Different classes of

vertebrates, which includejawless fishes

(e.g., lampreys),

cartilaginous fishes (e.g.,

sharks), bony fishes,

amphibians, reptiles, birds,

and mammals.

•A vertebrate is an animal with a strong, flexible backbone.

•You are an example of a vertebrate.

•All vertebrates exhibit bilateral symmetry and a true

body cavity with an endoskeleton.

•Found in aquatic and terrestrial environments.

adaptations in Vertebrates for life on land

Endothermy

Strong Limbs

Muscles Eggs

Lungs

Skin

8 Classes

Major CharacteristicsDorsal, hollow nerve cord

-Spinal cord-Nerves branch off and connect to organs & muscles

Notochord-Supporting rod that lies just below the nerve cord

Pharyngeal pouches-

Tail that extends beyond the anus - at some point in their lives

Endoskeleton:•Support

•Attachment for muscles•Grows with the animal

Major Characteristics:•Lateral Line System

•Row of sensitive cells that can detect very small amounts of motion in the water.

•Closed circulatory system with a heart•Well developed nervous system and brain•Exchange gases using gills- diffusion•Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and Detritivores.•Movement- contracting muscles on either side of the backbone

Skeleton made of fibers and cartilage

Class MyxiniHagfish

Lack eyes- detect light through sensors on their body

Feed on dead and dying fish

•Class Cephalaspidomorphi(Agnatha)•Lampreys •Usually parasites•Have funnel-like mouths lined with sharp teeth.•In center of mouth is tongue with a tooth like projection.•Attaches to other fish by suction. It tears a hole in the fish and injects a chemical that keeps the blood from clotting. Sucks blood and fluids from its host.

•Sharks and Rays•Complete vertebral column, movable jaws, and skeleton with paired fins.•All of these structures are made up of cartilage•Whale shark can grow up to 49.5 ft weighing 39,600 pounds.

Water enters the mouth and water passes over the gills where the gases are exchanged.Sharp sense of smell.

Also have lateral line system.Internal fertilization

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Skeleton made of boneMarine and freshwaterSwim Bladder: thin sac that acts as a float. (Filled with oxygen and other gasses) Can be adjusted so that the fish can move to different levels.Gills for gas exchangeTwo chambered heart

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External fertilization

Lateral line system and a keen sense of smell.

mudskippersClip

Major Characteristics:•Lives in water as a larvae and on

land as an adult•Moist skin

•Breathes with lungs as an adult•Lacks scales and claws

•Must return to water to reproduce.•Age of amphibians: 360-286 mya

Clip“Double Life”

Success on Land:Lungs, stronger bones

in limbs to help support weight out of water, breastbone to

protect internal organs.

Salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads

First vertebrates to adapt to life on land

Young can only live in water

Undergo metamorphosis and can

live on land tadpole stage can

regenerate lost parts

Frog &Toads

•Smooth skin, no scales, feet are webbed, toes are soft and lack claws•Respiration through gills, lungs and/or skin•no external ears: have eardrums or tympanic membranes

Eggs usually Eggs usually laid in water laid in water and fertilized and fertilized

externallyexternally

EcologyEcology•Food for

other animals

•Some can produce poison - defense

Blue Poison Frog

Turtles, crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes

Major Characteristics:•Dry, scaly skin

Helps prevent water lossWith scales or plates

•LungsAble to breath airClip

Lay eggs with several membranes• Oviparous: animals that lay eggs• One of the most important adaptations for life on land.• Does not need water for reproduction

Development of amniotic egg: egg covered w/a shell that protects the developing embryo from drying outdrying out

Limbs, if present, having toes with claws used for climbing, digging, and moving around on land.

•Strong limbs•Internal fertilization

Body temperature that varies with that of the surroundings.Cannot generate their own body heat

EctothermEctotherm: animals with a body temperature that is influenced by the environment

Strong Chests muscles

•Only group adapted to life in the air.•Body covered with feathers

•Modified scales•Made of protein and develop in pit in the

birds’ skin.•Two types: Contour (Lift) & Down

(Warmth)•Help birds fly and keep warm

•Attract mate•In some species-waterproof

Endotherms: A constant warm temp. generated

internally by a high metabolic

rate.

 

Two legs covered with scales

Modified for specific use- perching, walking,

etc.Front limbs modified

into wings.

Molting: birds sheds their feathers at least once a year (gradual)

Thin hollow bones

-Toothless beak•Birds have many different types of feet and beaks. Modified for the life style of the bird.

Reproduction:Internal

fertilizationAmniotic egg- harder shells than reptiles

Digestion:Crop: StorageGizzard: Can contain small

stones, help with the mechanical breakdown of

food

There are many species of flightless birds: ostrich, penguins

Emus

Rheas

Cassowary

EcologyPollination

Seed dispersalControl insect populationsIndicator of environmental

healthRachel Carson‘s book Silent Spring - pesticides in the food

chain

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Humans, Manatees, Elephants, Kangaroos, Apes, Tigers, Dogs

Major Characteristics•Body covered with hair

•Young nourished in the uterus •Young nourished w/milk from mammary

glands•lung-breathing throughout lifetime

•diaphram•Have four chambered heart

•endothermic: maintain constant body temperature

•Subcutaneous Fat under skin to conserve heat

•Sweat glands to cool body

Feeding:Carnivores, herbivores, and

omnivores.Evolution of a strong more

powerful jaw enabled mammals to eat food other

than insects.

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Reproduction:•Internal fertilizationPlacental mammals: Live birthMonotremes:Egg-laying mammals: platypus Marsupials:Pouched mammals: Kangaroo, opossum•Young depends on mother after birth

BehaviorBehavior•An animal’s response to a stimulus. •Innate behaviors are instinctive, like birds defending their nesting place, and are influenced by genes. •Learned behaviors are changed by various experiences, such as training a family pet to come when its name is called. •Social behaviors are interactions between members of the same species and include mating and caring for offspring. •In territorial behaviors, organisms defend an area and keep out other organisms.

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Which is NOT an Which is NOT an adaptation of both adaptation of both reptiles and birds?reptiles and birds?

A terrestrial eggsB strong musclesC efficient lungs

D moist skin

Which of these organisms exhibit

bilateralsymmetry?A a lobsterB a spongeC a starfish

D a sand dollar

Which phrase BEST describes the bones

found in birds?A composed of keratin

B thick and solidC composed of

celluloseD thin and hollow