V.FOL-RYTUAŁY W TRACJi-2014.pdf

euroD in 2014 B ulgarian statehood in Europe lisb men t of Danubian Bulgaria - sparub 02 under the same name for over ( b middot (h e Bulgarian nation

- ~ D REL1ZA TIONS _=--c E R- TlON ~ _ - -~ - Scrdica Edict (31 I AD) - _ ~ ~ To ern ion Sofia 20 12

- I ~

E BL LG~RIANS

- L i _--

Ie mechanical photocopy transcript- c--

SERDICA EDICT (311 AD) CONCEPTS AND REALIZATIONS

OF THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION

TANGRA TanNakRa Publishi ng House Ltd CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON THE BULGARlANS

Sofia 2014

() C RE LIGIOUS TOLERATION

Imperial palace the

on tantinus Augustus r rather policies was janity spread as a prishy

pparent conflict with _L1S and pontifex marishy

j apacity he chose to I ms of the Christian Th t is why we should ~ nd religious and poshy onies on the Birthday -j local mythological

- or Byzantion and the _ ippus (Zeus Helios) p-e of the Great Mother

r

THE CULT TO THE SUN-GOD AND THE KINGS IDEOLOGY

Valeria Fa

The Question

Taking into consideration the origins of the emperors who established the cult towards Sol Invictus we ought to ask ourselves the question Isn t it logical that the Thracian ritualism-faith in the Sun-God should form the foundation of Macrobius philosophical-theological arguments That is to say when he was writing the ritualism-faith was still powerful and lead towards monotheism The faith was confinned and strengthened by the endorsement of the cult toshywards Sol Invictus by Aurelian as a state cult and by honouring Constantine as Sun God Constantine is one of the most revered saints on the Balkans together with his mother Helena They are reflected in the relict nestinari ritualism that reveres the Great Goddess Mother identified with Helena and her equal Son in t-vo images - solar and fiery - identified with Constantine 2

The finn position of Helios as a god who knows everything had been established in the Mediterranean and in particular in the European southeast since the time of Homer Helios was the god who stood to the side of but also higher than the other gods Isnt the answer to the idea of tolerance of the Edict of Serdica hidden in this position of the Sun God

Introduction - Light and Darkness

Since the dawn of time people have followed the path of the Sun on the horizon in order to measure time 3 However people also knew that the Sun and the Fire (the earthly projection of the luminary) are frightening cosshymic elements and the relationships with them ought to be ritually revered

I KoyeB 1995 17

2 CllOJl - HeHKoBa 2000 116-1 27 Jl oJaHoBa 2010

) In 1992 created was the European Society for A stronomy in Culture that aims to in ves tigate people s

astronomic al know ledge and th eir importance fo r culture laschek 1993 Koleva - Kolev 1996 Ruggl es

2000 Potemkina - Obridko 2002

182 bull SERDICA EDICT (311 AD) CONCEPTS AND REALIZATIONS OF THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION

and their eternal rules should be obeyed 4 The daily cosmic movement of the Sun (Helios) as well as the alternation of light and darkness in both hemishyspheres of the cosmic ellipse naturally springs form the integral thinking of the person and more specifically herhis religiosity Light and darkness are universal categories in the sacred texts architecture sacred spaces and ritual practices (including the initiation ones) of different religious systems Due to this universality light and darkness become synonyms of the binary oppositions knowledge and ignorance initiation into the faith and the state of not being initiated Light and darkness also become moral ethical and soc ial reference pointsS as well as reference points in the sacred territories and constructions where ritual acts take place The interpretation of light and darkness in sacred sites in a specific cultural-historical milieu aids the understanding of the specific ritualism that takes place on these very sites This problematic as it appears in different literary and non-literary cultures is being studied in detail 6

Since the dawn of human hi story the cult of the Sun God - the emshybodiment of light dominated the religious systems of the ancient societies in Southeastern Europe on Eastern Mediterranean islands Asia Minor Egy pt Mesopotamia the Levantine coast Invariabl y this cult remained in the focu s of religious life and underlay the doctrine of the ruler s divine power and many cults and even religions that developed during the millennia and formed the sp irituality of the peoples of Europes Mediterranean countries7 Some scholars theorize that thi s religiosity bound to the light came from the north with the nomads as did the wheel the domesticated horse the belief in the power of fire the connection of the chariot with the light etc 8

bull On Ihe Balkan Peninsula Ihe millennia-old sac red knowledge pertain ing to the relationships beshytween the people and the Sun is hi dden in many fairy-tales legends myth s rituals and images which are reto ld drawn painted modeled and executed year after year millennium after millennium on sashycred locations or aro und the firep lace at home - MapJ1Hos 1981 38- 74 170 375 378 -380 653-677 feoprJ1esa 1993 2 19-2527204

See the philoso phical reasoning of li ghl and darkne ss in Pial Re sp VIl 514A-521 B compares the darkness of the cave wi th the lack of initiation and lack of educati on The initi ated know about the kingdom th at is unl it Prod Rem pub 12 287- 296 - ascens ion of the pri soner from the dark ness of the cave to the light is the ascens ion of the soul in the kingdom of reason and good EliI IT 8 11-8 17 the sun changes hiS course terrified by the crime of the Tantalids

6 For some examples in this direction see Yadin Y 1962 Meyer - Smith (Eds) 1994 Weightman 1996 Ruggl es 2000 ltJon 2004 Dleleman 2005 67 74 n II literature on th e light 111 the Coptic papyshyruses 153-15 7 134 - Helios who is light in the magical papyruses and Boutsikas 2007 For the so lar li ght and the method s of archaeoloast ronom y see Po lcaro A - VF Polcaro 2009

7 Baynes 1936 Vander Waerdt 1985

8 Mallory 1996 66-73 184 Tay lor-Perry 2003 7-8

The Sun G od i

In the Euro _shynated in the Neolil - period (the end of ~

(beginning of the - ~shy

dition and the v orl - the steppes Th ~ -- formation ofth n __ already shows clear -

Wi th respe - ~ and ritual s re l a t in~ shyhave long been 0 ~ - -

respect to the n shyEuropean peopl ~ shydictated not on l ~ - and sea but also partook in the o~~- shy

The obsef ~

which society im shya privilege In the --- was transm i tted in - shycommunities by Irew

When a socie ty ~_- shyremains the pri il - ~

nects the Thrac i shyof Orpheus and b

II Measu ring time b

functions of whic h arbull

-

shy

are the most visible Ir bright planets stars n narural phenome na - and ritu ali sm see 4W

12 ltJon 1986 nonoa bull

= OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION

~o-m ic movement of the kness in both hemishy

1 the integral thinking ~ __ Light and darkness middoture sacred spaces and ~ - nt religious systems bull 10nyms of the binary the faith and the state

r e moral ethical and In the sacred territories ~ interpretation of light l ~ o rical milieu aids the

c on these very sites non-literary cultures

1 e Sun God - the emshy~ he ancient societies in

Asia Minor Egypt 11 remained in the focus

s divine power and millennia and formed lean countries 7 Some ~I came from the north I rse the belief in the = 11 etc 8

--- h g to the relationships beshy_ ri luals and images Vhich

_- urn after millenni um on sashy - 1-0375 378-3 80653-677

II 51lt1A-521 B compares th e n initiated know about the

- - gtoner from the darkness of _ tJ good Eur IT 8 11 - 817

~i I Eels) 1994 Weightman light in the Coptic papyshy

_ 1utsikas 2007 For the so lar -0 ~ 009

THE CULT TO THE SUNmiddotGOD AND THE KINGS IDEOLOGY 183

The Sun God in the religiosity of Southeastern Europe

In the European Southeast the tradition of honouring the Sun origishynated in the Neolithic Period It did not cease with the end of the Chalco lithic period (the end of the 4th mil BCE) and the beginning of the Bronze Age (beginning of the 3rd mill BCE) but accumulated and interacted with the trashydition and the worldviews of the newly-arrived groups of stock breeders from the steppes The beginning of the third millennium marks the onset of the formation of the Thracian ethnos that in the middle of the second millennium already shows clear unified social-behavioural and cultural stereotypes 9

With respect to old literary cultures the astral knowledge and the cults and rituals relating to them including the ones pertaining to the Sun God have long been object of research 10 The situation is different however with respect to the non-literary societies such as the Thracians and most ancient European peoples The interest in the celestial luminaries in Antiquity was dictated not only by agricultural interest and by the needs of moving on land and sea but also by the then universal belief that every person and society partook in the Cosmos and their lives ought to proceed in harmony with iLl

The observation of the sky required a special group of people upon which society imposed this obligation and right that subsequently became a privilege In the Thracian and in other non-literary societies knowledge was transmitted in the family in the professional groups and in the religious communities by means of special rituals and during mass mystery ritualism When a society has a developed aristocratic culture the special knowledge remains the privilege of esoteric classes The ancient literary tradition conshynects the Thracian aristocratic community of initiated persons with the names of Orpheus and Zalmoxis 2

9 The territory was naturally differentiated wit hin th e hi storical-geographical data of the region beshytween the two rivers Dniepr-Dniester the so uthern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains the two rivers Struma-Vardar the Nort h- Aegean coast with the adjoining island s and Northwestern Asia Minor The historica l ex istence of the Thracian nation is also marked with th e faith in the luminary with spec ifi c architectural ritual and elepictive means

10 Polcaro A - Polcaro V F 2009

II Measuring time is of ex treme importance for determining the dates of the religious festival s the function s of which are comprehensive in religious soc ial and politi ca l scopes The Sun anel th e Moon are the most visib le luminaries in the daily and yearly rhythm of the wo rlel To them we must add some bright planets stars and constellations wh ich mark seasons directions and are connected with specific nantral phenomena About the reA ection of the as tral occurrences on the epic notions the mythology and ritualism see Amanda Laoupis publications in ltht1p issuucoma laoupi gt (28 08 20 II)

12 ctgtOJl 1986 n onOB 1989 1995 Fol V 2008


The Sun God in the religiosity of the Thracians

The text and the recorded oral stories do not reflect the full picture of astral knowledge cults and rituals that are so important for clarifying the anthropological sociological and cui tic aspects of ancient and medieval soshycieties This gap is successfully filled by archaeo-astronomy an alternative interdisciplinary method for investigating archaeological sites artifacts icoshynography planning and erection of buildings especially of cult constructions and sacred places 13

The written sources about the Thracians deference to the Sun God are not numerous The most famous and conunented texts belong to Sophocles Aeschylus Titus Livius and Macrobius Scholia on the Iliad inform that the ancient Greek poet Sophocles wrote Helios you most highly revered deity by the horse-loving Thracians14 suggesting that the luminary was revered as a sacred poweL I5 One of the preserved fragments from Bassarae by Aeschylus l 6

describes ritualism in honour of Helios that takes place on a mountain peak The text informs that Orpheus rose before sunrise and ascended the peak of the Pangaea Mountain in order to welcome the luminary first singing in accompashyniment to a lyre In the same mountain Euripides l 7 situates the cave where the anthropodaemon Rhesus infOims the believers about the will of the god Dionyshysus This text provides the grounds for P Perdrizets 18 hypothesis that Pangaea is a sacred Dionysian mountain If one adds to these two texts Orpheus images on the Hellenic vase-paintings l9 where the singer is represented seated on a rocky peak with a lyre and surrounded by Thracian warriors it becomes clear that the Hellenics identified the idea ofexecuting a ritual ofglorifying the rising Sun God on a rocky peak with Thracian ritualism

In the entire Mediterranean world including Ancient Thrace many of the peak sanctuaries and rock sanctuaries are usually also places for astroshy

Il Yavis 1949 Good ison 200 I McClusk ey 2006 Liritzi s - Vassi liou 2003 2007 Boutsikas 2007 Banou 2008 CTaTesa 20 II

14 Schol II XIf[ 705 = Soph Fr 523 Nauckl translation in I1YlT I 99

I ctgton 2002 4 comments on the different reading as an Orphic idea of Helios - source of sacred power that insp ired awe

16 Aesch Fr 83 trans lation in YlYlT I 87

17 EUI~ Rhes 882middot922 Murray

18 Perdri zet 1910

19 Desbals 1997 vo l II N2N2 1middot92 description and analysis of the scenes with Orpheus in the Attician and Apulian vasemiddotpainting

nomical obsen -io -- most mysteriou m nomical knoxl d doors - eastern aL shy

door and he set - ~

door In the He llC n~ of the world an l 5 _ there by the sol r spirit ofTiresia _ in shy

Five meg ali ]-~ _

ent day Bulgar ia -t

Mountains 23 The cated near Buzo the Thracian Kin_middotmiddot been discover d _ cave-womb2~

For the T _~

ing to Thracian -- shydarkness of the C - born25 The pro name of Thrac ian us in which (son servant) ~ Mother26

In Thrac e u- of the person in i were also prie t

cave sanctuari - - halls that resemhgt

20 Fol V 2007 II ith J _

21 lleKos 2007

22 ctgton B 200798middot

2) Fol V 20 II

royal hunt in a to m

25 Popov - Fol V ~ l

26 ctgtOJl 2002 46middot-

~ v - REliGIOUS TOLERATION

UlS

~ t the full picture of ant for clarifying the ~ i nt and medieval soshy rono my an alternative al sites artifacts icoshy_ ~ of cult constructions

_1 to the Sun God are - belong to Sophocles _ ~ Iliad inform that the ~ - r highly revered deity inary was revered as a 3 -same by Aeschylus6 c on a mountain peak _5 ended the peak of the rsL singing in accompashy_k S the cave where the ~ ill of the god Dionyshy ~ pothesis that Pangaea

le-ots Orpheus images r resented seated on a miors it becomes clear f glorifying the lising

_ient Thrace many of Iso places for astroshy

~L 2007 Boutsikas 2007

~_ 0 He lios - source of sacred

_ -th Orpheus in the Atti cian


nomical observations 2o Megalithic solar doors and caves-wombs are the most mysterious monuments related to the worship to the Sun God and astroshynomical knowledge In the ancient Egyptian religion the Sun God has two doors - eastern and western 2 The Sun God riseslis born from the eastern door and he sets and traverses into the lower hemisphere through the western door In the Hellenic mythopoetic thinking the solar door is located at the end of the world and is an entrance-exit to the Beyond (Hereafter) It is exactly there by the solar door (or white rock) that Odysseus manages to call the spi ri t of Tiresias in order to learn the way to Ithaca 22

Five megalithic solar doors are known so far on the territory of presshyent day Bulgaria They are located in the Rhodopi Sredna Gora and Pirin Mountains 23 The most famous and well-studied among them is the one loshycated near Buzovgrad village This door towers over Kazanlak s Valley of the Thracian Kings where numerous sub-mound tombs and heroons have been di scovered among them a heroon that is an architectural replica of a cave-womb 24

For the Thracians the solid rock symboli zed the Great GoddessshyMother-Earth and the Sun was her Son They were equal gods Accordshying to Thracian mythological ideas the penetration of the solar light in the darkness of the cave represented a sacred marriage of which the ruler was born 25 The proofs of thi s religious doctrine that we call by the typological name of Thracian Orphism are found in the inscriptions that have reached us in which we read Kotys paYs (son servant) of Apollo Kotes paYs (son servant) of Helios and Kotes paYs (son servant) of the Mountain Mother 26

In Thrace the entire knowledge of the cosmic construction and the place of the person in it was property of a selected few - ari stocrats and rulers who were also priests They had the privilege of observing the act of creation in cave sanctuaries where the so lar light penetrates or in erected underground halls that resembled caves-wombs In Thrace several natural caves have been

20 Fol V 2007 with all literature

21 JTeKoB 2007

22 CPOll B 200798- 104 Fol V 2007

2 Fo l V 2011

24 See Stoev - Stoeva 2006 Ignatiado u 20 I 0 about an image on the monument (on) fresco depicting a royal hunt in a to mb near Yergina

25 Popov - Fol V 20 I0 26-55

26 ltPall 2002 46-4 8 92 179


discovered further elaborated so as to resemble a female womb27 In the mysshytery practices of non-literary religiosity the mentioning of the name of the revered God into whose mystery one was initiated was forbidden This rule pertains also to the Thracian faith-ritualism which we call Thracian Orshyphism - an essentially esoteric religious doctrine For that reason even the names that have reached us through the texts of ancient authors are likened to Hellenic deitie s Herodotus28 identified the Thracian gods with Artemis Dioshynysus Ares and Hennes Artemis was also an ancient Greek translation-desshyignation of the Thracian Great Goddess-Mother who used to be the Cosmos Universe itself The father of history calls the earthly (chthonic) image of her Son Dionys us and the one who carries the faith in both deities is Ares the Thracian-born god of war The image of the king-priest called pais (son issue) of the Son of the Great Goddess-Mother is coded in Ares One can see from Herodotus text that the king-priest depended on Hennes For that reason Herodotus writes that the Thracian kings entreated Hermes their anshycestor The God is an ithyphallic principle in the sacred marriage between the Great Goddess-Mother and her Son-SunFire That is why the kings are called in inscriptions paides of both deities Nearby the caves there are always one or two sacred springs When such a cave did not exist in the region the masons carved it in a rock

To the present day some of these caves and the springs near them are revered as curative The archaeological and astronomical research on the subshymound constructions in the Kazanlak Valley has shown that the constructions are infused with astronomical knowledge 29

The Neoplatonic philosopher Porphyry30 has written a treatise about the cave-Cosmos Without knowing the caves and monuments in Thrace Ireshyland the French Pyrenees where one observes the same occurrences Losev

27 The archaeostronomical research of one of these caves indicates th at in the day s of the winte r solshystice the light reaches an altar at the far end of the cave (CToes l111p 200 1) believed as the sacred act marriage of the Great Goddess-Mother and her Son-Sun In the sol ar sanct uary nea r Nochevo village Assenovgrad region the part of th e rock above the cave-womb is modeled as a phallus - the image of the Th racian Hermes

28 Hdl 57 LegrandFeix

29 Stoev - Stoeva 2006b The research of the submiddotmound construction in the Arsenalka moun d proved that during th e first stage of its cons tructi on the so lar light reached exactl y the stone bed in dome chamber during the winter so lstice (around December 22) After the twomiddotwinged door of the rectshyangular chamber was added the li ght penetrat in g through the door during the wi nter solstice reac hed the circu lar altar in the middle of the Aoor exactly under th e disc of the dome in the dome chambe r (S toev - Stoeva 2006a)

)0 Porph De antro nympharym Aret husa Monographs I In noceB 2000 book II 465-479 with tran slamiddot tion by Taho-Gody

supposes that the = ~

rituals 31 To thi s this type regardl ~ gt-

mogonic univer lt J in a specific way If -

Titus Lii u ~ shythe occasion of PtL - half of July 18 J B i sacred place h~ ~ shyrifice to Zeus an H-- in order to pres n~ - - ~

Sirius during th E Goreshtnitsi) The ~

peak ascended ~ ~

In the first

explicitly discu - s shyduring the day a ~ --shyall pervasi ve P O ~-

monotheism ria -shyPeak there is a sa =shying in the middl JI _

located in the u lower hemisphere shyof the Thracian __ principles - the so- shythe references in T sanctuary37

3 I noceB 2000 600 1 I

32 Til Liv 4022 7 1 _

)) For Helios ho I 102- I 05 also wi th an1 shy

34 ctgtOJl 1986 96 dCKs ~ carefull y specifies th 0 - shy

2003 with previous Ii ~

3 Alex Polyh Ph ngl __ _

26 = ctgton 1994 10 middot

)6 Hdt 7 III 1-2 LI _shy

37 The identification _ _

- ~ OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION

- Ie omb27 In the mysshyng of the name of the

~ forbidden This rule w call Thracian Orshy

=-or that reason even the ~ uthors are likened to ds with Artemis Dioshy_ Greek translation-desshy1 gted to be the Cosmos J ~ (chthonic) image of r I th deities is Ares - fi est called pais (son - d in Ares One can

on Hermes For that a t d Hermes their anshy_ r~ d marriage between r is why the kings are

- ~ ayes there are always ist in the region the

- pri ngs near them are i~a l research on the subshymiddot 11 that the constructions

i tten a treatise about onuments in Thrace Ireshy--gtll e occurrences Losev

- _ I l~ days of the winter solshy- II be I ieved as the sacred ac t -I ~ aJ near Nochevo vill age

_ _ lS a phallus -the image of

in the Arsenalka mound iI~ tuexactly the stone bed in

~ middot 0 - in ged door of the rectshy- - Ie inter solstice reached

iome in the dome chamber

~ II 465-479 with transla-

THE CULT TO THE SUN-GOD AND THE KINGS IDEOLOGY 187

supposes that the basis of Porphyry s text is to be found in folklore faith and rituals 3

To this hypothesis shall be added that organizing a ritual space of this type regardless of whether it is a cave or a construction represents a cosshymogonic universal of deference to the Sun God This universal is expressed in a specific way in the different cultures

Titus Livius relates about the luminary in Thrace called also Helios on the occasion of Phillip Vs campaign in Thrace that took place in the second half of July 181 BCEY The text specifies explicitly that Phillip was at the sacred place when Sirius rose in order to honour the star-dog and offer a sacshyrifice to Zeus and Helios 3 3 The Macedonian ruler undertook the risky voyage in order to present his offerings to the Sun God when he rises together with Sirius during the Hot Days (the hottest days of the year in Bulgaria called Goreshtnitsi) The identification of the mountain with a specific sanctuary and peak ascended by the King has not been established with any certainty34

In the first book of his Saturnalia written between the 80s of the 4th c BCE and the beginning of the 5th c BCE the Neoplatonic author Macrobius explicitly discusses the concept of the dual nature of the Thracian god - Sun during the day and Fire during the nightY Macrobius tried to use Helios all pervasive pO7ier to explain the increasingly stronger Cluistian uniform monotheism Macrobius explains that in Tillace on the top of the Zilmisos Peak there is a sanctuary with a circular shape the roof of which has an openshying in the middle During the religious rites the sun is called Apollo when located in the upper hemisphere (ie at daytime) and Dionysus when in the lower hemisphere For Macrobius Apollo and Dionysus are the two images of the Thracian Sabazius the god who embodies the unity of the two cosmic principles - the solar and the chthonic (earthly) It is difficult to say whether the references in Titus Livius Macrobius and Herodotus36 relate to the same sanctuary]7

)) J10ceB 2000 600K I 134 ana lysis of the caves-wombs with two opening in Fol V 2003

)2 Til Liv 40227 MUlier

13 For Heli os who is Sabazios for the Thracians and Ze us for the Phrygians see Fol 1994 284 and 102-105 also with analysis of the text of Macrob Sat I II Willis

)4 cj)on 1986 96 does not connect the sanc[1)ary with a specific peak in the Rilo-Rhodopian massif but carefully specifies that Philip V crossed from the Struma va ll ey to the Mesta va lley Las tly XPHCTOB 2003 with previous literature

35 Alex Polyh Phrigiaca m= Macrob Sat L 18 II Willi s = FGr Hist III A 273 F 103 = cj)on 1986 26 = cj)on 1994 102-105

)6 Hdt 7 III 1-2 LegrandFeix

37 The identification vacillates berween th e region of Etropole (Stara planina) Central Sredna Gora


As the caves-wombs and the sub-mound initiation temples were acshycessible only to few people the other men proved their skills courage and knowledge about the creation by carving niches in the rocks and putting inshyside gift(s) to be illuminated by the Sun God The women had the right to offer gifts to the Mother-Earth in rock fissures and on altars38

One finds astronomical knowledge information about astral cults and specific data pertaining to the belief in the Sun God in art as well Art is a representational language a means for communication through which one transmits information It should be emphasized that modem understanding of the notion of art differs from the ancient one In Antiquity term art has not so much aesthetic but rather religious and strictly doctrinal characteristics The forms the images and the material from which the objects and sacred places were modeled and from which the constructions were built possessed a temporal indicator that is they pointed towards a specific layers of the past and served as original communicative and cultural memory These characshyteri stics possessed by the cult objects and sites especially those with decorashytions made it possible to represent notions beliefs rituals socio-cultural and socio-political relationships

From the Neolithic period onwards the reversed swastika and the circle had been graphic images of the Sun God to which images later added were the wheel the rosette with the galloping chariot pulled by winged horses and steered by a handsome god with a crown of rays The smiling circular face with rays is the universal image of the Sun codified in an archetypal way in every human being as we see from childrens drawings from around the world In many of the Thracian obj ects that have reached our time we find an original concentration of decoration rich in solar symbolism

One of the most compositionally and symbolically complicated obshy

through different reg ions of the Rhodopi Mountain s up to Pir in Rila inc luding the southern sl ope has

been exc luded from the suppositi on s due to its alpine landsca pe because th e text mentions the forests traversed by the king in order to reach the peak and discusses the uncertainti es when identi fy ing the road Southern Ril a is yet to reveal its secrets because it has no t been researched fo r high-mountain an d rock sanctuaries or for mega liths I should specify here that thi s part o f the mountain does not feature an alpi ne landscape but is covered w ith vari ous fores ts and high-mountain pastures T he peak dotted w ith mega lith ic altars in the reg ion ofTreshten ik hut inv ites answers to be sought al so in Southern Rile It

is exhib itive that the slopes on a near- 2000 m high peak and the peak itself located near Treshtenik hut near Yakoruda City are strewn w ith more than thirty mega lithic alt ars one of them featurin g an image identica l to the ones of toreut ics and coin s N ex t to th e altar located on the peak itself an image carved in a Aat rock is most likely a sun-dial Nearby are located the foundations of three seemingly

circular buildi ngs The sanctuary is documented and described as part o f the proj ec t Net Heritage of the Inst itute for Ba lka n Studies w ith Centre or Thracology T he materi als are under pr int

38 KOToBa 1995 Fol V 2007

jects is the bronz~ directly rel ated to ~

and his chthon i - e _ froni evo shows ~~ shysacredness of th f

horse s forehea ~ God and rules hOlt- ones Thi s is ho - son of the two rac~

The ne xt [ tions of the rul er

The golder _ -3

half of the 4 1h B World Beyond nmiddot ~ but al so the fae ~

anthropodaemu i -shy

four horses each ~ _ _ sel Between the _ tree Both chario __ the scene repre ~-

cal northern coun ~ Apollo is dres~d or _ warrior s cham

The shap d Cc _ by winged hor 5

Thracian toreuti -- = one another but lt _ hind them - the h ~ ~ ~

bolize the com pi -=~~

and the female prr ~-

of the cosmic or one can see fron Sun God and the G -~shy

macy of the ru l r B_shyas guarantor of I shy

19 B eHenl1KOB - f ershy

40 Venedikov 1989 shy

4 1 Venedikov 1989

OF RE LIGIOUS TOLERATION

at ion temples were acshyheir skills courage and ~ h~ rocks and putting inshy

n men had the right to 1 tars 38 n about astral cults and

in art as well Art is a ~ ~ i n through which one

em understanding of -j uity term art has not

trinal characteristics the objects and sacred IllS ere built possessed

cific layers of the past 1 mory These characshy

ti II those with decorashyalso socio-cultural and

- astika and the circle ~ _ ages later added were I d by winged horses and f-- smiling circular face

in an archetypal way ings from around the

h d our time we find an o lism i all y complicated obshy

ding the southern slope has bull th ~ tn t mentions the forests

~- it1[ies when identifying the _ fhcd for high-mountain and - mountain does not feature an ~ ~I Ire S The peak dotted with ch i also in Southern Rile It

~T located near Treshtenik - one of them featuring an

= Oil lhe peak itself an image _ 1 Jli ons of three seemingly ~ proJectNet Heritage of the

--r IIHk r print


jects is the bronze headstall from Sofronievo village (7-6 c BCE) It is directly related to the worship of the Sun God depicted as a winged disc and his chthonic equivalent in the image of a bull The headstall from Soshyfronievo shows and propagates the sacredness of the horse and the high sacredness of the rider The winged solar disc and the bulls head on the horses forehead impl y that the rider has received his power from the Sun God and rules both hemispheres of the Cosmos - the solar and the nocturnal ones This is how the rider demonstrates his higher status than the rest as son of the two-faced god

The next two objects are ritual objects and indicate the priestly funcshytions of the ruler who employed them in the sacred rites

The golden jug from the burial from Mogilanska Mound tomb (first half of the 4th c BCE) is an attribute with which the ruler traversed to the World Beyond The jug not only characterizes the ruler s priestly functions but al so the fact that he would continue to use it in his other existence of anthropodaemon Two symmetrical images of galloping chariots pulled by four horses each and facing one another are depicted on the body of the vesshysel Between the chariots depicted is a big palmette symbolizing the world tree Both chariots are steered by men The entire composition suggests that the scene represents Apollo s departure from and return to the mythologishycal northern country of the Hyperboreans the wisest and most just people 39

Apollo is dressed in chain-armor because for the Thracian ruler might is a warrior s characteristic

The shaped decoration of the silver jug with the fl ying chariots pulled by winged horses from the Rogozen treasure40 is one of the masterpieces of Thracian toreutics Again the decoration shows two flying chariots facing one another but here they are steered by cart-drivers with deities sitting beshyhind them - the hyperborean Apollo and Artemis4t Apollo and Artemis symshybolize the completeness of the Universe and the equality between the male and the female principles This balance serves as a guarantee for the eternity of the cosmic order in harmony with the ordered world of the human race As one can see from the inscriptions on the ritual vessels mentioned above the Sun God and the Great Mother Goddess appear as guarantors for the legitishymacy of the ruler But while the Sun God as a cosmic classificator serves also as guarantor of the cosmic order the Great Mother Goddess guarantees the

)9 BeHellJ1KOB - fepaCJ1MOB 1973 359 27-2 8 photos IS and J 6 Fal V 2009

40 Venedikov J 989 79-80 Hoddinott 1989 Marazov J 996 J 80- J 9 J

41 Vened ikov 1989


social order For that reason it is she who initiates the ruler into his position as is known from the investiture images on Thracian royal rings The king makes rounds of his estates on a horse or in a chariot just as the Sun follows its rout on the horizon This belief strongly underlies the royal doctrine and ritualism up until the time when the Thracian aristocracy ruled its estates as a part of the high Roman administration The Thracian aristocrats retained their might and wealth and believing in the passage to the afterlife like the Sun which gallops towards the sunset on a chariot they were buried in their fulgent chariots42

Conclusion

Gathering the written and archaeological sources pertaining to the Sun God along with the suggested connection between the cult and the royal ideshyology in the religiosity of the Thracians will contribute to the forming of a more complete picture of the syncretism between the cult of the luminary and the emperor cult and also to the influence of that syncretism on early Christishyanity Moreover it has remained in the form of powerful ancient relicts in the folklore cultures of the Balkan peoples

Bibliography

BeHeLlHKOB - fepacHMoB 1973 YIBeHellHKoB T repacHMoB TpOianiCKol11o u3Kycm60 (COqlH5I

HaYK3 H H3KYCTBO 1973) I Venedikov - Gerasimov 1973 l Venedikov T Gerasimov

Thracian arl (Sofia Nauka I izkustvo 1973)

feoprHeBa 1993 YlB reoprHeBa EbJZapCKa HapooHa 1UmO70ZUfl (COltjJH1 HaYKa 11 H3KyCTBO

1993 2) I Georgieva 1993 2 Iv Georgieva Bulgarian folkloric mYlhology (Sofia Nauka f

izkustvo 1993 2)

I1rHaTOB H IIp 2011 B YlrHaToB H WapaHKoB K rocnoQHHoB c 50pHcoBa J6YK0J7Kama

cisiul11 om KapaHo6o (HoBa 3aropa YlM HOBa 3aropa 20 I 1)1 Ignatov et a 20 II Jgnashy

tOY V - Sharankov N - Gospodinov K - Borisova S The Two- wheeled Carriage from

Karanovo Nova Zagora Historical Museum - Nova Zagora (in Bulgarian)

MI1T I 113Bopu 3a UCI110pUfima Ha TpaKlifi u TpaKum e TOM I (COqlH)l yenIT - 5AH 1981) I Hisshy

torical Sources about Thrace and the Thracians Volume I (Sofia Institute ofThracology

at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 1981)

KOTORa 1995 Ll KOToBa TeolOrjJopuume )KeHcKu npmHlILfeH KWII1J7eKC (COqlH5I ilHOHC 1995)

41 [n the lands of the Thracians have been discovered dozens of richly decorated chariots dating from the Roman period with which the Thracian 3ristocrats traversed into the World of the Beyond See for example YlrHaToB 11 IIp 200 I

I Kotova 1995 D ons 1995)

KOltJeB 1995 Koyes H

1998 Koche

garian)

JIeKoB 2007 fleKoB T

2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~

I1cmopuR I dation of B~ zanshy

JIoceB 2000 A ctgt bull Io -=

If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh

MapHHoB 1981 1 ~ -IMarino 19 ~

nonoB 1989 ilii oll _

H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J

nonoBI995il non ~ Popov The

CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~

CTOeB H IIp 2001 - C B newepHOll _

ctgtOJ1 (CbcT1 nt aI The spat I bull

Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26

lt1gtOJl 1986 AJ1 ctgt o 1

ing house bull

lt1gtOJl 1994 AJ1 ctgto - ~shy

H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~

lt1gtOJl 2002 AJ1 ctgt o ~

2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1

lt1gtOJl 2004 AJ1 ctgto

OXpHllCKlI shy

hourse middotSI K J~

lt1gtOJl B 2007 B ltlgt

OpeBHoCimli t ~ shy _

I

=-~ OF RE LIGIOUS TOLERATION

- ruler into his position royal rings The king L j us t as the Sun follows e l h ~ royal doctrine and ~ acy ruled its estates as

ian aristocrats retained e 0 the afterlife like the he were buried in their

e- pertaining to the Sun 4-e cult and the royal ideshy ll e to the forming of a ~ ~ lI lt of the luminary and - _ etism on early Christishy~ ul ancient relicts in the

~~IIiComo 1I3Kycm(30 (COcjll151

I ened ikov T Gerasimov

(COcjl l151 HaYKa 11 H3KYCTBO

fI illO logy (Sofia Nauka I

- C bOpI1COBa j(3YkoJlwma

bull I Ignatov et al 20 II 19nashy

T~ u- heeled Carriage from

- 111 Bulgarian)

~ I1T - 6A H 1981 ) Hisshyo-a Institute ofThracology

(COQll151 DHOHC 1995)

~ orated chariots dating from

orhJ of th e Beyond See for


1 Kotova 1995 D Kotova The Th esmophoria Afemale celebratory complex (Sofia Dishy

ons 1995)

KOleB 1995 KOYeB H 1995 XpuCmWlHCll160mO npeJ IV - HaL(aJlomo Ha XV 6 COcjlH5I 1 Kochev

1998 Kochev N 1995 ChristionilY during Ihe IV - beginning of Ihe XV c Sofia (in Bulshy

garian)

JIeKoB 2007 fleKoB T PeRlIZWW10 HO ope6eH EZlInem (COcjlH5I 113ToK - ]13TOK 2007) 1 Lekov

2007 T Lekov The Religion ojAncienl Egypt (Sofia East - East 2007)

JIo3aHOBa 2010 B flo3aHoBa bKl3ac3eBJltcHnoc XenHOc H npeocHOBaBaHeTO Ha bH3a HTll0H

Hcmopufl 3 (20 I 0)9-19 1 Loanova 20 I 0 V Lozanova ByzasZevksipos and new founshy

dation of Byzantion Hislory 3 (2010) 9-19

JIoceB 2000 A ltD floceB Hcmopufl AHnWL(H011 XlI1emUKU l7oc7eoHue (3eKO KNUZO I U KNUZO

II (MocKBa 2000) 1 Losev 2000 A F Losev Hislo ry of Ancienl Aeslhelics Th e Losl

Cenlury Book J and Book 2 (Moscow 2000)

MaplfHoB 1981 DMapHHoB ff36pOHU npou36eoeHufI nWH I (COcjlH5I HayKa H H3KYCTBO 1981)

IMarinov 1981 D Marinov Selecled Works volume I (Sofia Nauka I izkustvo 1981)

nonOB 1989 DnonoB 3aJlAlokcuc Pe-7UZlIR U06uecm(3o HO mpOKume (COcjll151 YHHBepcHTeTcKo

113JaTenCTBO CB Kn OXPHJCKH 1989) 1 Popov 1989 D Popov Zolmoxis Religion and

Sociely oJlhe Thracians (Sofia University publishing house St KI Ohridski 1989)

nonoB 1995D no nOB EOZbI11 c ) HOZO WleHO (COcjlH5I CB5IT - HayKa 1995) 1 Popov 1995 D

Popov The god wilh mony names (Sofia World - Scienc e 1995)

CTaTeBa 2011 E CTaTeBa nnl1CKa - 6bnrapCKI151T XenHonon C60PHUk (3 L( ecm HO npoqJ

OqJH fhulUR Kupo(3o (Cocjll1Sl bAH 2011 nOll neyaT) 1 Stateva 20 II E Stateva Pliska

- the Bulgarian Heliopolis Coffection in honour of Prof Dr Lil(va Kirova (Sofia

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 20 II under print)

CToeB If IIp 2001 An CToeB H llP nPOCTpaHCTBeHa 0pHeHTaUI151 11 aKycTI1 YHa peBep6epaUH5I

B newepHoTo CBeTl1ill1lLe TaHrapllbK Ka5l KpaH c I1nHHHua Kbpll)KanHHCKa o6nacr B

ltDon (CbCT) l7epnepekmiddot I (COcjlH5I HbY 2001) 254-263 1Stoev et aL 2001 AI Stoev et

al The spati al orientation and acoustical reverberation in the cave sanctuary Tangarduk

Kaya near Ilinitsa village Kardzhali region V Fol (compiler) Perperek I (Sofia NBU

200 I) 254-263

ltDOJl 1986 An ltDon TPGl(U liCkuflm OprjU3blt (COcjl I15I YHI1BepCI1TeTCKO H3JaTenCTBO CB Kn

OXPl1llCKH 1986) 1Fol 1986 AI Fol The Throcian Orphism (Sofia University publishshy

ing house St K I Ohridski 1986)

lttgtOJl 1994 Ail ltDon TPOKUiickURm lluoHue KHuza (3mopa Ca603uit (COcjll1)l YHI1BepCI1TeTCKO

113llaTenCTBO CB Kn OXPl1llCKH 1994) Fol 1994 AI Fol Th e Thracion Dionysus

Book rwo Sabazios (Sofia University publishing hourse S t KI Ohridski 1994 )

ltDOJl 2002 An ltDon TPOKUlicKURnJ lluoHuc KNuza mpema HOJ06060He u 6f1pO (COcjlI1 5J HbY

2002) 1 Fol 2002 AI Fo l The Thracian Dionysus Book three naming andfoilh (Sofia

NB U2002)

lttgtOJI 2004 Ail ltDOil Orphica Magica I (COcjlI15I YHI1BepCI1TerCKO H3JaTenCTBO CB Knl1MeHT

OXPHJCKI1 2004) 1 Fo] 2004 AI Fol Orphico Magico 1 (Sofia University publishing

hourse St Kl Ohridski 2004)

ltDOJl B 2007 B ltDon CeL1H II monocli Ha (3f1PO (3 fOzo1l3moIHa E(3pona U (3 MaR a A3uR npe3

ope6Hocmma I1T - bAH 2007 (= Studia Thrac ica 10) 1Fol V 2007 V Fo Rock Topoi oj


Faith in Southeastern Europe and Asia Minor during the Antiquity (Institute ofThracolshyogy - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 2007 = Studia Thracica 10)1

ltllOJl B - HeHKoBa 2000 B CIJon P HeHKoBa OZbH u HY3uKa AKaneMHYHO H3naTenCTBO npoltl MapHH L(PI1HOB - 13naTenCTBO THnHa COltlH5I 2000 I V Fol - R Neikova Fire

and Music (Sofia 2000)

XPHCTOB 2003 1B XPHCTOB nOxonbT Ha C1JHnHn V B nnaHHHHTe Ha TpaKH5I npe3 181 r np Xp Enoxu ]1cmopuleoo cnucaHue (BenHKo TbPHOBO YHHBepCHTeTCKO H3naTenCTBO

2003) 171-179 I Hristov 2003 Iv Hristov The campaign of Philip V in the mountains of

Thrace in 181 BCE Eras A magazineor history (Veliko Tarnovo University publishshy

ing house 2003) 171-179

Baynes 1936 H GBaynes On the Psychological Origins of Divine Kingship Folklore Vol

47 No I (Mar 1936) 74-104 Banou 2008 Banou E Minoan Horns of Con secration revisited a Symbol of Sun Worship in

Palati al and Post-pa latial Crete ) - In Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeomeliy Vol

8 No 12008 27-47

Boutsikas 2007 E Boutsikas Astronomy and Ancient Greek Cult An Application 0Archaeoshy

astronomy to Greek Religious Architecture Cosmologies and Landscapes PhD Thesis

submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at th e Uni versity of Leicester February 2007 http hdlhand lenet2381 7566 - 180420 I 2

Desbals 1997 M-A Desbals La Thrace et les Thraces dans Iimaginaire grec aux epoques arshy

charque et classique Litterature et iconographie Vol I Texte Vol II Cata logue iconoshy

graphique Vol II Planches These de doctoral Universite de Paris X - Nanterre UFR

Linguistique Litterature Philosophie Par is 1997 DieIeman J 2005 J Dieleman Priests Tongues and Rites The London-Lelden Magical Manushy

scripts and Translation in Egyptian Ritual (100- 300 Leiden - Boston CE Btill 2005

Goodison 2001 L Goodison From Tholos Tomb to Throne Room Percepti ons of the Sun in Minoan Ritual - In Aegaeum 22 2001 77-88

Fol V 2003 V Fol Rock-cut caves with two entrances or the model of the Cosmos - Thracia

XV 2003 239-250

Fol V 2007 V Fol The Solat doors - a gate to Beyond In Proceedings othe 10h international

Congress oThracology Kom ot ini - Alexandroupolis i 8 - 23 October 2005 Athens 2007

169-1 75

Fol V 2009 V F 01 The wol fthe dog and the North as the direction of wisdom In Studia archeoshy

logiae et historiae antiquae Doctiss imo viro Scientiarum Archeologiae et Historiae Ion

Nikulia an no sept uagesimo aetatis suae dedicator Chi~inau 2009 149-1 58

FoI V 2008 V Fol Orpheus the Thracian Sofia Tangra TanN akRa 2008 Fol V 2011 V Fol 20 II The Rock and megalithic Topoi of Faith and the Cu lt of the Sun - Proshy

ceeding othe JiI International Congress oThracology Istanbul University of Istanbul

(in print) Hoddinott 1989 R Hoddinott Rogozen and Thracian Religion the Indo-European Factor In

Cook B F (Ed) 1989 Rogozen Treasure London British Museum 50-58

Ignatiadou 2010 D Ignatiadou Royal Identities and Politial Symbolism in the Vergina Lionshy

hunt Painting MEROLA MELATES TOMOS 57 (2010) AQHNA 11 9-154

Jaschek 1993 C Jaschek (Ed) European Meeting on Archaeoaslronomy amp Ethnoastronomy

Proceeding

LObservalOmiddot-shy

Koleva - Kolev 1996 bull

ceedings 01 - ~

tronomy B- lt s Liritzis - Vassiliou ~

Significant Culture -

Laoupi Amanda t lt ~

Liritzis - Vassiliou _ Signific31ll 0 __

Culture I -

Liritzis - Vassil iou 2

entation of B nary Stud~ - It shy

MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -

Meyer-Smith 199 -l Power ( H iC- _ _

Perdrizet 1910 P r~ shy

1910)

PoJcaro A - Pole3 roo of Archaeoasr

Popov - Fol V 20 I

20 I0) Potemkina - Obrid

Proceediw bull

Sciences ~ 2 (MocKBa J 1_ _ ~

Ruggles 1999 C L

Press 1e H -- -Ruggles 2000 C R =- g -shy

Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C

=~ OF RELIG IOUS TOLERATION

i u iZl (Institute ofThracolshy-3 10)

AKaJeMwIHO H3JlaTenCTBo Fol - R Neikova Fire

e H TpaKH 51 npe3 181 r np

HI SepCHTeTc Ko H3JlaTenCTBO

fP li li p V in the mountains of

T3rnovo University publi shshy

n Kin gs hip Folklore Vol

S mbol of Sun Worship in

_JU gl and Archaeometry Vol

~i1 Application 0Archaeoshy

~h Landscapes PhD Thesi s - ltrs it) of Leicester February

-13~inaire grec aux epoques arshy_ie -0 1 II Catalogue iconoshy

e Pari s X - Nanterre UFR

l iol1-Leiden Magical Manu shy

-- - Boston CEo Btill 2005

Perceptions of the Sun in

el of the Cosmos - Thracia

_wIgs 0 the I (Jh international

--_ adober 2005 Athens 2007

- isdom rn Studia archeo shy

-~heo log iae et H istoriae Ion

~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R

- J he Cu lt of the Sun - Proshy

bul University of Istan bul

Indo-European Factor In

se llin 50-58

_--bol i-m in the Vergina Lionshy

- 119-154

n)orny amp Ethnoastronomy

THE CULT TO THE SUN-GOD AND THE KINGS IDEOLOGY middot 193

Proceedings of the SEA C Foundational Conference - Strasbourg 1992 Strasbourg

LObservatoire Astronomique de Strasbourg 1993

Koleva - Kolev 1996 K Koleva D Kolev (Eds ) Astronomica l traditions in past cultu res Proshy

ceedings 0 the SEA C Foundational Conference - Smolyan 1993 Sofi a In stitute of Asshytronomy BAS amp NAO Rozhen 1996

Liritzis - Vassiliou 2003 r Liritzis H_ Vassiliou Archaeoastronomica l Orientation of Seven

Significant Ancient Hellenic Temples - Archaeoastronomy the journal 0 Astronomy in

Culture 17 (2003) 94-100

Laoupi Amanda B lthttp issuucomalaollp i gt 28 08 20 II r

Liritzis - Vassiliou 2003 I Liritzis H Vass iliou Archaeoastronomical Orientation of Seven Significant Ancient Hell enic Temples Archaeoastronomy theiournal 0 Astronomy in

Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100

Liritzis - Vassiliou 2007 I Liritzis H Vass iliou Does Sunrise Day Correlate with Eastern Orishy

entation of Byzantine Churches on Significant Solar Dates and Saint s Days A Prelimishy

nary StUdy - Byzantinische Zeitschrit Volum e 99 (2) 2007 523-534

Mallory 1996 J P Ma llory 1996 In Search ofthe Indo-Europeans Language A rchaeology and

Myth London Thames amp Hudso n

Marazov 1996 Iv Marazov The Rogozen Treasure Sofia Sekor publi shing house 1996

McCluslltey 2006 S McCluskey The Orientations of Medieval Churches A Methodological

case StUdy - In T Bostwick - B Bates Viewing the Sky Through Pasl and Present

Cultures Selected Papers rom the Oxford Vii international Conference on Archaeoasshy

tronomy Phoenix City of Phoenix Parks and Rec reation Department 2006409-420

Meyer-Smith 1994 M Meyer R Smith (Eds) Ancient Christian Magic Coptic Texts oRitual

Power (Harper San Francisco San Francisco 1994)

Perdrizet 1910 Perdrizet P Cultes et mythes du Pangee - Annales de I Es t 24-1 (Pari s- Na ncy

1910)

Polcaro A - Polcaro VF 2009 A Poicaro V F Polcaro Man and sky problems and methods

of Archaeoastronomy Archeologia e Calcolalori 20 20092 23-245

Popov - Fol V 2010 Popov D - Fol V The Deities othe Thracians (Sofia Tangra-TanNakRa 20 I 0)

Pot em kina - Obridko 2002 T Potemkina V Obridko Astronomy of Ancient Civilizations

Proceeding othe SEAC 2000 (Moscow Institute of Archaeology Russ ian Academy of Sciences 2002) = T M n OTeMKH Ha B H 06pHJlKO AcmpoHolufi opeeHux 06u(ecme

(MocKBa HaY Ka 2002)

Ruggles 1999 CLN Rugg les Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland (Ya le University

Press New Haven and London 1999)

Ruggles 2000 C Ru ggles (Ed) Astronomy and Landscape Proceeding othe SEA C 98 (D ublin

Ocarina Books 2000)

Stoev - Stoeva 2006 A Stoev P Stoeva Rock sanctuary near the village Buzovgrad Kazanlak municipality Megalithic Solar gate V Fol V (Ed) The Thracian Cosmos - the sacred

realm ofkings (Sofia Professor Alexa nder Fol Institute ofThracology 2006) 24-29

Stoev - Stoeva 2006a A Stoev P Stoeva Measuring time in th e Go lyama Arsenalka subtushy

mular temple near th e village of Sheynovo Kazanluk Muni ci pali ty V Fol V (Ed) The

Thracian Cosmos - the sacred realm ofkings (Sofia Professo r Alexander Fol Institute of

194 bull SERDICA EDICT (3 11 AD) CONCEPTS AND REALIZATIONS OF THE IDEA OF RELIGIOUS TOLERATION

Thracology 2006) 34-38

Stoev - Stoeva 2006b A Stoev P Stoeva M easuring Time in the Valley of the Thracian Kings

V Fol (Ed ) The Thracian Cosmos - the sacred realm ofkings (Sofia Professor Alexanshy

der Fol Institute ofThracology 2006) 30- 33

Taylor-Perry 2003 R Tay lor-Perry Th e God who Comes Dionysian Mysteries Revisited (New

York Algora Press 2003)

Vander Waerdt 1985 P A Vander WaerdtKingship and Philosophy in Aristotles Best

RegimeAuthor(s) Phronesis Vol 30 NO3 ( 198 5) 249-273

Venedikov 1989 Iv Venedikov The Hyperboreal Deti es in the Thracian Pantheon AI Fol

(Ed ) The Rogozen Treasure (Sofia Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of Scishy

ences 1989) 72-89

Weightman 1996 B A Weightman Sacred Landscapes and the Phenomenon of Light Geoshy

graphical Review Vol 86 No (Jan 1996) pp 59-71

Yadin 1962 Y Yadin Th e Scroll of the Sons ofLight Againsllhe SOI1S ofDarkness (Oxford Oxshy

ford Uni ve rsity Press 1962)

Yavis 1949 C Yavis Greek Allars middot Origins and Typology (S I Loui s Missouri USA SI Loui s

University Press 1949)

of Serdica consi tress (Serdica Il

l

in 1871 (the earli northern wall and II which were 51

During lw 5

ested in the wrin ~ the recently Ii cora - the history of 0---_

This essay mar 5 ~ shy

issues we are int r

inaccurate 3

In the fi r northern fortre5gt Bulgarian capit ognizable and anL_ inscri ptions from ~ -- wall of Serdica J shy

In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3

several waterC0 ~ The plans and pi- shygenerations 0 f r ~c-- century later

I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -

() C RE LIGIOUS TOLERATION

Imperial palace the

on tantinus Augustus r rather policies was janity spread as a prishy

pparent conflict with _L1S and pontifex marishy

j apacity he chose to I ms of the Christian Th t is why we should ~ nd religious and poshy onies on the Birthday -j local mythological

- or Byzantion and the _ ippus (Zeus Helios) p-e of the Great Mother

r

THE CULT TO THE SUN-GOD AND THE KINGS IDEOLOGY

Valeria Fa

The Question

Taking into consideration the origins of the emperors who established the cult towards Sol Invictus we ought to ask ourselves the question Isn t it logical that the Thracian ritualism-faith in the Sun-God should form the foundation of Macrobius philosophical-theological arguments That is to say when he was writing the ritualism-faith was still powerful and lead towards monotheism The faith was confinned and strengthened by the endorsement of the cult toshywards Sol Invictus by Aurelian as a state cult and by honouring Constantine as Sun God Constantine is one of the most revered saints on the Balkans together with his mother Helena They are reflected in the relict nestinari ritualism that reveres the Great Goddess Mother identified with Helena and her equal Son in t-vo images - solar and fiery - identified with Constantine 2

The finn position of Helios as a god who knows everything had been established in the Mediterranean and in particular in the European southeast since the time of Homer Helios was the god who stood to the side of but also higher than the other gods Isnt the answer to the idea of tolerance of the Edict of Serdica hidden in this position of the Sun God

Introduction - Light and Darkness

Since the dawn of time people have followed the path of the Sun on the horizon in order to measure time 3 However people also knew that the Sun and the Fire (the earthly projection of the luminary) are frightening cosshymic elements and the relationships with them ought to be ritually revered

I KoyeB 1995 17

2 CllOJl - HeHKoBa 2000 116-1 27 Jl oJaHoBa 2010

) In 1992 created was the European Society for A stronomy in Culture that aims to in ves tigate people s

astronomic al know ledge and th eir importance fo r culture laschek 1993 Koleva - Kolev 1996 Ruggl es

2000 Potemkina - Obridko 2002









The Sun G od i






The obsef ~






-

shy





































18 Perdri zet 1910



door and he set - ~


Five meg ali ]-~ _



For the T _~





21 lleKos 2007


2) Fol V 20 II





UlS














21 JTeKoB 2007

22 CPOll B 200798- 104 Fol V 2007

2 Fo l V 2011


25 Popov - Fol V 20 I0 26-55

26 ltPall 2002 46-4 8 92 179














peak ascended ~ ~

In the first




3 I noceB 2000 600 1 I

32 Til Liv 4022 7 1 _
















































The golder _ -3













4 1 Venedikov 1989
















--r IIHk r print









41 Vened ikov 1989



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -









The Sun G od i






The obsef ~






-

shy





































18 Perdri zet 1910



door and he set - ~


Five meg ali ]-~ _



For the T _~





21 lleKos 2007


2) Fol V 20 II





UlS














21 JTeKoB 2007

22 CPOll B 200798- 104 Fol V 2007

2 Fo l V 2011


25 Popov - Fol V 20 I0 26-55

26 ltPall 2002 46-4 8 92 179














peak ascended ~ ~

In the first




3 I noceB 2000 600 1 I

32 Til Liv 4022 7 1 _
















































The golder _ -3













4 1 Venedikov 1989
















--r IIHk r print









41 Vened ikov 1989



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -



































18 Perdri zet 1910



door and he set - ~


Five meg ali ]-~ _



For the T _~





21 lleKos 2007


2) Fol V 20 II





UlS














21 JTeKoB 2007

22 CPOll B 200798- 104 Fol V 2007

2 Fo l V 2011


25 Popov - Fol V 20 I0 26-55

26 ltPall 2002 46-4 8 92 179














peak ascended ~ ~

In the first




3 I noceB 2000 600 1 I

32 Til Liv 4022 7 1 _
















































The golder _ -3













4 1 Venedikov 1989
















--r IIHk r print









41 Vened ikov 1989



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -












18 Perdri zet 1910



door and he set - ~


Five meg ali ]-~ _



For the T _~





21 lleKos 2007


2) Fol V 20 II





UlS














21 JTeKoB 2007

22 CPOll B 200798- 104 Fol V 2007

2 Fo l V 2011


25 Popov - Fol V 20 I0 26-55

26 ltPall 2002 46-4 8 92 179














peak ascended ~ ~

In the first




3 I noceB 2000 600 1 I

32 Til Liv 4022 7 1 _
















































The golder _ -3













4 1 Venedikov 1989
















--r IIHk r print









41 Vened ikov 1989



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -


UlS














21 JTeKoB 2007

22 CPOll B 200798- 104 Fol V 2007

2 Fo l V 2011


25 Popov - Fol V 20 I0 26-55

26 ltPall 2002 46-4 8 92 179














peak ascended ~ ~

In the first




3 I noceB 2000 600 1 I

32 Til Liv 4022 7 1 _
















































The golder _ -3













4 1 Venedikov 1989
















--r IIHk r print









41 Vened ikov 1989



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -














peak ascended ~ ~

In the first




3 I noceB 2000 600 1 I

32 Til Liv 4022 7 1 _
















































The golder _ -3













4 1 Venedikov 1989
















--r IIHk r print









41 Vened ikov 1989



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -









































The golder _ -3













4 1 Venedikov 1989
















--r IIHk r print









41 Vened ikov 1989



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -















The golder _ -3













4 1 Venedikov 1989
















--r IIHk r print









41 Vened ikov 1989



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -
















--r IIHk r print









41 Vened ikov 1989



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -



Conclusion


Bibliography






izkustvo 1993 2)












1998 Koche

garian)


2007 T Le ~ O 1

JI03aHoBa 2010 B ~~



If (MocKBa ~ I

Century BUlh



H3JlaTeJ1CTBOC shy

Society of I 1lt J


CTaTeBa 2011 E

Bulgarian - ca~



Kaya near lIin _

2001 ) 254middot26


ing house bull


H3llaTeJ1CTB( C

Book tHO S~


2002) I Fol 2 ( ~

NBU 200_1


OXpHllCKlI shy




I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -

I












- 111 Bulgarian)







ons 1995)



garian)

























200 I) 254-263









NB U2002)













ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -








ing house 2003) 171-179




8 No 12008 27-47











XV 2003 239-250



169-1 75











Proceeding



ceedings 01 - ~





Culture I -



MalloryI996J P L

Myth Lond -_

Marazov 1996 1

McCluskey 2006 bull

case Studgt -



1910)


Popov - Fol V 20 I


Proceediw bull


Ruggles 1999 C L


Ocarina B ~ shy

Stoev - Stoeva 20

municipal i~

realm okm _

Stoev - Stoeva 20

Thracian C























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -























~ 009 149-1 58

~3 200R




se llin 50-58


- 119-154









Culture 17 (2003) 94-100



Culture 17 (2003) 94 -100














1910)










Ocarina Books 2000)

















ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -












ences 1989) 72-89








l


During lw 5



issues we are int r

inaccurate 3


In 1895- 1 II (Fig2) He 3


I Kanitz F 1995

Jirecek K 19- j shy

) Jirecek K 1 9 7 ~

4 Dobl1lsky v I -

Documents

V.FOL-RYTUAŁY W TRACJi-2014.pdf