fieldrodents, including ground squirrels,pocket gophers, and voles. Some fieldrodent and rabbit registrations are spe-cific to local needs of various states,and they are extensively used to pro-tect agricultural crops and forest trees.At present, none of the second genera-tion anticoagulants are registered forcontrol of field rodents or rabbits.

History

Warfarin, the first anticoagulantrodenticide, had its beginning in 1943when Dr. Karl Paul Link and hisco-workers of the BiochemistryDepartment, University of Wisconsin,were attempting to determine thecause of “Sweet Clover Disease” incattle. Moldy sweet clover hay wasfound to contain a powerful anticoagu-lant. The first result of the researchwas the development of dicumarol,which is used to prevent the formationof blood clots in humans. Dr. Link’sstaff continued the line of research andsynthesized warfarin (Compound 42)which is a much more potent antico-agulant than dicumarol. In April 1948,J. A. O’Connor described the first suc-cessful use of an anticoagulant com-pound, dicoumarin, for controllingrats under field conditions.

Pindone, coumafuryl, and valone soonfollowed warfarin on the market, withdiphacinone and chlorophacinonemarketed somewhat later. The last twocompounds were, by far, more toxicthan the earlier materials; hence, theconcentration in baits was reduced bysome fivefold. Of the earlier anti-coagulants, coumafuryl (Fumarin®)and valone (PMP®) are no longermarketed.

The second generation anticoagulants,bromadiolone and brodifacoum, weredeveloped some years later specificallyto combat warfarin resistance. Thenewest of the second-generation anti-coagulants, difethialone, has been indevelopment for a number of yearsand is nearing registration in theUnited States.

Characteristics

Anticoagulants used as rodenticidesare chemically separated into two gen-eral groups: the hydroxycoumarins(such as warfarin) and the indandiones(pindone, valone, diphacinone, andchlorophacinone). The second genera-tion materials (bromadiolone, brodi-facoum, and difethialone) are closelyakin to the hydroxycoumarin group.Table 1 lists the anticoagulants in cur-rent use or about to be registered inthe United States.

All first-generation anticoagulants,also known as multiple-dose rodenti-cides, relied on their cumulative toxiceffect. They were substantially moretoxic if consumed in small doses overa period of several days than if con-sumed in one large amount (for in-stance, the 5-day cumulative LD50 issubstantially lower than the acuteLD50). The baits are formulated so thatrodents have to feed a minimum of 3to 5 days before a lethal dose is

achieved; death follows after severaladditional days.

In order to achieve this multiple feed-ing, the bait must be made available ona continuous basis until the desiredcontrol is reached. Prior to the devel-opment of anticoagulants, all rodenti-cides were acute (single dose)materials; hence, the introduction ofwarfarin required a whole new con-cept of bait application. Bait trays orbait boxes had to be designed to holdsubstantial amounts of bait and strate-gically located so that all rodents in anarea had access to ample bait forrepeated feedings until death.

Bromadiolone, brodifacoum, anddifethialone, all second generationmaterials, are much more potent, withrelatively low acute LD50s for rodents,making them effective for the controlof warfarin-resistant rats and mice.When formulated at their current con-centrations, they have the ability to killa high percentage of the rodent popu-lation in a single feeding, hence theirdesignation as single-feeding antico-agulants. The effects of these com-pounds are also cumulative and willresult in death after several feedings ofeven small amounts.

As in the case of all anticoagulants,death is delayed for several days fol-lowing the ingestion of a lethal dose.This delayed action has a decidedsafety advantage because it providestime to administer the antidote andsave pets, livestock, and of course,people who may have accidentallyingested the bait. Vitamin K1 is the an-tidote for anticoagulants and, if admin-istered soon enough after intake, canreverse the action of the anticoagulant.Diphacinone, chlorophacinone, and allof the second-generation materials

G-27

persist in animals and will oftenrequire prolonged veterinary or medi-cal treatment.

The slow action of anticoagulant baitshas another great advantage in that thetarget animal is unable to associate itsillness with the bait eaten. Therefore,bait shyness or toxicant shyness doesnot occur.

Most of the anticoagulant baits usedtoday are commercial ready-to-usebaits; very few individuals preparetheir own baits from concentrates asthey commonly did 20 years ago.Ready-to-use bait increases the cost ofrodent control but avoids past prob-lems of incorrect bait concentrationsand poor bait formulation, which oftenled to poor control.

Some anticoagulants are available astracking powders and others assodium salts that are water-soluble,allowing their use as water baits.

In the early 1960s the practice began ofmixing anticoagulant grain baits withmelted paraffin and molding it intocans or cartons to form block-type par-affin baits. These became commerciallyavailable a few years later and werepromoted for sewer rat control or forother rodent-infested areas with mois-ture and high humidity. Now there aremolded or extruded paraffin-type baits

made from most of the current anti-coagulants. Block-type baits have sev-eral advantages: they confine multiplefeedings of bait into one unit; if permit-ted by the label, they can be placed instrategic locations where bait boxeswith loose grain or pelleted bait wouldbe difficult to place; and bait deteriora-tion from insects and molds isretarded.

Anticoagulant Resistance

The resistance of rats to warfarin wasfirst noted in Scotland in 1958, someyears following its repeated use.Shortly thereafter, anticoagulant resis-tance was identified in both rats andhouse mice in other European coun-tries. It was identified somewhat laterin the United States, where it has sincebeen demonstrated in many regionsand major cities. All three species ofcommensal rodents are implicated.Resistance has not been found in fieldrodents.

Resistance arises from genetic muta-tion or recombination, sometimes of asingle gene, and levels of resistancevary among individual animals. Ahigh degree of resistance will rendercontrol with warfarin virtually impos-sible. Rats and mice that are resistantto warfarin also show some resistance

to all first generation anticoagulants.Where resistance is apparent, switch toa second generation anticoagulant orto another rodenticide with a differentmode of action.

Whether resistance will eventuallyextend to all second-generation anti-coagulants remains to be seen; someisolated instances of resistance tobromadiolone have been reported.

Pharmacology

All anticoagulants have two actions;they reduce the clotting ability of theblood and cause damage to the capil-laries (tiny blood vessels). The rate ofblood clotting gradually decreases andblood loss leads to an apparently pain-less death.

Animals killed by anticoagulants oftenhave no color in the skin, muscles, orviscera. Evidence of hemorrhage maybe found in any part of the body, butusually only in one location. The bloodthat remains in the heart and vessels isvery thin and forms a poor clot or noclot. The animal exhibits increasingweakness though appetite and bodyweight are not specifically affected.Hematoma (a local swelling or tumorfilled with blood) formation beneaththe skin is often more common thanfree hemorrhage.

Table 1. Anticoagulants used in the United States.

Usual Types of Formulations PercentCommon Name and Food Tracking Active IngredientTypical Trade Names Chemical Name Bait Liquid Powder Used in Food Bait

Hydroxycoumarins

Warfarin (d-Con and others) 3-(α-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin X X 0.025

Brodifacoum (Talon®,Havoc®)* 3-[3(4'-bromo[1,1’biphenyl]-4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-

1-naphthalenyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one X 0.005

Bromadiolone (Maki® 3-[3-(4'-bromo[1,1’biphenyl]-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-Contrac®)* phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one X 0.005

Difethialone* [(bromo-4’-[biphenyl-1-1’]-yl-4)3-tetrahydro-1,2,3,4- X 0.0025napthyl-1]3-hydroxy-4,2H-1 benzo-thiopyran-2-one

Indandiones

Chlorophacinone (RoZol®) 2-[(p-chlorophenyl)phenylacetyl]-1,3-indandione X X 0.005

Diphacinone (Ramik®,Contrax-D®) 2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione X X 0.005

Pindone (Pival®,Pivalyn®, Contrax-P®) 2-pivalyl-1,3-indandione X X 0.025

*Second-generation anticoagulants especially useful for the control of warfarin-resistant rats and mice.

G-28

The following toxicity data have been reported:

Acute OralBrodifacoum Species LD50 (mg/kg)b

House mouse 0.4 - 0.86Norway rat 0.27Roof rat 0.65 - 0.73c

Meadow vole 0.72d

Pine vole 0.36d

Rabbit 0.29Pig 0.5 - 2.0Dog 0.25 - 1.0Cat ~25Chicken 10 - 100

Acute Oral LD50Bromadiolone Species (mg/kg)d,e

House mouse, albino 1.75Norway rat, albino 1.125Rabbit 1.0

LD50 (mg/kg)(presumably from single

Chlorophacinone Species oral dose)a

Vampire bat 7.5House mouse 1.06d

White (lab) rat, on meat 2.1Norway rat, albino 2.1 - 20.5d

Roof rat 15.0Deer mouse 0.49Rabbit 50d

Mallard >100Ring-necked pheasant >100Red-winged blackbird 430

Repeated daily doses of the anticoagu-lants greatly increases their effectivetoxicity. Feeding does not have to beon consecutive days, but severalfeedings should occur within a 10-dayinterval with no longer than 48 hoursbetween feedings. Plenty of bait mustbe made available at all times toachieve adequate control.

Toxicity

The susceptibility to anticoagulantsvaries considerably among species andamong anticoagulants. For this reason,generalizing often leads to erroneousconclusions. Since all anticoagulantsare cumulative in toxicity, they havethe ability to kill any warm-bloodedanimal if consumed in sufficientamounts for a long enough period.Materials with the highest toxicity andthe longest half-lives present the great-est lethal potential with fewer feed-ings. Compounds with the longesthalf-lives need not be consumed daily;a lapse of several days betweenfeedings will not alter the outcome.

Many drugs increase the effects ofanticoagulants; among these are thebroad-spectrum antibiotics, the barbi-turates, and the salicylates. Observa-tions of rats treated with chlordaneand DDT show the opposite effect;they stimulate the metabolism of war-farin, thus decreasing its toxicity. Sus-ceptibility to anticoagulants seems toincrease with age.

Anticoagulants tend to accumulate inthe liver and gradually dissipate over aperiod of time, depending on the ini-tial accumulations and successivedoes. Where large doses of anticoagu-lants are ingested, substantial amountsmay pass through the animalunassimilated.

Precautions should be taken to preventchildren, pets, and livestock from gain-ing access directly to anticoagulantbait. Baits should be placed in areasinaccessible to nontarget animals or intamper-resistant bait stations. A singlesubstantial ingestion of diphacinone,chlorophacinone, or any of the second-generation anticoagulant baits may, forexample, place a dog in jeopardy,requiring veterinary attention. When

used according to label instructions,there is little potential hazard to non-target species.

Secondary hazard associated withpredator or scavenger animals con-suming rodent carcasses is minimal incommensal rodent control. It can be ofsomewhat greater concern when anti-coagulants are used for field rodentcontrol. Occasionally a farm dog isknown to consume fresh vole orground squirrel carcasses over severaldays and begin to show signs of anti-coagulant intoxication. With quick andproper veterinary attention, the dogcan usually be saved. Although sec-ondary poisoning has been demon-

strated in the laboratory for variousspecies, its occurrence in the wildappears very low, with few docu-mented cases where use recommenda-tions were followed.

Toxicity information for many animalsis not readily available. A man withsuicidal intent induced serious illnessby ingesting 1.7 mg warfarin per kgper day for 6 consecutive days. Thiscorresponds to eating almost 1 poundof bait (0.025% warfarin) per day. Allsigns and symptoms were caused byhemorrhage, and following multiplesmall transfusions and massive dosesof vitamin K, recovery was complete.a

G-29


Dubock, A. C., and D. E. Kaukeinen. 1978.Brodifacoum (Talon rodenticide), a novelconcept. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 8:127-137.

Greaves, J. H. 1985. The present status ofresistance to anticoagulants. Acta Zool.Fennica 173:159-162.

Hadler, M. R., and A.P. Buckle. 1992. Forty-fiveyears of anticoagulant rodenticides—past,present and future trends. Proc. Vertebr. PestConf. 15:149-155.

Kaukeinen, D. 1982. A review of the secondarypoisoning hazard potential to wildlife fromthe use of anticoagulant rodenticides. Proc.Vertebr. Pest Conf. 10:151-158.

Kaukeinen, D. E., and M. Rampaud. 1986. Areview of brodifacoum efficacy in the U.S.and worldwide. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf.12:16-50.

Lechevin, J. C., and R. M. Poché. 1988. Activityof LM2219 (difethialone), a new anti-coagulant rodenticide, in commensalrodents. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 13:59-63.

Murphy, M. J., and D. F. Gerken. 1989. Theanticoagulant rodenticides. Pages 143-146 inR. W. Kirk, ed. Current veterinary therapy X:small animal practice. W. B. Saunders Co.,Philadelphia.

Poché, R. M. 1986. The status of bromadiolone inthe United States. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf.12:6-15.

Richards, C. G. J., and L. W. Huson. 1985.Towards the optimal use of anticoagulantrodenticides. Acta Zool. Fennica 173:155-157.

Savarie, P. J., D. J. Hayes, R. T. McBride, and J. D.Roberts. 1979. Efficacy and safety ofdiphacinone as a predacide. Pages 69-79 inE. E. Kenaga, ed. Avian and mammalianwildlife toxicology. ASTM Spec. Tech. Pub.693. Am. Soc. Testing Materials,Philadelphia.

Woody, B. J. 1992. Clinical approach to thediagnosis of diseases and disorders in petsand domestic animals sometimes mistakenfor anticoagulant toxicosis. Proc. Vertebr.Pest Conf. 15:199-203.

Acute Oral LD50Difethialone Species (mg/kg)f

House mouse (wild) 0.47Norway rat (wild) 0.51Roof rat (wild) 0.38Pig 2 - 3Bobwhite quail 0.264

Acute Oral LD50 Chronic Oral LD50Diphacinone Species (mg/kg) (mg/kg/day)

House mouse 141 - 340d

Mouse 340g

Rat 1.9d - ~3h (lab rat) 0.1h

Rat 3 - 17g

Rabbit 35k 0.25 for 14 daysd

Dog 0.8 - 15d,h,i

Coyote 0.6 j

Cat 5 - 15d

Pig 150h

Acute Oral LD50 Chronic Oral LD50Pindone Species (mg/kg) (mg/kg/day)

Rat 280d

Rat, albino 50d

Rabbit 0.52 for 7 daysd

Dog 2.5h

Acute Oral LD50 Chronic Oral LD50Warfarin Species (mg/kg) (mg/kg/day)

Mouse 374d 0.6 for 3 - 9 daysa

Rat 3.0d 0.4 for 4 - 15 daysa

Rat 50-100l 1 for 5 daysl

Rabbit 800d 30.0 for 6 - 15 daysa

Swine 3l 0.05 for 7 daysl

Dog 20d - 50l 5 for 5 - 15 daysl

Cat 6 - 40d 3.0 - 5.0 for 10 daysa

Cat 5 - 50l 1 for 5 daysl

Ruminants - 200 for 12 daysl

Chicken 1,000d

aClark (1986)bTalon Technical Bulletin, ICI Americas, Inc., (1987)cDubock and Kaukeinen (1978)dHone and Mulligan (1982)eMaki Technical Bulletin, Chempar Chemical Co. Inc. (no date)fLechevin and Poché (1988)gHumphreys (1988)hSpencer (1981)iTechnical Bulletin, Velsicol Chemical Co. (1977)jSavarie et al. (1979)kHumphreys (1988)lOsweiler et al. (1985)

For complete citations, see References at the end of this section.

G-30

AVITROL®

Chemical Name

4-aminopyridine

Trade Name

Avitrol®

Use

Avitrol® is a bird managementchemical registered for use as a flock-frightening repellent. It is usually for-mulated as a grain bait. Treated bait isdiluted with untreated bait so thatonly a few birds in a flock ingest atreated particle of bait. Affected birdsemit distress cries and/or performvisual displays that often frighten theother birds in the flock, causing themto leave.

Avitrol® has been used for feralpigeons, house sparrows, and for cer-tain blackbirds and cowbirds in andaround structures. In agricultural situ-ations, crows, starlings, grackles, cow-birds, and blackbirds are mostfrequently the targeted species.

Avitrol® products are for use by orunder the supervision of governmentagencies or certified control operators.Avitrol® is not for sale to the public.

History

Avitrol® is the registered trademark ofthe Avitrol Corporation for the chemi-cal 4-aminopyridine. The synthesis of

this chemical was first reported in1931, and its unique action on birdswas reported in 1964 by Goodhue. Itsutility for controlling damage by birdsin some situations was demonstratedin 1965 by Goodhue and Baumgartner.

Characteristics

4-aminopyridine is a white crystalline,odorless, water-soluble material. It isstable in light and melts at 159oC.

Pharmacology

Avitrol® is an acutely toxic substitutedpyridine that affects the nervous sys-tem in a manner similar to that oforganophosphates and carbamates;however, Avitrol® is not a cholinester-ase inhibitor. In most bird species, alethal dose of Avitrol® is necessary toproduce distress behavior.

Toxicity

Birds and mammals appear equallysensitive to Avitrol® intoxication.LD50 values are generally less than10 mg/kg.

Birds ingesting the material becomedisoriented, emit distress calls, and

exhibit erratic flight, tremors, and con-vulsions before death. Distress usuallybegins in about 15 minutes and lasts 20to 30 minutes in most species. Somespecies, such as pigeons, do not emitdistress calls.

In mammals, the following symptomsare produced: hyperexcitability, saliva-tion, tremors, muscular incoordina-tion, convulsions, cardiac or respira-tory arrest, and death. Initial effects areusually noted in 10 to 15 minutes anddeath often occurs 15 minutes to 4hours later. Occasionally the tremorand/or convulsive stages are accom-panied by audible vocalizations pro-duced by strong, involuntary contrac-tions of the diaphragm.

Documented reports of secondary poi-soning following Avitrol® use havebeen very limited. When birds areoffered undiluted Avitrol® baits, theremay be potential hazards to dogs, cats,and raptors that consume unassimi-lated Avitrol® in gut contents. In fielduse, only individual scavengers suchas magpies and crows appear to behave been impacted.

Toxicity Table for Avitrol®a

Acute Oral LD50 Acute Oral LD50Species (mg/kg)a,b (mg/kg) for HCl* a,b

MAMMALS

White rat 20 28 - 32.5Hog 17.8Dog 3.7 - 4.0 11.9

BIRDS

Mallard 4.22American kestrel 5.62Domestic chicken (2-3 wk. old) 15Coturnix quail 7.65 - 8.05Ring-necked pheasant (4 wk. old) 5.62 - 7.50Ring-billed gull 8Common pigeon 20White-winged dove 7.5Mourning dove 8.10 - 8.50American robin 4.22Starling 4.90 - 6.0 14Black-billed magpie 2.37Common crow 2.37Yellow-billed magpie 2.37Boat-tailed grackle 1.7 - 7.1Brown-headed cowbird 4.22Common grackle 2.37Red-winged blackbird 1.78 - 8.50 3.2Shiny cowbird < 1.00Tricolored blackbird 4.22House finch 5.62Golden-crowned sparrow 5.62House sparrow 3.00 - 7.50White-crowned sparrow 5.62

* HCl = Hydrochloride salt of 4-aminopyridine.

aSchafer et al. (1973)bSchafer et al. (1983)


F

B

S

S

or Additional Information

esser, J. F., D. J. Brady, T. L. Burst, and T. P.Funderberg. 1984. 4-Aminopyridine baits onbaiting lanes protect sunflower fields fromblackbirds. Agric. Ecosystems and Environ.11:281-290.

chafer, E. W., Jr., R. B. Brunton, and D. J.Cunningham. 1973. A summary of the acutetoxicity of 4-aminopyridine to birds andmammals. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 26:532-538.

chafer, E. W., Jr., W. A. Bowles, Jr., and J.Hurlbut. 1983. The acute oral toxicity,repellency and hazard potential of 998chemicals to one or more species of wild anddomestic birds. Arch. Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 12:355-382.

G-31

G-32

BONE TAR OILTrade Name

Magic Circle Deer Repellent®

Use

As an area (odor) repellent to protecttrees, shrubs, and other plant materialsfrom deer.

History

Developed as a deer repellent at StateCollege Laboratories, Pennsylvania,during the 1950s. Magic Circle Deer

Repellent® was registered and mar-keted by State College Laboratories, adivision of J. C. Ehrlich ChemicalCompany until 1993.

Properties

The active ingredient, bone tar oil (alsocalled bone oil), is a dark, viscous liq-uid with a distinct odor. It is producedby the destructive distillation of animal

bones. The commercial product con-tains 93.75% active ingredient.

Toxicity

The human oral LDLO is 500 mg/kg.The oral LDL0 for rats is 800 mg/kg.a

aSweet (1993)

For complete citations, see References at theend of this section.

BROMETHALIN

henyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine

Chemical Name

N-methyl-2,4-dinitro-N-(2,4,6-tribromop

Other Name

Bromethalin

Trade Names

Assault®, Vengeance®, Trounce®

Use

A single-dose rodenticide developedfor the control of Norway rats, roofrats, and house mice.

History

The toxic nature of certain classes ofdiphenylamines was researched by EliLilly Research Laboratories in the1970s. Laboratory and field researchon bromethalin progressed into theearly 1980s, at which time it was regis-tered by EPA.

Properties

Bromethalin is a pale yellow, odorlesscrystalline solid. Its melting point is151oC. Bromethalin is insoluble in wa-ter but is soluble in many organic sol-vents.

Pharmacology

Both acute and chronic effects can oc-cur following ingestion. Acute effectsinclude tremors, one or two episodesof clonic convulsions, prostration, anddeath usually within 18 hours. Theseeffects occur when technical brometha-lin is administered in a soluble formand given at a dose two-fold or greaterthan the LD50, or by generous bait con-sumption.

Chronic effects, which include leth-argy, hind-leg weakness, loss ofmuscle tone and paralysis, occur witha single dose equal to the LD50, withmultiple smaller doses, or with suble-thal dietary administration. Severalacute and dietary studies have shownthat, at sublethal doses, these effects

are reversible if administration of thetoxicant is discontinued.

Experiments in the physiological andbiochemical mechanisms of action sug-gest that bromethalin uncouples oxida-tive phosphorylation in centralnervous system mitochondria. Thiscould lead to a decreased productionof ATP, a diminished activity of Na +/K + ATP-ase, and a subsequent fluidbuildup manifested by fluid-filledvacuoles between the myelin sheaths.This vacuole formation in turn leads toan increased cerebrospinal fluid pres-sure and increased pressure on nerveaxons, yielding a decrease in nerveimpulse conduction, paralysis, anddeath.

No secondary hazard is known.Rodents consuming a sublethal doseare not reported to become bait shy.

Toxicity

The toxicity of bromethalin is as follows:

Acute Oral LD50Species (mg/kg)a

Laboratory mouse 5.25 - 8.13Laboratory rat

(Norway) 2.01 - 2.46Roof rat 6.6Rabbit 13.0Dog 4.7Cat 1.8Monkey 5.0Adult quail 4.6

Chronic Oral LD50a

Quail 210 ppmMallard 620 ppmaJackson et al. (1982)

Bait placement and timing are crucialin achieving effective rodent controlwith bromethalin bait. Bait should berenewed at intervals of several days.Continuous bait availability (as withanticoagulants) is not required, butbait needs to be exposed long enoughto allow all animals in the area to feed.Bait quantity will be about one-thirdthat used with anticoagulants, since ananimal ingesting a lethal dose does notfeed again.


Dorman, D. C. 1992. Bromethalin rodenticidetoxicosis. Pages 175-178 in R. W. Kirk and J.D. Bonagura, eds. Current veterinarytherapy XI: small animal practice. W. B.Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Jackson, W. B., S. R., Spaulding, R. B. L. Van Lier,and B. A. Dreikorn. 1982. Bromethalin—apromising new rodenticide. Proc. Vertebr.Pest Conf. 10:10-16.

Spaulding, S. R., and H. Spannring. 1988. Statusof bromethalin outside the United States.Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 13:64-69.

Van Lier, R. B. L., and L. D. Ottosen. 1981.Studies on the mechanism of toxicity ofbromethalin, a new rodenticide. Toxicol.1(1):114.

G-33

G-34

CAPSAICINChemical Name

8-methyl-n-vanillyl-6-nonenamide

Trade Name

Hot Sauce Animal Repellent®

Use

Capsaicin is the material that makespeppers (red, jalapeño, and others)hot. It is also the active ingredient in arepellent used to protect ornamentaltrees and shrubs, dormant fruit andnut trees, and nursery stock. It is regis-tered for controlling damage by deer,rabbits, and meadow and pine mice. Itis also registered as an active ingredi-ent in several dog repellents (Halt®,Dog Shield®) and is frequently used bymail carriers and meter readers toward off aggressive dogs. It hasrecently been proposed for federal reg-istration to repel attacking bears andmoose.

History

Developed as a repellent by MillerChemical and Fertilizer Corporation,capsaicin was federally registered bythe EPA in 1980.

Properties

Capsaicin (from oleoresin of capsicum)is a liquid with a boiling point of220oC. It is soluble in vegetable oil andin various solvents. The repellentformulation is a brown to reddishhomogeneous liquid at room tem-perature, containing natural fats andwaxes.

Pharmacology

Capsaicin is an extreme irritant to skin,eyes, and other tissues. Exposure toskin causes dermal irritation. Exposureto eyes can cause superficial keratitisand conjunctivitis. Ingestion can causesevere irritation to the stomach orlungs. When handling the concentrate,use rubber or plastic gloves and a faceshield.

Toxicity

The acute oral LD50 for the mouse isreported to be 47.2 mg/kg.a

aSweet (1993)


Mason, J. R., N. J. Bean, P. S. Shah, and L. Clark.1991. Taxon-specific differences inresponsiveness to capsaicin and severalanalogues: correlates between chemicalstructure and behavioral aversiveness. J.Chem. Ecol. 17(12):2539-2551.

Rogers, L. L. 1984. Reactions of free-rangingblack bears to capsaicin spray repellents.Wildl. Soc. Bull. 12:59-61.

ALPHA-CHLORALOSE

ofuranose

Chemical Name

1,2-0-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)-α-D-gluc

Other Names

chloralose, glucochloralose, A-C

Trade Names

Alphakil®, Murex, Somio

Use

This compound has recently beenapproved in the United States for use asan immobilizing agent for waterfowl,coots, and pigeons. It is not classified asa pesticide, but rather as a drug. Federalapproval for its use by USDA-APHISpersonnel and their trained designeeswas granted by the US Food and DrugAdministration in 1992.

History

Alpha-chloralose has been used inbaits for stupefying pigeons and housesparrows in the United Kingdom since1959. It has also been employed incolder climates of European countriesas a rodenticide. It has been formu-lated at about 0.5% in grain baits forbirds, but up to 4% active ingredient asa rodenticide against house mice.a Thecompound has also been used as ageneral anesthetic in laboratory ani-mals, and as an activating agent inelectroencephalography in humans.

Properties

This compound is a crystalline powderwith a melting point of 187oC. It issoluble in ether and in glacial aceticacid. Its solubility in water is 1 g in 225ml at 15oC.

Pharmacology

Alpha-chloralose is a centrally activedrug with both stimulant and depres-sant properties on the central nervoussystem. In birds, alpha-chloralose actsas a hypnotic, rendering birds easier tocapture. In rodents, it retards metabo-lism, lowering body temperature to a

degree that may be fatal to small mam-mals such as house mice in cold cli-mates (below 15oC.).

In mice, ataxia occurs in 5 to 10 min-utes following first ingestion, and feed-ing ceases within 20 minutes. Micemay recover at air temperatures above15oC. Birds will recover if left alone.d

In small doses, the compoundincreases motor activity and causesmyoclonic movements, which mayprogress eventually to deep anesthesiaas dosage increases. It selectivelydepresses the normal arousalresponse. The electroencephalogram(EEG) of anesthetized animals, how-ever, suggests that cortical neurons arein a “subconvulsive state.”a

Alpha-chloralose is metabolized tochloral, which is converted to tri-chlorethanol, a central nervous systemdepressant. Hepatic formation of aglucuronide then occurs to form phar-macologically inactive urochloralicacid, which is excreted in the urine.b

Early clinical effects are mild ataxia fol-lowed by hyperexcitability. Some catsmay become quite aggressive. Insevere poisoning, the early signs rap-idly give way to posterior weakness,prostration, increased salivation, shal-low respiration, weak pulse, and hypo-thermia. Affected animals appear tolose sensitivity to pain but haveincreased reactivity to touch, sound, orelectrical stimulus.c A sort of “psychicblindness” is described in dogsb, inwhich affected animals do not respondto normal stimuli or familiar sur-roundings. Fatally poisoned animalsappear to die of respiratory failure.c

Toxicity

Birds are generally less resistant thanmammals to alpha-chloralose. Underexperimental conditions, cats haverefused to voluntarily consume baitscontaining the compound, while dogshave eaten 4 g/kg without lethaleffects.b The following toxicity valueshave been reported:

Acute Oral LD50Species (mg/kg)

House mouse 190d - 300e

Norway rat 300d - 400e,f

Cat 100e - 250f

Goose, canada 54g

Mallard 42d,f

Coot 47 - 58h

Pigeon 178d,f - 215g

Crow 42e

Starling 75e

aSpencer (1981)bLees and Pharm (1972).cHayes (1982)dHone and Mulligan (1982)eOsweiler et al. (1985)fSweet (1993)gWoronecki (1992)hWoronecki, unpubl.



Cornwell, P. B. 1969. Alphakil—a new rodenticidefor mouse control. Pharmaceut. J. 202:74-75.

Lees, P., and Y. Pharm. 1972. Pharmacology andtoxicology of alpha-chloralose: a review. Vet.Rec. 91:330.

Woronecki, P. P., R. A. Dolbeer, and T. W. Seamans.1990. Use of alpha-chloralose to removewaterfowl from nuisance and damage situa-tions. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 14:343-349.

Woronecki, P. P., R. A. Dolbeer, and T. W.Seamans. 1992. Alpha-chloralose efficacy incapturing nuisance waterfowl and pigeonsand current status of FDA registration. Proc.Vertebr. Pest Conf. 15:72-78.

G-35

G-3

CHLOROPICRIN

ochloroform

Chemical Names

Chloropicrin, trichloronitromethane, nitr

Trade Names

Larvacide®, Chlor-o-pic®, and others

Use

Chloropicrin is a fumigant for control-ling rats and mice in structures or bur-rows. It has been found to be aneffective area repellent for house mice.It is also used as a fumigant for insectcontrol in soil and stored grain andcereal products.

History

Its first use as an insecticide was sug-gested in 1908. It was widely used inchemical warfare (tear gas) from 1916to 1918.

Properties

Chloropicrin is a heavy colorless liquidwith a boiling point of 112oC. It is notflammable. It is soluble in water andmiscible with various organic solvents.Chloropicrin is easily detected at verylow concentrations because of its char-acteristic odor and tear gas effect.Hence, it is used as a warning agent inother fumigants. Because of this effect,it may drive rodents out of structuresor burrows before they receive a lethalamount.

Pharmacology

The compound is very irritating tomucous membranes, causing tear pro-duction. Chloropicrin injures themedium and small bronchi. Pulmo-nary edema is the cause of death.a

Because of its irritating properties, it isnot usually lethal to humans as long asan escape route exists.

6

Toxicity

Acute oral LD50 for Norway rats is 250mg/kg.b The following toxicities forinhalation of the compound have beenreported:

Species LCL0 LC50

Mouse 66 mg/m3/4Hb

Human 2,000 mg/m3/Mb

aOsweiler (1985)bSweet (1993)



Tigner, J. R., and W. A. Bowles. 1964.Chloropicrin tested as an area repellent forhouse mice. J. Wildl. Manage. 28:748-751.

CHOLECALCIFEROL

l

Chemical Name

9,10-seocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trein-3 betao

Other Names

Cholecalciferol, Vitamin D3

Trade Names

Quintox®, Rampage®

Use

Cholecalciferol is a single-dose ormultiple-dose rodenticide.

History

Laboratory and field research of thiscompound as a rodenticide was con-ducted relatively recently, althoughrodenticidal properties of calciferol, arelated compound, have been knownfor some time. Registration as a ratand mouse bait was granted to BellLaboratories in late 1984 and MotomcoLtd. in early 1985.

Properties

In pure form, cholecalciferol is a lightbrown resin with a melting point of84o to 85oC. It is not soluble in waterbut will dissolve in some organic sol-vents.

Pharmacology

Cholecalciferol is metabolized in theliver to 25-hydroxycholecalciferol andthen in the kidney to 1-alpha, 25-dihydroxycholcalciferol. It causesmobilization of calcium from the bone

matrix to plasma. Victims die fromhypercalcemia. Time to death is 3 to 4days after receiving a lethal dose. Baitshyness is said not to occur. Once arodent consumes a lethal dose, all foodintake is claimed to cease. This effect isunlike that of anticoagulants, in whichrodents continue to consume bait afterthey have ingested a lethal dose.

Toxicity

Originally, the acute oral LD50 forlaboratory mice was reported as 42.5mg/kg; for laboratory rats, 43.6 mg/kg.a For dogs, the reported acute oralLD50 was 80 mg/kg.b More recent in-formation based on use of formulatedproducts suggests the LD50 values forrats and for dogs are in the range of 10to 15 mg/kgc, or perhaps lower. Dogsand cats are more susceptible to thiscompound than are some rodents, andprecautions must be taken to preventtheir direct access to the bait. Second-ary toxicity from feeding on poisonedrodents has not been demonstrated.

aTechnical Release, Bell Laboratories Inc. (1983)bSweet (1993)cPersonal communication, William Erickson


Beard, M. L., G. O. Maupin, A. M. Barnes, andE. F. Marshall. 1988. Laboratory trials ofcholecalciferol against Spermophilusvariegatus (rock squirrels), a source ofhuman plague (Yersinia pestis) in thesouthwestern United States. J. Environ.Health 50(5):287-289.

Brown, D. L., and E. F. Marshall. 1988. Fieldevaluation of Quintox® (cholecalciferol) forcontrolling commensal rodents. Proc.Vertebr. Pest Conf. 13:70-74.

Dorman, D. C., and V. R. Beasley. 1989.Diagnosis of and therapy for cholecalciferoltoxicosis. Pages 148-152 in R. W. Kirk, ed.Current veterinary therapy X: small animalpractice. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Livezey, K. L., D. C. Dorman, S. B. Hooser, andW.B. Buck. 1991. Hypercalcemia induced byvitamin D3 toxicosis in two dogs. CaninePractice 16(5):26-32.

Twigg, L. E., and B. J. Kay. 1992. Evaluation ofQuintox® for control of feral house mice.J. Wildl. Manage. 56:174-185.

G-37

G-38

DENATONIUM SACCHARIDEChemical Name

Benzyldiethyl ([2,6-xylylcarbamoyl]methyl) ammonium saccharide

Trade Name

Ro-pel®

Use

Ro-pel® is a repellent in a liquid for-mulation, for application to surfaces toprevent animal feeding or gnawing.Ro-pel® is currently registered for useagainst deer, beaver, rats, mice, treesquirrels, birds, dogs, and cats. Theformulated product contains as activeingredients 0.065% denatonium sac-charide and 0.035% thymol. Ro-pel® isdescribed to be “extremely bitter andvile tasting.”

History

Denatonium saccharide was devel-oped in the 1980s as a chemical agentby Burlington Scientific for the USgovernment, for potential use in mak-ing food crops inedible or renderingdrug-producing plants useless.

It is chemically related to denatoniumbenzoate (trade name: Bitrex®),another bitter-tasting compoundwhich is currently registered as a dogand cat repellent, and which hasrecently been incorporated into somecommensal rodent baits as a safetyprecaution to prevent their ingestionby children.

Toxicity

No toxicity data for denatoniumsaccharide is available, although thetoxicity appears to be low to both birdsand mammals. For denatonium benzo-ate (Bitrex®), the acute oral LD50 forthe rat is 584 mg/kg, and for the rab-bit, 508 mg/kg.a

aSweet (1993)


Davis, S. F., C. A. Grover, C. A. Erickson, L. A.Millere, and J. A. Bowman. 1987. Analyzingaversiveness of denatonium saccharide andquinine in rats. Perceptual Motor Skills64:1215-1222.

Kaukeinen, D. E., and A. P. Buckle. 1992.Evaluations of aversive agents to increasethe selectivity of rodenticides, with emphasison denatonium benzoate (Bitrex®) bitteringagent. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 15:192-198.

Payne, H. A. 1988. Bitrex—a bitter solution tosafety. Chem. Ind. Nov. 21 issue. pp. 721-723.

G-39

EGG SOLIDS, PUTRESCENTTrade Names

Deer-Away®

Use

A repellent for protecting conifers, or-namental trees and shrubs, nonbearingfruit trees, and bearing fruit trees be-fore flowering and leafing out and af-ter harvest, from deer and elk.

History

Developed by researchers at theWeyerhaeuser Company during the1970s, and later manufactured andmarketed by McLaughlin GormleyKing Company. Deer-Away® is cur-rently marketed by IntAgra, Inc.

Properties

The product is formulated as a concen-trate for making a liquid solution, andas a powder. The concentrate consistsof two parts. Concentrate 2103 is abrownish paste-like slurry with a slightfermented egg odor. It contains 37%

putrescent whole egg solids and 63%inert ingredients. Formula 2104 is a redliquid that contains only inert ingredi-ents. The concentrates have a shelf lifeof more than 1 year. When combinedand diluted, they result in a ready-to-use spray.

Toxicity

A repellent concentrate containing 15%putrescent whole egg solids and 85%inert ingredients was found to have anacute oral LD50 for rats of 34,600 g/kg.It had an acute dermal LD50 for rabbitsof 3,000 mg/kg. No apparent acute orchronic effects were seen in penneddeer exposed to the product for sev-eral years.a

The product may cause browning anddrop of old needles on some species ofconifers.aTechnical Report, Deer-Away (no date)


Andelt, W. F., K. P. Brunham, and J. A. Manning.1991. Relative effectiveness of repellents forreducing mule deer damage. J. WildlifeManage. 55:341-347.

Conover, M. R. 1984. Effectiveness of repellentsin reducing deer damage in nurseries. Wildl.Soc. Bull. 12:399-404.

Palmer, W. L., R. G. Wingard, and J. L. George.1983. Evaluation of white-tailed deerrepellents. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 11:164-166.

G-40

FATTY ACIDS(various compounds)

Chemical Names

a) Ammonium soaps of higher fatty acidsb) Sodium salts of mixed fatty acids

Trade Names

a) Hinder®, Repelb) Bye Deer®

Use

Repellents for protection of variousplants from animal feeding. Hinder® isregistered as a deer and rabbit repel-lents for use on fruit trees and vines,vegetables and field crops, ornamen-tals, nursery stock, forage crops, graincrops, and noncrop areas. This prod-uct contains 15% active ingredient.Label directions instruct dilution withwater prior to application.

Bye Deer® contains 85% active ingredi-ent, and is labeled for use to “protectestablished and new plantings ofshrubs, small trees, and flowers fromdamage caused by white-tailed deer.”

History

The product now sold as Hinder® wasoriginally developed in the 1950s byLeffingwell Chemical Co. as aspreader-sticker for use on citrus. Itsvalue as a deer repellent was noted bycitrus growers. Field tests to evaluate“Spreader Sticker 268” were con-ducted by Leffingwell in the late 1960sand early 1970s. It was first registeredin California as a repellent in 1969under the trade name “Repel.” Itreceived Special Local Needs registra-tion in many states under the tradename “Hinder®” and full federal regis-tration in 1981.

Bye Deer® received federal registrationas a deer repellent in April 1993.

Properties

Ammonium soaps of higher fattyacids, as a concentrate, is a brownliquid with an odor of ammonia. It issoluble in water.

Toxicity

For ammonium soaps of higher fattyacids, the acute oral LD50 for rats is > 5g/kg. For rabbits, the acute dermalLD50 is > 2 g/kg.a

aHinder® Technical Data Sheet, AgriculturalChemicals, UNIROYAL Inc.


Fargione, M. J., and M. E. Richmond. 1992. Theeffectiveness of soap in preventing deerbrowsing. Proc. Eastern Wildl. DamageControl Conf. 5:68-74.

FENTHIONphenyl] phosphorothioate

guvon, and others

Chemical Name

0,0-dimethyl 0-[3-methyl-4-(methylthio)

Trade Names

Rid-A-Bird® 1100, Baytex, Queletox, Ti

Use

Fenthion is used in Rid-A-Bird®perches as a contact toxicant for birds(starlings, house sparrows, and pi-geons). It has also been used as an in-secticide.

History

The compound was developed byG. Schrader and E. Schegk and intro-duced in 1957 as an experimentalinsecticide by Farbenfabriken Bayer. Ithas been used to control Quelea quelea,a weaver bird, in Africa by sprayapplications to roosts and nestingcolonies.

Properties

In pure form, it is a colorless liquid.The technical material is a yellow tobrown oily liquid with a weak garlicodor. It is soluble in water and in mostorganic solvents.

Pharmacology

Fenthion is an organophosphatecompound; the toxic action of thesecompounds is caused by their inhibi-tion of acetylcholinesterase. Fenthion isreadily absorbed through the skin.Death can occur within minutes butnormally takes from 2 to 12 hours,depending on the level and mode ofexposure.

Toxicity

Fenthion is moderately toxic to mam-mals but highly toxic to birds. Thesymptoms of intoxication includelacrimation, salivation, congestion,ataxia, immobility, toxic or chronicconvulsions, and death. The toxicity isas follows:


MAMMALS

Mouse 88a

Rat 180a - 615b

Rabbit 150a

BIRDS

Canada goose 12.0c

Duck 5.9a

American kestrel 1.0 - 1.33d

Bobwhite < 4.0c

Quail, Coturnux 17.8b,d

Quail, California 15.0c

Pheasant 17.8c

Chicken 15 - 28b

Pigeon 1.78d - 4.63a,c

Mourning dove 2.37d - 2.5c

Black-billed magpie 4.22 - 5.62d

American robin 5.62d

Starling 5.30d - 17.8b

House sparrow 5.62b - 22.7c

Red-winged blackbird 1.78b - 3.50d

Common grackle 4.21b - 7.50d

House finch ~10c - 13.3d

Acute dermal LD50 values are re-ported as follows: mouse, 500 mg/kg;rat, 330 mg/kg; duck, 44 mg/kg.a

The potential for secondary hazardsassociated with the use of fenthion-treated perches was documented foravian predators and scavengers in 1969.Because of the low mammalian toxicity,the potential hazard for mammalianscavengers or predators is much less.Secondary poisoning of raptors and owlsfollowing exterior use of perches in thewinter has been reported.

aSweet (1993)bHone and Mulligan (1982)cHudson et al. (1984)dSchafer et al. (1983)



Jackson, W. B. 1978. Rid-A-Bird® perches tocontrol bird damage. Proc. Vertebr. PestConf. 8:47-50.

Schafer, E. W., Jr., W. A. Bowles, Jr., and J.Hurlbut. 1983. The acute oral toxicity,repellency and hazard potential of 998chemicals to one or more species of wild anddomestic birds. Arch. Environm. Contam.Toxicol. 12:355-382.

G-41

G-42

GAS CARTRIDGESChemical Components

Variable, depending on type of gas cartridge.

Trade Names

US Department of Agriculture Gas Cartridge, Giant Destroyer®, Smoke’Em®, Gopher Gasser®, Dexol Gasser®, and others.

Most gas cartridges are made of card-board or paper and are ignited with afuse. Care should be taken to avoidfire hazards at locations of use. Drygrasses, and methane or natural gas,which may be present in or aroundstructures, can make the use of gas car-tridges a potential fire hazard.

Pharmacology

Gas cartridges give off smoke andtoxic gases when ignited. Carbon mon-oxide gas is a major product. Inhumans, the first stage of carbonmonoxide poisoning produces a feel-ing of tightness across the forehead,headache, throbbing at the temples,dizziness, weariness, nausea, vomit-ing, collapse, and unconsciousness. Inthe second stage, the blood pressurefalls, muscular control is lost, intermit-tent convulsions may occur, and thevictim’s breathing becomes shallower,slower, and finally stops. Presumably,carbon monoxide acts similarly onother animals.

Toxicity

Two hundred parts per million of car-bon monoxide in inhaled air may pro-duce symptoms of poisoning in a fewhours, and 1,000 ppm can cause un-consciousness in 1 hour and death in 4hours.a

aClark (1986)



Dolbeer, R. A., G. E. Bernhardt, T. W. Seamans,and P. P. Woronecki. 1991. Efficacy of twogas cartridge formulations in killingwoodchucks in burrows. Wildl. Soc. Bull.19:200-204.

Matschke, G. H., and K. A. Fagerstone. 1984.Efficacy of a two-ingredient fumigant onRichardson’s ground squirrels. Proc. Vertebr.Pest Conf. 11:17-19.

Savarie, P. J., J. R. Tigner, D. J. Elias, and D. J.Hayes. 1980. Development of a simple two-ingredient pyrotechnic fumigant. Proc.Vertebr. Pest Conf. 9:215-221.

Use

Gas cartridges are incendiary devicesdesigned to give off carbon monoxideand other poisonous gases and smokewhen ignited. They are used to fumi-gate burrows of certain rodents andother mammals.

History

Gas cartridges were developed by theformer Bureau of Biological Surveymore than 30 years ago. One type ismanufactured and supplied by thePocatello Supply Depot, USDA-APHIS-Animal Damage Control,Pocatello, Idaho. Other types weredeveloped and are manufactured andsold by private commercial establish-ments.

Properties

The current USDA gas cartridge wasdeveloped for control of woodchucks,ground squirrels, prairie dogs, andpocket gophers. It contains sodiumnitrate, charcoal, and inert ingredients.A similar cartridge was developed andregistered by USDA for fumigatingcoyote dens.

METHYL ANTHRANILATE

id methyl ester; 0-carbomethoxyaniline

Chemical Names

Methyl anthranilate; 0-aminobenzoic ac

Trade Name

ReJeX-iT®

Use

Because methyl anthranilate is broadly(if not universally) repellent to birds, ithas many potential applications. Thedevelopment of several of these appli-cations has begun, and the formal reg-istration of a few is imminent. Themanufacturer (PMC Specialties Group)anticipates the registration of methylanthranilate as a bird repellent addi-tive to standing water at airports. Thecompany also anticipates registrationof methyl anthranilate as a bird repel-lent additive to Concover® (Newas-tecon, Inc.), a product designed as athin cover for landfill operations. Gullsand crows refuse to forage in areassprayed with Concover®/methylanthranilate. The next anticipated usefor the compound is application to turfand cover crops as a goose repellent;this registration is expected in 1994.

History

Methyl anthranilate is a GRAS (gener-ally recognized as safe) food flavoringthat is approved by the Food and DrugAdministration as an additive to bothhuman and livestock feeds. Thischemical occurs naturally and is thecharacteristic odor of Concord grapes.The major US producer is PMCSpecialties Group. The company syn-thesizes the chemical as a precursoringredient for the manufacture ofcalcium and sodium saccharin.

The first publication on the birdrepellency of methyl anthranilateappeared in Poultry Science (Kare andPick 1960). The following year, methylanthranilate was patented as a birdrepellent. For reasons still not com-pletely understood, methyl anthrani-late is a chemical irritant to birds,much as ammonia, formaldehyde, andblack pepper are irritants to mammals.Every avian species tested to date,including laughing gulls, ring-billedgulls, starlings, sparrows, waxwings,red-winged blackbirds, grackles, cow-birds, mallards, Canada geese, snowgeese, crows, chickens, guinea fowl,pheasants, bobwhite quail, and turkeyswill avoid normally preferred foodswhen these foods are adulterated withmethyl anthranilate at concentrationsranging from 0.5% to 1.0% by weight.

Properties

Methyl anthranilate at room tempera-ture is an oily yellowish liquid. It has afruity or grapelike odor and occurs inneoli, ylang-ylang, bergamont, jas-mine, other essential oils, and in grapejuice. It can be obtained syntheticallyby esterifying anthranilic acid withCH3OH in the presence of HCl.Methyl anthranilate is only slightlysoluble in water but is freely soluble inalcohol or ether. It has a boiling pointof 256oC, a melting point of 24oC, anda specific gravity of 1.168. It has avapor pressure of 1 mm at 20oC.

Pharmacology

According to the Materials Data SafetySheet, the pure substance may beharmful if inhaled, ingested, orabsorbed through the skin. The vaporor mist from the concentrated com-pound can be irritating to the eyes,mucous membranes, and upper respi-ratory tract. It can cause skin irritation.

Toxicity

Methyl anthranilate is not fundamen-tally toxic to mammals or birds. Itmay, however, be moderately toxic tofish. The acute oral LD50 for this com-pound is reported as follows: mouse,3,900 mg/kg; rat, 2,910 mg/kg; guineapig, 2,780 mg/kg. For dimethyl anthra-nilate, the reported LDL0 for the rat is3,380 mg/kg.a

aSweet (1993)


Cummings, J. L., D. L. Otis, and J. E. Davis, Jr.1992. Dimethyl and methyl anthranilate andmethiocarb deter feeding in captive Canadageese and mallards. J. Wildl. Manage. 56:349-355.

Kare, M. R., and H. L. Pick. 1960. The influenceof the sense of taste on feed and fluidconsumption. Poultry Sci. 39:697-706.

Mason, J. R., M. L. Avery, J. F. Glahn, D. L. Otis,R. E. Matteson, and C. O. Nelms. 1992.Evaluation of methyl anthranilate andstarch-plated dimethyl anthranilate as birdrepellent feed additives. J. Wildl. Mange.55:182-187.

G-43

G-4

METHYL BROMIDE
Chemical Name
Methyl bromide

Trade Name

Brom-o-gas®

Use

Methyl bromide is used as a fumigantfor rats and mice, insects, certain soilpests, and for treating agriculturalcommodities. It is sometimes formu-lated to include a small amount ofchloropicrin as a warning agent.

History

Methyl bromide was first described byPerkin in 1884. Its early use wasmedicinal. It was later used in thepreparation of methyl compoundsemployed in the manufacture ofaniline dyes and still later as a fireextinguishing agent.

Methyl bromide was first used inCalifornia as an insecticide in 1935 byD. B. Mackie, then chief of the Bureauof Entomology and Plant Quarantine,California State Department of Agri-culture.

In 1938, C. E. Berry reported success inkilling ground squirrels in Californiaby injecting methyl bromide into theirburrow systems at the rate of 10 cm3

per burrow opening. In the same year,it was reported that all life stages offleas in the rodent burrows could bekilled at this same dosage. This wasimportant from the standpoint ofplague control.

Properties

Methyl bromide is a colorless liquidwhich boils at 4.5oC. At ordinary tem-peratures it is a nonflammable gas, 1pound of which occupies 3.98 ft3

(0.25 m3/kg). Methyl bromide is 3.5times heavier than air. It has a burningtaste and slight chloroform-like smell.Some formulations contain a smallamount of chloropicrin as a warningagent.

4

Pharmacology

Methyl bromide is harmful by inhala-tion of the vapors; injury may occur byeye or skin contact with the liquid.

In acute exposures by inhalation, theeffects are on both the respiratory andcentral nervous systems. These effectsmay be somewhat delayed, but rarelyfor longer than 24 hours in the case ofrespiratory symptoms, and seldomover 48 hours for symptoms in the cen-tral nervous system. The delay in onsetof symptoms of intoxication makestoxic exposure to methyl bromidepossible before the hazard is appre-ciated. Repeated exposures to lowconcentrations will seldom have pul-monary effects, but central nervoussystem manifestations may occur daysor weeks after the initial exposure.

Methyl bromide will act as a lung irri-tant in the respiratory system. Effectsmay vary from mild bronchitis topulmonary edema and respiratory fail-ure. Signs and symptoms may includecoughing, chest pain, difficult or pain-ful breathing, and eventually “wet”breathing often complicated bybronchopneumonia.

Central nervous system symptomsusually accompany or follow therespiratory effects by several hours.Signs and symptoms include intensenausea and vomiting, dizziness,blurred vision, staggering gait, andslurred speech. Convulsions are anominous sign. Following excitation,central nervous system depressionmay occur. Muscle weakness andrespiratory paralysis may also occur.

Exposure to methyl bromide may pro-duce permanent neurological

disburbances such as muscular pain,diplodia, dizziness, or even mentaldeterioration. Persons surviving formore than 48 hours may experiencenausea and vomiting for as long as aweek and permanent neurologicaldamage.

Since methyl bromide has a very lowboiling point, evaporation takes placevery rapidly and within seconds it canentirely disappear from the surface ofthe skin. However, if methyl bromideis spilled on clothing, gloves, or shoes,such coverings may become saturated,and contact with the skin is prolonged.No particular sensation is produced bysuch skin contact and the individualmay be unaware that exposure hasoccurred. As a result, burns similar tothermal burns may occur. Leathergoods such as shoes that become con-taminated with methyl bromideshould be destroyed.

No person should be permitted tohandle methyl bromide while wearinggloves or close fitting clothes. Methylbromide will penetrate ordinary rub-ber gloves, so these should not beworn. Where methyl bromide has beenspilled on clothing, such clothingshould be removed and carefullyaerated before being reworn.

Severe corneal burns may result fromsplashes of the liquid material in theeye. Vapor exposures to the eye willcause irritation, but burns are unlikely.

Toxicity

For humans, the reported inhalationLCL0 is 60,000 ppm for 2 hours, andthe reported TCL0 is 35 ppm.a Singleexposures of 1,000 ppm for 30 to 60minutes are dangerous to life.

Repeated exposures of 100 ppm for 7hours per day can produce seriouspoisoning.b Humans should wearappropriate respirators whenever theconcentration in the air exceeds 17ppm.c

For rats, the reported LC50 is 302 ppmfor 8 hoursa, and the reported LCL0 is3,120 ppm for 15 minutesd.

Methyl bromide is phytotoxic. Plantswith roots in the vicinity of fumigatedrodent burrows may be injured orkilled.aSweet (1993)bClark (1986)cSpencer (1981)dLewis and Sweet (1985)



Lewis, R. L. Sr., and D. V. Sweet. 1985. Registryof toxic effects of chemical substances. 1983-84 Supplement. US Dep. Health HumanServ., Centers for Dis. Control, Nat. Inst.Occupational Safety Health. Cincinnatti, OH.

G-45

G-46

NAPHTHALENEChemical Name

Naphthalene

Use

An insecticidal fumigant of limitedusefulness and somewhat lowpotency. Because of its pungent odor,it is sometimes used as a mammalrepellent, in paticular for repellingunwanted animals from beneathhouses or from attics. It is currentlyregistered for rabbits, squirrels, bats,dogs, and birds and is one of twoactive ingredients in a registered snakerepellent.

History

Naphthalene has long been used as afumigant and repellent for the clothesmoth.

Properties

Colorless, flaky crystals with a meltingpoint of 80oC. Insoluble in water;slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble inether, chloroform, and other organicsolvents.

Pharmacology

Prolonged inhalation may cause head-ache, nausea, vomiting, and sweating,followed by anemia, haematuria, andoptic neuritis. Skin contact may causelocal irritation and occasionallydermatitis. In accidental ingestions,naphthalene is rapidly absorbed fromthe gastrointestinal tract of children.Ingestion causes abdominal pain,diarrhea, rapid pulse and respiration,fever and rigors, and excitement lead-ing to unconsciousness, coma, andconvulsions.

Some individuals, particularly maleswith a Mediterranean or Africanancestry, may have a severe hemolyticcrisis which may be delayed forseveral days after exposure. Dermalabsorption of naphthalene fromblankets has been reported to havecaused deaths in extremely youngGreek infants.

Toxicity

The acute oral LD50 of naphthalene formice is reported to be 533 mg/kg; forrats, 490 mg/kg. The acute oral LDL0for cats is reported as 100 g/kg; fordogs, 400 mg/kg; and for a humanchild, 100 mg/kg.a

aSweet (1993)


RED SQUILL

dients)

Other Names

Squill, scilliroside glycosides (active ingre

Use

Red squill powders and extracts havebeen used primarily for the control ofNorway rats. Red squill can be usedsuccessfully with all food baits that canbe finely ground and mixed thor-oughly. It is not satisfactory in cubedfruits or vegetables because thesematerials will not take up enoughsquill to kill rats.

History

Red squill, often referred to as the seaonion, is a perennial onionlike plant(Urginea maritima), belonging to the lilyfamily and native to countries aroundthe Mediterranean Sea. The bulbs,weighing 5 to 6 pounds each, aresliced, dried, and ground to a fine red-dish powder. Red squill has been usedsince ancient times in the Mediterra-nean area to combat rats. Until 1945 itwas difficult to obtain red squill pow-ders of uniform toxicity. Then amethod of fortification was developedwhereby “weak” squill powders couldbe made more toxic and still retain theemetic qualities possessed by the origi-nal powder.

Properties

Red squill has been available in pow-dered form, as a liquid extract, and ina paste. The powder is hygroscopic—itabsorbs water from the atmosphereand cakes and hardens if exposed tothe air. The powder is extremely irri-tating to the skin, only slightly soluble,has low toxicity, is not cumulative, isnot absorbed by the skin, and is rela-tively safe to humans and nontargetanimals that can vomit such as dogs,pigs, and sometimes cats. Its mostdesirable quality is this natural emeticaciton which causes vomiting in mostanimals. Since rats are unable to vomit,they are unable to get rid of the baitthrough emesis.

Red squill has a sharp, unpleasant, bit-ter taste but is fairly well accepted byNorway rats initially, if not used inproportions greater than 10% of thefinished bait material. Most species ofdomestic animals will reject baits con-taining red squill. Its bitter taste can bea major disadvantage, however,because it may cause bait shyness inrats consuming a sublethal dose in theinitial feeding. Also, red squill bulbs,powders, or extracts deteriorate in rat-killing ability when subjected to tem-peratures over 80oC. The powderslowly loses toxicity when it remainsin contact with the air and retains onlyone-half of its original potency whenstored for 4 years under ordinarywarehouse conditions. Toxicity is pre-served when the material is kept inhermetically sealed containers.

Pharmacology

The toxic action of red squill dependson the presence of a rodent-toxic gly-coside, scilliroside, in the plant. It killsby a digitalis-like action that causesheart paralysis. Most rats die within 12hours of eating a lethal dose.

Toxicity

Male rats are considerably more resis-tant to squill than are females. The tox-icity of red squill has been reported asfollows:

Species Acute Oral LD50(mg/kg)

Mouse 50a

Norway rat (female) 200 - 250b

Norway rat (male) 490c

Cat 100c

Dog 145c

Pig 200c

Goat 500c

Cattle (juvenile) 100c

Cattle (adult) 250c

Red squill is considered essentiallynontoxic to poultry.aSweet (1993)bBartik and Piskac (1981)cClarke et al. (1981)


Bartik, M., and A. Piskac, eds. 1981. Veterinarytoxicology. Elsevier Sci. Pub. Co.,Amsterdam, Oxford, and New York. 346 pp.

Clarke, M. L., D. C. Harvey, and D. J.Humphreys. 1981. Veterinary toxicolgy. 2nded. Bailliere Tindall, London. 328 pp.

Verbiscar, A. J., T. F. Banigan, and H. S. Gentry.1986. Recent research on red squill as arodenticide. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 12:51-56.

G-47

G-48

SODIUM CYANIDEChemical Name

Sodium cyanide

Use

Sodium cyanide has been used as afumigant to kill insects or mammals inburrows. Currently it is used in theM-44® device for control of coyotes,foxes, and feral dogs that depredatelivestock and poultry or that depre-date federally designated threatenedor endangered species. One product isalso registered for use to control vec-tors of communicable diseases (such ascanids that may be carrying rabies).

History

Sodium cyanide has been used inpredator control in the United Statessince the invention of the CoyoteGetter in the 1930s. This device, a pre-cursor of the current M-44® device,utilized a dose of sodium cyanidepropelled into the mouth of a coyoteby a .38-caliber shell containing aprimer. All predacidal uses of sodiumcyanide were cancelled by the EPA inMarch 1972. Sodium cyanide wasre-registered for use in the M-44®device in 1975.

Properties

Sodium cyanide is a colorless solidwith a melting point of 564oC. Itreadily absorbs moisture from the airand is very water soluble in water.When in contact with carbon dioxideor acids, it forms hydrogen cyanide(HCN) gas, which is extremely toxic.

Pharmacology

Hydrocyanic acid (HCN) is highly andquickly toxic by contact, ingestion, orinhalation of vapors. It poisons thecytochrome-oxidase system of all cells.Unconsciousness occurs rapidly, fol-lowed by convulsions and deathwithin 5 minutes. Extreme cautionmust be used.

Toxicity

The acute oral LD50 of sodium cya-nide for rats is 6.44 mg/kg. Thereported human acute oral LDL0 isvariously reported as 2.86 mg/kg or6.56 mg/kg.a The acute oral human

TDL0 is reported to be 0.7 mg/kg.a ForHCN, the threshold limit value/timeweighted average is 10 ppm forhumans.b It is immediately dangerousto life or health at 50 ppm.c A concen-tration of 200 ppm will quickly kill ahuman.b An antidote kit containingamyl nitrate is available and effective ifused quickly following exposure.aSweet (1993)bSpencer (1981)cBerg (1983)



Connolly, G. 1988. M-44 sodium cyanideejectors in the animal damage controlprogram, 1976-1986. Proc. Vertebr. PestConf. 13:220-225.

Shult, M. J., C. W. Ramsey, and W. G.Klussmann. 1976. Using the M-44 in coyotecontrol. Texas Agric. Ext. Serv. Pub. MP-1181, College Station, Texas.

SODIUM FLUOROACETATE
Chemical Name
Sodium monofluoroacetate

Other Names

Compound 1080®, 1080, Fluoroacetate

Use

Compound 1080 is a single-dose toxi-cant currently registered for use in theLivestock Protection Collar for controlof coyotes that are depredating sheepor goats in fenced pastures only. It wasformerly registered for use againstcommensal rodents and certain fieldrodents in some states. It was also for-merly used in large meat draw stationsfor the control of coyotes and othercanids.

History

Polish scientists discovered that anorganic fluorine compound from“ratsbane” (Dichapetalum toxicarium), aWest African poisonous plant, hadpossibilities as an economic poison.The information was disclosed in 1942to British scientists who sent samplesof the compound to the United States.It received the designation “1080”from the invoice number given to it atthe Patuxent Wildlife Research Center,where it was first tested as a rodenti-cide in June 1944. When the compoundappeared promising, the remainderwas forwarded to the (then) US Fishand Wildlife Service Denver WildlifeResearch Center for further testing anddevelopment. More recently, the com-pound was researched for use in theLivestock Protection Collar, a 1080-filled rubber bladder placed aroundthe neck of a goat or sheep, designedto kill an attacking coyote.

Properties

Sodium monofluoroacetate is a white,stable, water soluble, practically taste-less, crystalline compound. It has afaint acetate odor and a mild acid-saltytaste. When the powdered material isexposed to air, it takes up water and

becomes gummy. It decomposes atapproximately 200oC and is unstableabove 110oC. The material is extremelysoluble in water and relatively insolu-ble in many organic solvents and invegetable fats and oils. A black dye hasoften been added to the compoundduring manufacturing to distinguish itfrom substances like sugar and flour.

Degradation. Salts of monofluoroaceticacid are readily absorbed by root tis-sues and other cellulosic materials, andare decomposed adaptively by soilbacteria, apparently of the genusPseudomonas. Therefore, any sodiummonofluoroacetate leached into thesoil will likely be held in the upper lay-ers rich in microorganisms, anddecomposed by bacteria. In tests con-ducted in England the compoundeither exhibited no measurable toxicityfrom the start or exhibited no measur-able toxicity within two weeks,depending upon the soil type, whenapplied to soils at 10 ppm; it exhibitedno measurable toxicity within 11weeks when applied to soils at 50ppm.

Translocation. Sodium monofluoro-acetate leached into the soil may betaken up by plants. However, only asmall amount is translocated upwardto the leaves; the rest remainsadsorbed in the roots. Plants candecompose the compound. In oneexperiment plants had decomposed29% of the absorbed sodium mono-fluoroacetate after 48 hours of incuba-tion.

Pharmacology

Sodium monofluoroacetate is veryrapidly absorbed in the gastrointesti-nal tract. Symptoms of poisoning mayappear in 15 to 45 minutes and death

may occur some later time but usuallywithin 24 hours. The compound is notaccumulative to any practical degree.Demonstration of symptoms varieswidely among species.

In the body, sodium monofluoro-acetate, like other monofluoroacetates,is metabolized to highly toxic fluoro-citrate. Fluorocitrate blocks the Krebscycle, the major mechanism for releas-ing energy from food. The resultingbuildup of citrate blocks glucosemetabolism, another mechanism forreleasing energy from food. The block-age of these processes causes theenergy supply to be reduced to a pointwhere cellular permeability barriersare destroyed, resulting in a loss offunction and finally cellular death.Eventually, gross organ or organ sys-tem disorders are manifested. Deathresults from cardiac and/or centralnervous system failure.

The primary pharmacological action ofCompound 1080 may be either in thecentral nervous system or the heart —or a combination of the two —depending on the subject involved.Central nervous system symptoms arecharacterized by initial intermittentconvulsions followed by depression.The heart symptoms appear later, andin primates, heart action terminates inventricular fibrillation. There is nopractical antidote for 1080 poisoning;treatment is symptomatic. Once fibril-lation begins, death is assured.

Compound 1080 is slower in its actionthan strychnine. A dog poisoned with1080 becomes extremely excited, fre-quently howls, and exhibits runningfits, nonrecognition of human pres-ence, and action suggestive of fearfulhallucinations or hysteria. The terminalphase of 1080 poisoning in a dog

G-49

G-50

Toxicity Table

Acute Oral LD50Species (mg/kg)b

MAMMALS

CarnivoresBear, Ursus sp. 0.5 - 1.0Domestic cat 0.4 - 0.5d

Coyote, Canis latrans 0.12e

Dingo, Canis familiaris dingo 0.11d

Dog, Canis familiaris 0.05 - 1.0d

Desert kit fox, Vulpes macrotis 0.22d

Domestic ferret, Mustela putorious 1.41Rodents

Ground squirrelsFisher’s, Spermophilus beecheyi fisheri 0.3Pocket gophers: Northern, Thomomys talpoides 0.33c

RatsNorway (lab), Rattus norvegicus (male) 2.1*

Rattus norvegicus (female) 2.2*Norway (wild), Rattus norvegicus 3.0Alexandrine, Rattus rattus alexandricus 0.5Black, Rattus rattus sp. 0.1Cotton, Sigmodon hispidus litteralis 0.1Woodrat, Neotoma intermedia 1.5

MiceDeer mouse, Peromyscus sp. 4.0House mouse, Mus musculus 4.0 - 17.0d

Miscellaneous spp.Meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus 0.92Prairie dog, Cynomys ludovicianus 0.3

LagomorphsBlack-tailed jackrabbit, Lepus californicus 5.55European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus < 0.8d

*Research has shown much variation between strains of laboratory rodents.

aClark (1986)bValues as reported by Atzert (1971) except as otherwise notedcDenver Wildlife Research Center, USDA, filesdHone and Mulligan (1982)eConnolly (1980)


involves a tonic spasm (continuousmuscular contractions) followed byrunning movements executed in aprone position. The course of tonicspasms may subside at times and thedog may appear normal, but ulti-mately, repeated convulsive anoxicassaults on the respiratory center leadto death through respiratory paralysis.Death is seldom attributable primarilyto action on the heart.

Secondary poisoning can be demon-strated under some conditions withsodium monofluoroacetate. However,simple dilution and the fact that ani-mals can metabolize 1080 to nontoxicmetabolites and/or excrete a largequantity of a dose prior to death con-siderably reduces the hazard of acutepoisoning via secondary sources.

Toxicity

An outstanding characteristic of thetoxicity of Compound 1080 is theextremely wide variation in suscepti-bility between different species of ani-mals. Dogs have been killed with adosage of 1080 as small as 0.06 mg/kg,but a Norway rat may require 8.0 mg/kg. Species vary considerably in theirresponse, with primates and birds theleast sensitive, and carnivores androdents generally the most susceptible.The amount necessary to producelethal effects often varies in differentstrains of the same species. The LD50 is2.5 to 8 mg/kg for Rattus norvegicusand 1 to 4 mg/kg for Rattus rattus.a Ingeneral, birds are more tolerant of 1080than are most mammals, althoughthere are exceptions.

Dogs and coyotes are particularly sen-sitive to Compound 1080. Dogs, withan LD50 of 0.06 mg/kg, and coyotes at0.12 mg/kg, can be poisoned second-arily by eating 1080-killed rodents.Chickens and birds in general are notvery susceptible to poisoning fromCompound 1080, having an LD50 inthe range of 5 to 10 mg/kg. Com-pound 1080 is not hazardous to fish;tests have shown fingerling bream andbass to live indefinitely without dis-comfort in a concentration of 370 ppm.Judging from fatal and near-fatal cases,the dangerous dose to a human is 0.7to 2.1 mg/kg.a

Precautions

Sodium monofluoroacetate should beused by trained personnel only, andthen under conditions that affordmaximum security against accidentalpoisoning. Users of the Livestock Pro-tection Collar are required to completethorough training prior to certification.The 1080 solution may escape fromcollars that are punctured or otherwisedamaged. Protective safety measuresshould always be taken when 1080solutions are handled.

First Aid Treatment for Dogs

Lloyd (1983) notes that in practicallyall cases, treatment of poisoned dogs isineffective, and the prognosis ofpoisoned animals is grave. If apractitioner has the opportunity totreat an affected dog, the best that canbe hoped for is palliation orsymptomatic relief. Intravenousinjections of barbiturates q.s. to controlconvulsions have been used. Injectionsof calcium gluconate solutions havealso been employed to control tetany,which is thought to be caused by a

lactic acidemia. Attempts to decreasethe concentration of citrate haveinvolved the administration of acetate.Monoacetin (glyceryl monoacetate) hasbeen given intramuscularly in doses of0.55 gm/kg. Additionally, solutionscontaining 50% alcohol and 5% aceticacid have been given orally in doses of8.8 ml/kg (Lloyd 1983).


Atzert, S. P. 1971. A review of sodiummonofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) — itsproperties, toxicology, and use in predatorand rodent control. Bur. Sport Fish. Wildl.,Div. Wildl. Serv., Spec. Sci. Rep.-Wildl. No.146, US Dep. Inter., Washington, DC. 34 pp.

Calver, M. C., and D. R. King. 1986. Controllingvertebrate pests with fluoroacetate: lessonsin wildlife management, bio-ethics, and co-evolution. J. Biol. Educ. 20(4):257-262.

Connolly, G. E. 1980. Use of Compound 1080 inlivestock neck collars to kill depredatingcoyotes; a report on field and laboratoryresearch, November 1978 — March 1980. USDep. Inter., Fish Wildl. Serv., Denver,Colorado. 125 pp and append.

Connolly, G., and R. J. Burns. 1990. Efficacy ofCompound 1080 livestock protection collarsfor killing coyotes that attack sheep. Proc.Vertebr. Pest Conf. 14:269-276.

Howard, W. E., and R. H. Schmidt. 1984.Biological rationale for 1080 as a predacide.Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 11:138-145.

Kun, E. 1982. Monofluoroacetic acid(Compound 1080), its pharmacologyand toxicology. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf.10:34-41.

Lloyd, W. E. 1983. Sodium fluoroacetate(Compound 1080) poisoning. Pages 112-114in R. W. Kirk, ed. Current veterinary therapyVIII: small animal practice. W. B. SaundersCo., Philadelphia.

Rammell, C. G., and P. A. Fleming. 1978.Compound 1080. An. Health Div. Minist.Agric. Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand.112 pp.

Wade, D. A. 1977. Standard guideline for theuse and development of sodiummonofluoroacetate (Compound 1080) as apredacide (ASTM designation E 590- 76).Pages 157-170 in W. B. Jackson and R. E.Marsh, eds., Test methods for vertebrate pestcontrol and management materials. ASTMSTP 625, Am. Soc. Testing and Mater.Philadelphia.

G-51

G-52

STARLICIDE®

chloride, CPTH, DRC-1339

Chemical Name

3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride

Other Names

3-chloro-4-methyl benzylnamine hydro

Use

Starlicide® is a slow-acting avicideregistered for the control of starlings,blackbirds, pigeons, gulls, ravens,crows, and magpies.

History

This chemical, originally coded DRC-1339 and evaluated by the DenverWildlife Research Center, was foundto be an excellent toxicant for starlingsand blackbirds when formulated as aStarlicide® pellet. It received federalregistration in 1967 for feedlot uses.Starlicide® is manufactured and dis-tributed by the Purina Mills Company.Registration of a DRC-1339 concen-trate has been maintained by USDA-APHIS for use against starlings,blackbirds, and gulls, with additionalapprovals granted for use againstpigeons in 1992 and against ravens,crows, and magpies in 1993. Use of theDRC-1339 concentrate is restricted toUSDA-APHIS personnel.

Properties

The technical compound is a pale yel-low, crystalline solid material that isvery soluble in water and other highlypolar solvents; it sublimes at 220oC. Ifformulated with many grains, potencyof the compound may decline signifi-cantly when stored. CommercialStarlicide® pellets retain their potencyfor 6 to 12 months.

Pharmacology

Starlicide® is a slow-acting and appar-ently painless toxicant in birds andmammals. In sensitive bird and mam-mal species, death results primarilyfrom uremia (a buildup of uric acid in

the blood). Death occurs without con-vulsions or spasms, and is the result ofgeneralized circulatory impairment inthe liver and kidney, and congestion ofthe major organs. At death, victims’feathers are usually fluffed and theirfeet tucked inside the feathers of thelower breast.

In most mammals and nonsensitivebirds, death results from methemo-globinenemia (a buildup of methemo-globin in the blood). Mammals becomelistless and comatose before death.

Birds and mammals appear to metabo-lize or excrete Starlicide® completelywithin a matter of hours, and themetabolites are also excreted. Knownmetabolites are nontoxic to birds andmammals. Because the Starlicide® andits metabolites are excreted while birdsare still alive, there is no secondarytoxicity to any scavengers eating deadbirds.

Toxicity

In birds, the average time betweeningestion and death is 36 to 60 hours,depending on the amount ingested.Even when the lethal dose level isexceeded many times, death still takesmany hours. In most mammals, deathoccurs in 3 to 12 hours.

The toxicity of Starlicide® varies con-siderably between bird species. Star-lings, blackbirds, and crows are amongthe most sensitive birds; house spar-rows and hawks are nonsensitive.Mammals are generally not sensitiveto the toxic effects of Starlicide®.

Toxicity Tables

Acute oral LD50Species (mg/kg)a,d

BIRDS

Mallard 17.8Blue-winged teal 31.6Pintail > 32Cooper’s hawk 562Golden eagle > 100Marsh hawk 100Kestrel > 320Ring-necked pheasant 10Coturnix quail 2.24 - 10Domestic turkey 5.62Domestic chicken 4b

White-winged dove 4.22Mourning dove 3.16 - 7.50Pigeon (rock dove) 17.8Barn owl 4.22Blue jay 10Scrub jay 1.78Black-billed magpie 5.6 - 17.7Common raven 5.62Common crow 1.33 - 1.78American robin 3.16Starling 3.16 - 4.11House sparrow 320 - 448Red-winged blackbird 2.41Tricolored blackbird 2.74Boat-tailed grackle 1.00Common grackle 1.00Cassin’s finch > 100House finch > 225White-crowned sparrow > 320

Acute oral LD50Species (mg/kg)c

MAMMALS

Mouse 2,000White mouse 960White rat 1,170 - 1,770Rat 655b

Dog > 100Sheep ca 400Cow > 10

aDeCino et al. (1966)bSweet (1993)cClark (1986)dSchafer et al. (1983)



Besser, J. F., W. C. Royall, Jr., and J. W.DeGrazio. 1967. Baiting starlings with DRC-1339 at a cattle feedlot. J. Wildl. Manage.31:48-51.

DeCino, T. J., D. J. Cunningham, and E. W.Schafer. 1966. Toxicity of DRC- 1339 tostarlings. J. Wildl. Manage. 30:249-253.

Knittle, C. E., J. L. Guarino, P. C. Nelson, R. W.DeHaven, and D. J. Twedt. 1980. Baitingblackbird and starling congregating areas inKentucky and Tennessee. Proc. Vertebr. PestConf. 9:31-37.

Knittle, C. E., E. W. Schafer, and K. A.Fagerstone. 1990. Status of compound DRC-1339 registrations. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf.14:311-313.

Schafer, E. W., Jr., W. A. Bowles, Jr., and J.Hurlbut. 1983. The acute oral toxicity,repellency and hazard potential of 998chemicals to one or more species of wild anddomestic birds. Arch. Environ. Contam.Toxicol. 12:355-382.

Sterner, R. T., D. J. Elias, and D. R. Cerven. 1992.The pesticide reregistration process:collections of human health hazards data for3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (DRC-1339). Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 15:62-66.

G-53

G-54

STRYCHNINE

-methano-6H,14H-indolo (3,2,1-ij)oxepino(2,3,4-de)pyrrolo(2,3-h)quinolin-14-one

Chemical Name

2,4a,5,5a,7,8,15,15a,15b,15c-dechydro-4,6

Use

Strychnine is a widely used toxicantregistered for use in controlling certainrodent and depredating bird species.In the past, strychnine was commonlyused for controlling rodents, depredat-ing birds, and mammals such asskunks and coyotes. Abovegrounduses were halted by court action in1988, but it remains registered andused belowground for control ofpocket gophers and, in some states,other species.

History

Strychnine is one of the alkaloids pro-cessed from raw dried ripe seed ofStrychnos nux vomica, a small tree na-tive to India, North Australia, Viet-nam, and Ceylon. This alkaloid wasdiscovered by Pelletier and Caventonin 1817. There is 2.0% to 2.7% totalalkaloid found in the seeds, whichwere used to kill dogs, cats, and birdsin Europe at least as early as 1640.

Properties

Strychnine, a white crystalline powder,is currently available in an alkaloidform; the sulfate form previously usedis no longer registered. Strychnine hasa bitter taste. It is almost entirely insol-uble in water and very stable; how-ever, it is subject to acid-salt formation,which renders it water soluble andsubject to leaching in acid soils.

Pharmacology

Strychnine acts the quickest of thecommonly used rodenticides. It is notstored in body tissues nor absorbedthrough normal intact skin. It has avery slight odor, very high toxicity,and acts somewhat variably on targetanimals. Strychnine enters the bloodvery rapidly and acts on the centralnervous system. The time of actiondepends on whether the stomach isempty or full and the nature of thefood present. Animals with little intheir stomachs react more quickly tostrychnine than those that have fedrecently. Symptoms may appear from5 to 30 minutes after ingestion.

Intoxicated animals have frequenttetanic convulsions interspersed withquiescent periods. Ultimately theseconvulsions lead to death through res-piratory failure.

Strychnine is not assimilated into tis-sues or bone; however, residues in thegastrointestinal tract of animals poi-soned with lethal doses are known tobe potentially hazardous if the gastro-intestinal tract is consumed. With itscurrent belowground application pat-tern, secondary poisoning is unlikely.

Toxicity

LD50 values range between a low of0.70, 0.75 and 1.5 mg/kg for coyotes,desert kit foxes, and black-tailed prai-rie dogs, respectively, to a high of 27.0mg/kg for nutria; and between 16.0mg/kg for chukar partridge and 24.7mg/kg for ring-necked pheasants.LD50s for mallards, Canada geese,golden eagles, and house sparrows fallwithin an approximate range of 3.0 to5.0 mg/kg.

Livestock are about as sensitive tostrychnine as rats.a Horses, hogs,geese, and ducks show no hesitation ineating strychnine baits. Cattle andsheep are more reluctant to acceptbaits. Gallinaceous game birds andmost domestic poultry, however, areless susceptible to strychnine thanmost rodents.

Antidote

The use of general antidotes is feasibleand often successful if treatment is ini-tiated soon after exposure. Sodiumpentobarbital and sodium amytal bothact to reduce the severity of convul-sions in humans (see J. Am. Med.Assoc. 100:548-551). Emetics such as1% to 2% tannic acid are useful butshould only be used after the convul-sive stage is past. Prompt administra-tion of methocarbamol is useful intreating poisoned dogs. Prognosis: ifthe patient lives for 24 hours, he or shewill probably recover.

G-55

Strychnine Alkaloid Acute Oral LD50(mg/kg)

MAMMALS

CarnivoresCat 0.5f - 2.0c

Coyote 0.7b

Dog 0.5f - 1.2b

Desert kit fox 0.7b

RodentsSquirrels

California ground squirrel 19.9 - 28.0b

Black-tailed prairie dog 1.5b

Pocket gophersNorthern pocket gopher 8.3b

Rats & MiceRat 3 - 6e

Norway rat (wild) 12.0b

White mouse (lab) 9.3b

White rat (male) 14.0b

White rat (female) 5.8b

Black rat 10.1b

Polynesian rat 6.8b

Miscellaneous RodentsBanner-tailed kangaroo rat 3.7b

California meadow mouse 22.2b

Meadow vole 6.8b

Nutria 27.0 - 42.0b

LagomorphsBlack-tailed jackrabbit 4.4a

UngulatesCow 15.0b

Mule deer 17.0 - 24.0d

Horse 2.0b

Sheep 7.5b

Swine 0.5 - 1.0c

Swine 10.0b

PrimatesHuman 1c

Human 15 - 30c

Human 30 - 60e

AMPHIBIANS

Bullfrog 2.2d

BIRDS

Ducks and GeeseMallard 2.3d - 2.9c

Canada goose 4.0a

RaptorsGolden eagle 4.8 - 8.1d

GalliformesChicken 5.0c

Chukar 16.0d

Coturnix (Japanese quail) 22.6d

Pheasant 24.7d

California quail 112d

Pigeons and DovesPigeon (rock dove) 21.3d

PasserinesHouse finch 5.6b

Robin > 10.0a

English sparrow 4.2d

aClark (1986)bDenver Wildlife Research Center, USDA, filescHone and Mulligan (1982)dHudson et al. (1984)ePinto and Spear (1980)fSweet (1993)For complete citations, see References at the end of this section.


Osweiler, G. D. 1983. Strychnine poisoning.Pages 98-100 in R. W. Kirk, ed. Currentveterinary therapy VIII: small animalpractice, W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

Palmateer, S. D. 1990. Registration status ofvertebrate pesticides with emphasis on 1080and strychnine. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf.14:113-115.

Schafer, E. W., Jr. 1984. Potential primary andsecondary hazards of avicides. Proc. Vertebr.Pest Conf. 11:217-222.

G-56

THIRAMChemical Name

Tetramethylthiuram disulfide

Other Names

TMTD, Arasan

Use

A fungicide which also has been usedas a repellent to protect plants fromdeer, rabbits, rodents, and moles.

History

Developed for fungicidal use in 1931by E. I. duPont de Nemours and Com-pany. The DuPont trade name,Arasan, is no longer used since othercompanies are now involved in manu-facture and formulation of the fungi-cide.

Properties

A colorless crystalline material with amelting point of 155o to 156oC. Its solu-bility in water is 17.4 mg/l. It is slightlysoluble in alcohol and in ether; it issoluble in chloroform and in acetone.

Pharmacology

Thiram is of relatively low mammaliantoxicity but is reported to cause skinirritation. As a repellent, it is pre-sumed to work by taste, not odor. Insome animals, a learned aversion mayoccur. For humans, ingestion maycause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, andanorexia, followed by ataxia, hyper-excitability, and hypothermia. Hypo-tonia may progress to flaccid paralysisand respiratory failure. Skin contact orinhalation may cause irritation of thenose, throat, or skin and may inducean allergic dermatitis.

A related compound, tetraethyl-thiuram disulfide (Antabuse) blocksthe in vitro oxidation of ethanol at theacetaldehyde stage and is used for thetreatment of chronic alcoholism.

Persons handling or using thiramshould avoid ingestion of alcoholbefore or after use.

Toxicity

The toxicity of thiram is as follows:


Mouse 1,350a

Rat 560 - 780a,b

Rabbit 210a

Sheep 225c

Pheasant 673d

Poultry ~1,000c

Mallard >2,800d

aSweet (1993)bBerg (1983)cHumphreys (1988)dHudson et al. (1984)



Radwan, M. A. 1969. TMTD wild animalrepellents: review and current status. For.Sci. 15:439-445.

ZINC PHOSPHIDE
Chemical Name
Zinc phosphide

Use

Zinc phosphide, at concentrations of0.75% to 2.0% on grain, fruit, or veg-etable baits, has been used successfullyagainst such species as meadow mice,ground squirrels, prairie dogs, Nor-way rats, Polynesian rats, cotton rats,and nutria. In some areas, zinc phos-phide baits have been partially or com-pletely rejected by ground squirrelsand meadow mice and at times controlhas been erratic.

History

Zinc phosphide appears to have beenfirst synthesized by Marggral in 1740and was first used as a rodenticide bythe Italians in 1911. Extensive use ofzinc phosphide in the United Statesdid not occur until 1942, when theavailability of strychnine becameuncertain due to the war.

Properties

Zinc phosphide is a heavy, finelyground gray-black powder that ispractically insoluble in water and alco-hol. When exposed to moisture, itdecomposes slowly and releases phos-phine gas (PH3). Phosphine, which ishighly flammable, may be generatedrapidly if the material comes in contactwith dilute acids. Zinc phosphide con-centrate is a stable material when keptdry and hermetically sealed.

Although zinc phosphide baits have astrong, pungent, phosphorous-likeodor (garliclike), this characteristicseems to attract rodents, particularlyrats, and apparently makes the bait un-attractive to some other animals. Formany uses of zinc phosphide formu-lated on grain or grain-based baits,prebaiting is recommended or neces-sary for achieving good bait accep-tance.

In general, zinc phosphide is less toxicthan Compound 1080 or strychnineand is slower-acting than either ofthese compounds.

There is only a small amount of dete-rioration of zinc phosphide on baitsdue to the evolution of phosphine gas;therefore, dry baits must be consid-ered to be toxic indefinitely and mustbe used accordingly. Lecithin-mineraloil, added to zinc phosphide to adhereit to grain bait, offers protectionagainst moisture, and therefore mayincrease its stability. Under field condi-tions, zinc phosphide baits may remaintoxic for several months until baits areeroded by weathering, the carrier de-composes, or the grain is removed byinsects. Physical erosion does not seemto occur rapidly. In one instance, zincphosphide-treated bait exposed in thefield for 2 to 3 months and subjected to10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm) of raincontinued to maintain some toxicity.

When zinc phosphide is dusted ontowet baits, such as meats or cubed freshfruits and vegetables, it breaks downwithin a few days and the baits soonlose their attractiveness.

In soil, zinc phosphide breaks downrapidly to phosphine, which is eitherreleased into the atmosphere or con-verted to phosphates and zinc com-plexes.

Translocation of phosphine gas hasbeen demonstrated, but it is rapidlyconverted to harmless phosphates.There is no evidence that hazards existvia this route when grain baits areused in growing vegetables.

Pharmacology

When zinc phosphide comes into con-tact with dilute acids in the stomach,

phosphine (PH3) is released. It is thissubstance that probably causes death.Animals that ingest lethal amounts ofbait usually succumb overnight withterminal symptoms of convulsions,paralysis, coma, and death fromasphyxia. If death is prolonged for sev-eral days, intoxication occurs that issimilar to intoxication with yellowphosphorous, in which the liver isheavily damaged. The surface of theliver will be spotted and discolored.Prolonged exposure to phosphine canproduce chronic phosphorous poison-ing.

Early symptoms of zinc phosphidepoisoning are nausea, vomiting (yield-ing black stomach contents and thesmell of phosphine), abdominal pain,chest tightness, excitement, and a feel-ing of coldness. In fatal cases, there isliver, kidney, and heart damage. Thetime between ingestion and death isfrequently about 30 hours. Victimswho are alive after 3 days are said torecover completely. Mild poisoningfrom breathing minute amounts ofphosphine gas can be mistaken forfood poisoning because of the diarrheaand stomach pains produced.

Zinc phosphide-poisoned rats show nosigns of distress until a short terminaldeath agony occurs. They typically diein a prone position with their legs andtails outstretched.

Because zinc phosphide is not storedin muscle or other tissues of poisonedanimals, there is no secondary poison-ing with this rodenticide. The bait,however, remains toxic up to severaldays in the gut of a dead rodent. Otheranimals can be poisoned if they eatenough of the gut content of rodentsrecently killed with zinc phosphide.

G-57

G-5

Toxicity Table 1.a,b


MAMMALS

CarnivoresCat and dog 20 - 40c

Desert kit fox 93.0Rodents

SquirrelsCalifornia ground squirrel 33.1Black-tailed prairie dog 18.0

Pocket gophersNorthern pocket gopher 6.8

RatsNorway rat (wild) 27 - 40c

White rat 55.5Black rat 21.0Roof rat 2.9 - 40.5Polynesian rat 23.0

MiceMouse 40d

Deer mouse 40.5Meadow vole 18.0California meadow mouse 15.7

Other RodentsBanner-tailed kangaroo rat 8.0Muskrat 29.9Nutria 5.55Woodrat (LD100) 25.0

Other MammalsBlack-tailed jackrabbit 8.25Cow 50.0Human (estimated MLD*) 40.0Human, female (LDL0) 80d

Pig20 - 40c

BIRDS

Ducks & GeeseMallard 13.0 - 35.7c

Snow goose 8.8White-fronted goose 7.5

GalliformesChicken 20 - 40c

California quail 13.5Partridge 26.7Pheasant 8.8 - 26.7

Other BirdsMourning dove 34.2Red-winged blackbird 23.7

*MLD is minimum lethal dose or LDL0

Toxicity

Zinc phosphide is poisonous to somedegree to all animals. Supposed safetyfactors such as the odor and dark colormay be of little deterrence in somesituations. As little as a teaspoonful ofbait containing zinc phosphide couldcause toxic symptoms in a child towhom the color and odor may not bedisagreeable. Therefore, around dwell-ings, bait should be exposed only insituations that will prevent pets andchildren from coming into contact withit.

Use extreme care in handling zincphosphide concentrate and treatedbait. If zinc phosphide baits are pre-pared in the open air, phosphide gen-erated from the moist bait offers littlehazard. When quantities of bait areprepared within a bait mixing plant,safeguards against continued exposureto low concentrations of phosphidemust be taken. Zinc phosphide dustcreated by the preparation or handlingof baits is also hazardous. Personnelworking indoors should wear appro-priate respirators and work underexhaust fans. Zinc phosphide baitsshould not be mixed or distributedwith the bare hands. Oils, liquid orsemisolid, are used in some prepara-tions. Because phosphorous is solublein certain fatty oils, it may be absorbedin small amounts through the skin.Continued exposure to phosphorousabsorption may result in toxic manifes-tations at some later time. Rubber orsynthetic gloves are preferrable whenhandling dry zinc phosphide bait for-mulations but cotton or leather glovesare acceptable.

Zinc phosphide can be used for ratcontrol on almost any food product;however, it (or any other acute toxi-cant) should not be used on bait mate-rials recognizable as food in the homeenvironment. Do not use on suchfoods as tomatoes, apples, oranges, orbread, unless they are made unrecog-nizable by rolling or cubing them.

8

G-59

Toxicity Table 2.a,b

Zinc Phosphide Acute Oral Toxicity(mg/kg)

Species LDL0 LD50 LD100

Snow geese 5-10 8.75 5-10White-fronted geese 0-5 7.5 10-15Mallards 5-10 13.0 10-20Pheasant 0-10 8.8 10-15Quail 5-10 13.5 10-20Dove 10-20 34.25 10-50aClark (1986) unless otherwise notedbHood (1972) unless otherwise notedcHone and Mulligan (1982)dSweet (1993)



Hood, G. A. 1972. Zinc phosphide—a new lookat an old rodenticide for field rodents. Proc.Vertebr. Pest Conf. 5:85-92.

Marsh, R. E. 1988. Relevant characteristics ofzinc phosphide as a rodenticide. Proc. GreatPlains Wildl. Damage Control Workshop8:70-74.

Tietjen, H. P. 1976. Zinc phosphide—a controlagent for black-tailed prairie dogs. US Dep.Inter. Fish Wildl. Serv., Wildl. Leaflet 509.

G-60

ZIRAMChemical Name

Zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate

Other Name

Zerlate

Use

Currently this compound is used asthe active ingredient in one rabbit re-pellent.

History

Ziram was originally developed as anaccelerator in rubber vulcanization. Ithas been used as a fungicide since theearly 1930s and later received use as arodent, rabbit, and bird repellent.

Properties

Ziram is a white, odorless powderwith a melting point of 246oC. It is notsoluble in water slightly soluble in al-cohol and in ether; moderately solublein acetone; and soluble in dilute alkali,chloroform, and in carbon disulfide. Itis stable under ordinary conditions butis decomposed by acids.

Pharmacology

Ziram’s repellency is presumably dueto taste or physiological discomfort fol-lowing ingestion. Ziram may irritatethe skin and mucous membranes. Per-sons handling or using ziram shouldavoid ingestion of alcohol before or af-ter use.

Toxicity

The acute oral LD50 for rats is reportedto be as low as 267 mg/kg.a The acuteoral LD50 to mice is 480 mg/kg, and torabbits 400 mg/kg.a Dogs reportedlytolerated 25 mg/kg per day for onemonth but not for one year; they in-gested 5 mg/kg per day for one yearwithout ill effects.b

aSweet (1993)bSpencer (1981)


G-61

REFERENCESBerg, G. L., ed. 1983. Farm chemical handbook.

Meister Pub. Co., Willoughby, Ohio.

Clark, J. P. 1986. Vertebrate pest controlhandbook. Div. Plant Ind., California Dep.Food Agric. Sacramento.

Hayes, W. J., Jr. 1982. Pesticides studied in man.Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore. 672 pp.

Hone, J., and H. Mulligan. 1982. VertebratePesticides. Sci. Bull. 89, Dep. Agric. NewSouth Wales, Australia. 130 pp.

Hudson, R. H., R. K. Tucker, and M. A. Haegele.1984. Handbook of toxicity of pesticides towildlife, 2d ed. US Dep. Inter. Fish Wildl.Serv., Resour. Publ. 153. Washington DC.90 pp.

Humphreys, D. J. 1988. Veterinary toxicology,3d ed. Bailliere Tindall, London. 356 pp.

Kidd, H., and D. R. Jones, eds. 1991. Theagrochemicals handbook, 3d ed. The RoyalSoc. Chem. Cambridge, England.

Lewis, R. L. Sr., and D. V. Sweet. 1985. Registryof toxic effects of chemical substances. 1983-84 Supplement. US Dep. Health HumanServ., Centers for Dis. Control, Nat. Inst.Occupational Safety Health. Cincinnatti, OH.

Osweiler, G. D. 1986. Toxicology of rodenticidesand bird toxicants. Pages 165-169 in R. W.Kirk, ed. Current veterinary therapy IX:small animal practice. W. B. Saunders Co.,Philadelphia.

Osweiler, G. D., T. L. Carson, W. B. Buck, and G.A. Van Gelder. 1985. Clinical and diagnosticveterinary toxicology, 3d ed. Kendall/HuntPub. Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 494 pp.

Pinto, L. J., and P. J. Spear. 1980. Technical datafor pesticides. Nat. Pest Control Assoc.Vienna, VA. 124. pp.

Savarie, P. J. 1991. The nature, modes of action,and toxicity of rodenticides. Pages 589-598 inD. Pimentel, ed. CRC handbook of pestmanagement in agriculture, vol. II. CRCPress, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.

Spencer, E. Y., ed. 1981. Guide to the chemicalsused in crop protection, 7th ed. Agric.Canada, Res. Branch, Pub. 1093. 595 pp.

Sweet, D. V., ed. 1993. Registry of toxic effects ofchemical substances, January 1993. Preparedfor the Nat. Inst. Occupational Safety andHealth by CAELUM Res. Corp., SilverSpring, Maryland. US Dep. Health HumanServ., NIOSH Publ. No. 93-101-2. Microfiche.

Worthing, C. R., ed. 1991. The pesticide manual:a world compendium, 9th ed. British CropProt. Counc., Farnham, Surrey, UnitedKingdom.


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G-63

POISON CONTROLCENTERS

Blaine (Jess) BensonThe Poison CenterChildren’s HospitalOmaha, Nebraska 68114





Poison control centers (poison centers)are an excellent starting point in theevent of a pesticide mishap. Thespecially trained nurses, pharmacists,and physicians who staff these 24-houremergency telephone services assessthe severity of the pesticide exposure,make treatment recommendations,and often provide valuable informa-tion for spill containment and cleanup.When hospital treatment is required,the poison center contacts the receiv-ing hospital and provides theemergency department with the mostcurrent treatment information avail-able. During large-scale pesticideaccidents (hazardous material inci-dents) many poison centers assist firstresponders with selection of properprotective gear, determination ofproper decontamination techniques,and development of triage guidelinesfor victims.

There is no charge for using a poisoncenter. Usually state, county, or citytaxes support this public service. Insome states private hospitals orindustries sponsor the program.

Access to poison control centers variesacross the United States. A current listof centers and their telephone numbersaccompanies this section. When indoubt, readers should consult the frontof their telephone book for the numberof their poison control center or shouldcontact their local telephone informa-tion operator. There is no single poisoncenter designated for the United

States. Instead, a regional network ofpoison centers exists. The advantage ofthis arrangement is that local poisoncenters know the capabilities of hospi-tals and first response crews in theirregion and are better able to guidepoison victim treatment. Whenchanges occur within the serviceregion, such as a hospital closure, thelocal poison center is quickly able toadapt to the change.

Not all poison centers are equal.Thirty-six US poison centers have beencredentialed as regional poison centersby the American Association of PoisonControl Centers (AAPCC). In order tobe designated as a regional poisoncenter by AAPCC, the center mustmeet criteria regarding accessibility,population base, staff, qualifications,medical direction, public and profes-sional outreach, protocol development,knowledge of service area capabilities,and data collection. In general,AAPCC regional poison centers servelarger population bases, have largercall volumes, and access more exten-sive information resources thannonregional centers. Not surprisingly,several studies suggest that AAPCCregional centers handle calls moreproficiently than nonregional poisoncenters.

Calling a poison center during a pesti-cide mishap will further broaden ourunderstanding of pesticide toxicology.Most poison centers in the UnitedStates contribute their case experience

to the Toxic Environmental Surveil-lance System (TESS), a national poison-ing database developed andmaintained by the American Associa-tion of Poison Control Centers. Eachyear, the American Journal ofEmergency Medicine publishes anabstracted version of the TESS data sothat the entire medical community canlearn more about poisoning trends.With over 1.5 million poisonings beingrecorded on an annual basis, it ispossible to use the data to preciselytarget poison prevention efforts,optimize treatments for specific poi-sonings, and identify problematicdrugs, pesticides, and householdproducts. In a sense, each poisoncenter caller contributes to improvedcare for the next caller.

For AdditionalInformation

Geller, R. J., J. G. Fisher III, J. D. Leeper, J. D.Tooson, and S. Ranganthan. 1990. Poisoncenters in America: how well do theyperform? Vet. Hum. Toxicol.: 32:240-245.

Thompson, D. F., H. L. Trammel, N. J.Robertson, and J. R. Reingan. 1983.Evaluation of regional and nonregionalpoison centers. N. Engl. J. Med.: 308:191-194.


G-64

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF POISON CONTROL CENTERSCertified Regional Poison Centers

ALABAMA

Regional Poison Control CenterThe Children’s Hospital of Alabama1600 7th Ave. SBirmingham, AL 35233-1711Emergency Phones: (205) 939-9201

(800) 292-678 (AL only)(205) 933-4050

ARIZONA

Arizona Poison and Drug Information CenterArizona Health Sciences Center, Rm. 3204-K1501 N. Campbell Ave.Tucson, AZ 85724Emergency Phones: (800) 362-0101 (AZ only)

(602) 626-6016

Samaritan Regional Poison CenterTeleservices Dept.N. 12th St.Phoenix, AZ 85006Emergency Phone: (602) 253-3334

CALIFORNIA

Fresno Regional Poison Control Center of FresnoCommunity Hospital and Medical Center2823 Fresno St.Fresno, CA 93721Emergency Phones: (800) 346-5922

(209) 445-1222

San Diego Regional Poison CenterUCSD Medical Center 8925200 W. Air Dr.San Diego, CA 92103-8925Emergency Phones: (619) 543-6000

(800) 876-4766 (in 619 area code only)

San Francisco Bay Area Regional Poison ControlCenterSan Francisco General Hospital1001 Potrero Ave., Bldg. 80, Rm. 230San Francisco, CA 94122Emergency Phone: (800) 523-2222

Santa Clara Valley Medical Center Regional PoisonCenterS. Bascom Ave.San Jose, CA 95128Emergency Phones: (408) 299-5112

(800) 662-9888 (CA only)

University of California, Davis, Medical CenterRegional Poison Control Center2315 Stockton Blvd.Sacramento, CA 95817Emergency Phones: (916) 734-3692

(800) 342-9293 (Northern CA only)

COLORADORocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center645 Bannock St.Denver, CO 80204Emergency Phone: (303) 629-1123

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

National Capital Poison CenterGeorgetown University Hospital3800 Reservoir Rd., NWWashington, DC 20007Emergency Phones: (202) 625-3333

(202) 784-4660 (TTY)

FLORIDA

The Florida Poison Information Center at TampaGeneral Hospital PostBox 1289Tampa, FL 33601Emergency Phones: (813) 253-4444 (Tampa)

(800) 282-3171 (Florida)

GEORGIA

Georgia Poison CenterGrady Memorial Hospital80 Butler St. SEBox 26066Atlanta, GA 30335-3801Emergency Phones: (800) 282-5846 (GA only)

(404) 616-9000

INDIANA

Indiana Poison CenterMethodist Hospital of Indiana1701 N. Senate Blvd.Box 1367Indianapolis, IN 46206-1367Emergency Phones: (800) 382-9097 (IN only)

(317) 929-2323

G-65

MARYLAND

Maryland Poison Center20 N. Pine St.Baltimore, MD 21201Emergency Phones: (410) 528-7701

(800) 492-2414 (MD only)

National Capital Poison Center (DC suburbs only)Georgetown University Hospital3800 Reservoir Rd., NWWashington, DC 20007Emergency Phones: (202) 625-3333

(202) 784-4660 (TTY)

MASSACHUSETTS

Massachusetts Poison Control System300 Longwood Ave.Boston, MA 02115Emergency Phones: (617) 232-2120

(800) 682-9211

MICHIGAN

Blodgett Regional Poison Center1840 Wealthy, SEGrand Rapids, MI 49506-2968Emergency Phones: (800) 632-2727 (MI only)

(800) 356-3232 (TTY)

Poison Control CenterChildren’s Hospital of Michigan3901 Beaubien Blvd.Detroit, MI 48201Emergency Phone: (313) 745-5711

MINNESOTA

Hennepin Regional Poison CenterHennepin County Medical Center701 Park Ave.Minneapolis, MN 55415Emergency Phones: (612) 347-3141

Petline: (612) 337-7387(612) 337-7474 (TDD)

Minnesota Regional Poison CenterSt. Paul-Ramsey Medical Center640 Jackson St.St. Paul, MN 55101Emergency Phone: (612) 221-2113

MISSOURI

Cardinal Glennon Children’s HospitalRegional Poison Center1465 S. Grand Blvd.St. Louis, MO 63104Emergency Phones: (314) 772-5200

(800) 366-8888

MONTANA

Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center645 Bannock St.Denver, CO 80204Emergency Phone: (303) 629-1123

NEBRASKA

Blaine (Jess) BensonThe Poison CenterChildrens HospitalOmaha, NE 68114Emergency Phones: (402) 390-5555 (Omaha)

(800) 955-9119 (NE)

NEW JERSEY

New Jersey Poison Information and EducationSystem201 Lyons Ave.Newark, NJ 07112Emergency Phone: (800) 962-1253

NEW MEXICO

New Mexico Poison and Drug Information CenterUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM 87131-1076Emergency Phones: (505) 843-2551

(800) 432-6866 (NM only)

NEW YORK

Hudson Valley Poison CenterNyack Hospital160 N. Midland Ave.Nyack, NY 10960Emergency Phones: (800) 336-6997

(914) 353-1000

Long Island Regional Poison Control CenterWinthrop University Hospital259 First St.Mineola, NY 11501Emergency Phones: (516) 542-2323, 2324, 2325, 3813

G-66

TEXAS

North Texas Poison Center5201 Harry Hines Blvd.Box 35926Dallas, TX 75235Emergency Phones: (214) 590-5000,

(800) 441-0040 (Texas Watts)

Texas State Poison CenterThe University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX 77550-2780Emergency Phones: (409) 765-1420 (Galveston)

(713) 654-1701 (Houston)

UTAH

Utah Poison Control Center410 Chipeta Way, Suite 230Salt Lake City, UT 84108Emergency Phones: (801) 581-2151

(800) 456-7707 (UT only)

VIRGINIA

Blue Ridge Poison CenterBox 67Blue Ridge HospitalCharlottesville, VA 22901Emergency Phones: (804) 924-5543

(800) 451-1428

National Capital Poison Center (Northern VA only)Georgetown University Hospital3800 Reservoir Rd., N. W.Washington, DC 20007Emergency Phones: (202) 625-3333

(202) 784-4660 (TrY)

WEST VIRGINIA

West Virginia Poison Center3110 MacCorkle Ave. S. E.Charleston, WV 25304Emergency Phones: (800) 642-3625 (WV only)

(304) 348-4211

WYOMING

The Poison Center8301 Dodge St.Omaha, NE 68114Emergency Phones: (402) 390-5555 (Omaha)

(800) 955-9119 (NE)

New York City Poison Control CenterN.Y.C. Dept. of Health455 First Ave., Rm. 123New York, NY 10016Emergency Phones: (212) 340-4494

(212) P-O-I-S-O-N-S(212) 689-9014 (TDD)

OHIO

Central Ohio Poison Center700 Children’s Dr.Columbus, OH 43205-2696Emergency Phones: (614) 228-1323

(800) 682-7625(614) 228-2272 (TrY)(614) 461-2012

Cincinnati Drug and Poison Information Centerand Regional Poison Control System231 Bethesda Ave., M. L. 144Cincinnati, OH 45267-0144Emergency Phones: (513) 558-5111

(800) 872-5111 (OH only)

OREGON

Oregon Poison CenterOregon Health Sciences University3181 S. W. Sam Jackson Park Rd.Portland, OR 97201Emergency Phones: (503) 494-8968

(800) 452-7165 (OR only)

PENNSYLVANIA

Central Pennsylvania Poison CenterUniversity HospitalMilton S. Hershey Medical CenterHershey, PA 17033Emergency Phone: (800) 521-6110

The Poison Control Centerserving the greater Philadelphia metropolitan areaOne Children’s CenterPhiladelphia, PA 19104-4303Emergency Phone: (215) 386-2100

Pittsburgh Poison Center3705 Fifth Ave.Pittsburgh, PA 15213Emergency Phone: (412) 681-6669

RHODE ISLAND

Rhode Island Poison Center593 Eddy St.Providence, RI 02903Emergency Phone: (401) 277-5727

G-67

SPECIMEN LABELSCompiled by Scott E. Hygnstrom

This section contains specimen labels of various products used for controlling wildlife damage. Products included herewere selected as examples of registered vertebrate pesticides. Space limitations make it impossible to include labels fromevery available product. Inclusion of trade names, proprietary products, or company names does not imply endorsementby the University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension, USDA-APHIS-Animal Damage Control, or the Great Plains Agricul-tural Council. Similarly, no discrimination is intended against products or companies not included.

Since pesticide labels change frequently, be sure to obtain, read, and follow current label directions when using any pesti-cide. Check with appropriate federal and state authorities to find out if a particular product is registered in your state.

CONTENTS

Birds

Frightening Agents4-aminopyridine (Avitrol®, CORN CHOPS)

RepellentsMethyl anthranilate (ReJex-iTTM AG-36, TP-40, and AP-50)Polybutene ( TANGLEFOOT® Bird Repellent)

Stupefying AgentsAlpha-chloralose (ALPHA-CHLORALOSE—USDA-APHIS)

ToxicantsFenthion (Rid-A-Bird® Perch 1100 Solution)Starlicide (PURINATM STARLICIDETM COMPLETE, COMPOUND DRC-1339 98% CONCENTRATE -Feedlots

Pigeons, Gulls, Livestock Depredations — USDA-APHIS)

Mammals

RepellentsAmmonium soaps of higher fatty acids (HINDER® DEER AND RABBIT REPELLENT)Capsaicin (MILLER® HOT SAUCE® ANIMAL REPELLENT)Denatonium saccharide (RO-PEL® ANIMAL, RODENT AND BIRD REPELLENT, RO-PEL® GARBAGE

PROTECTORTM)Methyl nonyl ketone (BONIDE® DOGZIT Dog and Cat Repellent)Naphthalene (SudburyTM, Chaperone® SQUIRREL and BAT REPELLENT)Polybutene (EATON’S® 4 THE SQUIRRELTM REPELLENT)Putrescent whole egg solids (DEER-AWAY® Big Game Repellent)Thiram (Gustafson THIRAM 42-S Repellent, NOTT CHEW-NOT ANIMAL REPELLENT)Tobacco Dust (F & B® rabbit and dog chaser)Ziram (EARL MAY® RABBIT SCAT)





G-68

ToxicantsAnticoagulants

Brodifacoum (Talon®-G RODENTICIDE BAIT PACK PELLETS)Bromadiolone (Contrac® Ready-to-Use Place Pac, maki® MINI-BLOCK, PURINATM MOUSE-A-RESTTM

PELLETS)Chlorophacinone (EATON’S® AC90TM FORMULA PLACE PACK RODENTICIDE, ROZOL® RAT AND

MOUSE KILLER, ROZOL® POCKET GOPHER BAIT)Diphacinone (Ditrac® TRACKING POWDER, Ditrac® RAT & MOUSE BAIT, EATON’S® ALL-WEATHER

BAIT BLOCKS®, Liqua-Tox II®,RAMIK® GREEN BAIT PACKS, Rodere Parafinized Rat Bait, EATON’S®ANSWERTM FOR THE CONTROL OF POCKET GOPHERS)

Pivalyl (EATON’S®A-C50TM)Warfarin (Final® RAT & MOUSE BAIT, PURINATM RAT CONTROL PELLETS, RODEXTM BLOXTM-1)

Other Toxic BaitsBromethalin (PURINATM ASSAULT RAT PLACE PACK)Cholecalciferol (Quintox® RAT & MOUSE BAIT)Sodium Cyanide (M-44 CYANIDE CAPSULES—USDA-APHIS)Sodium Fluoroacetate (SODIUM FLUOROACETATE (COMPOUND 1080) LIVESTOCK PROTECTION

COLLAR—USDA-APHIS)Strychnine (0.5% STRYCHNINE S.R.O. POCKET GOPHER BAIT FOR USE IN BURROW BUILDERS—

USDA-APHIS, PETERSEN’S Pocket Gopher Killer I, WILCO GOPHER GETTER AG BAIT)Zinc Phosphide (BONIDE® MOLETOX II, BONIDE® ORCHARD MOUSE BAIT, RIDALL-ZINCTM

TRACKING POWDER, ROBAN II AG, ZINC PHOSPHIDE ON WHEAT FOR MOUSE CONTROLUSDA-APHIS, ZINC PHOSPHIDE CONCENTRATE FOR MUSKRAT AND NUTRIA CONTROL—USDA-APHIS, Zinc Phosphide Prairie Dog Bait—USDA-APHIS, ZP® Rodent Bait AG, ZP® Rodent BaitPlace Pac, ZP® TRACKING POWDER)

FumigantsAluminum Phosphide (DEGESCH Phostoxin®)Chloropicrin (CHLOR-O-PIC®)Methyl Bromide (BROM-O-GAS®)Gas Cartidge (THE GIANT DESTROYER®, GAS CARTRIDGE—USDA-APHIS, GAS CARTRIDGE FOR

COYOTES—USDA-APHIS)

Reptiles

RepellentsSulfur (Dr. T’s SNAKE-A-WAY® SNAKE REPELLENT)


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G-7

0

G-7

1

G-7

2

G-7

3

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G-75

G-76

G-77

G-78

G-79

G-8

0

G-8

1

G-8

2

G-8

3

G-8

4

G-8

5

G-8

6

G-87

G-88

G-8

9

G-9

0

G-91

G-92

G-9

3

G-94

G-9

5

G-96

G-97

G-9

8

G-99

G-100

G-101

G-102

G-1

03

G-104

G-1

05

G-1

06

G-107

G-108

G-109

G-1

10

G-111

G-112

G-1

13

G-1

14

G-1

15

G-116

G-117

G-1

18

G-119

G-120

G-121

G-1

22

G-1

23

G-124

G-1

25

G-126

G-127

G-128

G-1

29

G-1

30

G-131

G-1

32

G-133

G-1

34

G-135

G-136

G-137

G-138

G-139

G-140

G-1

41

G-1

42

G-143

G-144

G-145

G-146

G-1

47

G-1

48

G-1

49

G-151

INDEXChemical and Trade Names(All page numbers refer to Section G)

0,0-dimethyl-0-(4-[methylthio]-m-tolyl) phosphorothioate 410-aminobenzoic acid methyl ester 430-carbomethoxyaniline 43

1,2-0-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)-α-D-glucofuranose 35

2,4a,5,5a,7,8,15,15a,15b,15c-dechydro-4,6-methano-6H,14H-indolo (3,2,1-ij)oxepino(2,3,4-de)pyrrolo(2,3-hquinolin-14-one 54-55

2-(diphenylacetyl)-1,3-indandione 6, 26, 28, 29, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 1142-isovaleryl-1,3-indandione 52-[(p-chlorophenyl)phenylacetyl]-1,3-indandione 5, 26-28, 105, 106, 1072-pivalyl-1-3-indandione 6, 26, 27, 29, 115

3-[3-(4’-bromo[l,l’-biphenyl]4-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-l-naphthalenyl]4-hydroxy-2H-l-benzopyran-2-one 5, 26-29, 1013-[3-(4’-bromo[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-3-hydroxy-1-phenylpropyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-l-benzopyran-2-one 5, 26-29, 102, 103, 1043-(α-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin 7, 26-29, 116, 117, 1183-chloro-4-methyl benzylnamine hydrochloride 52-53, 80-81, 82-83, 843-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride 52-53, 79, 85-86

4-aminopyridine 20, 21, 30-31, 694-the squirrel 94

8-methyl-n-vanillyl-6-nonenamide 34

9,10-seocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trein-3 betaol 6, 37

1080 49-51, 122

AC50 115AC90 105All-weather bait blocks 110Alpha-chloralose 35, 74-77Aluminum phosphide 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 25, 138-139Ammonium soaps of higher fatty acids 18, 19, 40, 87-88Anise, oil of 15Anticoagulants 26-29Assault® 7, 33, 119Avitrol® 20, 21, 30-31, 69

Benzyldiethyl [(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl) methyl] ammonium benzoate 38Benzyldiethyl [(2,6-xylylcarbamolyl) methyl] ammonium saccharide 38, 90, 91Bitrex® 16, 38Bone tar oil 18, 32Brodifacoum 5, 26-29, 101Bromadiolone 5, 26-29, 102, 103Bromethalin 7, 33, 119[(bromo-4'-[biphenyl-1-1']-yl-4)3-tetrahydro-1,2,3,4-napthyl-1]3-hydroxy-4,2H-l benzothiopyran-2-one 26, 27, 29Brom-o-gas® 8, 44-45, 142-144Bye-Deer® 40

G-152

Capsaicin 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19, 34, 89Capsicum 21Chaperone® 93Chew-not 98Chlorophacinone 3, 5, 26-28, 105, 106, 107Chlor-o-pic® 8, 36, 140-141Chloropicrin 8, 36, 140-141Cholecalciferol 6, 37, 120Contrac® 27, 102Contrax-D® 26, 28, 29Coumafuryl 26CPTH 52-53

Deer-Away® 18, 39, 95Denatonium benzoate 38Denatonium saccharide 3, 8, 14, 15, 18, 21, 38Detia® 25Dexol Gasser® 42Difethialone 26, 27, 29Diphacinone 3, 6, 26, 28, 29, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114Ditrac® 6, 108, 109d-limonene 15Dogzit 92DRC-1339 20, 52-53, 80-81, 82-83, 84, 85-86

Eaton’s® Answer 3, 114

Fenthion 20, 41, 78Final® 116Fumarin® 26Fumitoxin® 25

Gas cartridges 4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 42, 145-146, 147, 148Gastoxin® 25Giant Destroyer® 42, 145-146Gopher Gasser® 42Gopher getter AG bait 125

Havoc® 27Hinder® 18, 40, 87-88Hot Sauce Animal Repellent® 10, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19, 34, 89

Larvacide® 36Lindane 21Liqua-Tox II 111

M-44 cyanide capsules 48, 121Magic Circle® 18, 32Maki® 5, 103Methyl anthranilate 43, 70-72Methyl bromide 8, 44-45, 142-144Methyl nonyl ketone 15, 92Moletox II 126Mouse-a-rest 104

Naphthalene 14, 15, 17, 21, 46, 93, 99Nitrochloroform 36N-methyl-2,4-dinitro-N-(2,4,6-tribromophenyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine 7, 33, 119

G-153

Orchard mouse bait 127

Peterson’s pocket-gopher killer I 124Petroleum naphtemic oils 21PhosTek® 25Phostoxin® 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 25, 138-139Pindone 6, 26, 27, 29Pivalyl® 6, 26, 27, 29, 115PMP® 5, 26Polybutenes 14, 22, 73, 94Putrescent whole egg solids 18, 39, 95

Quintox® 6, 37, 120

Rabbit Scat 100Ramik® 6, 26, 28, 29, 112Rampage® 37Red squill 8, 47ReJeX-iT® 43, 70-72Rid-a-bird® 1100 20, 41, 78Ridall-zinc 128Roban II AG 129Rodere parafinized rat bait 113Ro-pel® 3, 8, 14, 15, 18, 21, 38, 90, 91RoZol® 3, 5, 26-28, 106, 107

Scilliroside glycosides 47Smoke’Em® 42Snake-a-way® 149Sodium cyanide 16, 48, 121Sodium fluoroacetate 16, 49-51, 122Sodium monofluoroacetate 49-51Starlicide® 20, 52-53, 79Strychnine 3, 19, 54-55, 123, 124, 125Sulfur 22, 149

Talon® 5, 27, 29, 101Tanglefoot® 73Tetramethylthiuram disulfide 56, 96-97, 98Thiram 10, 13, 18, 19, 56, 96-97, 98Tobacco dust 15, 19, 99Trichloronitromethane 36Trounce® 33

Valone 26Vengeance® 33Vitamin D3 6, 37

Warfarin 7, 26-29, 116, 117, 118

Zinc phosphide 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, 57-59, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130-131, 132-133, 134, 135, 136, 137Ziram 19, 60, 100ZP® Rodent bait 136ZP® Rodent bait AG 135ZP® Tracking powder 137

G-154

G-155

INDEXTarget Species(All page numbers refer to Section G)

Bats 2, 17, 46, 93Bears 34Beavers 2, 3, 38, 90Birds 2, 20-22, 30, 38, 41, 43, 46, 54, 69, 70-72, 73, 74-77Blackbirds 20-22, 30, 43, 52, 69, 79, 80-81

Cats 2, 15, 38, 90, 91, 92Chipmunks 2, 13Coots 35, 74-77Cowbirds 20, 30, 43, 69, 71, 80-81Coyotes 2, 16, 42, 48, 49, 121, 122, 148Crows 21-22, 30, 43, 52, 85-86

Deer 2, 18, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 56, 87-88, 89, 90, 95, 96-97, 98Dogs 2, 15-16, 34, 38, 46, 48, 90, 91, 92, 99, 121

Elk 2, 18, 39, 95

Finches, house 21Foxes 2, 16, 48, 121

Geese 35, 43, 70, 71, 72Gophers, pocket 2, 3-4, 25, 26, 42, 54, 107, 114, 123, 124, 125, 126, 135, 136, 145-146, 147Grackles 20-22, 30, 43, 69, 80-81Gulls 20-22, 43, 52, 71, 72, 84

Hares 2, 19Horned larks 21

Magpies 52, 85-86Marmots 13, 25Mice, deer 2, 9-10Mice, house 2, 5-8, 26, 33, 36, 37, 38, 44, 90, 91, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 115, 116,

117, 118, 120, 128, 136, 137, 138-139, 140-141, 142-144Mice, meadow 9-10, 34, 57, 98, 127, 135Mice, pocket 2, 9-10Mice, white-footed 2, 9-10, 130-131, 135Microtus spp. 9-10, 129, 130-131, 135Moles 2, 19, 25, 56, 126, 145-146Muskrats 2, 11, 132-133

Nutria 2, 11, 57, 132-133

Peromyscus spp. 9, 10, 135Pheasants 21, 43Pigeons 20-22, 30, 35, 41, 52, 73, 74-77, 78, 82-83Porcupines 2, 11, 89Prairie dogs 2, 11, 25, 42, 57, 134, 135, 138-139, 147

G-156

Rabbits 2, 19, 26, 34, 40, 46, 56, 60, 87-88, 89, 96-97, 98, 99, 100Rats, cotton 2, 12, 57, 129, 135Rats, kangaroo 2, 12, 135Rats, Norway 2, 5-8, 26, 33, 36, 37, 90, 91, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118,

119, 120, 129, 136, 138-139, 140-141, 142-144, 145-146Rats, Polynesian 2, 9, 57, 129, 135Rats, roof 2, 5-8, 25, 26, 33, 37, 38, 44, 47, 57, 90, 91, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115,

116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 129, 135, 136Ravens 23, 52, 85-86Rodents 2, 5-8, 25, 26-29, 33, 36, 37, 42, 44, 54, 56, 96-97, 138-139, 140-141, 142-144

Skunks 2, 17, 42, 145-146Snakes 2, 22, 46, 149Sparrows, house (English) 20-22, 30, 41, 43, 69, 73, 78Squirrels, ground 2, 12, 25, 26, 42, 57, 135, 138-139, 145-146, 147Squirrels, tree 2, 14, 38, 46, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94Starlings 20-22, 30, 41, 43, 52, 69, 71, 73, 78, 79, 80-81

Voles 2, 9-10, 26, 34, 89, 127, 129, 130-131, 135

Waterfowl 35, 43, 71, 72, 74-77Woodchucks 2, 13, 25, 42, 145-146, 147Woodrats 2, 12

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