VG519 The use of red mud/gypsum to reduce Ian McPharlin

VG519 The use of red mudgypsum to reduce water pollution from sandy soils used for vegetable production

Ian McPharlin Robert Jeffery et al Agriculture WA

danikah
Stamp

VG519

This report is published by the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetable industry

The research contained in this report was funded by the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation with the financial support of Alcoa of Australia Ltd

All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation or any authority of the Australian Government

The Corporation and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests

Cover price $2000 HRDC ISBN 1 86423 756 2

Published and distributed by Horticultural Research amp Development Corporation Level 6 7 Merriwa Street Gordon NSW 2072 Telephone (02) 9418 2200 Fax (02) 9418 1352 E-Mail hrdchrdcgovau

copy Copyright 1998

of

HRDC

HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH amp DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

Partnership in horticulture

CONTENTS

Page

1 Summary and recommendations 1

2 Project staff collaborators and acknowledgments 4

3 Publications arising out of work 5

4 Response of potatoes to freshly-applied and residual Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum 6 and phosphorus on a yellow Karrakatta sand

5 Response of cauliflowers to freshly-applied Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum and 30 phosphorus on a yellow Karrakatta sand

6 Response of cauliflowers to residual Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum and 59 phosphorus on a yellow Karrakatta sand

7 Retention leaching and recovery of P and other nutrients by carrots grown on 82 a Joel sand amended with residual Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum in large pots

CO

The use of Red Mudgypsum in vegetable production

1 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

11 Technical summary

Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum (AG) is seen as a useful amendment to increase the P retention of acid sandy soils low in this characteristic such as the Bassendean (Joel Gavin and Jandakot) and grey-phase Karrakatta sands P fertilisers applied to these soils from intensive horticultural production may leach and pollute associated water systems such as lakes rivers and estuaries Unfortunately because of strong demand for other land uses on soils better suited to vegetable production on the Swan Coastal Plain such as the Spearwood and yellow Karrakatta sands more of the less environmentally suitable Bassendean sands are being used for horticulture

In a previous project (HRDC VG0039) freshly-applied AG caused yield reduction in cauliflower and potatoes at low rates ie 60 tha on Karrakatta sands

In addition the effect of AG appeared to be specific and to vary with species For example levels of freshly-applied AG up to 240 tha had no effect on the yield of carrots on Joel sands and increased the yield of lettuce on Karrakatta sands

For this reason we approached Alcoa and HRDC for a subsequent project to further examine the response of cauliflower and potatoes to freshly-applied and residual AG

Addition of AG significantly increased the P retention (as measured by PRI total and Colwell P) pH Ec and exchangeable cations (NHU-N Ca K and Na) in the top 15 cm of the sands whilst concentrations of P and K in soil solution were reduced

With potatoes the effect of AG on yield varied depending of whether it was fresh or residual For example yield of potatoes were reduced with 601 of fresh AGha but only at 2401 of residual AGha In both cases the yield reduction could not be explained in terms of reduced P uptake by the plants as increased levels of applied P did not obviate the problem The yield reduction appeared to be due to K deficiency induced by high levels of Na (alkalinity) in the AG This was correlated with reduced K in soil solution With residual AG the alkalinity was lower as there had been more time for leaching and consequently the yield reduction was much less At levels of AG likely to be recommended for commercial use ie 60 to 120 tha no yield reduction would be anticipated with potatoes provided the AG was thoroughly leached with irrigation water for 1 or 2 months prior to planting In contrast to the previous project applications of fresh or residual AG up to 240 tha did not cause any reduction in yield of cauliflower even though concentrations of K decreased and Na increased in the YML at midgrowth

The optimum level of AG is that required to reduce leaching of fertiliser P substantially without reducing yield quality or increasing the level of P required for maximum crop yield significantly For example on unamended Joel sands leaching of fertiliser P was so high (ie 78 to 80 of applied P) that yield of carrots did not reach a maximum despite high levels of applied P (ie up to 400 kgha) By contrast 125 t AGha reduced leaching of fertiliser P to only 5 to 7 of applied P whilst yield maximised at 182 (95) and 314 (99) kg Pha At higher levels of AG (250 and 1000 tha) P required for maximum yield was significantly increased ie yield did not maximise at 400 kg Pha whilst leaching of P was not reduced much more than at 125 tha ie 1 to 3 of applied P However even at 125 tha the level of applied P required for maximum carrot yield (182 to 314 kgha) was higher than that required for maximum yield on higher P fixing sands such as the yellow Karrakatta sands ie 120 to 180 kgha suggesting that levels of AG less than 125 tha may be more agronomically suitable

In conclusion the benefits of amending acid sands with AG are increased retentionreduced leaching of P increased retentionreduced leaching of K Mg and NH4-N due to increased cation retention and an increase in pH (ie lime effect) The improved P retention of AG-amended sands enables the use of P soil testing as part of the P management of these soils whereas prior to amendment soil testing was not practical as leaching of P was too high


An additional benefit which was not thoroughly investigated in this project but was obvious in the pot experiment was increased soil moisture holding capacity especially at high levels of application due to an increased in the fine fractions after amendment These benefits should be achieved at low to moderate levels of applied AG (ie 60 to 120 tha) without any negative effect on vegetable yield or quality

Some negative effects of amending acid sands with fresh AG include decreased yield due to increased conductivity and induced K deficiency in some vegetables such as potatoes However this does not appear to be a problem with carrots and cauliflower

This problem can be obviated by allowing sufficient time to leach the soluble alkalinity (Na2SCgt4) out of the root zone of the amended soil prior to cropping as it is less of a problem with residual AG Another disadvantage is the increase in fertiliser P requirements of vegetables after AG amendment in the short term due to increased P fixation This is particularly obvious at high levels of application However this disadvantage is offset as soil testing can be used on sands after amendment to reduce P fertiliser costs whereas it couldnt beforehand Also on unamended Joel sands leaching of P fertilisers (ie 80 of applied P) causes significant economic loss due to fertiliser losses and increased fertiliser P required for maximum yield

12 Industry summary

An important domestic and export vegetable industry is located on the sands of the Swan Coastal Plain (SCP) in Western Australia The total value of the vegetable industry on the SCP was estimated at $90M in 19967 or about 50 of the total value of the industry This vegetable production has been located on good quality sands such as the Spearwood and yellow Karrakatta sands close to the coast since the 1950s However in recent years competition for this land for urban and industrial use has forced vegetable production onto soils with poorer water and phosphorus retention capacity such as the more acidic Bassendean (Joel) and grey-phase Karrakatta sands This has lead leaching of fertiliser phosphorus into water systems of the SCP such as lakes rivers and estuaries with resulting pollution (algae blooms) Even though vegetable production is not the only or main source of this leached phosphorus the issue has resulted in negative publicity for the industry and increased scrutiny of industry practices by government agencies charged with responsibility for water the environment and health

As large quantities of Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum (AG) were produced from bauxite refining on the SCP it made sense to examine this as a soil amendment as it had been shown to improve the phosphorus retention capacity of coarse grey sands low in iron and aluminium oxides AG consistently increases the phosphorus retention capacity and the retention of cations such as potassium magnesium and ammonium-nitrogen and pH (lime effect) of grey and pale-yellow sands after amendment The reduction fertiliser P leaching is very high even at the lower rates of application such as 60 and 120 tha Fresh AG will increase the fertiliser phosphorus requirements of most vegetable crops compared with the unamended plots similar to the differences between low and high P fixing soils However this increase is not as much on residual or aged AG sites This increase in initial fertiliser P needs following AG application is offset by the use of soil testing to manage P fertiliser in subsequent crops on grey sands which was not practical prior to amendment Some initial problems with fresh AG causing yield reductions on potatoes was attributed to induced potassium deficiency due to high conductivity (ie high sodium) in amended soils However this problem can be overcome by leaching the soil of salts after amendment with high rates of irrigation so that EC of the amended soil doesnt exceed 6 mSm and the pH (water) 85 The potassium nutrition of the crop should be monitored to ensure it is adequate There is no problem on sites where AG has been applied for at least 12 months

2


13 Recommendations It is recommended that AG be used as a soil amendment for vegetable crops on the grey and pale yellow sands of the SCP to reduce P fertiliser leaching However a number of guidelines should be adhered to ensure maximum benefits and minimum risks from the use of AG

bull Potatoes should not be grown on sites where fresh AG (ie 1 to 3 months after application) has been applied

bull Potatoes can be grown on sites where AG has be applied at levels up to 120 tha provided at least 12 months previously provided sufficient leaching of salts has occurred As a guide it is suggested that soil conductivity should not exceed 6 mSm and pH (water) 85 in the top 15 cm

bull Vegetable crops other than potatoes can be planted into sites where fresh AG has been applied at levels up to 120 tha without problems

bull Adjust level of P fertiliser application to account for increased P fertiliser requirements of vegetables due to higher P fixing on sites amended with AG

bull Use soil testing to manage P fertiliser applications on AG amended sites but follow recommendations for specific vegetable crops


2 PROJECT STAFF

Ian McPharlin

Wendy Robertson

Bob Jeffery

Tony Shimmin

Jenny Harboard

Don Glenister

Patricia Aylmore

David Cooling

Gavin dAdhemar

Neil Lantzke

John Ferguson (Manager) and staff

Staff

COLLABORATORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Project Manager and Principal Investigator

Research Officer

Project Collaborating Scientist (Chemistry Centre of WA)

Project Technical Officer

Project Laboratory Technician (Chemistry Centre of WA)

Residue Development Manager (Alcoa of Australia)

Environmental Scientist (Alcoa of Australia)

Senior Consultant Residue (Alcoa of Australia)

Technical Officer Medina Research Centre (for technical assistance and management of field and pot experiments)

Horticultural Extension Officer (for extension advice)

Medina Research Centre (for management of field experiments)

Chemistry Centre of WA (for advice of on soil plant and leachate chemistry)

4


3 PUBLICATIONS ARISING OUT OF WORK Robertson WJ McPharlin IR and Jeffery RC (1997) The growth nutrition and

composition of potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L) cv Delaware grown on a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied and residual Alkaloamreggypsum Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture (submitted)

McPharlin IR dAdhemar G and Shimmin TR (1997) The response of cauliflowers (Brassica oleraceae L) cv Plana to freshly-applied and residual Alkaloamreggypsum and phosphorus on a Karrakatta sand Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture (in prep)

McPharlin IR Shimmin TR and dAdhemar G (1997) Leaching of P N and cations from carrots grown on Joel sands amended with residual Alkaloamreggypsum Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis (in prep)


4 RESPONSE OF POTATOES TO FRESHLY-APPLIED AND RESIDUAL RED MUD (ALKALOAMreg)GYPSUM AND PHOSPHORUS ON A YELLOW KARRAKATTA SAND

Introduction

Previous work has shown that freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (gypsum-amended red mud 10 ww) (AG) at 60 and 120 tha reduced the total yield of potatoes by 7 and 23 respectively compared with 01 AGha controls (Robertson et al 1994 Appendix 1 J) The reduction in marketable yield was almost identical to the reduction in total yield The exact cause of this reduction in yield could not be determined particularly the reduction at 120 tha It was unlikely to be a reduced availability of P Observations on commercial properties suggest that AG which has been in the soil for several seasons does not cause yield reductions in potatoes

Phosphorus was banded at planting in this experiment Subsequent work (Hegney and McPharlin unpublished data) showed that broadcasting P allowed a greater maximum yield of potatoes than banding P on Karrakatta sands of low P fertility

This experiment re-examines the response of potatoes to freshly-applied AG using broadcast P and also the effect of residual AG on growth of potatoes at unlimiting P

Materials and methods

Site characteristics

The experiment was conducted on a yellow Karrakatta sand (described by McArthur and Bettenay 1960) at Medina approximately 30 km south of Perth Two sites were used a site where pasture species had been grown several years earlier and to which no AG had ever been applied and a second (adjacent) site where AG had been applied approximately 2J2 years earlier A lettuce and a cauliflower crop had been grown previously on this site after AG amendment (Robertson et al 1994 Appendix 1H I)

Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum (AG)

Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum (10 ww) (AG) was produced by the dry mix process by ALCOA of Australia Ltd at their Kwinana Residue Treatment Plant It was spread manually on the previously unamended site on 22 December 1994 and was incorporated to a depth of approximately 30 cm using a rotary hoe The AG on the previously-amended site (residual AG) was applied using the same techniques on 24 November 1992 The freshly-applied AG was watered for 1 hour three times a week until planting

Experimental design

The freshly-applied and residual AG sites were used for separate experiments which were conducted simultaneously The experiment on the freshly-applied AG was a split-plot randomised complete block design with three replicates Main plots were levels of AG (0 60 90 and 120 tha) and sub-plots were levels of P application (0 25 50 100 300 and 600 kgha) Main plots measured 48 x 21 m and sub-plots measured 24 x 7 m (three rows of potatoes with 08 m between row centres) There was a 2 m buffer around each main plot The experiment on the residual AG site was a randomised complete block design with 4 levels of AG (0 60 120 and 240 tha) and three replicates The levels of AG were applied in November 1992 and had had several levels of P applied to them in the previous crops The AG plots measured 6 x 12 m but only an area of 34 x 8 m (4 rows of potatoes with 08 m between row centres) was cropped to allow a buffer of 1 to 2 m all around the planted area

6


Crop management Both sites were initially sprayed with Roundupreg (3 Lha) to kill weeds and the sites were hoed with a rotary hoe Freshly-applied AG was applied at this stage The residual AG site was treated with metham sodium approximately two weeks before planting Potatoes cv Delaware were planted on both sites on 18 May 1995 using a single row mechanical planter Round seed was used and this was dusted with Rizolexreg (2 kgt) immediately before planting Sets were planted 15 cm apart The crops were irrigated using impact sprinklers once daily at 80 of Class A pan evaporation between planting and emergence and then at 100 of evaporation Afalonreg (15 kgha) was applied after planting and Sprayseedreg (2 Lha) was applied at 5 emergence both for weed control Nitofol (700 rnLha) was used for regular insect control Bravoreg (2 Lha) was applied every seven days from the time of 50 ground cover until blight symptoms appeared at which time it was then alternated with Rovralreg (2 Lha) at 7 day intervals Both crops were harvested on 15 November 1995

Fertilisers

Pre-planting fertilisers were broadcast by hand on 15 May 1995 on freshly-applied AG and on 16 May on residual AG These were 83 kg Kha as K2S04 10 kg Mgha as miso47H20 and a complete trace element mix containing (kgha) MnS04H20 (504) MgS047H20 (560) borax (336) FeS047H20 (336) CuS045H20 (336) ZnS04H20 (280) and Na2Mo042H20 (224) Single superphosphate (91 P) was broadcast by hand at 0 to 600 kg Pha on freshly-applied AG according to the treatment and at 600 kg Pha on all plots on residual AG Post-planting fertilisers were a total of 500 kg Nha as NH4NO2 and KN02 and 400 kg Kha as KN02 in equal amounts for 10 weeks via the irrigation system An extra 50 kgha MgS04 was applied in weeks 7 and 9

Measurements

(a) Plant

The petioles of the Youngest Mature Leaf (YML) often plants were collected at the S2 stage (longest tuber 10 mm long) (19 July 1995) on both freshly-applied and residual AG They were dried in a forced draught oven at 70degC and then analysed for P N K Na Ca Mg S B Cu Fe Mn and Zn On freshly-applied AG tubers were harvested from a 5 m length of the middle row of each plot On residual AG a 4 m length of the two middle rows of each plot was harvested Tubers were separated into the following size grades lt 30 g 30-80 g 80-250 g 250-450 g and gt 450 g Tubers between 30 g and 450 g were considered marketable except if they were green or damaged

Of the tubers in the 80-250 g category ten were sampled from each plot for P analysis They were washed in tap water and sliced thinly with a stainless steel knife Fresh and dry weights were measured before the tubers were analysed for total P

(b) Soil

All 0 kg Pha plots on freshly-applied AG were sampled to 15 cm depth (15 cores per plot) on 29 August (approximately 3 months after planting) They were analysed for Bicarbonate-extractable P (Bic-P) (Colwell 1963) total P EC pH (H20) pH (CaCl2) Phosphorus Retention Index (PRI) (Allen and Jeffery 1990) and P buffering capacity (Ozanne and Shaw 1968) Before fertilisers were applied to the residual AG site on 16 May 15 cores (0-15 cm) were sampled from each plot and analysed for Bic-P and PRI Residual AG plots were sampled again on 29 August (0-15 cm 15 cores per plot) and analysed for pH (H20) pH (CaCl2) EC and P buffering capacity All residual AG plots and 0 100 and 600 kg Pha freshly-applied AG plots were sampled to three depths (0-15 15-30 and 30-45 cm) (20 cores per plot) on 5 December (ie after harvest)

7


Chemical analysis

Plant samples were ground to pass through a 1 mm screen after drying Concentrations of P N K and Na were measured by digesting the samples with sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide (Yuen and Pollard 1954) N and P were determined colorimetrically by indophenol blue and molybdo-vanadate methods respectively K and Na were determined by flame photometry All analysis was conducted on a 4-channel Auto-analyser system using modifications of Technicon procedures (Anon 1977) Samples for analysis of Ca Mg S Cu Fe B Mn and Zn concentrations were digested with nitricperchloric acids (McQuaker et al 1979) Concentrations were measured by inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) Concentrations of heavy metals were determined using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with indium as an internal standard Samples were initially crushed in an agate mortar and digested using nitric and perchloric acids

All soil samples were dried at 40degC in a forced draught oven Lumps of AG and fertiliser in samples were crushed and the samples were thoroughly mixed and sieved to lt 2 mm before analysis The pH (H20) and the EC were determined on a 15 soilwater extract after shaking for 1 hour The pH (CaCl2) was determined on 15 soiksolution extract using 001 M CaCl2 after shaking for 1 hour Values for both are corrected to 25 degC Total P was determined on a Kjeldahl digest of a separate sub-sample of soil ground to less than 015 mm The concentration of phosphate was measured by the method of Murphy and Riley (1962)

Statistical analysis

All data were analysed by an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using Genstat v 50 Results from the two experiments were analysed separately Data from the freshly-applied AG site was analysed by a two-way ANOVA on level of Alkaloamreg and level of applied P while data from residual Alkaloamreg were analysed by a one-way ANOVA on level of AG Statistical differences were determined using a Least Significant Difference at 5 level of significance where the F value from the ANOVA was significant Mitscherlich curves were fitted to all relationships between level of applied P and yield petiole or tuber P concentration or total P uptake Maximum values of Mitscherlich equations were compared using a 5 t-test Linear relationships were fitted to the yield response on residual Alkaloam versus level of AG and also to the relationship between yield and petiole P concentration on freshly-applied AG

The amount of fertiliser P retained was calculated by subtracting total P at 0 kg Pha from the measured total P value Concentrations of P in ugg were converted to kilograms per hectare by multiplying by a factor of 225 This is based on the assumption that there are 2250 t soilha in the top 15 cm of soil

Results and discussion

Soil characteristics

The pH (H20) of the top 15 cm of soil at mid-growth when no P fertiliser was applied increased from 72 on unamended soil to 84 and 85 on amended soil (Table 41) EC also increased from 5 mSm on unamended soil to 8 and 9 mSm on amended soil (Table 41) Bic-P was approximately 10 ugg at all AG levels and total P ranged from 55 ugg on unamended soil to 76 ugg at 901 AGha (Table 41) PRI and P buffering capacity (Pbug) both increased between unamended and amended soil but there were no differences between levels of AG on amended soil PRI of amended soil was 26 to 30 and Pbuff was 24 to 30 (Table 41)

The Bic-P and PRI measurements taken two days before planting on residual AG were the same at all levels of AG Bic-P was 16 to 21 ugg and PRI was 37 to 53 (Table 42) On the other hand Pbuff measured mid-growth increased from 20 at 01 AGha to 30 and 40 at 120 and 2401 AGha The EC was 7-9 mSm on all treatments and pH (H20) increased between 0 and 120 t AGha from 73 to 84 (Table 42)


Table 41 Characteristics of the top 15 cm of a Karrakatta sand amended with several levels of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) when no fertiliser P was applied

AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-P (ugg)

Total P (ugg)

PRI Pbuff

0 72 64 5 8 55 19 14

60 84 77 8 10 64 26 24

90 85 78 9 11 76 30 30

120 85 83 9 10 71 27 27

Signif NS NS $

Lsd 5 04 05 3 07 05

Table 42 Characteristics of the top 15 cm of a Karrakatta sand amended with several levels of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) when 600 kg Pha was applied as superphosphate

AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-Pa

(ugg) PRIa

Pbuff

0 73 67 7 16 37 20

60 78 71 5 17 40 23

120 84 77 9 20 44 30

240 88 80 9 21 53 40

Signif NS NS NS

Lsd 5 05 06 10

K Sampled and measured before application of fertiliser P

Total phosphorus in soil

Total P in the soil at harvest on freshly-applied AG increased significantly with level of AG averaged over all three depths sampled (P lt 005) It also increased with level of applied P on all levels of AG At 0-15 cm total P increased significantly between 0 and 601 AGha At 15-30 cm it increased significantly between 0 and 90 t AGha and at 30-45 cm there was no effect of level of AG at all (Fig 41) At all levels of AG and P which were sampled total P concentrations at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm were not significantly different from each other and both were significantly greater than those at 30-45 cm (Fig 41)

In the top 15 cm of soil total P increased from 47 ugg on unamended soil to 62-67 ugg on amended soil when no fertiliser P was applied This increase represents the total P content of the AG itself When 100 kg Pha was applied total soil P (0-15 cm) increased from 63 ugg at 01 AGha to 83 ugg at 601 AGha and 95 and 103 ugg at 90 and 1201 AGha (Fig 41) When the increase due to the AG itself is considered this is an increase in fertiliser P retention of 6 ugg (26 kgha) between 0 and 601 AGha and a further 14 ugg (62 kgha) between 60 and 120 t AGha At 600 kg Pha the increase in fertiliser P retention was 35 ugg (15 kgha) between 0 and 601 AGha and 25 ugg (11 kgha) between 60 and 120 t AGha

Total P on residual AG increased with level of AG The increase was significant between 60 and 1201 AGha only It also decreased at increasing depth As observed on freshly-applied AG total P concentrations at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm were not significantly different from each other and were both greater than that observed at 30-45 cm (Fig 43) At 0-15 cm total P increased by 20 ugg between 0 and 601 AGha and by a further 213 ugg between 60 and 1201 AGha when 600 kg Pha was applied These values cannot be corrected for the total content of AG itself as there was no 0 kg Pha treatment

9


The addition of freshly-applied AG to the soil substantially increased the theoretical ability of the soil to sorb applied P as measured by the P buffering capacity in the top 15 cm of soil However it was reduced over time as 1201 AGha was required to increase Pbuff on residual AG compared with 601 AGha on freshly-applied AG Fertiliser P retention in the top 15 cm of soil when amended with 1201 AGha was increased by 9 at 100 kg Pha and by 4 at 600 kg Pha

The effects of residual and freshly-applied AG can be compared at 600 kgha of applied P The effect of residual AG on fertiliser P retention can be estimated from measurements made on the same site at the beginning of the first (lettuce) crop In that experiment total P before the application of P fertilisers increased from 69 and 62 ugg on 0 and 601 AGha to 91 ugg on 1201 AGha and 103 ugg on 2401 AGha (Robertson et al 1994 Appendix 1H) This makes the estimated increase in fertiliser P retention (0-15 cm) 27 ugg (12 kgha) between 0 and 601 AGha and 184 ugg (81 kgha) between 60 and 1201 AGha Therefore between 60 and 1201 AGha residual AG increased fertiliser retention by approximately 7 times as much as did freshly-applied AG

Bicarbonate-extractable P (soil-test P) in soil

On freshly-applied AG there was no overall response of Bic-P to level of AG although there was an upward trend Bic-P decreased with increasing depth averaged over all treatments following the same response as total P There was an interaction between the effects of depth and level of applied P At 0 kg Pha there was no difference in Bic-P between the three depths sampled but at 100 and 600 kg Pha Bic-P concentrations at 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm were both greater than those at 30-45 cm (Fig 42) The upward trend in Bic-P with increasing level of AG was weak on soil where no P fertiliser had been applied being from 9-10 ugg at 0 and 601 AGha to 11 and 14 ugg at 90 and 1201 AGha in the top 15 cm This suggests that the AG adds little if any plant available P to the soil The amount of fertiliser P retained as Bic-P in the top 15 cm of soil when 100 kg Pha was applied increased by 8 ugg between 0 and 601 AGha and by a further 4 ugg between 60 and 120 t AGha At 600 kg Pha Bic-P retained from fertiliser increased by 34 ugg between 0 and 601 AGha and by 16 ugg between 60 and 1201 AGha

The response of Bic-P to level of residual AG and to depth was the same as for total P (Fig 43) In the top 15 cm of soil Bic-P increased by 11 ugg between 0 and 601 AGha and by 82 ugg between 60 and 1201 AGha uncorrected for the Bic-P content of the AG itself

The increase in Bic-P retention observed on amended soil at 100 kg Pha was similar to that observed at 160 kg Pha on a crop of carrots grown on a Joel sand amended with AG (Robertson et al 1997) Using the soil-test standards published by Hegney et al (1997) these increases in Bic-P will reduce the P fertiliser requirement in the following potato crop by 10 at 601 AGha and 22 at 1201 AGha

Using the Bic-P concentrations observed on the residual site at the beginning of the lettuce crop (Robertson et al 1994 Appendix 1H) the increase in fertiliser P retained as Bic-P (0-15 cm) on residual AG was 15 ugg between 0 and 601 AGha and 79 ugg between 60 and 1201 AGha This is half the increase observed on freshly-applied AG between 0 and 60 t AGha and approximately 5 times that observed on freshly-applied AG between 60 and 1201 AGha

The reduced P retention at low levels of residual AG compared with freshly-applied AG was probably because of the higher initial Bic-P levels on residual AG For both total and Bic-P it is difficult to explain why the apparent retention of fertiliser P between 60 and 120 t AGha should have been so much greater on residual than on freshly-applied AG It may have been caused by changes to the chemical properties of the AG as it aged in the ground

10


Yield

Total and marketable yields on freshly-applied AG both increased with level of applied P following a Mitscherlich response (Fig 44 (a) (b)) An ANOVA did not indicate any response to level of AG in either total or marketable yields However maximum total yield on unamended soil (61 tha) was significantly greater than that on AG-amended soil - 54 to 57 tha (Fig 44 (a)) On the other hand there were no differences in maximum marketable yields Maximum marketable yield values ranged from 52 to 55 tha (Fig 44 (b)) When marketable yield was calculated as a percentage of total yield an ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between level of AG and level of applied P At 400 kg Pha marketable yield was 88 of total yield on unamended soil compared with approximately 95 on amended soil (significant according to 5 Lsd) A similar trend was observed at 600 kg Pha where marketable yield was 90 of total yield on unamended soil and 93 to 96 on amended soil

The levels of applied P required for 99 of maximum total yield were 245 222 183 and 400 kg Pha on 0 60 90 and 1201 AGha and for 95 of maximum yield were 139 130 108 and 226 kg Pha (Fig 44 (a)) A similar trend can be seen for marketable yield where 99 of maximum yield required 178 206 208 and 356 kg Pha (Fig 44 (b))

Total yield on residual AG showed an almost significant response to level of AG (P = 0067) (Fig 45) Total yield was 68 to 72 tha on 0 60 and 120 t AGha and 62 tha on 2401 AGha Marketable yield was 65 to 68 tha on 0 to 1201 AGha and 58 tha on 2401 AGha Therefore 2401 AGha appears to reduce yields even when it has been in the ground for 2 years or more and even when 600 kg Pha is applied As only one level of P fertiliser was applied it is not possible to determine the effect of residual AG on the critical levels of P application required for 99 and 95 of maximum yield

Concentration of nutrients in petioles

Phosphorus

Phosphorus concentration in petioles of the YML sampled at the S2 stage on freshly-applied AG increased with level of applied P following a Mitscherlich response (Fig 46) Maximum petiole P concentrations were approximately 12 (dry basis) on all AG levels Values at 99 of maximum petiole P concentration were 116 122 117 and 116 at 0 60 90 and 1201 AGha There was a significant interaction between levels of AG and applied P (P lt 005) At low levels of applied P (25 50 and 100 kgha) P concentrations on amended soil were significantly less than those on unamended soil but there was no difference between them at 300 or 600 kg Pha This is reflected in the levels of applied P required for 99 of maximum petiole P concentration which were 209 499 581 and 508 kg Pha at 0 60 90 and 1201 AGha This is an increase of 138 on amended soil relative to unamended soil AG at levels of between 60 and 120 tha therefore reduces the availability of P to plants As there was no difference in the maximum P concentration in petioles between amended and unamended soil a reduction in P availability to plants cannot explain the reduced maximum yield on amended soil Another factor was therefore involved in reducing maximum yield on amended soil Despite this yield difference between amended and unamended soil which was not related to differences in P concentration total yield for all AG levels combined was linearly correlated with petiole P concentration at the S2 stage (y = 256 + 274x R2 = 087) (Fig 47)

The petiole P concentration at 99 of maximum total yield was 116 109 095 and 114o at 0 60 90 and 1201 AGha At 01 AGha this was the same as 99 of maximum petiole P concentration implying that the yield response on unamended soil was controlled principally by P availability On the other hand petiole P concentrations at 99 of maximum yield on amended soil especially 60 and 901 AGha were less than 99 of maximum petiole P concentration In other words yield stopped increasing even though P concentration in the plant kept increasing This supports the previous observation that some factor other than P was limiting yield in these treatments Petiole P concentration in YMLs sampled at S2 stage on residual AG did not change with level of AG Overall mean P concentration was 12 dry

11


basis This is in keeping with the results observed on freshly-applied AG at 600 kg Pha It also means that the lower yield at 2401 AGha on residual AG could not be explained by a reduced P concentration in the plant As on freshly-applied AG another factor was involved which reduced yield on amended soil although at a higher level on residual than on freshly-applied AG

Hegney et al (1997) found that maximum petiole P concentration at S2 in potatoes grown on Karrakatta sand was 114 dry basis and that 109 was required for 99 of maximum yield in good agreement with the results observed here

Other nutrients

The responses of nutrients other than P were very similar on both freshly-applied and residual AG Concentrations of K (Tables 43 45) and Zn (Fig 48 (a) Table 45) decreased as level of AG increased and concentrations of Mg Fe and Ca increased with level of AG in both experiments (Tables 43 45 Fig 48 (b)) Zn concentrations also decreased with increasing level of applied P (Fig 49 (a)) while Ca concentrations increased with level of applied P (Fig 48 (b)) Concentrations of Na also showed an upward trend on both freshly-applied and residual AG (Tables 43 45) On freshly-applied AG K concentrations decreased significantly from 119 dry basis on unamended soil to 110 at 601 AGha and to 102 at 1201 AGha (Table 43) On residual AG it decreased from 11-12 at 0-1201 AGha to 103 at 2401 AGha (Table 45) No other nutrients showed any response to level of AG although concentrations of N Mn S and B increased with level of applied P on freshly-applied AG (Table 44)

Concentrations of all nutrients except K were adequate or more than adequate for maximum yield (Maier et al 1987) on both freshly-applied and residual AG Potatoes require concentrations of approximately 12 to 14 K (dry basis) in petioles of YML for maximum yield (Maier et al 1987) On freshly-apphed AG concentrations were adequate at 01 AGha but were less than adequate on amended soil On residual AG concentrations were adequate at 0 60 and 1201 AGha but less than adequate at 2401 AGha As less than adequate K concentrations correspond with those treatments which had low yield it is likely that K concentration was the limiting factor in yield on both freshly-applied and residual AG

Uptake of K may have been reduced at higher levels of AG due to an increased Cation Exchange Capacity (Barrow 1982 McPharlin et al 1994) or to the increased soil pH (Harris 1992) The reduction in Zn availability on amended soil is most likely to be a result of the increase in soil pH due to the AG (Harter 1983)

Table 43 Concentrations of several nutrients in the petioles of the Youngest Mature Leaf of potato plants sampled at the 10 mm tuber stage at several levels of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) on a yellow Karrakatta sand

AG K Na Mg Fe (tha) () () () (ngg)

0 119 018 059 382

60 110 020 065 553

90 106 021 066 597

120 102 021 069 697

Signif NS

Lsd 5 04 004 119

12


Table 44 Concentrations of several nutrients in the petioles of the Youngest Mature Leaf of potato plants sampled at the 10 mm tuber stage at two levels of applied P when grown on a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG)

Applied P N S Cu Mn B (kgha) () () (ngg) (ngg) (M-gg)

0 44 028 74 293 267

600 48 032 62 342 248

Signif NS NS

Table 45 Concentrations of several nutrients in the petioles of the Youngest Mature Leaf of potato plants sampled at the 10 mm tuber stage at several levels of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) on a yellow Karrakatta sand

AG N K Na Ca S Mg Cu Fe Mn Zn B (tha) () () () () () () (l-igg) (ngg) (ngg) Ws) (^gg)

0 51 116 016 23 030 050 77 453 46 96 26

60 48 127 015 21 027 045 61 457 45 67 25

120 49 120 016 26 029 051 66 643 59 59 25

240 49 103 019 29 030 067 54 977 53 53 24

Signif NS NS NS NS NS NS

Lsd5 05 04 013 164 24

Tuber P and Crop P removal P concentration in tubers

The concentration of P in tubers on freshly-applied Alkaloamreg increased with level of applied P (P lt 0001) The response at each level of Alkaloamreg was best described by a Mitscherlich curve although none of the curves reached a maximum within the range of fertiliser P levels used (Fig 49 (a)) There was a trend for an overall response to level of AG (P = 0081) P concentrations were generally higher on unamended soil than on amended soil For example at 300 kg Pha P concentration was 033 on unamended soil and 026-028 on amended soil and at 600 kg Pha P concentrations were 036 and 032-033 on unamended and amended soil respectively At P levels corresponding to 99 of maximum yield tuber P concentration was 031 024 023 and 028 at 0 60 90 and 1201 AGha

On residual AG tuber P concentration did not change with level of AG The overall mean was 036 dry basis

Total P uptake

Total P uptake by tubers on freshly-applied AG showed a significant response to level of AG (P lt 005) and level of applied P (P lt 0001) The response to applied P at each level of AG was best described by a Mitscherlich curve although as for tuber P concentration none of the curves reached a maximum within the range of P levels applied P uptake by tubers on unamended soil was significantly greater than on amended soil regardless of AG level (Lsd 5) (Fig 49 (b)) At levels of applied P corresponding to 99 of maximum yield P uptake by tubers was 113 75 75 and 95 kgha at 0 60 90 and 1201 AGha These figures are lower than results reported by Hegney et al (1997) who found a P uptake by tubers grown on yellow Karrakatta sand of 204 kgha at 99 of maximum yield even though yields were similar to those observed on unamended soil in this experiment

13


Total P uptake by tubers was not significantly different between AG levels on residual AG Overall mean P uptake was 110 kgha This is different from the situation observed at 600 kg Pha on freshly-applied AG As only one level of P was applied the response curve for tuber P concentration on residual AG cannot be compared with that on freshly-applied AG It is possible that less applied P is required on residual than on freshly-applied AG to reach maximum tuber P concentration

Metals in tubers

The concentration of As in tubers harvested from freshly-applied AG showed a trend to increase with level of AG from 5 x 104 mgkg (fresh weight) on unamended soil to 8 x 104 mgkg at 60 and 901 AGha (Fig 410) Concentrations of all other metals measured showed no response to level of AG either on residual or freshly-applied AG (Table 46 47) On freshly-applied AG concentrations of Ni and Cd increased and concentrations of Cu decreased with increasing level of applied P (Table 48)

Table 46 Mean concentrations (mgkg fresh weight) of metals in tubers of potato cv Delaware harvested from a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloam^gypsum (AG)

Cr Co Sn Sb Hg

mean

se

0007

61 xlO5

60 x 104

50 x 106

15 x 103

10 x 104

90 x 105

10 xlO5

34 x 104

14 x 105

Table 47 Mean concentrations (mgkg fresh weight) of metals in tubers of potato cv Delaware harvested from a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG)

Cr Co Ni Cu As Cd Sn Sb Hg Pb

mean

se

001

68X104

72xl(f 29xia5

55xia3

17x1a4

010

35xia3

L2X103

0

58xia3

17X104

LOxlO3

29X104

30X1O4

43xl05

84X1G4

ii xia5

l ixia3

70xia5

Table 48 Mean concentrations (mgkg fresh weight) of metals in tubers of potato cv Delaware harvested from a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) at various levels of applied P

Applied P (kgha)

Ni Cd Cu

0 0006 0002 018

100 0006 0002 016

300 0007 0004 015

600 0008 0006 013

Signif

Lsd (5) 00014 0001 002

The concentrations of As observed in tubers from freshly-applied AG regardless of the level of AG were less than 10 of the legal limit (10 mgkg fresh weight NFA 1992) The concentrations of all metals measured were between 3 and 33 of those measured in potato tubers in a previous experiment (Robertson et al 1994 Appendix 1 J) The concentrations on residual AG were also lower than the concentrations previously observed in lettuce and cauliflowers on the same site (Robertson et al 1994 Appendix IH I) As different batches of

14


AG were used on the two sites they cannot be compared to determine the effect of time on metal availability and uptake Overall metal uptake by potato tubers grown on AG-amended yellow Karrakatta sand does not appear to pose any greater health risk than that on unamended yellow Karrakatta sand The observed increase in As concentration in potato tubers on freshly-applied AG was probably due to the increase in soil pH with level of AG (ONeill 1990)

Conclusions

Freshly-applied AG reduces the availability of fertiliser P so that approximately 25 times the level of applied P is required on 60 to 1201 AGha relative to unamended soil in order to attain maximum P concentration in plant tissues AG at 120 tha also increases the retention of fertiliser P sufficiently to reduce fertiliser requirements for a following potato crop by approximately 20 The effect of AG on the level of fertiliser P required for 99 of maximum yield was confounded in this experiment by the decrease in maximum yield between unamended and amended soil Total yield of potatoes will be reduced on 60 tha freshly-applied AG and by 240 tha residual AG probably by a limiting concentration of K There is potential for increased levels of K fertiliser to overcome this yield reduction AG increases the proportion of yield which is marketable so that even though total yield is reduced by 60 tha of freshly-applied AG the marketable yield is not There are no apparent problems with heavy metal contents of tubers due to amendment with AG

References Allen DG and Jeffery RC (1990) Methods for analysis of phosphorus in Western

Australian soils Chemistry Centre of WA Report of Investigation No 37

Anonymous (1977) Technicon Industrial Method 334-74WB+ Technicon Industrial Systems Tarrytown NY USA

Barrow NJ (1982) Possibility of using caustic residue from bauxite for improving the chemical and physical properties of sandy soils Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 275-285

Colwell JD (1963) The estimation of phosphorus fertiliser requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales by soil analysis Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 3 190-197

Glenister DJ and Thoraber MR (1985) Alkalinity of red mud and its application for the management of acid wastes Chemeca 85 109-113

Harris PM (1992) Mineral Nutrition In The Potato Crop The scientific basis for improvement 2nd edition (ed P Harris) pp 162-213 (Chapman and Hall London UK)

Harter RD (1983) Effect of soil pH on adsorption of lead copper zinc and nickel Soil Science Society of America Journal 47 47-51

Hegney MA McPharlin IR and Jeffery RC (1997) Response of winter-grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L) to applied and residual phosphorus on a Karrakatta sand Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37 (in press)

Maier NA Williams CMJ Potocky-Pacay K Moss D and Lomman GJ (1987) Interpretation standards for assessing the nutrient status of irrigated potato crops in South Australia Technote AGDEX 262533 September 1987 Department of Agriculture South Australia

15


McArthur WM and Bettenay E (1960) The development and distribution of the soils of the Swan Coastal Plain Western Australia CSIRO Division of Soils Soils Publication No 16

McPharlin IR Jeffery RC Toussaint LF and Cooper M (1994) Phosphorus nitrogen and radionuclide retention and leaching from a Joel sand amended with red mudgypsum Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25 489-500

McQuaker NR Brown DF and Kluckner PD (1979) Digestion of environmental materials for analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry Analytica Chimica 51 1082-1084

Murphy J and Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters Analytica Chimica Acta 27 31-36

NFA (National Food Authority) (1992) Australian Food Standards Code June 1992 (Australian Government Publishing Service Canberra)

ONeill P (1990) Arsenic In Heavy Metals in Soils(ed BJ Alloway) pp 83-99 (Blackie Glasgow)

Ozanne PG and Shaw TC (1967) Phosphate sorption by soils as a measure of the phosphate requirement for pasture growth Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 18 601-612

Robertson WJ McPharlin IR and Jeffery RC (1994) Final Report of investigation into the use of gypsum-amended red mud as a soil-amendment on horticultural properties on the Swan Coastal Plain Agriculture WA

Robertson WJ McPharlin IR and Jeffery RC (1997) Residues from bauxite-mining (red mud) increase phosphorus retention of a Joel sand without reducing yield of carrots Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis (in press)

Yuen SH and Pollard AG (1954) Determination of nitrogen in agricultural materials by the Nessler reagent II Micro-determination in plant tissue and in soil extracts Journal of Food in Agriculture 5 364-369

16


300

250 -

I I

200

3

60 80

AG (tha)

140

Figure 41 Total phosphorus concentration in a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) vs level of AG when 0 (bull) 100 (A) and 600 (bull) kg Pha was applied measured at 0-15 cm () 15-30 cm (mdash) and 30-45 cm (mdash) depth Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

17


Z3

200

180 -

160

Q- 140

ro 120 bull 4 -

O CD X 100 CD i

3 80 CO c o

pound gt v_ CO

o CQ

AG Depth

I

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

AG (tha)

140

Figure 42 Bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus concentration in a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) vs level of AG when 0 (bull) 100 (A) and 600 (bull) kg Pha was applied measured at 0-15 cm () 15-30 cm (mdash) and 30-45 cm (mdash) depth Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

18


700

600

500

D)

3 400

CL

oil

300 CO

200

100

100 150

A G (tha)

250

Figure 43 Total (mdash) and Bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus () concentration in a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) when 600 kg Pha was applied measured at 0-15 cm () 15-30 cm (A) and 30-45 cm (bull) depth Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

19


CO

2 CD

gt-

200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

Figure 44 (a) Total yield of potatoes cv Delaware grown on a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied AIkaIoamreggypsum (AG) at a level of 0 (bull) 60 (A) 90 (bull) and 120 (bull) tha vs level of applied P Lines represent the level of applied P required for 99 of maximum yield Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

Equations are

A

B

C

D

0 tha

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

j - 614 - 255 x exp (-00152) (JR= 092)

y = 542 - 271 x exp (-00176) (R2= 090)

y = 552 - 274 x exp (-0021) (F= 094)

y = 566 - 229 x exp (-00092) (i^= 098)

20


ro

JO

gt-

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600

Figure 44 (b) Total yield of potatoes cv Delaware grown on a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) at a level of 0 (bull) 60 (A) 90 (bull) and 120 (bull) tha vs level of applied P Lines represent the level of applied P required for 99 of maximum yield Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 547 - 216 x exp (-0021) (R2^ 088)

y = 517 - 278 x exp (-0019) (R2= 090)

y = 524 - 243 x exp (-001 to) (R2= 094)

y = 530 - 218 x exp (-001 Ox) (i^= 098)

21


CO

32

gt-

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0

Marketable yield

Marketable yield

Total yield

Total yield

_L 50 100 150 200

AG (tha)

250 300

Figure 45 Total (bull) and Marketable (bull) yield of potatoes cv Delaware grown on a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with residual AIkaloamreggypsum (AG) vs level of AG 600 kg Pha was applied Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

22


w CO CO

a gtraquo i _

C

o 00

c CD O c o o

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500

Figure 46 Concentration (dry basis) of phosphorus in petioles of the Youngest Mature Leaf of potatoes cv Delaware grown on a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) at 0 (bull) 60 (A) 90 (bull) and 120 (bull) tha vs level of applied P Lines represent the level of applied P required for 99 of maximum yield Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

Equations are

A Otha y = 117- 079 x exp (-0020) (R2 = 096)

B 60 tha y=123- 096 x exp (-000874) (R2 - 099)

C 90 tha y = 118 - 0884 x exp (-000742) (R2 = 096)

D 120 tha y= 117 - 090 x exp (-00085) (R2 = 097)

23


CO

c

53

CD

gt-

00 02 04 06 08 10

Petiole P ( dry basis)

12 14

Figure 47 Yield of potatoes cv Delaware grown on a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied AlkaIoamreggypsum (AG) at 0 (bull) 60 (A) 90 (bull) and 120 (bull) tha vs petiole P concentration

The equation is y = 256 + 274x (ft2 = 087)

24


poundgt 3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

Figure 48 (a) Concentration of Zinc and (B) Calcium ( dry weight) in petioles of the youngest mature leaf of potatoes cv Delaware harvested from a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) at 0 (bull) 60 (A) 90 (bull) and 120 (bull) tha vs level of applied P Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

25


100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

700

Figure 48 (b) Concentration of Calcium ( dry weight) in petioles of the youngest mature leaf of potatoes cv Delaware harvested from a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied AlkaIoamreggypsum (AG) at 0 (bull) 60 (A) 90 (bull) and 120 (bull) tha vs level of applied P Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance


040

ogt 035 CD

gtgt bullo

w _CB O

H) CL

CO 1 _ -mdashraquo c CD O c o o Q

030 -

025 -

020

2 015

010 -

005

000 0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600

Figure 49 (a) The concentration of phosphorus in tubers ( dry weight) of potatoes cv Delaware harvested from a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) at 0 (bull) 60 (A) 90 (bull) and 120 (bull) tha vs level of applied Pkgha Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

Equations are

A 0 tha

B 60 tha

C 90 tha

D 120 tha

y = 0372 - 0243 x exp (-00058) (R2 = 097)

y = 0378 - 0257 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 098)

y = 0361 - 0216 x exp (-00029x) (i^= 095)

y = 0406 - 0279 x exp (-0002x) (R2 = 098)

27


CO

3

ltD

CO Q Z5

ID

B

14

12 -^ ^

10

8 W

6

4

A G P

I

2

n I i i I I i

0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600

Figure 49 (b) Phosphorus uptake Gigha) by tubers of potatoes cv Delaware harvested from a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) at 0 (bull) 60 (A) 90 (bull) and 120 (bull) tha vs level of applied P Bars are Lsds at 5 level of significance

Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 140 - 1095 x exp (-00058r) (R2 = 096)

3= 111 - 882 x exp (-0004x) (R2 = 098)

y = 104 - 774 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

3 = 127 -101 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 0997)

28


60 80

AG (tha)

Figure 410 Concentration of Arsenic (dry weight) in tubers of potatoes cv Delaware grown on a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) Bar is Lsd at 5 level of significance

29


5 RESPONSE OF CAULIFLOWERS TO FRESHLY-APPLIED RED MUD (ALKALOAMreg)GYPSUM AND PHOSPHORUS ON A YELLOW KARRAKATTA SAND

Introduction

It is important to reduce the leaching of phosphorus fertiliser from sandy soils used for vegetable production into the water systems of the Swan Coastal Plain Red Mud (AlkaloamR)gypsum (AG) a waste product from bauxite refining has been suggested as an amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching from sands of the Bassendean Association (Joel Gavin) used for agriculture and horticulture (Barrow 1982)

Experimental work in the field and pots showed amendment with AG significantly reduced P leaching from Joel and Gavin sands (Vlahos et al 1989 McPharlin ei al 1994) compared with the unamended (01 AGha) treatment

In previous work freshly-applied AG at 60 tha increased the amount of freshly-applied P required for maximum yield of cauliflowers 14 (autumn planted) but did not reduce maximum yield (20 tha) compared with the unamended (0 tha) treatment on a yellow Karrakatta sand (Robertson et al 1994) At the highest rate of applied AG (120 tha) P required for maximum yield was 32 higher than at 0 tha and maximum yield was reduced 23 (P lt 005)

Since more than 60 tha of AG may be required to significantly improve P retention by sands to enable sustainable horticultural production this yield reduction is re-examined with freshly-applied AG



The experiment was conducted on a yellow Karrakatta sand (McArthur and Bettenay 1960) of low P fertility at Medina Research Centre (32deg 13 S 115deg 49 E) 30 km South of Perth The site had no previous history of AG application and had been sown to pasture for several years Some relevant chemical characteristics of the topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm) of the site after application of AG but prior to the application of fertiliser and transplanting are presented in Table 51

Red Mud (AlkaIoamreg)gypsum (AG)

Alkaloamreg (Red Mud) amended with 10 (ww) gypsum (AG) was produced by the dry mix process by ALCOA of Australia Ltd at their Kwinana Residue Treatment Plant The AG was spread manually on the site and incorporated using a rotary hoe to approximately 30 cm depth on 21 February 1996 The site was watered for 1 hour per day (8 mmday) using impact sprinklers until planting

Experimental design

The experimental design was a split-plot randomised block with 3 replicates The main plots were levels of AG (0 60 120 and 240 tha) and the sub-plots were levels of freshly-applied P (0 50 100 200 400 and 600 kgha) Main plots measured 6 x 12 m and sub-plots 12 x 6 m (excluding wheel tracks)

Crop management

The site was sprayed with Roundupreg (3 Lha) twice after application of AG and prior to planting to control weeds


Six week old seedlings of cauliflowers (cv Plana) obtained from a commercial nursery were transplanted manually on 18 April 1996 in 2 rows per plot with 70 cm between rows and 50 cm between plants Seedlings were dipped in Rovralreg 1 mLL just prior to planting for control of fungi Treflanreg (14 Lha) and Dacthalreg (12 kgha) were applied immediately after transplanting to control broadleaved weeds and Sertinreg later on in the life of the crop for grass control Ambushreg (100 mLha) and Rogorreg (100 mLha) were used to control caterpillars and red legged earth-mite respectively Copper sprays were used for control of blackrot The crop was irrigated to a total application equivalent to 100 of the previous days pan evaporation using minisprinklers (Legoreg 6 x 6 m spacing 44 mmh) in 3 waterings of equal duration per day

Fertilisers

Pre-planting fertilisers were broadcast manually and rotary hoed on 17 April 1996

These were K2S04(244) Ca (N03)2 4H20 (387) MgS047H20 (504) MnS04H20 (504) FeS047H20 (18) Borax (27) CuS045H20 (36) ZnSOH20 (28) and Na2Mo042H20 (2) Single superphosphate (91 P)was applied at 0 to 600 kgha according to treatment and incorporated as before Post-planting K N and Ca were fertigated via the irrigation system as KN03 NH4NO3 and Ca (N03)2 in equal amounts per day for 12 weeks to a total of 600 kg K 423 kg N and 60 kg Caha Borax was fertigated at 20 kgha in week 3 and Mg was broadcast as MgS047H20 at 50 kgha in weeks 3 6 and 9

Measurements

Soil and soil solution

All zero P subplots were sampled 30 cores per plot just prior to planting and fertilising about 2 months after AG application to 2 depths (0-15 15-30 cm) These were oven dried at 40degC and analysed for Ec pH (CaCl2) P sorption (Ozanne and Shaw 1968) bicarbonate extractable P K (Colwell 1963) total P PRI P sorption K sorption (Allen and Jeffery 1990) and cation exchange capacity (Gillman and Sumpter 1986)

The soil water was obtained by centrifugation from soil samples (0-15 cm 30 per plot) and collected from the 0 100 200 and 600 kg Pha plots across all AG treatments on 16 May 1996 The supernatant was analysed for pH Ec Ca Mg K S and P The remaining soil was analysed for pH (H20) bicarbonate extractable P and K PRI and DTPA extractable Zn After harvest on 5 August 1996 soil samples were collected from 2 depths as for the preplanting treatment from all plots These were analysed for pH bicarbonate extractable P K total P PRI and exchangeable cations (Ca Mg K and N)

Plant

At buttoning on 13 June 1996 the younger mature leaves (YML) (4th from growing point) were collected from 16 plants in each plot (excluding 1 m buffer at each end) They were dried at 70degC in a force draught oven for 48 h and ground to pass through a 1 mm screen Sub-samples were digested with sulphuric acidhydrogen peroxide (Yuen and Pollard 1954) and the concentration of N P and K measured by an automated colorimetric process (Varley 1966) Concentration of other nutrients (B Ca Na Mg S Fe Mn Zn and Cu) were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) after digestion with nitric-perchloric acids (McQuaker et al 1979)

Five whole plants were harvested from the middle of each plot (2 per row)at the end of the experiment on 4 July 1996 using shovels to recover as much of the root system as possible The plants were separated into four categories curds leaves stems and roots All soil was washed from the roots using tap water shaken and the excess water removed using paper towels The fresh weight of all four categories was recorded and the material was diced into small pieces (lt 8 cm3) using stainless steel knives sub-samples (300 g fresh weight) were collected at random from the diced pieces and the fresh weight recorded These were dried at

31


70degC in a forced draught oven for 48 h and the dry weight recorded These samples were then analysed for P as for the youngest mature leaves Separate sub-samples (300 g fresh weight) of curds were collected and analysed for Ba Cd Cr Co Pb Mo Rb Sr Ti Th V and N using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) The fresh and dry weight of the curds leaves stems and roots at harvest were used to calculate P uptake in kgha)

Harvest

Harvest commenced when the leaves surrounding the head opened and exposed the curds 77-80 days after transplanting At this stage florets at the periphery of the curd had just begun to separate Sixteen curds (12 plus 4 from whole plant samples above) were collected from the central 4 m of both rows (1 m buffer) and all the leaves and stems removed according to requirements for export market Each fresh curd was weighed and rejects recorded if undersize (lt 500 g) oversize (gt 2000 g) discoloured (yellowing) overmature (separation of florets in centre of curd) diseased damaged or otherwise distorted The total marketable and reject yield were recorded for each plot

Analysis of data

Analysis of variance was carried out on level of applied AG or P versus (a) chemical characteristics of soil (bicarbonate extractable P total P etc) preplanting and harvest (b) concentrations of nutrients in soil solution at midgrowth (c) concentration of nutrients in YMLs at midgrowth (d) concentration of elements in curds at harvest (e) P uptake by plant parts and (f) total marketable and reject yield of curds at harvest Mitscherlich curves and inverse polynomials were fitted to the relationship between level of applied P and yield at each level of applied AG The level of applied P required for 95 99 and 100 (in case of inverse polynomials) of maximum yield was calculated Mitscherlich curves were fitted to the relationship between level of applied P and P in YMLs at midgrowth at all levels of AG The P in YMLs corresponding to the level of applied P required for 95 99 or 100 of maximum yield (as determined from yield versus applied P plots) was then determined

Mitscherlich curves were also fitted to the relationship between level of applied P and P uptake by curds leaves stems and roots and the P uptake corresponding to whole plants (additions of all 4) level of P required for 95-100 of maximum yield determined Phosphorus uptake by plant parts or whole plants on 0 P plots were detected from P uptake at other rates to account for non-fertiliser sources of P This was used to adjust P uptake When determining P fertiliser recovery efficiency (RE) by plant parts or whole plants (ie fertiliser P uptake by plant parts or whole plantsP applied both in kgha Novoa and Loomis 1981)

Results

Effects of fresh AG on chemical characteristics of soil and soil solution

There was a significant (P lt 005) increase in the Ec pH PRI and sorption capacity (topsoil only) of the topsoil and subsoil of a yellow Karrakatta sand with level of freshly-applied AG prior to fertiliser application and planting (Table 51) There was no significant effect of level of AG on Colwell K K sorption capacity and total P with level of freshly-applied AG (Table 51)


Table 51 Some chemical characteristics of the topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand after application of Alkaloam gypsum (AG)1 just prior to fertiliser application and transplanting

(a) Topsoil (0-15 cm)

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP2

(Vigfe)

BicK2

(pgg) PRI3

(mLg) TP4

(Pgg) CEC5

(me ) Kads6 Pads7

0 37 74 107 153 097 507 2 0 41

60 67 82 93 197 167 473 2 043 66

120 80 82 100 277 243 607 2 044 78

240 103 84 97 290 38 637 2 058 129

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 1010 0 049 41

Sig9 ns ns ns ns ns

(b) Subsoil (15-30 cm)

AG Ec PH BicP2 BicK2 PRI3 TP4

(tha) (mSm) (CaCl2) (Pgg) (Pgg) (mLg) (Pgg)

0 30 72 83 227 07 507

60 63 81 73 190 15 453

120 80 81 87 220 18 540

240 107 83 83 240 27 563

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 101

Sig9 ns ns ns

Applied 7 weeks previously 2 After Colwell (1963) 3 Phosphorus retention index after Allen and Jeffery (1990) 4 Total phosphorus 5 Cation exchange capacity (Gillman and Sumpter 1986) 6 Slope of K adsorption isotherm from the Freundlich equation (Allen and Jeffery 1990) 7 Slope of P adsorption isotherm from the Freundlich equation (Allen and Jeffery 1990) 8 Least significant difference at P lt 005 9 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

There was a significant (P lt 005) increase in the concentration of Na and a decrease in the concentration of K in the soil solution with level of freshly-applied AG one month after planting and fertilising (Table 52 (a) and Fig 51) At the same time Colwell K and PRI in the topsoil increased significantly with level of freshly-applied AG By contrast there was a significant decrease in extractable Zn with level of AG The concentration of Ca Mg S and P increased significantly with level of applied P in soil solution (Table 52 (a)) Colwell P in the topsoil increased significantly with level of P whilst Colwell K PRI and extractable Zn decreased at the same time (Table 52 (b))

33


Table 52 (a) Ec (mSm) pH and concentration of nutrients (pgmL) in soil solution 1 month after planting with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG)1 and phosphorus

AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (pgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(VigmL)

0 112 70 175 18 110 77 101 57 56

60 132 74 164 17 137 58 92 34 31

120 172 75 166 17 152 54 97 44 34

240 166 81 130 16 198 34 75 24 11

Lsd3 19 025 33 4 16 11 26 27 32

Sig4 ns ns ns ns ns

p

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm) PH

Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (UgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(pgmL)

0 137 78 99 15 150 46 26 10 01

100 142 76 112 15 153 54 52 23 14

200 170 74 179 19 150 62 114 39 30

600 133 72 244 19 144 60 174 89 87

Lsd3 43 022 31 24 17 15 29 25 30

Sig4 ns ns ns

Applied 11 weeks previously

Soluble reactive P 3 Least significant difference at P lt 005 4 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)


220

200

E 180 O ) 3

^ 1fi0 _ o 3 140 O V)

oil

120 m c

100 C o CO 80 c flgt o B0 c o o 40

20

0 50 100 150 200

Freshly-applied AG(tha)

250 300

Fig51 Concentration (ugml) of Na(i ) and K ( bull ) in soil solution (0-15cm) under cauliflowers one month after planting with level of freshly-applied AlkaloamRgypsum(AG) Vertical bars indicates Lsd (Plt005) for differences in concentration betweeen levels of AG

35


Table 52 (b) Extractable P K Zn and phosphorus retention index of the top soil (0-15 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand 1 month after transplanting with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG)1 and phosphorus (P)

AG

AG (tha)

P2

(ugg) K2

(Ugg) Zn3

(Pgg)

PRI4

(mLg)

0 47 32 67 -112

60 76 38 15 -090

120 94 42 26 -049

240 84 41 13 092

Lsd5 35 6 28 073

Sig6 ns

P P2 K2 Zn3 PRI4

(kgha) (ugg) (Hgg) (Ugg) (mLg)

0 8 42 31 201 100 35 37 45 043 200 80 39 18 -089 600 177 34 26 -313

Lsd5 39 6 27 082

Sig6 ns

Applied 11 weeks previously 2 After Colwell (1963) 3 Extracted in DTPA 4 Phosphorus retention index (Allen and Jeffery 1990) 5 Least significant difference at P lt 005 6 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

Ec pH exchangeable Ca K Na in me and Colwell P K total P PRI and PRIP increased significantly (P lt 005) with level of freshly-applied AG in the topsoil and subsoil of a yellow Karrakatta sand (Table 53 (a) (b) and Fig 52) at harvest


o CO

CD

E

o CO

co o

CD

X co CD ogt e co sz o X HI

50 100 150 200

Freshly-applied AG (tha)

250 300

Fig52 Exchangeable Ca() NaP) and K(A) cations (me dry soil) in topsoil (0-15cm) of Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied AlkaloamRgypsum(AG) after harvest of cauliflowers Vertical bars indicates Lsd (Plt005) for differences in concentration between levels of AG Lsd not shown when less than size of symbol

37


Table 53 Ec (mSm) pH and exchangeable Ca Mg K and Na (me ) in the topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand amended with AlkaIoamreggypsum (AG) at harvest of cauliflowers

(a) Topsoil

AG Ec PH Ca Mg K Na (tha) (mSm) (CaCl2) (me ) (me ) (me ) (me )

0 67 66 229 018 005 003

60 91 77 382 019 009 02

120 99 79 558 019 012 043

240 120 80 975 024 014 104

Lsd2 20 014 064 0033 0018 021

Sig3 ns

(b) Subsoil

AG Ec pH Ca Mg K1 Na (tha) (mSm) (CaCl2) (me ) (me ) (me ) (me )

0 44 67 225 017 005 003

60 59 74 269 019 005 008

120 66 77 300 018 005 017

240 99 79 397 02 005 029

Lsd2 075 01 029 0036 001 002

Sig3 n s ns

Extracted in 1 m NH4CI 2 Least significant difference at P lt 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

However there was no effect of either level of AG or P on exchangeable Mg in the soil at harvest Colwell P total P and PRIP increased significantly whilst Colwell K and PRI decreased with level of freshly-applied P in the topsoil at harvest (Table 4 (a) (b) and Fig 53)


Table 54 P (extractable P total P phosphorus retention index and P sorption) in the top soil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand at harvest of cauliflowers with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(a) Topsoil

AG

AG BicP1 BicK1 TotP2 PRI3 PRIP3

(tha) (ugg) (Pgg) (Hgg) (mLg) (mLg)

0 39 23 92 -07 28

60 50 38 110 02 50

120 59 51 135 16 75

240 58 62 157 35 99

Lsd4 5 11 15 03 06

Sig5

P BicP1 BicK1 TotP2 PRI3 PRIP3

(kgha) (ugg) (Hgg) (ngg) (mLg) (mLg)

0 10 53 57 29 40

50 15 40 66 22 38

100 25 41 78 17 44

200 53 41 128 14 71

400 87 44 186 -01 86

600 120 41 226 -12 102

Lsd4 11 8 20 09 13

Sig5

1 After Colwell (1963) 2 After Allen and Jeffery (1990) 3 After Allen and Jeffery (1990) 4 Least significant difference at P lt 005 5 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

39




AG


(tha) (ugg) (Ugg) (Ugg) (mLg) (mLg)

0 33 20 79 -05 26

60 30 21 73 -01 30

120 33 27 77 08 42

240 26 24 76 13 40

Lsd4 10 2 10 04 10

Sig5 ns ns

P BicP1 BicK1 TotP2 PRI3 PREP3

(kgha) (ugg) (Vigg) (Ugg) (mLg) (mLg)

0 7 25 48 15 22

50 11 22 52 09 19

100 15 24 59 10 27

200 32 23 81 06 39

400 51 22 100 -03 47

600 67 21 117 -11 52

Lsd4 8 5 8 05 09

Sig5 ns



100 150 200


300

Fig53 Concentration of total P(A) Colwell P() or K(laquo) in topsoil (0-15cm) with level of freshly-applied AlkaloamRgypsum (AG) after harvest of cauliflowers Vertical bars indicates Lsd (Plt005) for differences in concentration between levels of AG Lsd not shown when less than size of symbol

41


Nutrients in leaves at midgrowth and harvest

There was a significant decrease in concentration of K and an increase in concentration of Na S Mn and Cu in youngest mature leaves (YML) of cauliflowers at buttoning with level of freshly-applied AG (Table 55) The concentration of P in YML at 01 AGha (049) was significantly higher than at 2401 AGha (044) but not at other levels Currently-applied AG had no significant effect on concentration of N Ca Mg Fe Zn or B in YML There was a significant increase in YML in the concentration of K P and S in YML with level of applied P whilst concentration of N Mg Mn and B were variable (Fig 54 55) Level of applied P had no significant effect on the concentration of Ca and Na in the YML (Table 55)

Table 55 (a) Concentration of macro-nutrients (dry weight basis) in youngest mature leaves of cauliflowers at buttoning with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG

AG N1 K1 Ca2 S2 P1 Na2 Mg2

(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 482 393 240 081 049 036 023

60 484 383 251 084 046 040 024

120 506 357 255 081 046 045 024

240 494 355 246 088 044 056 025

Lsd3 026 012 024 005 003 006 0013

Sig4 ns ns ns ns

p

p N1 K1 Ca2 S2 P1 Na2 Mg2

(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 523 316 254 066 024 046 025

50 489 372 255 081 041 049 026

100 503 388 229 084 048 042 024

200 472 379 250 089 050 046 024

400 494 390 242 093 057 043 023

600 470 385 258 091 057 039 022

Lsd3 027 024 036 005 003 008 0017

Sig4 ns ns

1 After Varley (1966) 2 After McQuaker et al (1979) 3 Least significant difference at P lt 005 4 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)


0 50 100 150 200 250 300


Rg54 Concentration of N() K(B) and Ca(A) in youngest mature leaf (YML) at buttoning

of cauliflowers with level of freshly-applied AlkaloamRgypsum(AG) Vertical bars

indicates Lsd (Plt005) for differences in concentration between levels of AG

10

bdquo 09 lt Q OR ^ D) 07 c

tto

06 3

X3

to 05 _ l

gtbull 04 C

i3 03 c agt bull c 02 3

-z 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300


Rg55 Concentration of S() Na(B) Mg(4) and P(T) in youngest mature leaf (YML) at buttoning

of cauliflowers with level of freshly-applied AlkaloamRgypsum(AG) Vertical bars indicates Lsd (Plt005) for differences in concentration between levels of AG

43


The relationship between P in YML at buttoning and level of freshly-applied P was best described by Mitscherlich relationships at all levels of applied AG (Fig 56)

en c o 3

X2

gt

06

^

bull A

05 ^ S

04

03

02

01

n n i i i

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

o

X I

5 gt

06

05

04

03

02

01

00

- bull B

- bull bull ^

o

I I I I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

Fig56 P in YML of Cauliflowers at buttoning () corresponding to applied P required for either 95 (dashed line) or 99 (whole line) of maximum yield at 0(A) 60(B) 120(C) or240(D)t of freshly-applied AlkaloamRgypsumha

The equations for the fitted lines are

A

B

C

D

y = 056 - 030 x exp (-00182) (R2 = 097)

y = 057 - 032 x exp (-00103) (R2 = 088)

y = 055 - 031 x exp (-00126) (R2 = 099)

y = 056 - 032 x exp (-00092) (R2 = 098)

The P in YML corresponding to level of freshly-applied P required for 99 of maximum yield was 053 057 055 and 055 for 0 60 120 and 240 tha respectively

44


Table 55 (b) Concentration of micro-nutrients (dry weight basis) in youngest mature leaves of cauliflowers at buttoning with freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG

AG (tha)

Fe (Pgg)

Zn (Ugg)

Mn (vigg)

B (Pgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 1354 251 217 211 26

60 1274 248 237 213 28

120 1353 253 240 217 27

240 1394 263 260 214 29

Lsd2 153 24 15 082 02

Sig3 ns ns ns

P Fe Zn Mn B Cu (kgha) (ngg) (ugg) (Pgg) (Ugg) (Pgg)

0 1418 268 212 215 26

50 1388 253 263 220 27

100 1301 267 251 217 29

200 1336 249 250 217 28

400 1282 255 232 204 28

600 1341 233 224 210 28

Lsd2 197 29 19 08 02

Sig3 ns ns ns

1 Extracted in 1 m NH4CI 2 Least significant difference at P lt 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

There was a significant (P lt 005) decrease in the concentration of P Zn and an increase in the concentration of Na in whole leaves (WL) of cauliflowers with rate of freshly-applied AG at harvest (Table 56) Level of freshly-applied AG had no significant effect on concentration of N K Ca S Mg Fe Mn B or Cu Concentration of Ca S P and Na in (WL) at harvest increased significantly (P lt 005) with level of freshly-applied P whereas Zn concentrations decreased and concentrations of Mg Mn and B were variable Level of freshly-applied P had no significant effect on concentration of N K Fe or Cu in WL at harvest

45

A O O ltyi

4x

r en 00

9 400 200 o o o copy

ns

O

kgt ON

kgt

4gt

kgt 4 4 4^

kgt

ns

O 4 4 ON 4 k)

o

i mdash t mdash raquo

4 00

4 ON

4 4^ NO Q O

o copy ON

i mdash gt

b b 1 mdash t

b o p Vcopy

O 00 ON

o ON

gtmdash 5 co 5J M

o o

O in

o 4 Ncopy

o 4 O

p 4

p kgt 1 mdash t

copy

ON

o b NO

O ON

o 00

o 00

o ON I mdash

O ON

O 3 Z 5 raquoM

o b 4

O

kgt o kgt -J

p kgt 00

O kgt 00

O

kgt NO

copy kgt ON


Table 56 (b) Concentration of micro-nutrients (dry weight basis) in leaves of cauliflowers at harvest with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(ugg) Zn1

(vgg) Mn1

(vgg) B1

(vgg) Cu1

(vigg)

0 762 224 214 263 42

60 700 197 227 265 38

120 811 196 216 254 38

240 842 193 236 256 37

Lsd2 132 099 21 16 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(pgg) Zn1

(^gg) Mn1

(Vigg) B1

(lJgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 786 233 213 248 36

50 625 235 241 266 37

100 833 207 237 270 41

200 938 192 235 265 44

400 725 178 208 259 37

600 765 169 206 250 37

Lsd2 230 21 21 11 063

Sig3 ns ns

After McQuaker et al (1979)

Least significant difference at P lt 005

Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

47


Nutrients and heavy metals in curds at harvest

There was a significant (P lt 005) decrease in the concentration of K and P and an increase in the concentration of Ca and Na in the curds at harvest with level of freshly-applied AG Concentration of N Mg Fe Zn Mn B and Cu in the curds were unaffected by level of freshly-applied AG (Table 57) As level of freshly-applied P increased there was a significant (P lt 005) decrease in concentration of N S Mg Fe Zn Mn and B and an increase in concentration of K Ca P and Na in curds at harvest Concentration of Cu in curds were unaffected by level of applied P (Table 57 (b))

Table 57 (a) Concentration of macro-nutrients (dry weight basis) in curds of cauliflowers at harvest with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG

AG N1 K1 Ca S1 P2 Na1 Mg1

(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 392 515 040 066 047 023 018

60 384 500 040 067 045 023 017

120 404 474 043 071 043 024 018

240 402 458 041 071 041 028 018

Lsd3 022 016 001 004 002 002 0006

Sig4 ns + ns ns

P


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 496 417 034 097 031 016 019

50 400 518 043 068 040 023 018

100 376 483 042 063 042 025 017

200 372 501 044 063 047 027 017

400 371 498 042 062 052 028 017

600 358 505 041 060 052 027 016

Lsd3 027 02 003 005 002 003 001

Sig4

1 After McQuaker et al (1979) 2 After Varley (1966) 3 Least significant difference at P lt 005 4 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)


Table 57 (b) Concentration of micro-nutrients1 (dry weight basis) in curds Cauliflowers at harvest with level of freshly-applied Alkaloam gypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(Ugg)

Zn1

(vigg) Mn1

(Pgg) B1

(Pgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 611 279 124 188 26

60 587 247 134 191 25

120 706 299 139 192 29

240 592 268 145 186 25

Lsd2 329 57 14 08 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

p

p (kgha)

Fe1

(Ugg) Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(Ugg) B1

(ugg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 976 492 156 202 31

50 520 279 145 198 26

100 507 230 135 186 24

200 432 208 127 190 24

400 739 239 131 183 28

600 567 192 120 177 24

Lsd2 270 61 142 114 061

Sig3 a s

1 After McQuaker et al (1979) 2 Least significant difference at P lt 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

49


Concentration of Ba in curds at harvest decreased and concentration of Ti increased significantly in curds at harvest with level of freshly-applied P (Table 58) As level of freshly-applied P increased concentrations of Pb and Rb decreased and of Sr decreased Ba concentrations were variable with level of freshly-applied P (Table 58)

Table 58 Concentration of Ba plus heavy metals1 (fresh weight basis) in curds of cauliflowers at harvest with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG Ba Cd Cr Co Pb Ni Rb Sr Ti Th V (tha) (ngg) (ngg) (ngg) (ngg) (ngg) (ngg) (ngg) (ngg) (ngg) (ngg) (ngg)

0 797 7 34 7 13 34 590 1219 34 39 7

60 482 7 34 7 15 34 610 1146 46 52 8

120 583 7 43 7 20 34 616 1246 45 50 8

240 355 7 34 7 15 34 637 1152 41 45 8

Lsd2 141 1 13 16 11 15 74 188 5 16 1

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

MRL4 50 2000

P (kgha)

Ba (ngg)

Cd (ngg)

Cr (ngg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (ngg)

Ni

(ngg)

Rb (ngg)

Sr (ngg)

Ti

(ngg)

Th

(ngg)

V (ngg)

0 556 7 34 7 25 34 650 998 39 45 9

50 670 7 34 7 18 34 657 1387 50 74 9

100 576 7 34 7 11 34 570 1206 45 50 8

200 529 7 34 7 12 34 616 1293 39 39 7

400 523 7 48 7 19 39 596 1126 39 36 7

600 476 7 34 7 11 34 603 1126 36 36 7

Lsd2 121 1 16 1 15 6 40 181 19 29 2

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns

MRL4 50 2000

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry 2 Least significant difference at P lt 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns) 4 Maximum residue limit


P uptake by plants P uptake by whole plants or plant parts was unaffected by level of freshly-applied AG by but increased significantly with level of freshly-applied P (Table 59)

P uptake by whole plants increased from 50 kg Pha to 19 to 21 kgha at 400 to 600 kg applied Pha respectively Curd root stem and leaf uptake was 33 5 6 and 50 respectively of total plant P uptake at the highest level of applied P (Table 59)

Table 59 P uptake (kgha) by curds roots stem leaf and whole cauliflower plants at harvest with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG

AG Curds Roots Stem Leaf Total (tha) (kgha) (kgha) (kgha) (kgha) (kgha)

0 53 074 11 87 158

60 48 066 10 83 148

120 47 069 11 79 143

240 45 060 10 74 135

Lsd1 065 015 025 21 31

Sig-2 ns ns ns ns ns

p

p (kgha)

Curd (kgha)

Root (kgha)

Stem (kgha)

Leaf (kgha)

Total (kgha)

0 12 030 040 29 49

50 40 058 100 68 124

100 51 053 112 76 143

200 59 075 120 93 172

400 67 093 131 115 205

600 61 094 121 102 185

Ls-d1 055 017 020 18 25

Sig2

1 Least significant difference at P lt 005 2 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

51


Yield

There was a significant (P lt 005) increase in both total and marketable curd yield with level of freshly-applied P at all levels of freshly-applied AG (Table 510) There was no significant effect of level of freshly-applied AG on either total (Table 510 (a)) or marketable (Table 510 (b)) curd yield

Table 510 Curd yield (total marketable) of cauliflowers (tha) at harvest with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(a) Total

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 755 468 483 177

50 1464 1675 1554 1516

100 2169 1706 1757 1985

200 2242 1737 1928 1862

400 1752 2102 2155 2136

600 1689 1764 1768 2023

Lsd1

Sig2

16 (AG)

ns 201 (P)

401 (AGP)

-

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 274 060 000 000

50 1222 1463 1294 1152

100 2057 1416 1603 1820

200 2141 1377 1803 1752

400 1572 2020 2095 1996

600 1468 1534 1500 1974

Lsd1

Sig2

24 (AG)

ns

46 (P)

52(AGP)

ns

Least significant difference at P lt 005 2 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

The relationship between total yield and level of freshly-applied P was best described by a quadratic relationship at all levels of freshly-applied AG (Fig 57) As level of AG increased the level of freshly-applied P required for 99 of maximum yield increase from 124 kg Pha at 0 t AGha to 339 kg Pha at 240 tha There was no significant effect of level of freshly-applied AG on maximum curd yield (Fig 57)


26

24

22

(tha

) 20

18

Cur

d yi

eld 16

14

12

10

8

6 i ii

A=0

i i i i i

I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

- 7 I

_ bull

i i i n

mdash^ B=60

I I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

co

32 CD

gt 2 3

o

25

20

15

10

5

bull j

- bull

I I I I I

- - gt C=120

l l l

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

Fig57 Total curd yield (tha) of cauliflower with level of freshly-applied Alkaloam gypsum and

phosphorus (ABCD = 060120240 tha) Vertical lines represent applied P necessary

for either 95 (dashed) or 99 (whole) of maximum yield


A y = 1336 + (-577 + 01335x)(l-00088x +000007872) (Z2

B y = 89434 + 00705 - OOOOlx2 (R2 = 070)

C y = 84752 + 00810 - OOOOlx2 (B2 = 081)

D y = 733 +00871x - 00001 Ix2 (R2 = 099)

098)

53


Discussion

The increase in pH Ec PRI and P sorption of Karrakatta sands with level of freshly-applied AG prior to fertiliser application is similar to that reported for the amendment of Joel (McPharlin et al 1994 and Robertson et al 1997a) and Karrakatta sands (Robertson et al 1994 and 1997b) with AG The increase in DH and Ec of the amended soil is explained by the high levels of both in the AG (ie pH (CaCr) = 94 and Ec = 623 mSm Appendix 1) The increased retentionsorption of P is explained by the addition of iron (974) and aluminium (551) in various oxides and hydroxides in the AG (Appendix 1 and Barrow 1982) to the soil After the application of P fertilisers levels of P in the soil at mid-growth and harvest as measured by total and Colwell P increased with a parallel decrease in PRI The increase in the levels of exchangeable Ca and Na in the soil at the same times with level of freshly-applied AG can be attributed to the AG itself However the increase in exchangeable and Colwell K appears to be due to improved K retention capacity of the soil due to physical properties of the AG rather any increased supply of K from the AG Whilst the overall K adsorption properties of the soil as measured by the Freundlich isotherm was not significantly increased with level of AG K sorption at 2401 AGha was significantly higher than at 01 AGha

There was no significant increase in cation exchange capacity (CEC) with level of freshly-applied AG on the Karrakatta sand in this experiment which remained about 2 me By contrast the CEC of virgin Joel sands increased from 1 to 2 me with level of freshly-applied AG (0 to 240 tha) in columns (McPharlin et al 1994) The application of AG would be expected to increase the CEC of coarse sands because (1) AG a fine textured material (10 clay 68 silt) (Ward 1983) would increase the fine fraction when applied to sands (2) AG has a much higher CEC ie 7 to 15 me depending on pH (Barrow 1982) than either Joel or Karrakatta sands ie 1 to 2 me (McPharlin et al 1994 and Table 51) and (3) application of AG to either Joel or Karrakatta sands increases the retentionreduces leaching of cations either not present in the AG such as NH4-N (McPharlin et al 1994) or only present in small quantities such as K (Tables 52 53 54 and Appendix 51)

The concentration of an element in the soil expressed as either extractable or total amounts represents the quantity or extensive factor in terms of plant nutrition as outlined by Holford and Mattingly (1976) The concentration of ions in soil solution or the intensive factor may better represent what is available to the plant A good example of this is the levels of K in the soil expressed as either Colwell or exchangeable K which increase significantly with level of applied AG However levels of K in the plant YML at buttoning and curds at harvest decrease significantly with level of AG K in soil solution 1 month after planting similarly decline significantly with level of applied AG and are therefore better correlated with K nutrition of the plant than measurements based on the dry soil Similarly P concentrations in the plant and soil solution decline whilst P retained by the soil increase in response to freshly-applied AG By contrast concentrations of Na in soil solution soil and plant all increase with levels of freshly-applied AG Similar relationships between concentrations of K Na and P in the soil soil solution and plant on a Karrakatta sand have been reported previously (Robertson et al 1997)

In previous work maximum yield (ie A value) of cauliflowers was reduced when freshly prepared AG was applied at levels gt 120 tha (Robertson et al 1994) This yield reduction was assumed not to be due to induced P deficiency resulting form high level of applied AG as it could not be alleviated by increased levels of applied P Although increased levels of applied P were needed to maximise yield as the level of freshly-applied AG increased Concentrations of K decreased and Na increased in the YML with level of applied AG and the yield reduction was assumed to be due either induced K deficiency or Na toxicity However neither the reduced concentrations of K or the increased concentrations of Na in the plant were at levels that would reduce yield according to published standards (Weir and Cresswell 1993) Antagonism between Na and K uptake by plants is common (Yeo 1983) For example increasing soil salinity resulted in increased concentrations of Na and decreased concentrations of K in the leaves of Zucchini grown in controlled greenhouses in Spain (Villora et al 1997)


In this work as level of freshly-apphed AG increased level of applied P necessary for maximum yield increased as in the previous work however maximum yield was not reduced by AG up to 240 tha This is despite concentrations of K in the YML decreasing and Na increasing in response to level of freshly-applied AG However as in the previous work neither concentrations of K or Na were at levels expected to cause yield reduction By contrast the reduction in maximum yield of potatoes at high levels of freshly-applied AG (ie gt 120 tha) was correlated with a reduced concentration of K in the petioles (Robertson et al 1997b)

The level of freshly-applied P required for 99 of maximum yield in this work increased from 124 kgha at 01 AGHa to 339 kgha at 2401 AGha These levels of applied P are similar to that reported necessary for maximum yield of cauliflowers on AG-amended (Robertson et al 1994) or unamended (McPharlin et al 1995) Karrakatta sands The P required for 99 of maximum yield in this work 053 to 057 was either slightly higher - 047 (McPharlin et al 1995) or within range - 05 to 07 (Piggott 1986) 03 toO7 (Weir and Cresswell 1993) of that reported as critical or adequate for maximum yield of cauliflowers

Increased levels of freshly-applied AG did not significantly change the concentrations of Cd Co Cr Pb Ni Rb Sr Th or V in the curds of cauliflowers By contrast concentrations of Ba were significantly reduced and Ti increased in the curds with levels of freshly-applied AG Similarly there was no reported change in concentration of Cd Cr Pb or Co with level of freshly-applied AG in curds of cauliflower grown on Karrakatta sands (Robertson et al 1994) in previous work Also there was no change in Ba concentration in curds with level of AG in contrast to the previous work

References

Barrow NJ (1982) Possibility of using caustic residue from bauxite for improving the chemical and physical properties of sandy soils Australian Journal of Soil Research 33 275-285

Holford ICR and Mattingly GEG (1976) Phosphate adsorption and plant availability of phosphate Plant and Soil 44 377-89

McArthur and Bettenay (1960) The development and distribution of the soils of the Swan Coastal Plain Western Australia Soils Publication No 16 CSIRO Division of Soils CSIRO Melbourne Australia

McPharlin IR JefFery RC Toussaint LF and Cooper M (1994) Phosphorus Nitrogen and Radionuclide Retention and Leaching from a Joel Sand amended with Red Mudgypsum Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25 (17 amp 18) 2925-2944

McPharlin IR Robertson WJ JefFery RC and Weissberg R (1995) Response of cauliflower to phosphate fertiliser placement and soil test phosphorus calibration on a Karrakatta sand Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26(3amp4) 607-620

McQuaker NR Brown DF and Kluckner PD (1979) Digestion of environmental materials for analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry Analytical Chemistry 51 1082-1084

Piggott TJ (1986) Vegetable crops pp 148-187 In DJ Reuter and JB Robinson (eds) Plant Analysis an Interpretation manual Inkata Press Melbourne Australia

Robertson WJ McPharlin IR and JefFery RC (1994) Final report of investigation into the use of gypsum-amended Red Mud as a soil-amendment on horticultural properties on the Swan Coastal Plain Report to HRDC (Project No V0039RO) Department of Agriculture Western Australia

55


Robertson WJ Jeffery RC and McPharlin IR (1997a) Residues from bauxite-mining (Red Mud) increase phosphorus retention of a Joel sand without reducing yield of carrots Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 28 (in press)

Robertson WJ McPharlin IR and Jeffery RC (1997b) The growth nutrition and mineral composition of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L) cv Delaware grown on an yellow Karrakatta sand amended with freshly-applied and residual Alkaloamreggypsum (Submitted to AJEA)

Varley J A (1966) Automatic methods for the determination of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in plant material Analyst 91 119-126

Villora G Pulgar G Moreno DA and Romero L (1997) Effect of salinity treatments on nutrient concentration in Zucchini plants (Cucurbita pepo L var Moschatd) Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37 605-608

Vlahos S Summers KJ Bell DT and Gilkes RJ (1989) Reducing phosphorus leaching from sandy soils with Red Mud bauxite processing residues Australian Journal of Soil Research 27 651-662

Weir RG and Cresswell GC (1993) Plant Nutrient Disorders 3 Vegetable crops p 93 Inkata Press Melbourne Australia

Yuen SH and Pollard AG (1954) Determination of nitrogen in agricultural material by the Nessler reagent II Micro determination in plant tissue and soil extracts Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 5 364-369


Appendix 51 Chemical and physical characteristics of Alkaloam gypsum used in cauliflower experiment (freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum)

Parameter Units Value Kgt

Ec mSm 623 -

pH (H 20) mSm 99 -

pH (CaCl2) mSm 94 -

PRI mLg 610 - gt 1000 -

LOI 1973 -

C a C 0 3 1290 1290

Fe (Fe203) 974 974

Al (A1203) 551 551

Si (Si0 2 ) 797 797

Ca (CaO) 45 450

Na (Na 2 0) 228 228

Ti (Ti0 2 ) 174 174

K (K 2 0) 072 72

Mg (MgO) 028 28 sect 047 47

P (P2O5) 005 05

Mn (MnO) 002 02

Total P ngg 266 -

Extractable P M-gg 58 -

Extractable K M-gg 43 -

As ngg 35 -

Ba ^gg 413 -

Cu Ugg 29 -

Sr Hgg 287 -

Nb Hgg 99 -y Hgg 866 -

Zr fAgg 1477 -

Sand 232 -

Silt 473 -

Clay 295 -

After Allen and Jeffery (1990)

Based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry

After Colwell (1963)


Appendix 52 Concentration of Ba plus heavy metals1 (dry weight basis) in curds of cauliflowers at harvest with level of freshly-applied Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(a)

AG Ba Cd Cr Co Pb Ni Rb Sr Ti Th V (tha) (Pgg) (vigg) (ugg) (ugg) (Pgg) (Pgg) (Pgg) (ugg) (Pgg) (Pgg) (Pgg)

0 119 010 050 010 020 050 88 182 050 058 010

60 72 010 050 010 022 050 91 171 069 078 012

120 87 011 064 011 030 050 92 186 067 075 012

240 53 011 05 010 023 050 95 172 061 067 012

Lsd2 21 002 02 024 016 022 11 28 008 024 002


(b)

p (kgha)

Ba (vgg)

Cd (vigg)

Cr (Pgg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (vgg)

Ni (Pgg)

Rb (Pgg)

Sr (Pgg)

Ti

(Pgg)

Th (Pgg)

V

(Pgg)

0 83 010 050 010 038 050 97 149 058 067 013

50 100 011 050 010 027 050 98 207 075 110 013

100 86 010 050 010 017 050 85 180 067 075 012

200 79 010 050 010 018 050 92 193 058 058 010

400 78 011 071 011 028 058 89 168 058 054 011

600 71 010 050 010 016 050 90 168 054 054 010

Lsd2 18 002 024 0009 022 009 06 27 028 044 003


Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry




6 RESPONSE OF CAULIFLOWERS TO RESIDUAL RED MUD (ALKALOAMreg)GYPSUM (AG) AND PHOSPHORUS ON A YELLOW KARRAKATTA SAND

Introduction

It is important to reduce the leaching of phosphorus fertiliser from sandy soils used for vegetable production into the water systems of the Swan Coastal Plain Red Mud (Alkaloam )gypsum (AG) (ie Red Mudgypsum RMG) a waste product from bauxite refining has been suggested as an amendment to reduce phosphorus leaching from sands of the Bassendean Association (Joel Gavin) used for agriculture and horticulture (Barrow 1982)

Experimental work in the field and pots showed amendment with AG significantly reduced P leaching from Joel and Gavin sands (Vlahos et al 1989 McPharlin et al 1994) compared with the unamended (01 RMGha) treatment

Previous work showed a significant reduction in maximum yield of cauliflowers with levels of residual AG of gt 60 tha compared with 01 AGha (Robertson et al 1994) This yield reduction was not due to P deficiency as increased levels of applied P did not obviate the problem Nor was it due to K deficiency as K concentrations in the youngest mature leaves (YML) although reduced by levels of residual AG did not decline to levels expected to reduce yield The converse was true for concentrations of Na in the YML which increased with levels of residual AG but not to concentrations expected to cause toxicity

Since more than 60 tha of AG may be required to significantly improve P retention by sands to enable sustainable horticultural production this yield reduction is re-examined with residual AG



The experiment was conducted on a yellow Karrakatta sand (McArthur and Bettenay 1960) at Medina Research Centre (32deg 13 S 115deg 49 E) 30 km south of Perth Both Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus had previously been applied to the site and a potato crop grown in 1995 Prior to that the site had been sown to pasture for several years Some relevant chemical characteristics of the topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm) of the site after application of AG but prior to the application of fertiliser (except residual P) and transplanting are presented in Table 61

Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum

Alkaloamreg (Red Mud) amended with 10 (ww) gypsum (AG) was produced by the dry mix process by ALCOA of Australia Ltd at their Kwinana Residue Treatment Plant The AG had been spread manually on the site and incorporated using a rotary hoe to approximately 30 cm depth on 22 December 1994 Residual P had been applied just before planting of the previous potato crop on 17 May 1995 and incorporated with a rotary hoe The site was watered for 1 hour per day (8 mmday) using impact sprinklers until planting

Experimental design

The experimental design was a split-plot randomised block with 3 replicates The main plots were levels of AG (0 60 90 120 and 240 tha) and the sub-plots were levels of freshly-applied P (25 50 100 300 and 600 kgha) Main plots measured 7 x 12 m and sub-plots 12 x 7 m (excluding wheel tracks)

59


Crop management

The site was sprayed with Roundupreg (3 Lha) twice after application of AG and prior to planting to control weeds Six week old seedlings of cauliflowers (cv Plana) obtained from a commercial nursery were transplanted manually on 18 April 1996 in 2 rows per plot with 70 cm between rows and 50 cm between plants Seedlings were dipped in Rovralreg (1 mLL) just prior to planting for control of fungi Treflanreg (14 Lha) and Dacthalreg (12 kgha) were applied immediately after transplanting to control broadleaved weeds and Sertinreg later on in the life of the crop for grass control Ambushreg (100 mLha) and Rogorreg (100 mLha) were used to control caterpillars and red legged earth-mite respectively Copper was applied for control of blackrot The crop was irrigated to a total application equivalent to 100 of the previous days pan evaporation using minisprinklers (Legoreg 6 x 6 m spacing 44 mmh) in 3 waterings of equal duration per day

Fertilisers


These were K2S04(244) Ca(N03)2(387) MgS047H20 (504) MnS04H20 (504) FeS047H20 (18) Borax (27) CuS045H20 (36) ZnSOH20 (28) and Na2Mo042H20 (2) P was applied as single superphosphate (91 P) at 0 to 600 kg Pha according to treatment and incorporated as before Post-planting K N and Ca were fertigated via the irrigation system as KN03 NHUNO3 and Ca (N03)2 in equal amounts per day for 12 weeks to a total of 600 kg Kha 423 kg Nha and 60 kg Caha Borax was fertigated at 20 kgha in week 3 and Mg was broadcast as MgS047H20 at 50 kgha in weeks 3 6 and 9

Measurements


All zero P subplots were sampled 30 cores per plot just prior to planting and fertilising about 2 months after AG application to 2 depths (0-15 15-30 cm) These were oven dried at 40degC and analysed for Ec pH (CaCl2) P sorption (Ozane and Shaw 1968) bicarbonate extractable P K (Colwell 1963) total P PRI P sorption K sorption (Allen and Jeffery 1990) and cation exchange capacity (Gillman and Sumpter 1986)

The soil water was obtained by centrifugation from soil samples (0-15 cm 30 per plot) and collected from the 0 100 200 and 600 kg Pha plots across all AG treatments on the 16 May 1996 The supernatant was analysed for pH Ec Ca Mg K S and P The remaining soil was analysed for pH (H20) bicarbonate extractable P K PRI and DTPA extractable Zn After harvest 5 August 1997 soil samples were collected from 2 depths as for the preplanting treatment from all plots These were analysed for pH bicarbonate extractable P K total P PRI and exchangeable cations (Ca Mg K and N)

Plant

At buttoning on 13 June 1996 the younger mature leaves (YML) (4th from growing point) were collected from 16 plants (excluding 1 m buffer at each end of plot) in each plot They were dried at 70degC in a force draught oven for 48 h and ground to pass through a 1 mm screen Sub-samples were digested with sulphuric acidhydrogen peroxide (Yuen and Pollard 1954) and the concentration of N P and K measured by an automated colorimetric process (Varley 1966) Concentration of other nutrients (B Ca Na Mg S Fe Mn Zn and Cu) were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) after digestion with nitric-perchloric acids (McQuaker et al 1979) Five whole plants were harvested from the middle of each plot (2 per row) at the end of the experiment on 4 July 1996 using shovels to remove as much of the roots as possible The plants were separated into four categories curds leaves stems and roots All soil was dried and digested as for ICP-AES as above and washed from the roots using tap water shaken and the excess water removed using paper towels The fresh weight of all four categories was recorded and the material was diced

60


into small pieces (lt 8 cm3) using stainless steel knifes sub-samples (300 g fresh weight) were collected at random from the diced pieces and the fresh weight recorded These were dried at 70degC in a forced draught oven for 48 h and the dry weight recorded These samples were then analysed for P as for the youngest mature leaves Separate sub-samples (300 g fresh weight) of curds were collected and analysed for Ba Cd Cr Co Pb Mo Rb Sr Ti Th V and Ni using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) The fresh and dry weight of the curds leaves stems and roots at harvest were used to calculate P uptake in kgha)

Harvest

Harvest commenced when the leaves surrounding the head opened and exposed the curds 77-80 days after transplanting At this stage florets at the periphery of the curd had just begun to separate Sixteen curds (12 plus 4 from whole plant samples above) were collected from the central 4 m of both rows (1 m buffer) and then all the leaves and stems removed according to requirements for export market Each fresh curd was weighed and rejects recorded if undersize (lt 500 g) oversize (gt 2000 g) discoloured (yellowing) overmature (separation of florets in the centre of curd) diseased damaged or otherwise distorted The total marketable and reject yield were recorded for each plot

Analysis of data


Mitscherlich curves were also fitted to the relationship between level of applied P and P uptake by curds leaves stems and roots and the P uptake corresponding to whole plants (additions of all 4) level of P required for 95-100 of maximum yield determined Phosphorus uptake by plant parts or whole plants on 0 P plots were deducted from P uptake at other rates to account for non-fertiliser sources of P This was used to adjust P uptake when determining P fertiliser recovery efficiency (RE) by plant parts or whole plants ie fertiliser P uptake by plant parts or whole plantsP applied both in kgha (Novoa and Loomis 1981)

The effect of residual AG andP on chemical characteristics of the soil

Increased levels of previously-applied (residual) AG resulted in a significant increase in Ec pH (CaCl2) Colwell P and PRI in the topsoil (0-15 cm) of a Karrakatta sand prior to current the application of fertilisers and planting (Table 61 Fig 61) There was no significant effect of level of residual AG on the levels of Colwell K in the topsoil Increasing levels of previously-applied (residual) P resulted in a significant increase in Colwell P and a decrease in PRI and pH at the same time but had no effect on the levels of Colwell K in the topsoil

61


Table 61 Chemical characteristics of the topsoil (0-15 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand 12 months after application of Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) (residual AG) and phosphorus (P) just prior to fertiliser application and transplanting

AG Ec pH BicP1 BicK1 PRI2

(tha) (mSm) (CaCl2) (H8g) (Hgg) (mLg)

0 36 70 262 199 093

60 62 78 397 308 101

90 70 80 390 378 12

120 73 80 402 391 14

Lsd3 057 018 75 122 018

Sig4 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP1

(M-gg) BicK1

(figg) PRI2

(mLg)

0 59 78 117 323 17

25 58 78 147 338 15

50 58 78 160 322 16

100 58 78 255 327 13

300 62 76 554 309 06

600 66 75 944 296 005

Lsd3 063 01 58 60 02

Sig4 ns ns

1 After Colwell (1963) 2 After Allen and Jeffery (1990) 3 Least significant difference at P lt 005 4 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

62


mdash A

8 40 gt -o deggt 35 - en =gt mdash sect 30 _raquo CO

e 25 ltD O d

5 20

1 ^ I I I

T3

C

o

c CO o c o o

0 20 40 60 80 100120140

Residual AG (tha)

u u bull B

80 l

60

40

mdash n bull 20

n i i i i

I

i i i

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)

Figure 61 (A B) Bicarbonate extractable P (bull) and K (bull) (figg dry soil after Colwell 1963) in the top soil (0-15 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand prior to fertilising and planting with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (t AGha) (A) and P (kgha) (B) Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences between levels of AG or P

5 E Q 0 -

20 40 60 80 100120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)

Figure 61 (C D) Phosphorus retention index (PRI) after Allen and Jeffery (1990) in the topsoil (0-15 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand prior to fertilising and planting with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (t AGha) (C) and P (kgha) (D) Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences between levels of AG or P

63


One month after planting there was a significant increase in concentration of Ca Na and pH and a decrease in K concentration with level of residual AG in the soil solution at 15 cm depth There was no significant effect of level of residual AG on the Ec or concentration of Mg S and soluble reactive P (Psr) in the soil solution (Table 62 (a) Fig 62) There was a significant decrease in Ec pH and concentration of Mg Na and an increase in concentration of Ca S and Psr in soil solution with level of residual P

Table 62 (a) Ec (mSm) pH and concentration of nutrients (ugmL) in soil solution 1 month after planting cauliflowers with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (ngmL)

Mg (ugmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (jigmL)

Psrp1

(pgmL)

0 129 75 91 141 105 81 28 05

60 144 77 108 131 121 64 30 06

120 147 76 123 136 120 50 33 04

Lsd2 33 01 14 09 4 7 1 02

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (UgmL)

Mg (ligmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (UgmL)

Psrp1

(VigmL)

0 171 78 107 141 121 68 23 01

100 138 77 104 144 111 58 24 02

300 120 76 103 128 110 63 31 06

600 130 73 117 133 116 71 43 13

Lsd2 20 02 10 11 10 13 7 02

Sig3 ns

Soluble reactive P 2 Least significant difference at P ^ 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

64


3

C

o

o (gt

o in c c o

5 c CD O

o O

3

o

c o

c ltu o c o

o 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)

Figure 62 (A B) Concentration (figmL) of Ca (bull) Mg (bull) Na (A) K (T) and S (bull) in soil solution (0-15 cm) under cauliflower one month after planting with level P residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) (A) and (B) Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in concentration between levels of AG Where bars are not shown Lsd is less than size of symbol

There was a significant increase in Colwell P K and PRI in the topsoil (0-15 cm) and no change in DTPA extractable Zn with level of residual AG one month after planting (Table 62 (b)) As level of residual P increased there was a significant increase in Colwell P and decrease in PRI with no change in Colwell K or DTPA extractable Zn in the topsoil one month after planting


Table 62 (b) Extractable P K Zn and phosphorus retention index of the TopsoU (0-15 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand 1 month after planting of cauliflowers with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG

Ag BicP1 BicK1 Zn2 PRI3

(tha) (Pgg) (Pgg) (Pgg) (mLg)

0 27 41 25 05

60 45 43 26 03

120 50 59 23 07

Lsd4 8 6 05 01

Sig5 ns

p

p (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(Pgg)

Zn2

(l-igg) PRI3

(mLg)

0 9 46 19 12

100 21 47 22 09

300 42 46 25 03

600 90 52 31 -03

Lsd4 7 5 10 02

Sig5 ns ns

1 After Colwell (1963) 2 Extracted in DTPA 3 After Allen and Jeffery (1990) 4 Least significant difference at P ^ 005 5 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

After harvest of cauliflowers there was a significant increase in Colwell P and K total P actual and predicted PRI (PRI and PRIp) with residual AG in the topsoil and subsoil of a Karrakatta sand (Table 63 (a) (b)) There was a significant increase in Colwell P and total P and decrease in Colwell K PRI and PRIp with level of residual P in both the topsoil and subsoil after harvest (Fig 63 (A B))

66


Table 63 Extractable P K total P and phosphorus retention index of the topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand after harvest of cauliflowers with level of residual AIkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(a) Topsoil

AG

AG BicP1 BicK1 TotP2 PPJ3 PPJP4

(tha) (ngg) (Hgg) (Pgg) (mLg) (mLg)

0 16 28 68 10 26

60 25 42 86 15 41

90 25 46 91 16 43

120 26 54 96 18 46

Lsd5 3 9 8 005 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(vigg) TotP2

(ngg) PPJ3

(mLg) PPJP4

(mLg)

0 7 46 58 19 27

25 8 45 63 19 28

50 9 44 64 20 30

100 15 43 72 17 33

300 37 40 103 09 48

600 63 36 152 03 67

Lsd5 3 6 8 03 05

Sig6

1 After Colwell (1963) 2 After Allen and Jeffery (1990) 3 Phosphorus retention index (Allen and Jeffery 1990) 4 Predicted phosphorus retention index (Allen and Jeffery 1990) 5 Least significant difference at P ^ 005 6 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)


120

o lgt 100 bull gt

TJ

rn laquon D ) 3

mdash-

on

60

^^ m i _

c 40 ltigt o c o O 20

160 A (I 140

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 o (0 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 gtraquo 120

^plusmn bull o

^ ^ ^ ^

66

100

^ 3 80

^ mdash ^ tra

tion

60

^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ cen 40

o 20 o 20

I I I I I I I

O

10

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1lt

O

10

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)

Figure 63 (A B) Bicarbonate extractable P (bull) K (bull) and total P (A) in the topsoil (0-15 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand after harvest of cauliflowers with level of residual AIkaloamreggypsum (t AGha) (A) and P (kgha) (B) Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for difference between level of AG or P Lsd not shown when less than size of symbol

68


Table 63 Extractable P K total P and phosphorus retention index of the topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand after harvest of cauliflowers with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(b) Subsoil

AG

AG BicP1 BicK1 TotP2 PRI3 PRJJP4

(tha) (Pgg) (ugg) (ngg) (mLg) (mLg)

0 15 23 69 08 24

60 23 31 82 12 36

90 24 37 91 14 39

120 25 40 90 17 43

Lsd5 4 6 7 01 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(ugg) TotP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) PRIP4

(mLg)

0 6 36 57 18 25

25 8 36 63 17 26

50 8 34 63 17 26

100 13 31 71 15 29

300 33 29 102 08 43

600 61 30 141 03 64

Lsd5 5 5 8 02 05

Sig6



100

o CO

gtlaquo

C

o CO

bull-raquo

c o o o

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)

Figure 63 (A B) Bicarbonate extractable P (bull) K (bull) and total P (A) in the subsoil (0-15 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand after harvest of cauliflowers with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (t AGha) (A) and P (kgha) (B) Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for difference between level of AG or P Lsd not shown when less than size of symbol

Ec pH (CaCl2) and exchangeable Ca and Na in the top and subsoil after harvest increased significantly with level of residual AG whilst there was no change in exchangeable Mg (Table 64 (a) (b)) Whilst there was no change in exchangeable K with level of residual AG in the topsoil there was a significant increase in exchangeable K in the subsoil (Table 64 (b))

70


Table 64 Ec (mSm) pH (CaCl2) and exchangeable cations (me) in topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand with level of residual AIkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P) after harvest of cauliflowers


AG

AG Ec pH Ca1 Mg1 K1 Na1

(tha) (mSm) (CaCl2) (me) (me) (me) (me)

0 29 65 24 027 006 004

60 47 73 32 025 009 010

90 59 77 36 023 015 015

120 66 78 40 025 012 018

Lsd2 07 07 06 005 006 001

Sig3 as ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

PH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 43 73 30 025 001 011

25 46 73 33 026 010 011

50 46 73 32 025 010 011

100 52 74 32 025 010 011

300 56 74 34 024 009 011

600 58 73 37 025 014 012

Lsd2 05 05 03 002 007 -

Sig3 ns ns ns

Exchangeable in 1 m NILt-Cl 2 Least significant difference at P ^ 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)


soil b

A soil

dry

4 _ I dry

I ^5 CD CD

b_ 3 - E c c o o CO at

i

U o CD CD

Xgt j a CO bull| mdash CO CD ogt

m- mdashM- mmdash JZ 0 - +~ -- mdash c CJ o X X LU

i 1 I i i i i LU

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1^ W

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)

Figure 64 (A B) Exchangeable Ca (bull) Mg (bull) K (A) and Na ( bull ) (me) in the topsoil (0-15 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (t AGha) or P (kgha) Vertical bars refers to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in concentration between levels of AG or P Lsd not shown when less than size of symbol

72


Table 64 Ec (mSm) pH (CaCl2) and exchangeable cations (me) in topsoil (0-15 cm) and subsoil (15-30 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand with level of residual AlkaIoamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P) after harvest of cauliflowers


AG



0 34 66 24 026 006 005

60 50 75 33 024 008 010

90 64 78 38 023 01 016

120 68 79 41 024 01 019

Lsd2 05 01 07 006 001 003

Sig3 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 48 75 30 023 009 011

25 51 74 33 026 009 011

50 50 75 34 025 008 013

100 61 75 35 026 008 013

300 57 75 34 022 007 013

600 58 73 38 024 008 013

Lsd2 08 01 04 003 001 003

Sig3 ns

1 Exchangeable in 1 m NH4-CI 2 Least significant difference at P ^ 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)


o 0 oi

4 CO c CO

gt T3 4 _ bull o

0s -5 3 agt CD

fc_ 3 - g

on

o 2 CO 2 CO

u 2

o CD CD 1 X I SI

1 CD 1 CD CD CU

O

n ^ 1 CO n X bull mdashXmdash mdash 1 1 CO U J= n bull - w 1 CO U

o o X X Lil

i i 1 1 i i 1 HI

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)

Figure 64 (C D) Exchangeable Ca (bull) Mg (bull) K (A) and Na (T) (me) in the subsoil (0-15 cm) of a yellow Karrakatta sand with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (t AGha) or P (kgha) Vertical bars refers to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in concentration between levels of AG or P Lsd not shown when less than size of symbol

As level of residual P increased there was a significant increase in exchangeable Ca in the tbpsoil and subsoil but no significant effect on exchangeable Mg K and Na in the topsoil and variable effects on exchangeable Mg and K in the subsoil Ec increased significantly with level of residual P in both the top and subsoil whilst pH in either was effected little by level of applied P

The effect of level of residual AG andP on the concentration of nutrients in cauliflower leaves

The level of residual AG had no effect on the concentrations of N Ca S P S Mg Fe Zn Mn B and Cu in the youngest mature leaves of cauliflowers at buttoning but increased levels significantly reduced the concentration of K (Fig 65 (A B)) As level of residual P increased there was a significant increase in the concentration of K P S Cu and Mn in the YMLs whilst concentrations of N decreased and B concentrations were variable with no clear trends

74


Table 65 Concentration of nutrients (dry weight basis) in youngest mature leaves of cauliflowers at buttoning with level of applied residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(a) Macronutrients

AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 49 42 23 077 040 039 027

60 51 40 23 078 042 036 025

90 51 39 23 079 043 036 025

120 49 39 24 078 042 036 025

Lsd3 03 02 08 009 007 010 004

Sig4 ns ns ns ns ns ns

P N1 K1 Ca2 S2 P1 Na2 Mg2

(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 53 36 22 069 027 033 024

25 51 38 24 071 030 038 026

50 52 40 24 075 034 040 027

100 51 41 24 079 043 041 027

300 48 43 24 087 055 039 026

600 47 42 20 086 060 031 023

Lsd3 02 02 04 003 004 006 003

Sig4 ns ns

1 After Varley (1966) 2 After McQuakerefl (1979) 3 Least significant difference at P lt 005 4 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)


Table 65 Concentration of nutrients (dry weight basis) in youngest mature leaves of cauliflowers at buttoning with level of applied residual AlkaIoamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe (ugg)

Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(ugg) B1

(ugg) Cu1

(ugg)

0 122 31 19 21 28

60 121 32 22 22 30

90 119 36 25 22 32

120 120 29 23 22 29

Lsd2 21 8 6 1 05

sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(Pgg)

Zn1

(ugg) Mn1

Gigg)

B1

(Fgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 112 33 19 22 28

25 120 32 22 22 29

50 125 32 21 23 29

100 132 38 24 23 31

300 129 30 25 22 32

600 106 29 23 21 32

Lsd2 19 6 3 1 03

Sig-3 ns ns

After McQuaker et al (1979) 2 Least significant difference at P ^ 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

The relationship between residual P ie Colwell P and P in YMLs at buttoning were best described by Mitscherlich relationships at all levels of residual AG (Fig 65)

The concentration of P in YMLs corresponding to levels of Colwell P necessary for 95 of maximum yield were 047 050 054 and 048 and for 99 of maximum yield were 053 055 058 and 054 for 0 60 90 and 1201 residual AGha respectively

76


Q

en

3

gt-c 0

07

06

05

04

03

02

01 0

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

A

if 20 40 60 80 100

Colwell P (ugg dry soil)

_ 065

Q S 055

060

tz

ro _ i

gt

120

C bull - - - mdash bull

20 40 60 80 100


120

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

-B

bull

- bull I

I I

bull

i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120

-bull D

I I i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120

Figure 65 P in youngest mature leaves at buttoning () corresponding to Colwell P necessary for 95 (dashed) or 99 (whole) of maximum yield at 0 (A) 60 (B) 90 (C) and 120 (D) t of residual Alkaloamreggypsumha Dashed and whole horizontal lines refers to P in YML corresponding to Colwell P required for 95 and 99 of maximum yield respectively


A y = 05964 - 0763 x exp (-0068) (B2 = 089)

B y = 05855 - 05144 x exp (-00465x) (R2 = 098)

C y = 006058 - 0549 x exp (-00435x) (B2 = 096)

D y = 06399 - 05208 x exp (-00291) (R2 = 097)

77


The effect of level of residual AG andP on the yield of cauliflowers

There was no significant effect of levels of residual AG on the total or marketable yield of cauliflowers However yield responded significantly to levels of applied residual P and the interaction between residual P and AG was significant (Tables 66 (a) (b))

The relationship between Colwell P and total yield was best described by Mitscherlich relationships for all levels of residual AG (Fig 66) The Colwell P required for 95 of maximum total yield was 26 40 48 and 40 ugg dry soil and for 99 35 55 71 and 58 ugg dry soil for 0 60 90 and 1201 residual AGha respectively

Table 66 Curd yield (total and marketable) of cauliflowers (tha) at harvest with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(a) Total

AG p

(kgha) (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 59 64 69 100

25 134 126 123 83

50 139 133 117 143

100 163 200 164 177

300 203 236 198 204

600 215 237 208 194

Ls-d1 36 (AG) 17 (P) 48(AGP) -

Sig2 ns

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 14 14 18 56

25 83 74 84 13

50 90 99 67 99

100 138 188 125 160

300 187 232 182 190

600 206 234 191 185

Lsd1

Sig2

48 (AG)

ns 23 (P)

62(AGP)

-



0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


lt x

UJ gt-Q

o

lt X

Q _ l UJ gt-Q rr D O

24

22

20

18

16 14

12

10

8

6

4

-D

bull

I I

I I

I I

I

^~ bull

i i i i i

20 40 60 80 100120140160


20 40 60 80 100120140160


Figure 66 Colwell P in topsoil (0-15 cm) at planting versus yield of cauliflowers at 0 (A) 60 (B) 90 (C) and 120 (D) tha of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) Dashed and whole vertical lines represent Colwell P required for 95 and 99 of maximum yield respectively


A y = 2088 - 818 x exp (-017x) (i2 = 089)

B y = 23731 - 4578 x exp (-00949) (i2 = 099)

C y = 2051 - 286 x exp (-00697) (R2 = 086)

D y = 2002 - 354 x exp (-0090) (B2 = 086)

79


Discussion

There was no significant reduction in maximum yield (ie A values) of cauliflower (cv Plana) curds grown on Karrakatta sands amended with residual AG from 0 to 120 tha in this work This is in contrast to previous work (Robertson et al 1994) in which maximum curd yields of cauliflowers were significantly reduced with levels of residual AG at 120 tha compared with 0 and 60 tha In both studies concentrations of K were reduced and concentrations of Na were increased in the YML at buttoning with increasing levels of residual AG The increase in concentration of Na and the decrease in concentration of K in the YML with level of applied AG was related to similar changes in the concentrations of these elements in the soil solution with both freshly-applied (Section 5) and residual AG one month after planting As with freshly-applied AG increasing levels of residual AG resulted in increasing levels of Na in the soil (exchangeable) or soil solution however whilst K concentrations in soil solution decreased the K retained by the soil measured as either Colwell K or exchangeable K increased Increasing levels of residual AG resulted in increased pH in the topsoil as with fresh AG but this did not reduce the concentration of Mn Cu and Zn in the YML or increase the concentration of Mo These changes would be expected with increases in soil pH (Porter 1984) The level of Colwell P required for 95 to 99 of maximum yield increased from 26 and 35 ugg dry soil at 01 AGha to 48 and 71 ugg at 901 of residual AGha The level at 1201 AGha was slightly lower ie 40 and 58 ugg These levels are similar to those reported as necessary for 95 and 99 of maximum yield of Arfak cauliflowers 40 and 55 ugg Colwell P in planted in autumn and spring on unamended Karrakatta sands (McPharlin et al 1995) It therefore does not appear that AG amendment increases the residual P as measured by Colwell P requirement of cauliflower significantly This is in contrast to the significantly higher level of applied P necessary to maximise yield when AG is freshly-applied ie from 120-160 to gt 300 kg of Pha at 0 and 1201 AGha respectively (Robertson et al 1994 and Section 5) However requirements of residual (Colwell) P and freshly-applied P are not always correlated For example the Colwell P necessary for the maximum yield of spring and winter-planted lettuce was similar ie 80 to 120 ugg dry soil whereas the level of freshly-applied P required for maximum yield of winter-planted lettuce was 50 higher than in spring (McPharlin et al 1996 McPharlin and Robertson 1997)

References

Allen DG and Jeffery RC (1990) Methods for analysis of phosphorus in Western Australian soils Chemistry Centre of Western Australia Report of Investigation No 37

Barrow NJ (1982) Possibility of using caustic residue from bauxite for improving the chemical and physical properties of sandy soils Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture Research 33 275-285

Colwell JD (1963) The estimation of phosphorus fertiliser requirements of wheat in southern New South Wales by soil analysis Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture Animal Husbandry 3 190-197

Gillman GP and Sumpter EA (1986) Modification to the compulsive exchange method for measuring exchange characteristics of soils Australian Journal of Soil Research 24 616


McPharlin IR Jeffery RC and Pitman DH (1996) Phosphorus requirements of winter planted lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) on a Karrakatta sand and the residual value of phosphate as determined by soil test Australian Journal Experimental Agriculture 36 887-903

80


McPharlin IR Jeffery RC and Weissberg R (1994) Determination of the residual value of phosphate and soil test phosphorus calibration for carrots on a Karrakatta sand Communications in Soil Science Plant Analysis 25 (5-6) 489-500

McPharlin IR and Robertson WJ (1997) Response of spring-planted lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) to freshly-applied and residual phosphorus and to phosphate fertiliser placement on a Karrakatta sand Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture (in press)

McPharlin IR Robertson WJ Jeffery RC and Weissberg R (1995) Response of cauliflower to phosphate fertiliser placement and soil test phosphorus calibration on a Karrakatta sand Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26(3-4) 607-620


Novoa R and Loomis RS (1981) Nitrogen and plant production Plant and soil 58 177-204

Ozanne PG and Shaw TC (1968) Advantages of recently developed phosphate sorption test over the older extractant methods for soil phosphate (ed JW Holmes) pp 273-280 In Transactions of the 9th International Congress of Soil Science Volume 2 Angus and Robertson Sydney Australia

Porter WM (1984) Soil acidity Agriculture Western Australia Farmnote No 6884

Robertson WJ McPharlin IR and Jeffery RC (14) Final report of investigation into the use of gypsum-amended Red Mud as a soil-amendment on horticultural properties on the Swan Coastal Plain Report to HRDC (Project No V0039RO) Department of Agriculture Western Australia

Varley J A 1966 Automatic methods for the determination of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in plant material Analyst 91 119-126


Yuen SH and Pollard AG (1954) Determination of nitrogen in agricultural material by the Nessler reagent IL Microdetermination in plant tissue and soil extracts Journal of Science Food Agriculture 5 364-369


7 RETENTION LEACHING AND RECOVERY OF P AND OTHER NUTRIENTS BY CARROTS GROWN ON A JOEL SAND AMENDED WITH RESIDUAL RED MUD (ALKALOAMreg)GYPSUM (AG) IN LARGE POTS

Introduction

It is difficult to quantify the retention of P by sands amended with Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum (AG) in the field because of native P in the soil and soluble P in the AG (Robertson et al 1994) It is easy to quantify leaching of P and other nutrients such as N and K from AG amended sands in pots or columns by collecting leachate and measuring concentration (McPharlin et al 1995) However plants were not grown in the columns used by McPharlin et al so there was no measurement of plant uptake of P and other nutrients to complete the nutrient budget Potatoes were grown successfully in Spearwood sands in large pots (70 L) and a complete N budget (N applied N retained by soil N leached and uptake by plant) determined (Hegney et al 1996)

Freshly-applied AG may not be in equilibrium with the soil to which it is applied ie the pH Ec and concentrations of elements such as Ca and Na may change rapidly with time The age of the AG may effect its capacity to retain P on amended soils AG may improve the retention of other nutrients such as ammonium N (McPharlin et al 1995) and K (Sections 5 and 6) by amended sands AG which has been applied to sands in the field for at least 2 to 5 years should be close to equilibrium with the soil as substantial leaching would have occurred AG of this age would give the best estimate of its long term capacity to reduce leaching of P and other nutrients from poor grey sands on the Swan Coastal Plain The purpose of this work was to quantify the leaching and retention of P and other nutrients (N Ca K etc) from Joel sands which had been amended with AG at different levels in the field for 14 years Carrots a major vegetable crop grown on the Swan Coastal Plain were used as the experimental crop and grown in these AG amended sands in large pots


Pots

Fibreglass pots used for the experiment were 45 cm in diameter and 50 cm deep The area of soil surface was 016 m2 and the volume was 70 L The bottom of the pots tapered to a hole (diameter) to which was attached a polyethylene hose (length and diameter) and tap The pots were painted white to reduce heat The pots were placed on a metal table (with mesh tops) and the hose passed through a hole in the centre of a lid of a plastic (20 L) bucket

Experimental design

The experimental design was a 4 (levels of residual AG ie 0 125 250 and 1000 tha) times 5 (levels of applied P ie 0 50 100 200 and 400 kgha) factorial in a randomised block with 3 replicates The level of applied AG or Pha was calculated using the area of the soil surface The total number of pots was 60

Soil and Red Mud (Alkaloamreg)gypsum (AG)

Virgin Joel sand was obtained from a commercial garden supply site in Jandakot The top 20 cm of the soil was removed and the rest sieved (15 mm) to remove debris About 20 kg of Joel sand was added to each pot (10 cm depth) Another 60 kg (30 cm depth) of sand was added to the 0 AGha pots to which had been mixed lime and preplant fertilisers (see later) so the surface of the soil was about 10 cm below the top edge of the pot AG amended sand was obtained from a field site in Hope Valley Road Kwinana managed by ALCOA where it had been applied (and incorporated using a rotary hoe) to pastures growing on a Joel sand in 1983 at 0 250 500 and 1000 tha This AG amended sand was added to pots corresponding to 250 and 1000 tha in the field after the preplant fertiliser but not lime was added and was incorporated to a similar depth as in the 01 AGha pots The 125 t AGha treatment was

82


obtained by mixing AG amended sand from the 250 tha field site with an equal weight of Joel sand in a cement mixer

Fertilisers and lime

The following fertilisers (in kgha) were thoroughly mixed (using a cement mixer) with the top 25-30 cm of the soil in each pot before planting Urea (108) K2SO4Q2I) MgS047H20 (100) MnS04H20 (100) Na2B4O710 H20 (50) FeS047H20 (50) CuS045H20 (50) ZnS04H20 (50) and NaMo042H20 (4) To this was added P at 0 50 100 200 and 400 kgha as single superphosphate at each level of residual AG Hydrated lime (Ca (OH)2) was mixed with the preplanting fertilisers on the 0 kg AGha treatment at 36 gpot

N K and Ca were fertigated via the drip irrigation system at 200 200 and 52 mgL using KNO3 NH4NO3 and Ca (N03)2 from immediately after sowing to 140 days after sowing (18 August 1996) MgS047H20 was broadcast at 100 kgha to each pot at weeks 6 and 12

Irrigation

The plants were irrigated using drippers (Netafim 2 Lh pressure compensated with 4 equalisers per pot) at 15 times the average monthly pan evaporation until 160 days after sowing (7 September 1996) Adjustments were made on a daily basis if evaporation was significantly higher or lower than the long term average (Table 71)

Table 71 Irrigation requirements of carrots in pot experiments

Month DAS Lpotday Minutesday

April 1- 27 10 33

May 28- 59 065 21

June 60- 90 044 14

July 91-122 044 14

August 123-154 056 19

September 155-160

Adjusted for 90 efficiency of irrigation system

Rain was excluded from the pots using a movable rain out shelter made of perspex and aluminium This was removed at all other times

Crop management

The soil in each pot was irrigated to field capacity ie so that free drainage occurred Carrot (cv Top Pak) seeds were sown on a 9 x 9 cm spacing and 1 cm deep with 5 seeds per site on 3 April 1996 These were thinned to 14 seedlingspot (88 plantsm2) after emergence (15 April 1996) No application of fungicides or insecticides were necessary

Soil and plant measurements

Soil

Immediately before fertilising and sowing 5 cores (22 diameter x 15 cm deep) were taken from each pot and dried in a force draught oven at 40degC Each sample was analysed for extractable P and K (Colwell 1963) pH (CaCl2 and H20) total P (Allen and Jeffery 1990) PRI (Allen and Jeffery 1990) total N extractable ammonium N (KC1) extractable nitrate N (KC1) organic carbon cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations

83


Leachate

Leachate from each pot was collected in 20 L plastic buckets under the pots each week from the 4 April 1996 to 22 July 1996 PMA (phenyl mercuric acetate) was added to the leachate to prevent contamination Total water volume was measured and sub-samples (200 mL) collected and submitted for analysis of P NH4-N NO3-N K Na Ca S Mg Ec and pH analysis of concentration The quantities leached of the above elements in kgha were calculated from concentration and volume of leachate collected and surface area of soil in pot

Harvest

The plants were harvested on 7 September 1997 and the total marketable and reject root yield determined for each plot

Analysis of data

Analysis of variance (Genstattrade for Windows version 32) was carried out on level of AG and P versus yield (total marketable reject) level of chemical factors in soil after harvest concentration of nutrients in youngest mature leaves at midgrowth tops and roots at harvest and leachate on 22 April 1996 5 May 1996 and 22 July 1996 and quantities of elements leached at each sampling time

Mitscherlich or linear relationships were fitted to level of P versus yield (total) at each level of residual AG P required for 95 and 99 of maximum yield was delivered at each level of residual AG P uptake by carrots was determined from the dry weight and P in tops and roots for each treatment Fertiliser P uptake was determined by deducting uptake on 0 kg Pha treatments at each level of applied AG Fertiliser P retained in the top-soil was determined from the concentration of total P and bulk density P leached was fertiliser leached below 15 cm The P in each plant fraction soil and leached was determine at each level of applied P and AG

Results

Effect of level of residual AG on chemical characteristics of Joel sand

Soil pH (CaCl2 H20) Ec Colwell P phosphorus retention index cation exchange capacity exchangeable Ca and Na and silt and clay all increased with level of residual AG in the top soil (0-15 cm) of a Joel sand before fertilising and sowing (Table 72)


Table 72 Chemical and physical characteristics of Joel sand amended with residual Alkaloam gypsum (AG) in pots before fertilising and sowing of carrots

Level of residual AG

Parameter (tha)

Parameter

0 125 250 1000

pH (H20) 69 77 85 86

pH (CaCl2) 57 71 78 78

Ec (mSm) 4 9 9 11

Ext P (ngg)1 3 9 14 9

PRI2 -02 33 44 77

Total N ()3 - 0039 0044 0060

ExtNH4-N(ngg)4 - 2 2 2

ExtN03-N(ugg)5 - 3 2 5

CEC ()6 30 30 43 35

Exch Ca ()7 133 363 51 70

Exch Mg ()7 036 024 015 021

Exch Na ()7 005 015 015 032

Exch K ()7 007 004 0035 0035

OrgC()8 131 109 092 103

Sand () 977 967 960 910

Silt () 13 15 15 37

Clay () 10 23 25 53

1 Colwell (1963) 2 Phosphorus retention index (Allen and Jeffery 1990) 3 KjeldahlReardon et al 1966 4 Extracted in 1 m KC1 (Reardon et al 1966) 5 Extracted in 1 m KC1 (Best 1976) 6 Gillman and Sumpter (1986) 7 Exchangeable in 1 m NHU-Cl 8 Walkley and Black (1934)

Level of residual AG had no effect on levels of extractable NH4-N NO3-N exchangeable Mg and K or organic carbon After harvest levels of Colwell P K total P PRI Ec pH (CaCk) exchangeable Ca Mg K and Na in the topsoil (0-15 cm) all increase significantly (P lt 005) with level of residual AG (Tables 73 74)

85


Table 73 Extractable P K NH4 total P (tot P) and phosphorus retention index (PRI) of the topsoil (0-15 cm) of a Joel sand after harvest of carrots with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG

AG BicP1 BicK tot P2 PRI3 NIL (tha) (ngg) (Hgg) (ngg) (mLg) (Mfig)

0 33 119 234 -015 137

125 200 117 743 141 27

250 275 197 1258 231 19

1000 204 420 1853 154 30

Lsd5 4 34 129 45 26

Sig6

P

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(Mgfe) totP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) NIL

(ngg)

0 91 215 896 198 58

50 151 223 937 138 54

100 144 226 1005 126 62

200 182 193 1043 128 42

400 323 210 1231 116 52

Lsd5 48 39 144 50 29

Sig6 s | e ns ns

1 Colwell 1963 2 Allen and Jeffery 1990 3 Phosphorus retention index (Allen and Jeffery 1990) 4 Extracted in 1 m KC1 (Best 1976) 5 Least significant difference at P s 005 6 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

By contrast levels of extractable NH4-N decreased significantly with level of residual AG Colwell P total P Colwell K all increased significantly (P lt 005) with level of applied P whilst PRI was decreased significantly Level of applied P had no significant effect on Ec pH or level of exchangeable Ca Mg K Na Colwell K or extractable NHu-N in the topsoil after harvest (Tables 73 74)


Table 74 Ec (mSm) pH (CaCl2) and exchangeable cations (me) in topsoil (0-15 cm) of a Joel sand after harvest of carrots with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

AG



0 157 44 18 016 026 010

125 147 54 23 014 026 015

250 217 66 40 017 041 027

1000 308 76 135 027 096 094

Lsd2 32 01 07 002 005 005

sig3

p

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 202 59 52 019 048 035

50 195 60 53 018 050 036

100 203 60 57 019 048 039

200 202 60 57 018 045 040

400 236 59 51 017 046 034

Lsd2 35 01 08 002 006 005


Exchangeable in 1 m NH4CI 2 Least significant difference at P s 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

Effect of level of residual AG and P on concentration of nutrients in leachate and quantities of nutrients leached

There was a significant (P lt 005) reduction in concentration of P in leachate with level of residual AG at three times of sampling (Fig 71) P concentration in leachate increased significantly with level of applied P at 01 AGha but not in presence of AG

P concentration in leachate at 01 AGha decreased with time from 80 mgL on 16 April 1996 at 400 kg Pha to 025 mgL on 22 July 1996 To reduce P concentration in leachate 125 t AGha was as effective as 250 or 1000 tha at all sampling times and levels of applied P Similar trends were shown in quantity of leached P as total or soluble reactive P in kgha (Appendix 71 (b) 72) Level of applied AG significantly (P lt 005) reduced the concentration of NH4-N in leachate from 40 mgL at 01 AGha to 15 mgL at 250 and 1000 tha (Fig 72 (a)) on 16 April 1996 Significant reductions in concentration were recorded on the other two sampling times as NH4-N concentration declined with increased plant uptake Similar trends were shown in the quantity of NH4-N leached with level of AG (Appendix 72 (b)) By contrast level of applied AG had no significant effect on concentration of NO3-N in leachate or quantity leached at any of the three sampling times (Fig 72 (b) and Appendix 73 (b)) There was a significant (P lt 005) reduction in concentration of K in leachate and quantity of K leached with level of residual AG although the reduction was less at the later sampling times (Fig 73 Appendix 73 (a)) Concentration of K in leachate increased

87


with time at all levels of residual AG except 1000 tha By contrast both the concentration of Na in leachate and quantity of Na increased with level of residual AG to a maximum at the highest level (1000 tha) There was a reduction in Na concentration in leachate with time at level of residual AG lt 1000 tha The concentration of Ca in leachate increased significantly (P lt 005) as did quantity leached with level of residual AG and with time at all levels of AG (Fig 74 Appendix 74 (a)) By contrast concentration of Mg in leachate and quantity leached decreased significantly (P lt 005) with level of residual AG and with time at all levels of AG (Fig 78 and Appendix 78 (a)) There was a significant (P lt 005) increase in S concentration in leachate and quantity leached with level of residual AG at the first sampling time a decrease at the second and a increase up to 250 tha at the third sampling (Fig 79 Appendix 79 (a)) S concentration in leachate and quantity leached varied significantly with level of applied P at all sampling times and decreased with time from 16 April 1996 to 22 July 1996 (Fig 79 and Appendix 79 (a))


deg E

c o

o O

c ltD

O

c o

I O

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0

A p p l i e d P ( k g h a )

5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0

A p p l ie d P

3 0 0

k g h a )

4 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0

A p p l i e d P ( k g h a

4 0 0 5 0 0

Figure 71 Concentration of P (mgL of total P) in leachate from Joel sands sown to carrots with level of applied P and Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) at 0 (bull) 125 (bull) 250 (A) and 1000 (T) tha on 16 April 1996 (A) 6 May 1996 (B) and 22 July 1996 (C) P was applied preplanting as superphosphate and carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in concentration between level of AG (at each level of P) or P (at each level of AG) or the interaction between AG and P Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol

89


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

L e v e l o f r e s i d u a A G ( t ha )

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

L e v e l o f r e s i d u a l A G ( t h a )

Figure 72 Concentration (mgL) of NBU-N (A) and NO3-N (B) in leachate from Joel sand sown to carrots amended with residual AlkaIoamreggypsum (AG) in pots on 16 April 1996 (bull) 6 May 1996 (bull) and 22 July 1996 (A) The carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 N was fertigated at a constant concentration of 300 mgL (250 mgL of NO3-N and 50 mgL NH4-N) from sowing to harvest Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in concentration between level of AG at each sampling time Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol


200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Level of AG (tha)

200 400 600 800

Level of AG (tha)

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

Figure 73 Concentration (mgL) of K (A) and Na (B) in leachate from Joel sand sown to carrots amended with residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) in pots on 16 April 1996 (bull) 6 May 1996 (bull) and 22 July 1996 (A) The carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 K was fertigated at a constant concentration of 200 mgL from sowing to harvest Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in concentration between level of AG at each time Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol

91


Effect of level of residual AG and P on concentration of nutrients in plants The concentration of K P Fe Cu Mn and Mo in the youngest mature leaves (YML) of carrots at midgrowth all increased significantly with level of residual AG (Tables 75 (a) (b)) The concentration of S in YML at midgrowth was significantly reduced as level of residual AG increased whilst concentrations of Ca Na Mg Zn and B were variable

Table 75 Concentration of nutrients ( dry basis) in youngest mature leaves of carrot at midgrowth with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

K1 Ca2 S2 P1 Na2 Mg2

0 486 229 061 025 050 039

125 584 186 060 033 047 034

250 585 216 058 033 044 035

1000 531 215 056 031 052 037

Lsd3 03 02 004 0017 005 003

Sig4

p

P (kgha)


0 538 198 062 029 037 036

50 523 222 061 028 043 037

100 562 208 056 030 049 035

200 548 216 057 032 058 037

400 563 214 056 035 054 036

Lsd3 033 022 004 002 006 003

Sig4 ns ns ns

1 After Varley (1966) 2 After McQuaker et al (1979) 3 Least significant difference at P s 005 4 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)


Table 75 Concentration of nutrients ( dry basis) in youngest mature leaves of carrot at midgrowth with level of residual Alkaloam gypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe Mn1 Zn B Cu Mo

0 111 386 280 345 95 21

125 127 279 367 348 107 25

250 126 173 269 349 108 24

1000 114 60 143 337 110 31

Lsd2 20 47 40 15 05 06

Sig3 ns ns

p

p (kgha) Fe Mn Zn B Cu Mo1

0 135 243 263 356 120 28

50 122 240 268 349 111 30

100 109 191 229 343 106 25

200 116 228 268 334 99 23

400 115 221 294 341 89 20

Lsd2 23 52 45 15 051 07

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

1 After McQuaker et al (1979) 2 Least significant difference at P s 005 3 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)

Concentration of P S and Na in YML increased significantly (P lt 005) with level of applied P whilst concentrations of Cu and Mo decreased (Tables 75 (a) (b)) By contrast concentrations of K Ca Mg Fe Mn Zn and B were not significantly changed by level of applied P

93


At harvest the concentration of P N K and Fe in whole tops increased significantly (P lt 005) with level of residual AG whilst concentration of S Mn Zn and B decreased (Table 76) The concentrations of Ca Na and Mg were variable with level of residual AG whilst there was no significant effect on the concentration of Cu

Table 76 Concentration of nutrients ( dry basis) in whole carrot tops at harvest with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P)

(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

N1 K1 Ca2 S2 P1 Na2 Mg2

0 300 503 269 071 016 093 039

125 348 649 239 065 024 090 035

250 395 653 251 061 022 082 033

1000 351 566 262 066 024 099 037

Lsd3 010 036 011 002 001 009 002

Sig4

p

p (kgha)


0 355 589 240 073 019 074 035

50 343 597 258 068 020 082 036

100 339 587 257 068 021 098 038

200 339 580 259 063 022 108 037

400 332 608 263 057 024 095 036

Lsd3 011 041 012 002 001 010 002

Sig4 ns

1 After Varley (1966) 2 After McQuakere al (1979) 3 Least significant difference at P s 005 4 Significance at lt 0001 () lt 001 () lt 005 () level or not significant (ns)



(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1 Mn1 Zn1 B1 Cu1

0 299 962 234 402 109

125 316 952 184 404 107

250 331 662 110 380 110

1000 374 673 77 383 115

Lsd2 90 106 20 002 05

Sig3 ns ns

p

p (kgha) Fe1 Mn1 Zn1 B1 Cu1

0 294 969 158 409 125

50 392 837 144 393 117

100 364 747 141 396 114

200 267 712 159 387 105

400 332 bull 796 154 377 89

Lsd2 101 118 23 13 05

Sig3 ns ns


As level of applied P increased concentration of P Ca and Na in whole tops increased significantly (P lt 005) whilst concentrations of N S Mn B and Cu decreased There was no significant effect of level of applied P on concentrations of K Fe or Zn in whole tops whilst concentration of Mg was variable

Effect oflevel of residual AG and P on carrot yield

There was a significant (P lt 005) increase in total and marketable yield with level of applied P at all levels of applied AG (Table 77) The overall effect of AG was to reduce both total and marketable yield at the highest level (1000 cf 0 to 2501 AGha) especially at low levels of applied P (ie 0 to 50 kg Pha) At higher levels of applied P yield at 2501 AGha was not significantly (P lt 005) lower than at 125 tha

95

i 7 1 smdash

tz i

Least

en r 4^ t o t mdash 2 Cgt t1

4 t o 1 mdash l

E

Least era

sd

P P

p p

p p

U i p p 0 f Cro

to

sd

copy P

p copy

P copy

Ui copy o

o bull bull v~ re anceat

a

anceat

ficant

4 igtgt U ) 1mdashraquo Imdashraquo

o Os OJ 4^ Ugt Imdash

A

ficant ns

SO 0 0 0 0 t o U i t o ns

Kgt O 00 tmdashraquo U l t O

o

ns

(AG

)

U ) 4^ p 4 ^ t o P

ns r ^ U ) oo copy H - 0 0

copy o

iffere

ns

(AG

)

0 0 +- o 4 U i

ns AG

)

vmdash tmdashi Os s o tmdashbull

^bullv B o B o

a po Os t o t o H- 1mdash

imdash copy OJ U ) U ) OJ U )

A IA

p

-

58 09 52 50 Os t o

copy

49

so 1 mdash

85

copy 1mdash

i- 00

TOO IA

p

(P) ^ 4 U i Os 00 U i (P)

+raquo t o Os OJ 0 0

- copy Ui

AG

tha)

copy Ui

Hmdash

AG

tha) Kgt

t o t o 1 mdash 1 gt_ H- O 4 4 U ) U ) LO

A copy U l bull mdash OJ t o Ugt t o B Os t o t o UJ 1mdash

o

AG

0 0 00 H-raquo U i SO U i CO

AG

h - bull OJ H - w copy

deg

AG

~ J t o so Os 4^ O CO

AG

U ) t - so 0 0 copy

T) Tgt

evel t o _ M 1mdash 4^ I j j _ t O H-

evel o 4 OJ 1mdash U) bull mdash U ) w SO copy 4^ o i ^ t o copy tmdash U i P

copy

i 0 0 t o 0 0 Ui t o U i U i OS OJ P

copy mdash Lh 0 0 Os Ui B o t-t-en 1

a-

to Ui

to Ui copy

copy copy copy

CO tro bull

^


However at 10001 AGha total and marketable yield was significantly lower than 0 tha at all levels of applied P The relationship between level of applied P and total yield was described as linear at 0 250 and 10001 AGha and Mitscherlich at 125 AG tha (Fig 76) As yield did not maximise at 0 250 and 1000 t AGha no optimal level of applied P for 95 or 99 of maximum yield could be determined At 125 t AGha the level of applied P necessary for 95 and 99 of maximum yield was 182 and 314 kg Pha respectively

Effect of level of AG and P on efficiency of P recovery by plants and retention in soil

The proportion () of P recovered in the carrot roots and tops decreased with level of applied P increasing from 8 to 12 to 5 to 8 of depending on level of AG (Table 78) There was a reduction in P recovered in roots tops and whole plant as level of AG increased For example P recovered by whole plants at 01 AGha at 400 kg Pha was 8 but this had declined to 5 at 10001 AGha

Table 78 The of applied fertiliser P taken up by carrots grown in pots (tops roots) retained in the topsoil or leached with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) and phosphorus (P) on a Joel sand

P in Fraction AG P ( of P applied )

(tha) (kgha) TopsA Roots2 Plant(A+B) Soil2 Leached3

0 50 2 9 11 3 86

0 100 2 8 10 13 77

0 200 2 6 8 2 90

0 400 2 6 8 3 89

125 50 4 8 12 73 15

125 100 2 8 10 18 72

125 200 2 6 8 30 62

125 400 1 4 5 18 77

250 50 3 7 10 0 90

250 100 2 4 6 0 94

250 200 1 4 5 0 95

250 400 1 4 5 12 83

1000 50 2 6 8 75 17

1000 100 2 5 7 67 26

1000 200 2 5 7 45 48

1000 400 1 4 5 41 55

P in fraction expressed as of P applied as fertiliser 2 P retained in topsoil (0-15 cm) 3 P leached below 15 cm

By contrast of applied P retained in topsoil varied with level of AG For example only 3 of P was retained in topsoil at 400 kg Pha and 01 AGha where as this had increased to 41 at 10001 AGha at the same level of applied P Consequently the of P leached decreased as level of AG increased For example at 01 AGha and 400 kg Pha nearly 90 of applied P leached below 15 cm This had been reduced to 55 at 10001 AGha and the same level of applied P

97


Table 79 Fertiliser P leached (kgha) and P leached as a of P applied from a Joel sand sown to carrots with level of residual Alkaloam gypsum (AG) and P after harvest The P was then applied as superphosphate prior to planting The carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 P leached is expressed as a percentage of P applied

AG (tha)

P (kgha)

P leached1

(kgha) P leached

( P applied)

0 50 41 82

0 100 78 78

0 200 158 79 0 400 311 78

125 50 2 4

125 100 3 3

125 200 10 5 125 400 27 7

250 50 1 2

250 100 3 3 250 200 4 2

250 400 7 2 1000 50 02 lt1 1000 100 05 lt1

1000 200 1 lt1

1000 400 2 lt1

1 Fertiliser P leached = total P leaclied - P leached at 0 kg Pha (ie background P) 2 (Fertiliser P leachedP applied x 100)


O)

pound CD

o TO

(D

o

(0 l _

c

o c o o

pound

(0

o to

c o

TO tmdash

c 0) o c o o

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


Figure 74 Concentration (mgL) of Ca (A) and Mg (B) in leachate from Joel sand sown to carrots amended with residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) in pots on 16 April 1996 (bull) 6 May 1996 (bull) and 22 July 1996 (A) The carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 Ca was applied preplanting as superphosphate and fertigated at a constant concentration of SO mgL from sowing to harvest AG was applied preplanting and in weeks 6 (15 May 1996) and 12 (25 June 1996) Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in concentration between level of AG at each time Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol

99


CD

CO

x o CO CD

c o

bull4-

CO

c CD O c o O

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

L e v e l of r e s i d u a l A G ( t ha )

0 100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0

L e v e l of r e s i d u a l P ( k g h a )

5 0 0

Figure 75 The concentration of S (mgL) in leachate from Joel sands sown to carrots with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) (A) and P (B) on 16 April 1996 (bull) 6 May 1996 (bull) 22 July 1996 (A) The carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 S was applied preplanting as K2S04 and in superphosphate Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in concentration between level of AG (A) or P (B) at each sampling time Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol

100


ID

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

lb 70

70 C

60 65 -

60

55 dt

ha 50

40

50

45 bull A

Yie

30

40 _ 20

35 i i i i 35 0 100 200 300 400 5( 50 10

Applied p (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

Figure 76 Total yield of carrots with level of freshly-applied P at four levels of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) (A B C D = 01252501000 tha) Vertical dashed and whole lines refer to applied P necessary to 95 (dashed) or 99 (whole) of maximum yield respectively

The equations of the fitted lines are

A y = 10943 - 9377 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

B y = 6l7- 2848 x exp (-00122) (i2 = 099)

C y = 3842+ 0083x (J2 = 097)

D y = 238 + 0l07x(R2 = 096)


101


Discussion

The addition of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) resulted in a significant reduction in the concentration of P NH4-N K and Mg in the leachate from Joel sands sown to carrots in large pots The reduction in P concentration is attributed to an increase in the level of iron and aluminium oxides when AG is applied to soils low in these minerals (Barrow 1982) Consequently all soil measurements of P status or retention such as total P Colwell P and phosphorus retention index as well as Ec and pH all increased with level of applied residual AG Similar reductions in phosphorus leaching or increases in P retention have been reported when Gavin (Vlahos et al 1989) or Joel (Sections 4 and 5 McPharlin et al 1994 Robertson et al 1997) sands were amended with fresh or residual AG (Sections 4 and 6 Robertson et al 1994)

The reduced leaching of cations such as NH4-N K and Mg is attributed to an increase in captain exchange capacity (CEC) when sands of low CEC are amended with AG (Barrow 1982 McPharlin et al 1994) Consequently NO3-N retention is not increased when soils are amended with residual (Fig 72) or freshly-applied AG (McPharlin et al 1994) The increased leaching of Na Ca and S from amended sands is attributed to the Alkaloamreg as a source of these elements either in the Alkaloamreg itself (Na2C03) or after amendment with gypsum (CaS042H20) which precipitates CaC03 and Na2S04 The Na2S04 is very soluble as is easily leached whereas Ca is only slightly soluble as gypsum and insoluble as lime Vlahos et al (1989) reported increased leaching of Na Ca and S from Gavin sands treated with copper as (FeS04) amended Alkaloamreg compared with unamended controls in the short term and a decrease in the longer term Concentrations of P in the YML at midgrowth or tops at harvest increased with level of applied P and also with level of residual AG from 025 at 0 t AGha to 031 at 10001 AGha By contrast freshly-applied AG reduced the concentration of P in the YML from 043 on unamended to 030 on amended Joel sands (Robertson et al 1997) Even at the highest level of applied P the concentration of P in the YML 035 was still lower than that shown to be necessary for maximum yield of carrots (ie 038 McPharlin et al 1992) This could explain why the yield wasnt maximised in three out of the four AG treatments On the treatment that yield was maximised 125 t AGha the highest concentration of P ie 038 was recorded The difference in trends of P in petioles with AG between the 2 studies could be explained in terms of the relative leaching of P or addition of P in the AG itself On the virgin Joel sand used in the pot study leaching of P was significant enough to reduce leaf P in the unamended versus amended treatments For example the P in YML was significantly lower in the 01 AGha than at all other levels of residual AG at all levels of applied P up to 200 kgha For example the P in YML at 01 AGha ranged from 020 to 027 at 0 and 200 kg Pha respectively whilst at 125 t AGha the P was 032 to 038 over the same levels of applied P (Appendix 71) This suggests that loss of P from the top soil is severely limiting the uptake of P by the plant in the absence of AG The phosphorus retention of virgin Joel sands is almost negligible with a PRI of close to 0 (Table 72 McPharlin et al 1994 Robertson et al 1997) By contrast the P retention of Joel sands appears to be increased following development possibly by the addition of iron in irrigation water and organic and inorganic fertilisers For example the estimate of PRI (PREM) ie PRI plus P as Colwell P measured in the developed Joel sands used by Robertson et al was 40 in the topsoil (0-15 cm) of the unamended treatment Thus in these soils P retention is high enough to reduce availability when AG is added and explains the reduced levels of P in the YML as level of AG is increased The contribution of AG to the P nutrition of the plant is an unlikely explanation as it didnt increase P levels in the plant when applied fresh (Robertson et al 1997)

Previous work showed that concentrations of K in the petioles of potatoes (Section 4 Robertson et al 1997) and youngest mature leaves in cauliflower (Robertson et al 1994 Sections 5 and 6) declined with level of freshly-applied and residual AG

With potatoes the decline in K concentrations was associated with a decrease in K concentration in the soil solution and an increase in Na concentrations in soil solution and petioles on fresh and residual AG treatments (Section 4 Robertson et al 1997) This was

102


used to explain yield reductions on fresh AG sites at gt 60 tha or on residual sites at 240 tha With cauliflower the findings were variable Where yield was reduced (Robertson et al 1994) it could not be explained in terms of K nutrition as K concentrations in the YML did not decline to levels expected to result in deficiency In follow up work neither fresh or residual AG up to 240 tha resulted in yield reduction although there was a reduction in K concentrations in the YML but not below critical levels (Sections 5 and 6) By contrast concentrations of K in the YML of carrots increased with level of residual AG up to 1000 tha as did exchangeable K in the soil Similar increases in K concentration in YML of Chinese and Head cabbage with level of AG on Joel sands have been reported previously (Robertson et al 1994)

Yield response of carrots to applied P at various levels of residual AG was variable on Joel sands in this work For example yield with level of applied P reach a plateau at 125 t AGha (ie 182 and 314 kg Pha for 95 and 99 of maximum yield from the Mitscherlich regression) However at other levels of applied AG including 0 tha yield had not maximised at the highest level of applied P (400 kgha) This is surprising considering that on higher P retaining soils such as Karrakatta sands yield is maximised at much lower levels of applied P (ie 160 to 180 kgha) at a similar low P soil test (McPharlin et al 1992 1994) in the absence of AG Also on Joel sands yields of carrots at medium to low P soil test (16 to 20 ugg Colwell P) only 50 kg Pha was necessary for maximum yield (McPharlin et al Lantkze and McPharlin unpublished data) The only possible explanation is that leaching of P was significant enough in the absence of AG that increased levels of applied P were required to satisfy crop requirements The increase in P fertiliser requirement as level of applied AG increases as shown in this work above 125 tha is similar to that reported previously for Chinese and Head cabbage cauliflower lettuce onions (Robertson et al 1994) and potatoes (Robertson et al 1997) It is explained by increased P retention capacity of the soil when AG is applied and measured by PRI Colwell and Total P and similar measurements

References


Barrow NJ (1982) Possibility of using caustic residue from bauxite for improving the chemical and physical properties of sandy soils Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 33 275-285

Best EK (1976) An automated method for the determination of nitrate-nitrogen in soil extracts Queensland Journal of Agriculture and Annual Science 33 161-166


Hegney M A McPharlin IR and Jeffery RC (1997) Response of winter-grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L) to freshly-applied and residual phosphorus on a Karrakatta sand Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37 131-137

McPharlin IR Alymore PM and Jeffery RC (1992) Response of carrots (Daucus carota L) to applied P and P leaching on a Karrakatta sand under two irrigation regimes Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32 225-232

McPharlin IR Jeffery RC and Weissberg R (1994) Determination of the residual value of phosphate and soil test phosphorus calibration for carrots on a Karrakatta sand Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25 (5-6) 489-500

103


McPharlin IR Robertson WJ Jeffery RC and Weissberg R (1995) Response of cauliflower to phosphate fertiliser placement and soil test phosphorus calibration on a Karrakatta sand Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26(3amp4) 607-620


Reardon J Foreman JA and Serai RL (1966) New reactants for the determination of ammonia Clinica Chemica Acta 14 403-405

Robertson WJ McPharlin IR and Jeffery RC (1994) Final report of investigation into the use of gypsum-amended Red Mud as a soil-amendment for horticultural properties on the Swan Coastal Plain Final Report of HRDC Project No V0039 RO

Robertson WJ Jeffery RC and McPharlin IR (1997) Residues from bauxite-mining (Red Mud) increase phosphorus retention of a Joel sand without reducing yield of carrots Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 28 (13 amp 14) 1059-1079

Varley JA (1966) Automatic methods for the determination of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in plant material Analyst 91 119-126


Walkley A and Black I (1934) An examination of the Degtjareff method of determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method Soil Science 37 29-38


104


CO JC

5)

CD

sz o CD CD

0 200 400 600 800

Level of residual AG(tha)

1000 1200

Appendix 71 (b) P leached (kgha) from Joel sands sown to carrots amended with residual Alkaloanrgypsum (AG) in pots on 16 April 1996 (week 3) (bull) 6 May 1996 (week 6) (bull) and 22 July 1996 (week 16) ( bull ) P was applied preplanting as superphosphate and carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in quantities of P leached between level of AG (across all levels of applied P) at each sampling time Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol Data from Appendix 71 (a)

105


200 400 600 800

Level ofresidual AG(tha)

1 000 1 200

2 00

18 0 -

~ 160

copy

deg 1 40

1 2 0

100 -

80 200 400 600 800

Level of residual AG (tha)

1000 1200

Appendix 73 (b) 74 (b) Ammonium-N (A) and Nitrate-N (B) leached (kgha) from Joel sands sown to carrots amended with residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) in pots on 16 April 1996 (week 3) (bull) 6 May 1996 (week 6) (bull) and 22 July 1996 (week 16) (A) N was fertigated postplanting as NH4-N and NO3-N and carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 Vertical bars refer to differences in quantities of N leached between level of AG (across all levels of applied P) at each sampling time Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol Data from Appendices 73 (a) 74 (a)

106


A 1 8 0

1 6 0

1 4 0

1 2 0 -

1 0 0

8 0

6 0 -

4 0 - I~~ - ^ gt ^

2 0

I

^ - ^ 1 0

I i i i i i

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0

L e v e l o f r e s i d u a l AG (th a )

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 12 00

Appendix 75 76 K (A) and Na (B) in leachate from Joel sand sown to carrots amended with residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) in pots on 16 April 1996 (week 3) (bull) 6 May 1996 (week 6) (bull) and 22 July 1996 (week 16) (A) The carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 K was fertigated at a constant concentration of 200 mgL from sowing to harvest and Na was a constituent of AG Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in quantities of K and Na leached between level of AG (across all levels of applied P) at each time Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol

107


40

ha

)

35 ^ D )

30 bull o

25 o CD jD 20 O )

^ 1 5

1 0

5

200 400 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0

L e v e l of r e s i d u a l AG ( t ha)

200 4 0 0 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0


Appendix 77 78 Ca (A) and Mg (B) in leachate from Joel sand sown to carrots amended with residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) in pots on 16 April 1996 (bull) 6 May 1996 (bull) and 22 July 1996 (A) The carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 Ca was applied preplanting as superphosphate (and as a constituent of AG) and fertigated at a constant concentration of 50 mgL from sowing to harvest Mg was applied preplanting and in weeks 6 (15 May 1996) and 12 (25 June 1996) Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in quantity of Ca and Mg leached between level of AG (across all levels of applied P) at each sampling time Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol Data from Appendices 77 (a) and 78 (a)

108


200 400 600 800


1000 1200

Appendix 79 S (mgL) in leachate from Joel sands sown to carrots with level of residual Alkaloamreggypsum (AG) 16 April 1996 (week 3) (bull) 6 May 1996 (week 6) (bull) 22 July 1996 (week 16) (A) The carrots were sown on 3 April 1996 S was applied preplanting as K2S04 in superphosphate and as a constituent of AG Vertical bars refer to Lsd (P lt 005) for differences in quantity of S leached between level of AG (A) or P (B) at each sampling time Where bars arent shown Lsd is less than size of symbol Data from Appendix 79 (a)

109

on-

3 05

o pound OS ffi 3 pr os v h - -

13 cn to bull

gt bulla i - t

K bdquo so SO C

4i to imdash TOOOOOOMUtONIOWi- gtmdash H-H-Imdash H-O O O Lnw OOOOOOlnUlUlUHAUiMWMWWW OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOUiLrtUiUiUiLftOOOOOO 5 O

poundr r r

amp g pound 2 S 2 S S 2 g s Jgt O 05 OS 05 05 03 03 Q^9 S 3 3 3 3 3 3

- - 2 -I1- to bull - bull 4 to i-- lt 4^ to gtmdash O O O U l f j O O O U i fjgt copy copy O Ln f j O O O L n O O O O O 0 5 O O O O O 0 5 O O O O O D 5 O O O O O

3 3 3

( O mdash to ~J 4- imdash H -0 U M H H y i W p O O p p o p p ^ O p O p f J laquo JO copy p copy SO LO H - 00 O H -Lo hraquo bo U- to o bo LO imdash H- to copy copy gtmdash bs Lo -j Lo Lo imdash bs to imdash bo bs gtmdash imdash bo -j bo LO gtmdash C s O O J i ^ 1 mdash L n L n s O h O L n t O O s O O - J U ) O O M ^ S ) H - 0 0 v l O - O v l b J h - laquo N ) i -

H - H - LO h - H -Ul M f J O U l W M p p O O O p O O O O | - O p gt - W t - O copy copy 4 p SO copy _ON copy imdash ON Lo to to so Lo to to to H- H- Hmdash Ln Lo lti mdash Lo gtmdash Lo -4 In -o Ln io bo bs Imdash so bs -J SO t O C T 4 i L n 4 raquo - L O H - 4 i - S O - J O 0 0 0 4 gt 0 0 h - M v O v l J i i O U M U i 0 VO raquo 00 U

bullmdash t o ugt t o gtmdash 00 bull LO LO - J LO to copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy mdash copy copy copy copy H - to H - copy copy O copy copy ON 4 00 copy SJ J-raquo bs -4 to bo to Lo imdash to Imdash H- i-i - ui copy bs LO Lo io copy bs to Ln 4 to to Lo -J 4 - copy so ^ t O O O - mdash C S 4 ^ 0 0 copy raquo - 0 0 t O L n t O l O ~ J L n - L O bullgt i s raquo bull raquo raquo laquo raquo gt -

K gt 4 ^ L n L n L n L O N l L O ^ - o L 0 4 ^ L n

- tO Cs t o gtmdash gtmdash t o t o a - j w o o o o p p p p p p gt - p p M M i - p p o t o gt e gt j H - i - _ L gt^ v u- - bullmdash lt i gt mdash L L ^ I K ^ L I V ^J 0 ^ - w ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 0 ^

W00UIH-O0UÎ- H-00WraquoUI Ln to copy 4- bo Lo copy Ln imdash to to imdash H- H- bs In bo to deg4st to copy In Lo ON LA LO 4 as to -J copy Lo O 0 0 ^ raquo O U I U I - V 1 0 0 4 LO to 4- Nraquo Ln S J O O - - - mdash ~ -

05

Imdash copy copy N ) U M H copy copy copy O p p copy p p p O O O O | - O O O O O 1 v l U) O

Lo Lo oo 4 Lo Lo copy to gtmdash Lo H- imdash copy copy Lo bo to gtmdashbull U- Ln Lo as to to - ON gtmdashbull ON copy as -a ~J SO 00 v ) N i U J a 4 ^ ^ W gt - O O U i O O U O ^ K I O I O O J t O O ^ S ) U -0ON1mdash

ltJ1

H- O copy Ln JO bullmdash copy copy copy copy O copy copy copy O copy copy copy copy copy copy Imdash copy copy copy copy -O SO copy 4raquo- Ni copy Lo bs OS Lo bo Lo o to imdash Lo imdash imdash copy O Lo -J +- to imdash copy bull to Ln to imdash H- imdash bullmdash bo i n bs OsOOimdashOOUJas-mdash CTs00-Pgt-P-~JOstO^ H V I O W V ) S O W I S O 0 U laquo W W H

OS

M O O ^ N ^ O O O O O O O p O O O O p p O M O O O O U i ^ - J U l o o copy copy -(^ to imdash H- bs to i-gt Lo H- bullmdash copy copy Sgt ~J to to imdash copy + Lo jt to H- copy -o Ln bs scopy copy Ln W U i 0 raquo O O O 0 0 0 + gt M O 0 O i - - a i - gt - O 0 0 W S 0 t O S 0 V 0 - J U 0 0 s 0 0 0

~J

copy p copy i-o _bullmdash copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy gtmdash copy copy copy copy tmdash y LO gtmdash copy oo 4raquo Lo Lo -o bo bull(raquo gtmdash gtmdashbull Lo mdashbull H- copy copy to bs Lo to imdashraquo copy It- copy Ln H- imdashbull copy - bullmdash Lo copy Ln i -U i K gt 0 0 gt - lt U 0 0 O 0 U i ^ U ^ 0 0 U i v ) ^ ^ O U U i H V 0 l A 0 U V 0 H a M O ^ W

00

copy p copy to copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy bullmdash copy copy copy copy yj so to _bullmdash copy -o Lo Lo -j Lo - j Lo imdash imdash to copy copy copy copy bullmdash Ln to imdash copy copy Lo copy poundraquo K- U copy bs Imdashgt - j +raquo to j^ O U gt gt b laquo gt - 0 ^ 0 0 V O S 0 ^ 4 ^ V O M U U U U i O O ^ V O S 3 ^ ^ 0 U v J U i U i M

SO

o o p M M o o o p o o o p p p p p p p p p M p p p o to as w M o o ^ to H- copy copy gt to hmdash imdash to i-gt -t copy copy to bs to copy copy o Lo copy +gt imdash imdash copy Lo to ]mdash 42 0 to I S gt M S 0 4 ^ 0 U I O N O M O S U O U I N M U I laquo S O U I V 1 ^ O O S gt - 0 V J O I - 0 laquo U I

copy

copy O copy bullmdash copy copy copy copy p copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy p copy copy copy copy O p 1- bull to p O O Lo I-- bullmdash lti Lo gt-gt copy imdash to imdash copy copy copy imdash Ln to i-laquo copy copy to - j 4 i_ 0 copy Ln to copy so 41 to O U i W J ^ O W O O ^ ^ M S O U i ^ v o ^ h - S J O W S O J i W ^ O O I O O O U i U i O v O O -

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 O 5 O 5 O 5 O 5 0 5 amp 5 0 5 0 5 a 5 0 5 O 5 O 5 O 5 O 3 O 5 O 5 O 5 0 5 B 5 0 5 amp 5 amp 5 0 5 O 5 amp 5 0 5 O 5 0 5 amp 5 O 5 O 5 O 5 to

to

copy copy O copy copy copy O O copy copy O copy copy copy copy O copy copy O O copy O copy copy O O copy tO H- copy copy copy to Imdash H- Lo Lo to H- gtmdash 0 gtmdash 0 gtmdashgt copy copy H- Lo to imdashbull copy copy to Ln to gtmdashbull copy copy Lo -J 0 4^ Lo sgt -ptogtmdash L o s o t o t o copy s o o o s o t o c n u gt O s 4 i - copy L O L n o s copy H - t O L n o o u i O s copy O s o o copy 4 ^

LO

o o o o o o o o o o o o o p p p p p p p p o p p o o o o o o o o Imdash copy copy Lo f imdash bullmdash H- 0 imdash copy 0 0 0 i-- to imdash copy copy copy imdash io imdash copy copy copy bullraquo Lo to to to Lo O 0 S 0 0 J i h - t O S ) ^ O laquo O O + raquo M M 4 i 0 0 s 0 S H - raquo W 0 s laquo ) O s 0 U W 0 S t s )

4^

copy copy o o copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy mdash 0 copy copy 0 copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy raquomdash to copy bullmdash 1mdash U ^ ^ w u a s v i o o a s ^ u i ^ ^ ^ u u i o o u i u u u i v o 4 ^ u i u i u ~ j v o a ^ t o o Ui

0 copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy p copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy 0 copy copy copy copy 0 copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy 0 copy copy copy H-U S l M O N U ^ ^ U l U ^ M W ^ N I U O N U U N i l O U U U M U t O v o s D ^ O O S O U

OS

00 4gt s i M to 1mdashbull t j M a s o o bull 0 0 ^ W S 0 0 S | ^ 4 raquo W h - W M h - H - O ^ 0 0 U i | s ) i M O 0 s p - ^ U H - 0 S 0 0 S 0 N S 0 0 0 copy O bs bs H- Lo O copy 00 4 copy Ln H- so 4 - bs Ln Lo 4^ 4=gt 00 gtbull Ln Ln bs copy bs - j bs H- H-^ W copy U i ~ J t O O S L n L O l gt 5 t O 4 raquo 0 0 S 0 s O S gt ^ 1 0 0 L n U ) copy 0 s 0 0 4 ^ t O t O 0 0 0 0 t O t O S O 0 s

TOTA

L

^ 4

H o

f5 0 rgt n

8

ft BS J

a o 3 05

GO v Eo fa

T3 3 S

I f ^ e

^ I to o en B

I | - TO

^ - MB

e S

03

s

Si 3 a 09

5

I 1

uoifonpojd ampiqe36sA ui uinsdA6pnii psyio ssn aqplusmn

m

3

4 i H - gt _ i ^ O O O O O O t O W M W W N H H H l - M H O O O Ui~^ O O O O O O U i U i U i U l U l U i M M N N M W O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O U i l ^ laquo lt ^ i U i lt J i L n O O O O O O

AG

(tha)

eek 1 is 4

^ b 2 2 2 2 2 2 ^ - pound bull - poundgtlt^- pound bull laquo -pJJ O - raquo 83 OS 05 05 05 copy copy copy copy copy 03 copy copy copy copy copy 03 copy copy copy copy copy traquo O O O O O

Q ^ gt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 3

Jw-9

p (kgha)

Vpril 199

tO bullmdash t o lt1 4- Imdash a u to p o bullraquogt M o p o p p p p o H p p p p w laquo H p p p po u o N o o in to vo b -j in In to o o H- copy o o w o raquo to imdash copy to ugt Vo -J -^ o OJ O b io - 4 --a - 0 ( H - M laquo v H 0 t J 0 0 0 0 U - | i 0 S gt 1 0 0 W - J O 0 e C O H - O U l v l O 0 U gt M I O

os

| j M v o u i M i - p p p p p p p p p p p p p M W | - p p p u i i y 3 ^ u gt p bull-- o bo in - -j in gt-gt copy imdash gt-gt copy copy copy to H- ugt b bullmdash copy copy bullpoundgt imdash 4 to copy bo 4 copy bo bs -t

O s O O O S t O - - 4 4 s - 4 ^ a s v O copy U 3 a s - 4 - 4 0 0 - 4 0 0 0 0 t O O s U l gt - - copy copy V O ^ J copy 0 copy 0 0 copy O s 4

to

0 0 ^ u K ) 0 U N p p p p p p p p p p p p p p j v ) p p p p laquo l 0 0 U W v l O

4sgt to -j vcopy ugt in copy to copy imdash copy copy o o lgt -a gt to H- H- -a imdash bo U) Ugt mdash Vo vo vo raquo io - j W gt J - s l U i M O U 6 0 I O ^ O U O O U U ) gt - U M raquo O i - f f M s l l J M U O U O v H O O

(5

1mdash tO H- U M ^ r 1 0 W U i - O O i M O O M J O p o p o p p O H p O p O i - U M O O p W a i O U N H In -j bo -4 to 4 gt Imdash to to gt-gt imdash imdash as to -o 4 ugt to 15 bs In Os In to bo bullmdash U) bo -4 to

u gt o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

4^

t O H-bullmdash o ^ o U H O o p o p o p p o p p p p o p p p p o p gt o u i u o i w o as bo -4 -4 bv -4 bo imdashbull Imdash bullmdash copy copy copy copy as in to imdashbull copy copy i5 vo UJ bullmdash - copy bo i5 -4 - to raquobull U l t O O O U i t O O C O V O i - bull 00 VO VO VO VO copy I mdash 0 S t O v o v 0 - ^ ~ 4 O s ^ n 0 J V O U gt t O v O O l t O 0 0

Ln

H - O O 4 t o h - copy copy p O copy copy O O copy O p O O copy copy O O O O copy Os - 4 vo 4raquo- t o copy

lgt bs bv bo bs to ov Imdash Imdash i-raquo copy copy copy copy lt-gt - to imdash copy copy ugt vo Ugt gt-bull bull-bull copy vo -4 bo in to O S O 0 ^ 4 i U 5 H - 4 ^ - 4 copy O 0 copy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 V O 0 0 i mdash copy O 0 O O U 5 - 4 O C gt - - copy O 0 ~ 4 4 i 4 - 4 ^ copy 0 U 5

Os

o o o w t j o o o p o p p p p p p p p p p p w p p p p u i w - j u h - p bo -e- UJ bo copy vo in H- bullmdash to copy copy copy copy imdashbull gtbull gtmdashbull copy copy copy 15 copy lgt H- imdashgt copy io 4w in in bo 4 bull 4 ^ V C w U - 4 N - J l - S ) 0 0 0 0 0 6 raquo - 4 v 0 U 0 laquo 0 0 0 0 U i ( J 0 w O laquo 1 0 O O v 0 M M

-o

copy copy LO to imdashgt copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy p - copy un to H- copy

bo a bs vo bv -4 ijJ bullmdash copy copy copy copy copy copy bullmdash -f^-1- copy copy copy igt bo U) copy copy o bullmdash 1J bo -4 igt copy S 5 gt mdash a v - ^ t 5 4 5 gt v o - ^ 0 0 0 0 - 4 0 0 - J 0 0 0 0 gt v O V O 0 0 0 0 copy 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 t O ^ 4 O t O U )

00

copy copy copy tO 1mdash copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy J5 00 gt tO bullmdash copy ~4 i5 lgt gt tO ON 15 bullmdash copy copy copy copy copy copy i-gt tO copy copy copy copy tO 00 15 copy copy copy 15 j 4 i tO copy 15 imdash O v t o - f ^ t o gt mdash t o U 5 - ^ o o ~ 4 - 4 ^ J ~ 4 i - 0 0 - ^ l G O ^ ) - o v o U i L n v o ~ - J - - 4 copy L n copy copy L n copy

vo

copy copy copy H- copy copy copy p p copy copy copy p copy copy copy copy copy p copy p copy copy p copy O to ygt to _^ copy p to bullmdash -4 bo 15 to copy imdash imdashbull copy copy copy copy bullmdash ugtraquomdash copy copy copy to bo to copy copy copy gt-gt -4 vo to as imdash O O O O C O ^ a v l ) v O O V O O O O O M O O U U O O O e O O O O O v l O v O O O O O - ^ H i - 0 0

copy

o o o i - o o o o p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p M U i - o p p KJ H- H- )_gt In to H- copy copy i- copy copy copy copy imdash to copy copy copy copy i- 15 15 i-i copy copy ^ vo vo bo i5 imdash ( M l t O - 4 v 0 0 5 gt V 0 0 0 N O 0 ~ 1 0 t J 0 0 V 0 O v l O raquo 0 O O O - J U t O gt - H - O U

E

^ N t J h - O i - ^ t O | - O i i - U ) + h - ( - ^ O ^ p O O i - i - ^ O p i - p O O p - 4 15 mdash t o - 4 tmdash 00 t o pound t o OS VO t o VO i5 raquo N5 vo 00 vo VO 4^ O i-rf 15 Ov - 4 00 H - ^gt 00 U5 O t J l A V 0 - s i W t 0 h - C 6 V 0 O M U l M t 0 0 C I J 0 0 0 0 0 M 0 0 0 0 O U 0 0 U i - J i -

to

gtmdash copy p copy copy p copy copy copy copy p copy copy p copy p copy ^ - Imdash copy copy copy p p copy p copy copy p copy copy copy tO OS Ugt tO 15 raquo bull mdash bull - copy copy M copy tO Ln copy gtmdashbull U5 U) copy H- imdash copy copy bull-- copy 4^ 00 VO tO hmdash 1mdashbull O s l 5 0 s v o copy t O t O H - copy - 4 - U copy v o gt mdash - a - 4 H - i mdash copy - - 4 copy ~ 4 0 s 0 s t o ^ l 0 s 0 s 0 0 copy 0 s copy

ugt

p copy copy copy o p copy copy o p p o p o p o p copy copy p copy copy copy p copy p o p copy copy copy copy imdash copy copy t o copy copy copy copy O copy copy copy copy copy copy gt-raquo copy copy copy copy copy H - copy copy copy copy t o -4 H - copy copy copy O U H y i v l O O O ^ O O f f v O v O s C s - O v l O O t O v o a - J v i ^ h - O v O M ^ O i j J O e u a i M v O

S

o o o o o o o o o p p p p p o p o p p p p o o o o o o o o o o o copy copy copy o copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy o copy copy o 0 W U U M M H N H O O ^ M M H O H H M H H | S ) H M H M U O O W W M

( J l

o o o o o p o o o p p p p p p o o o p p p o o p o o o o o o o o copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy U I U M W O raquo - M M O O O M M W O O O gt - gt - O I - M gt - gt - M M U O O O S ) M M

Os

bull mdash 15 H -gtmdash V 0 4 i - t 0 gt mdash imdashto gt mdash t O l 5 - O 0 0 4 -O O v O raquo M O y ) O v W W gt gt - 1 t v gt ^ p gt v ) ^ ^ W O J i 0 6 ^ W gt - 1 oo M w OS O U 15 to to 4^ -4 Os copy in os vo bo vo t5 imdash os Os os 4 Os bullmdash os copy vo 15 bo oo i n to in -4 15 vo V 0 copy lt 5 copy copy copy 0 copy 0 copy copy copy copy copy 0 copy 0 copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy

TOTA

L

f to

I 3

t 1 i

05 ^ 1 I SZl1 n 3 SS (ra - r- 3 3 Sf ltTgt o

- B Si 05

raquo laquo-l r 8 afle i i - t a e n O 3 Si K

eg ST

-raquobull n o raquoraquoraquo fe W

a i s

laquo3 TJ

= 3

4 ^

gt o ^ = c raquofl

3 crs

( - bull

3 re

I

uouonpojd eiqeisdsA ui lunsdABpnw psyjo asn din

ZVV

4 S I _ H - ^ U copy copy 0 0 copy copy S 3 S 3 S 3 S J S 3 S 3 - H - i - H - gt - h mdash O O O lt J gt ^ O O O O O O U U l U i U l U l U l W N W M M U O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O L r t t J i U i l J i L f t U i O O O O O O

AG

(tha)

c P - n o o n n o o o o u i f f o o o u i o o o o u f o o o u gt gt lt - s pound a ts to Si 03 raquo O O O O O C O O O O O O o s O O O O O O S O O O O O Q ^ pound 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Jw-9

P (kgha)

H O O U W M M H O O H O p p i O U M I J M l - M ^ U W M ^ U i O i U l U i O M i ) - J 00 - J - 4 copy lt-ft SO Scopy OS 00 tmdash S3 S3 Ui Ln OS bull imdash bullpoundraquobull 00 SO 4^ Imdashbull 4 - J 00 4- S3 U3 t o _gt - J L O O S ^ J 0 0 S J O S ~ 4 0 0 S 3 U gt 0 0 S O U gt 0 0 H - O S V O W M W 00 ^J laquo VO M

U H M O O ^ O O ^ S t ^ O ^ t gt S i ^ n ) S p p ^ K i M U H M i - gt K l K J U | M M

copy ugt igt 4- ON -4 copy oo Ui 4^ imdashbull ~j oo gtbull bs I n v o i - i - -J imdash S3 ltJI os -J In i_gt UJ Ugt 4- oo 42 S3 ON Ugt Ui SO 4- SO 00 Imdash 00 Ugt SO gt mdash M ^ l W i - U i 0 0 M t - v i - J ^ t o

S 3

OS degUraquo copy bullmdash OS UI Ugt UI copy S3 bullmdash -P- ^ W i - -J SO S3 copy Imdash copy 00 OS Ul 00 Id O SO copy 00 SO U )

U M N ^ ^ L f t ^ U n - h - 0 gt - N ) i - ^ y y i ^ y i j - t gt S ) H - y i V O W N ) 0 W ^ I U l 0 6 U ) ugt bs Ugt -J w Hmdash copy -J lt-gt ugt so lgt Ngt -J oo mdasha - j oo bs i-o 1mdashgt copy gtmdash- raquobull to so U3 oo tn imdashbull copy so

l ^ i v l v l U i 0 0 M - | i 0 0 V 0 O U i M M S ) W U i 0 H - O S S 3 S 3 S O ^ ) O S lt S 3

-t-

S3 bullmdashbull gtmdash SO SO SO SO 00 p p copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy gtmdash p copy p p ON 00 OS OS OS -

Lft Ugt bullmdash ~4 Lrt 4i- Ugt lgt3 ~4 4raquo- 4 - S O ^ ) U ) S O h mdash O S ^ J O s t O O O O O + N 3 s 0 0 0 ^ ^ 1 U i

K - o o o o - j - j o o ^ i o o o o o p p p p o p p p p p p o o i mdash S J o p i - O 00 SO 00 4- 00 -J hmdash -4 Hmdash imdash copy tmdashgt Jmdash gtmdash tO 13 U3 hmdashgt lgt3 S3 Lraquo3 Li 4 o3 Li to O 00 4- bullmdashgt 00 Jmdash 4 i N ) M U raquo - l i + - s 5 C 4 ^ v l ^ J s 0 7 i U i S O gt - U i U ) U i - V I H - ~ 4 ^ 1 0 N S 3 U J I mdash L O

OS

S3 S3 S3 tO tO tO sgt bullmdash gtmdash os ui agt os os copy o copy copy copy p p p p p p copy copy copy copy copy copy copy _+gt _-o u) S3 _os ygt I_n S3 mdashgt SO SO OS OS gt copy bullmdashgt bullmdash degcopy Jmdash S3 bull-raquo Imdash bullmdash copy bullmdash S3 S3 S3 hmdash copy S3 S3 00 Ul S3 til copy copy

Ui t o bull H- 00 ti oo 4iraquo a s gt o u ^ gt ON so u M O O - J - J U U U O O U

~4

W i - M U i J i U ^ ^ O O O O O O p p O O O O O O O O O O - s l H - y i U J - J O O bullmdash Lrt 4 - 4a copy lt-gt bullgtbull OS mdashbull copy imdash imdash copy mdashgt bullmdashgt imdashgt mdash )-bull copy Imdash imdashgt to imdash H- H- imdash S3 til -4 ti S3 Os00gtmdashlaquo004S Ost lOSH-CS4^S3OS4^N3 S 3 4 S 0 0 S 3 ^ ) U gt S 3 S O 4 ^ 4 - Ugt li UJ gtmdash

0 0

M H w U U W U U O O O O O O p p p p p p p p p p O O N U i N O O N U so gt L) so imdashbull copy copy to copy copy copy copy copy copycopycopy ^- copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy to bs ugt copy copy copy OSOONJ^14^0SOsS30sOSOsOsOsOSOOOO OOOSOO-JOsOOOSOSOSOJSOS34i-ltJlOO

SO

M i - H W U M W U O O O O O O p O O O O O p O O O p O U U i J i v O U U so gt u) so oo i-n 4^ 4^ copy copy o copy copy copy bullmdash bullmdash gtmdashbull 1mdashbull copy copy imdashbull copy to 1mdash 1mdash copy Lh os so 00 JI u 00SOUgt00l-OOSLnU)-~JOSOsOSOS00 ^4 S gt 0 S O S 4 ^ O s U l S O 4 ^ O s 4^ 0 0 4 S 3

copy

N M ^ U U t O U U O O O O O O O p p p p p p p p O O O M M U V O M U - ) OJ S3 S3 4^ Ugt Imdash gt O O H- copy O copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy H- imdash copy copy copy S3 OS S3 00 U) S3 00 SO 4 - gtmdash S 3 L O - 4 - J O S O s O s O s O s O s O S O s O s O s s O 4ÔSOSOS00hmdashSO004^SO

-

3 3 S B D S 3 3 3 S I 3 3 3 S 3 S 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 I 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 S

S 3

U M t - i - t J M M N O O O O O O O O p p p o p O O O O O M 0 laquo 0 O i -S3 bs 4gt -4 4^ Os -4 so copy copy copy copy copy O O mdash copy copy copy copy copy copy O copy copy copy so U 4^ Lft OS In M M ^ M so Lnososososososâ ooososososososcsosososso so so

lgt3

M O O O ^ O H M O O O O O O p p O p O O O O O O O O U O ^ I s J U - J OS 00 -4 S3 S3 00 copy 00 copy copy copy copy copy copy Imdash copy S3 S3 copy copy ^- S3 copy O copy copy 00 OS OS -4 00 copy

-UiON gt mdash S 3 O s O S O s 0 S O s O s 4 ^ - O s U gt - J O s O s UlOSOSOOOs 4 ^ - J s O S 3 s o 4^

H- p copy copy copy bull - bull H- S3 copy copy copy copy copy copy p copy copy copy p p p p p p p p o u u a o o so so bo to so bs to copy copy 0 0 copy 0 0 J- H- copy copy copy 0 0 copy copy copy copy bs bo w bo 4 - bs O S 0 0 0 0 - J U i h mdash O s O s O s C s O s O s s O 4 ^ - O s O S O S O S O S O s O s O S O s i mdash ~ 4 U gt H - 4 ^

U i

S3 _bullmdash copy copy copy 1mdash S3 S3 copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy Ul H- U3 4i 00 gtmdash copy copy SO 4i SO S3 H - 00 copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy SO ltJl - 4 OS 4^ H -s j 4 i W W D - 4 U gt O S O S O S O S O S O S O S ^ O S O S O S O S O S O S O S O S O S O S H - L r t 0 0 U 3 S O S 3

OS

S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S 3 i mdash h - - 0 0 0 0 - 4 S O O 0 gt mdash S 3 i mdash bull mdash Imdashraquo ) mdash S 3 S 3 U ) S 3 U 3 S 3 4 gt - 0 3 4 i U ) 4 i - 4 i - L n O S U l ( gt 3 ^ 4 0 S

Lft - J Ui -4 - 4 00 S3 OS 4^ SO lgt - 4 SO bullmdash - 4 OS lygt gtbull 00 imdash Ugt L) - J 00 S3 - J S3 S3 S3 -gt tyi OS tmdash

TO

TA

L

I -o

t I o 3 I

0 0 03

s mpl 1

3 ee ltJQ 85 B amp 3 bull lt

0gt lt bull smdash - BT

8 re r bulllt Crt a amp

o g 3

09

as

BS 3 c

3

S

I 1

uononpojd aiqeampBdA ui umsdABpnw pauio asn aqplusmn


1 1 J S os an

bullB B 58

OH O

lt

H O

o

bull3

eek

sT is S o S CI +- it e

B lt lt M Rlt o id C3

gt ll 0)

=

s o

I I 2

so ON mdash i mdash i c N copy c n O N j - v s e n f - c n t ^ O N c n s o s o o o e N copy e N V ) O f - o o - o o c N p mdash s o p ^ p - v gt gt n v N copy T d - O N t - - copy v i O N S C T t - e N e N t - - s o c n t - - t - t - ~ O N -

1mdash1 mdash1 C N mdash I mdashH i H imdash( bullbulllaquo mdashI _laquo p_( -

0 0 CN mdashlt CN f- rt-

CN CN v i

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O c laquo 1 0 0 l - ~

v o d S M O o s O N r t d o M d ^ p i d S i f i H V N O ( s t ^ S gt - i i v i ( n o d ON ON bull + i n n N W N n N H O O ^ n t - ^ - lt O N W l t H i - lt lt r i ^ t N - lt 0 imdash

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O t ^ O O V O copy bull mdash lt C N t - - - r - O N V gt c n c n c n s o copy c N ( n s O V N r ^ t - - c N copy 0 0 e N O N e N V s t - - V N O N 0 0 ^ i - O N od CN r - vi mdashi so od vcI bullbull-so ON -lt r-l ON vi K TJ gt bulllt mdash o dI ON i-i -^ bulllt ON bull oo oo ON oo

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O S O O ON bull CN so so 00 copy CN cn cn p 00 lt- - oo so bull so CN en ON so vgt ON p en -H cn -^j- o v i p scIt- r~ so vi copyI vi oo t-bull mdashlt CN scI scI vi gt-i vgt os agtI oeI CN ON mdashi C N C N bull cn bull mdashi CN C N en t-- N N O O N 0 ( N m M n v i gt f i n t n r t lt laquo i s o s o r t N r t v i i r i m M M - i H N

o o o en so O

C 3 lt 3 e Q C 3 C 3 c 3 C Q C 3 C 0 C 3 C Q C 3 C Q C 3 C 3 C Q c $ C 3 C Q 3 3 0 3 c 3 C 3 9 3 C 3 c 3 3 C 3 c Q C 3 3

d e a e c d d ss a e c a d c e e c laquo c s c c a ss e ri a s c d e 65

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O ^ S O lt M

ogtIt-- oci oo copy f-CN t- so t~- t-- scI mdashi vi vii oo r- t~- scI cn scI vii os CN t- so - vi to od ON ON

O O O O 0 O 0 I N N 0 N n r i N laquo N N N n M O r t N M M N i r t _bull

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r - laquo N i n H H O o laquo o ^ o H n o o v i r i o o o h raquo 0 t o h ( - i gt o v q o o r H q q oo vi so oo vi bulllt en so l-- ON OO ON cn oo CN t- sci bull t-1 bull so ON vi laquo oo en copy od so t- oo so eNCNCNCN^cNND^-en-vi---lttf---vNTt-cN-tflttTj-^l-cncn lt-t

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o - - O CN[SO SCi O cn ON -t- CO -H CN bull CN 00 Vgt en ON ON -st flt1 SO 001 O bull ONON copy CNIV)I 00i CNI bull

v i ON ltmdashi ON r-i rn so m bull i-J I-J f- m so ON - ltri r- oo so bull r - o o oo copy oo n- r-J m so ( S M ( S N H N i n m m N n ^ l i N m n n n t m o n t n T K n m N ( S - - i N

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N O N t ^ M O t - O N N raquo H ( S t i H ^ 0 0 o o O lt M ^ i n o o o o N m o - lt i o m r n M m t - - e O - i t n laquoS m lt-i ON v i en ltW r- m bull bull OO bull bull m t- ON ON I-I SO t-- -H O m ON gtr oo oo bull o CN bull e n e n e n r n e N e n t - ~ - v i r ) S 0 ^ 1 - r i N O S 0 - i laquo - i gt r i lt r i s o s o v - i c n lt r ) gt - s gt - ) gt r i T t ^ - mdash 1 laquo t s

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r - s o e s m so_ so p laquo- gtn so en t-- p t~- eN ltn ON 00 t-i m ON Tt fN O so cN| ON ON WTenit- oqlt ON i-i en od oo so v i en 00 CI ^ bull r-i ON wi -H Cgt r~ O lt- oo 00 bull t- ON en so o i bullmdashlt 06 oo ON oo gtn--^-enoosor-r-sot-c--r-sor--sor--oot--soTisosot--Nososolaquo-i lt-i

Ow^^r---it-^sOOt--sOT)-enr~oooOONrnirisOrnsoinrnt--egtlsoOrnOO-ltfS mdashI r- r- ltmdashlt mdashlt wi eni - oo os gtn o eM ON - wi tmdash ON t- ltmdashi o-eni eN| mdashlt t~ p bulllt mdashi m O O t- bull CN - ON en r~ lt-i es ltri t- en so scI egti en ON --lt ON ON OI en cNi --H C i ltr eN e-4 wS so eN lt n n i n gt D - i r i o o o o o o o o r ~ o o o o o o r - o o c - - o o o o r - o o t - - o o o o o o t - r ~ t mdash t mdash -^

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N O O p en bull CN mdashlt so t- o o oo gt-H m lt-lt CN cN o t - oo oo r- eN r- laquoTi ooi --lt so t-- ON mdashi oeir-bull gt bull oo eNit-bull -H oo O i-i laquor O ON eni vi tr~ ON SCi bullmdash CN ON csi bullmdash eNi ON OO SO bull en SO SO f-- gtO S O S O C - S O t - S O mdash I O O O O N O O O O O O O O - ^ O ^ H O mdash I O O N O N O N O N O N mdashi ^ H ^ ^ r t r t mdash laquo r H C 4 M ( S N - H ( N | ( S N t - i c N C N e N C N e N e N C N e N C N - ^ raquo - H - H mdash i mdash i O O O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 O O O O O 0 0 0 0 O 0 O O O O 0 0 0 O laquo n C N e n O CNI O f- SO mdash[-lt bull CN V CN ON -Tt gt0 00 00 00 ON t - Wl in ON bull 00 WTi N ON f~ v~gt CN CNI - en t - - mdash r- CN CN ui ON r t oo en tmdash cn f- oo ltmdashi - - v i t - ON gtri O r - ON OO mdashJ cN ON 00 ON 00 O O O O O N O ^ t e n ^ f T l - s o t ~ ^ f gt n s D N O r l - c N c n c N lt r ) c n e n e n e n e n c n bullmdash CNCNcNCN-HCNcNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNcNCNCNCNCNCNcNtNCNCNcNcNCNCNCN

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C N C - - C N -H mdashlt Tt ON -q- sci cni vi CN C- 00 t - en OO bullltbull en 00 r- ltmdashi en - - irii SO mdashi gtri N p scit-bull CN ON ON CN - tbull CN o i vd bull- ON CN so mdashlt od ^H flbull sci -H in t - gto v i iri CN CNi VN OO cn CN oo O bulllt so so en O O O O O N O O N O O N O O O O O O O O O O O N O N O N O O N O O O N O O mdashI

ca

~ -a JltS

e n c N c n n e n mdash i O N ^ H - lt s o ^ H c n s o s o e n o O O N S O t mdash r - O N mdash lt o o s o t - gt mdash i O e n gt - ^ O O N sci mdashlt p en ON CN vt lti mdashlt t - CN o O ooi 1-1 imdashi - i- o ft oo ON ON bulllt t-_ p ON SO_ p p so_ - fgt bull ON TS o bullbullbull o laquo o e I d t - bull CNi bull bull bull r- mdashlt v i CN CN t- ON CN SO O CN v i v i mdash s o s O s O s o s o s o s o s o v i t - s o s o s O t - - V i s O s o s o v i - r f gt r i - lt v i v o v i s o s o bullmdashi

s O O N - H r - i c N O e n O N T t - v s c n t ~ - e n t mdash O N c n s o s o o O c N O C N V s O t mdash o o mdash lt o o c N gt mdash i c N p i-i sq p mdash| p rt[fifi ltn O bull ON I~N O ft ON so bullbull CN cN| f-- so cn r - r-_ t-- ON bull tmdash TJ-v i bull o vi t-l so ON ON od c I C N i d scI oo r- oo ootmdash so so so ON ON t-- ON ON d d i-i CN CN v i ^ H imdashI M H H f t f mdash H ^ H ^ ^ mdashI f-H 1mdasht

a a a o o o o o raooooo raooooo e a o o o o o

I O O O O J J m o o o f i v i o o o ^ i v i o o o - i N t 2 mdash lt C N - 2 - i C N l s t g

a a a a c o (iamp T 3 5 O 0) O U

- raquo s s s s s s -s 5 -ra J J iJ O O O O O O V i v i m V i V i V l O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

C N C N C N C N C N C N V i V l gt n v i V l V ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 ^-^Vi O O O H r t H H r t H M N t s l N N N O O O O O O f c raquo ^ laquo ^ f

raquomdash1 1mdashlaquo raquomdashI ^ H r-H ^ H O -

sn ON ON i -

_laquo bullc o lt bulllt u

-s 1 ^

w ^4 a 8 n pound z

C3

a

113


1 I

-a s OS

OH

bulla s cs

s

I

1

i o

2

it

1 I o p

J f -

1

TO

TA

L

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 0 V 0 O copy copy copy copy O copy O copy copy O O copy copy O copy copy copy copy O O O copy O copy copy copy copy O lt0 rj- r-4 t-~ in en en copygt copygt r- - laquon ON ON oo ON in -H od in od tsi cs I-H ON copy m NO in CS r- NO m bull ON

W h t ^ O i n f - i n t n N t r i ^ r t H h f f i W O n r i N N r i t o N r t O O O mdashlt

VO O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O c n v O O

bull m in f i vo cs - vo laquondeg -H od UTi laquoo bull od cs m ON copy ogt cs ts NO NO vci bull t-- - bull NO r-~ m M i H 0 M ~ - t O gt 0 V 0 V i l O gt O 0 0 n M lt - i F- NO - ^t en HH

gtn O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O S O O lt T ) laquo m o o ^ N a i ^ q ^ r ~ n N t - - - H O o | i M O N t ^ n ^ - t - r - ( N n - t o m ( n r f~ P-deg 00 in m vo bullmdashlt in en ON vo en O in mdashlt copy - H eni mdash ON CNi en p~ vo t~- - copyvIf- r-deg 00 ON 00 csooopoundgt-ooor-NONOgtor--r^va^-ir)-laquo-ir- i r-vo-^Tj-rn HH

bulllt O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C S O N O O cs T i t- ON r- Tt- oo mdash cs ON en t - oo Tt oo vq en oq NO OO r- ON r- en NO CS NO OO p NO NO en bull NO cs m cs cs copy -H r-n r- cs copy cs od cs ON i n wi o od en en ON r- bullbull-lt t~- NO O bullmdash cs in csoONt^NOONcsONOOooc~ -ONOor~laquo r i i r i gtONO-^ o o r ^ i n i n i n i mdash lt i mdash lt c s

en copy O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O - O N O N copy p bull in eni vc ON ~H NO vo mdashi I-H bulllaquoraquobull en tmdash cs en copy en ON en tmdash cs oltif- en eni in i f - en 00 r-cs - H NO ON ON I-- in tmdash en mdash r- - H od cs ON NO od en copy 00 en bull cs rmdash NO CS en in I-H en ON c s copy O N o o r ^ O N c s o N O N copy o o copy o o o o gt n N O N o r ~ - H mdashi o o r - v o v o v o - H H H e s imdash1 imdash1 imdash1 1mdash1 l -H

cs O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N m - 1- bull csi en - H rni bull ONONI ON (^ copy TJ- bull oo 00 copy oo oo - H v~i oo 00 ooi eni copy eni cs| ON eni bull oo Th cs cs ON en TJ- oo - NO NO CNi copy vi vi - H copy NO cs - ON copy en v i cs en en copy ltn NO ON copy copy c s c s c N c S c S c S T r c n T r e n e n r t - c S e n c S ^ r c s e n e n e n e n e n c S e n e n e n e n e n c S - i t s

-

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N C M O v o o r ~ lt ^ - copy copy e n t ^ e n - H ^ c c s copy copy copy e n ^ r gt r i v o o N e n c s - r ~ c s e n e n lt n o o c S ^ - H copy copy ON r t ri copy -H cs t~- r- r- ltn od cs en bullmdashlt en ON od r~ en gtn en tmdash cs od od Tt bull copy i-J en H H O H C H N o o o raquo o o o o v o r - o o h I -H o o r - N o r - r - ~ i - H mdash i c s r-H t-H i-H ^H imdash( i-H imdash1 imdash1 l-H i-H

f o

copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy bull lt 3 - r - - gt 3 -O N O O O N f - H n H f - o o i n O M H O M H t ^ M e n o o M n o o i H i t w o q o o o o t n v o p - i f i r~ od bull cs cs r- r- NO - H w-i od cs od od u-i v i ON t-- r~ NO CS v i cs NO gtri copy OO ON od ON copy I-H enenen- enenen i -H i -HcS i -HCSONONNO000000 I-H O N O N C ^ O O O O I-H CN

ifte

r so

wi

ON

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r ~ oo en copy en t ^ oo T^ NO ON en en ON oo NO NO en ON Tt en I-H copy r- r^ NO claquo cs I-H t ^ cs cs copy i - NO cs en oo oo ltri od I-H i ON v i vi ON v i copy od cs i-I ^ en cs cs gtn en bull en o ON od r- od 6 e n ^ l - e n e n c S e n i - H copy O N copy copy copy r - o o lt n N O t ~ - t ^ o o o o r - f ~ - t ~ - ^H

(wee

ks pound

00

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r ~ N r ~ cs oo ^_ c^ ^ ON ON oo copy en p NO ^- copy ON HH copy cn oo oo en r~- laquon cs NO ON - - copy en HH copy copy copy en r- I-H I-H od NO CS en ON NO gtO Vgt copy CS - ON 6 en cs cs cs - en mdashi ON NO t- wS r~ od NO w r n t i n H ^ e s i H O i H - 1 - lt oo O M T I r - h h O N O O P - O O O O lt-lt

ing

tim

e

r~ c S ^ O O N e n - H N O O N i - H r ~ e n N O O N ^ - v pound ) 0 gt n ^ H copy c S e n e n copy O N O N t - ~ e n r - ~ lt o r gt VTi ooii-i vci NO[ONi NO_ mdash| bull p H oo cs NO ON oo oo en f - ON raquo NO i n copy cs en cs i n r- cs oo r~ NO ON od ON copy od copy ^- oo ltn - H I-H cs copy ON CS laquoTi bull en cs cs csi en en oo Tt cs cs cs in laquon bullmdashlt C ^ N O N O N D v o v o e n mdash - copy c s e n c s o o o N ^ - r - r - r - O N O N O O O N O N I-H

Sam

p

NO

c S i mdash i c s r ^ e n i n H H c S i n H r e n i gt O N C S C s n e n T t i - H V O e n O N i n e n e n O copy i - H r s ~ v o c S p c s o O e n e n i n e n c S gt n r ^ copy r ~ T t T j - o o O N i n c S n e n - e n r i - r t - o o o O ^ | - ^ H r n O N i n i - H ON i n t~~bull t~--oo lgt c i eni eni ini bullmdashlt oci eni Ttbull HH NCi Ogt t~-bull csi cs1 cs1 csi csi cs en en imdashc en i n bull i n bullmdashlt r ^ c ^ t ~ ~ t ^ r gt c ^ c S i - H copy c s e n i - H t ^ o o v o v o v o O N O N O O O N O N I-H

lto

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O V l M m c s i n N o i n copy copy e S H H - ^ t - i o c s i n N O O o o o N O N O O N V o v o v o o N r - t ^ r ^ copy v o o N - H gt r i c n N O _ oo ON ON copy r-bull bull+ i n ON od oo vo en cs vo r~ mdash copy ON CS CSi CS CS CS CS ^- t-~ bull m ON NO rmdash r ^ t - ~ t ^ o o o o o o copy O N O O copy i - H copy i n v o c s m i n oooo t -~oooo mdash

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O H 0 5 H cs cs cs copy en cs i n cs rgt oo oo NO ON copy i n r^ oo oo i n ON en -H t ^ ON copy en TI- ON vo i n cs i n copy NO mdash copy en cs copy en r~ m in cs NO in NO in bull t - copy - oo cs od bullltbull r- r- en in copy vo r- bull rtHHHHHHHOHHHHNOHMHHÔOOOMMMOOOl mdashlt

cn

copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy m copy O N oci a gt r- Tt oeIH bullltraquobull vq -bull r~gt oo copy I-H en - H OO oo - vci copy r- ON m r~ NO ON CS OO ON r-I-H ON vo n- Tt en vo H ON CS NO --i f- -H gto ON O 00 ON r f TT in m ON NO I-H I-H CS bull 00 ON ON O N O O O N O N O N O N I mdash I C S ^ H C S C S C S HH I-H cs enenenenen ~H

CS

c s r gt - H - H c n i n e n copy i n m T ) - t ^ H H e s c s c S e n copy O N c s c s O N e n r ^ O N 0 0 i n - - H 0 0 r ^ i n bull cs r--I-H r-_ oo ON bullmdash ^ oo_ in en oo cs NO oo in NO in ^ oo en ^ - ^ mdash NO vq copy oo en r~_ in ON ON ON copy copy I-H en in ^ NO NO gtn t~- copy od od r~ od c-~ vo laquon vo vo vo r~ t-~ ON OO e- en en tmdash n n H ^ t H j i l t i H - H r t l H - H i H i-H bdquo lt ^ lt ^ ( ^ - | ^ J

rmdasht

i n r ^ c s c s c s ^ t o o o o v o i n e n o o c S i - lt o o o O i - H i i mdash ( v o v o i v o e n O N 0 0 i n c s copy 0 0 N O c s bull ^ r^ vq i-lt_ copy en M cs I-H i n p - H i n cs en -lt bull en oo copy vq vq ON vq p ltn bull vq vq en vq en en NO ON copy cs oo - NO vi vo od vo en in en ^ - i n r t cs cs mdashi en cs cs NO r- r- od ON CS CS m bull H H - lt M M H

P

(kg

ha)

c c c c c fi c fi c 3 6 i O o o o o o raooooo g o o o o o 5 0 0 0 0 0 S s laquo laquo n M O lt

m o copy copy i n copy copy copy w - i o o o bullncopycopycopyJiJgt2SJi i2J_j-r t ~ i - i c s ^ S HHCS-^ - f O ^ S - ^ ^ S S S S S S ^ ^ ^

AG

(t

ha)

copy copy copy copy copy copy bull n m i n i n i n i n o copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy c s c s c s c s c s t s i n i n i n i n i n i n o o o o o copy ^~in copy copy copy rtHrtHHrtNNtStSNMOOOOOOQj - 1 N t

NO ON ON

I

114


O H

S

E OS en

bull O S laquo

bulla

is deg gt I-I

11 amp 1 S3 _g

es

lt M

s 00 S

I I bull a

o o

1-5

S o

O

1

03 WD

NO

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O M - ^ - G W oo N n n rt in H Tf H n o i t n M n iri o O H o Tf W o n N M ^ o o O od NO vi en NO oo es oo es - en t~- en t - m vi r~ i-i t~- vi NO vi - i N t - ^ o bull en es mdashi co NO o o r - v i o - i - e s c o copy r - m o o c n i N O N O O N i N O o o O N r - - t - - r - - i j m copy copy i n v gt i mdash i rtîH-HFHrtviintvoôiovonvooooMt--MraquolaquoiiOKiviltn imdashi

i n raquo N i n - i ^ m - lt p | N O V O m c i n i - 0 0 t lt l M O lt P 1 0 0 N O ^ 0 gt 0 0 0 0 copy vii ON copy NO_ - r- p ON es[co cgtI (SI r-_ NO bullmdashlt NO o NO co es vi NO copyN ON en ON es t- en NO co vi -- oo vi pi d o in H oo cs ON bullgt en o es ON r- bull f- o ON NO en copy en t- vi copy bull^t-rhenenNovovgtvNionr-r--r--t^NOC~--HOOOosooNr--i^t--NOV) mdashi

or-VNwnesri-i-~tÔNONONOtSNOTtt~fsONOr~-ovNenco-t-0-co-gtlaquon^H NO bull copy t~~ oo en Tt NO bull co es ON bull es ON ON ON ON oo bull VI NO ON oo oo ON VI en bull es oo r--ON r- NO bull en copy eni esif- vi - vi NO vi 00 es en en copy r-- r--- ON r-i bull NO vi f-deg copy vi vi -lt viTfenenr--NONOvilaquonNot--r--r--c--Nor--enes-ÔNoO-ltoot^r--NONo mdashlt

O N C S - mdash e s e n r - N O O C O mdash i O mdash I V I N O N O V ) V gt I mdash i e n o O N O e S O O O e n e S C O O O r - CO en vi ON es co_ ON ON CO p ON NO -H ON bull p oo en vi copy en r - bull ON mdashlaquo oo copy ON en ON OO copy ON ON r~ oo vi copy es mdashi NO e s i d NCi ON imdashi NO vi vi t~- es copy ON r- en 00 NO vi m copy bull bull ON i n T f r t - e n e n - o o r ^ t - N O N o r ~ c o c o O N O O r - - c o e n e n e n o o e s o o c o e o r - t - -

t~-ON0-HinN00N00-iC~-00N0in0N-co-N0t--C--viovi-HT)-N0N00NenTtenv) en bullgt gt-H es es es NO ON oo copy mdashlt vgt r- oo NO copy r-- vi p p es mdashlt es - vq p H n o N m p i-lt oo r-deg copy ON vi oei mdashi es oo - i-i oo bull es vi r- vi m copy r-NOi es es co en vi vi en n- vi i-lt bull n - e n - t mdash r - - r - ~ O N O t - o o o o o N c o o o o e n c n e s o mdash i e s o o o o o o r - r - gt-lt

03

2-3

O O O O O 0 O O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 O 0 O 0 O 0 O 0 0 - T t m i n O N e n o o e n r ~ o o e n f S T t O N O O N O O N O O v o ^ ^ O N e N r ~ O N r ~ - r - - o o e 0 ^ i r i gt mdash i es esi es NO ON NO t-deg co ON es t~ NOi CO ON es t-raquo es t~- esi NCi ON NCi es ON copy NO en copy t-~ es en vi copy

ONOooNOoooor^tmdash oot-r^t~-oor-~r-oooooooot^rmdashcot--oooooooor-oo^^-Hen (~eSeSOO-enoOON-enen-ltV)enOO -ooo-mdashio-^r~t-r~-r~viviTi-eS vgt o - lt- ON O oo en oo ON o es t- es oo oo oo es en p oogt r- p -_ co mdashi rt laquomdashi t p vii p oo ON O OO OO ON bulllt en vi ON r~ es rt r-bull 61 f~bull ONi os gt-i ON bull es oci i-lt bull r~ ON esi en -^ bullgt ON bullvilaquot-lts-r--r~-r-NONOr-oooooNOOOoooenenenesesenoooooooooo

t~-NOeneSONr~eno-oovo t -^-ONOOmdashiTt-r~-r~V)Ti--HNOV)OOr-ONOenNOen vi en NO r - o bull mdashlt en m oo oo r - lt- vi NO es es ON bullmdashI NO oei vc ONI r~ egt vci oci ogt VTt O mdashlt r - NO ON vi oo r~ imdashlt co es bull ltmdashlt ON bull -H VI -i r- t-- bull en bull f- bull es lt-lt ON v i ON es bullgt vi copy V I V N V ) V I V I V gt O O O O N O O O N O O copy O lt mdash i gt mdash l O O v i v i v ^ n - v i v i o o N O O N O I-I

v N N O r - ~ - - H e n laquo T t o o O N O N ^ H e n e s o O N r - lt a - O N mdash i i n o o - v i O e n e N e s e n o o O N O p bull en ON oo t~ bull en p t~- en p oo en es tmdash p copy oo oo NO wn oo t - en r~ oo vi copy ON TJ- ON od NO 00 bull vi NCi ON vii imdashlt bullbull ON NO bull oo en oo vi co o es NO en ON NO OO vi ON vi vi bull vi copy V ) V i v i v i v i v N 0 0 0 0 O N 0 0 t ~ - 0 0 copy copy raquo - i copy copy copy e n e n e n e n e n O N O N O N O N O N mdash-i

oot--r~-mTtooooviesv)enr-t-enTt-Hen-r--oONONOcopyooeN^copymON - copy VI 00 ON r- mdashi ON en r- mdashi OO copy V) es ON OCI copy - VTi r- t~ TT OCI t~ eni OCi NO rt f bull en en -H copy es NO copy laquo P~- copy ON bull copy copy r~ es bullltbull oo i-lt es NO ON -H en oo es oo vi Tt vi copy NONOvONONONocopycopycopyONONONesesenese se svNV) in - i n -Hcopyimdashltcopycopy lt-H

bullmdashiNOco-Hincopyr--ON-Hcopyr--imdashir-ncopyTi-inenr~Ttcopyeovi^-iNor-NO-^copy^^mdashIlaquoS en 001 NO C^ bull NO en 00 ON VI 00 ON r- vi vi -^ es rf CO NC C~-_ es copy eni copy n- bulllt rt --[h^ rT vi ON es ON copyi bull-lt es bull mdashlt bull-lt co vi copy r- oo en es copy ON ON es r- es es r- copy NO copy co vi vi bull-lt r-NOf-Nor-têS-êSmdashicopymdashien-en-^-NOViNOinvovoeseseses-^ mdash

^ e S t ^ O N e n e s e n i n e s c O mdash i e n e n e s O O N O N gt mdash i i n o o copy T t e S - lt N O r ~ - t N O O o v o esi Tt r^ es OCi in r - ON r - ON en imdashi ON bullgt en es copy in mdashi bull NC eni vii oei copy copy en ON rt es oci r -copy oo oo r- t~~ oo ON tmdash en en copy t~- copy co vi vi oo -H t- r-- lt- ON en -H es oo es co r~- vi vi i-i o o r - - r - - r ^ r ~ - l gt e s e s c n e s e s e s v i 3 - v i i n T t - i n N O v i v o v i N O N O e n e s e n e s e s -^

t ^ O N N o r ~ v ) i n N O O N e s i n copy O N T ) - copy 0 0 N O copy e s ^ lt O N e s r ~ 0 0 ^ - gt mdash i N o e s e s e n r -ON es_ en ON NCI 00 ltmdashi mdashH lt-H ON en t~- copy ON copy -i -H OO copy vi en ON VI OCI es| r~_ r~- C- ON en 00 NO vi ON ON CO copy od ON r~ NO OO O vi mdashlt ON r- bull es copy vi es bull es ON bulllaquo vi bulllt NO en bull rt bull ON oooocooooNOOînenenTj-t-~NONor--r--t~-r~-r--r~r--r--r--^---

copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy r - copy copy copy ooIT- ON r-~ copy in oo NO VI in copy bull NO VI OO en imdashi ON es vi r - ltni NOICeni oci es| inir-bull oci NO_ ON en ON NO vi vi ON en bull es ON bullgt NO ON NO OO bull r - bull bull bull bullltbull -ÔN copy en en en oei ON ON copy copy O N copy copy copy r - c - ~ N O O N copy e o e s e n e s e s mdash i e s r~ -oor -oooo -H es es raquo-H es es es mdashi

copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy t - ^ O N ON co copy copy es T^ ^ copy copy r^ NO copy en en ON ON co ^ r~ ON es NO Tf ^ ^ p in co in en es en es oo NO NO en vi bullmdashi od en ON rmdash NO NO en ltmdashi oo ~ oo -H ON v i copy ON mdashlt en copy NO OO copy r- oo NO N O N O ^ O N O O ^ O e s e s e s e s e s e s e s e n f S f S e n e s copy copy - ^ mdash i bull-lt lt-HcopymdashI copy copy raquo-I mdashI

r - ~ N O i n e n o o o o copy copy - H i n copy - i N O O O e s copy gt i - copy copy i n T t N O v i e n o O N O N O O N i mdash i t ^ m T f o o O N N O ^ e s e n r ~ copy i n v i c O N O - H i n e n copy - H ^ H T r O N t ^ i n - ^ N O r - - o o i n o o o O e n r - -oo vi ON -^ vi copy en copy f- en ON OO ON r~- es copy NCi lt-lt lt- r~ vi copy copy vi copy es oo --i es bull vi copy i n N o v i N O v i N O mdash l e s mdash i e s mdash i - H - n e S - H e s e s e S mdash I O N copy copy mdash I copy O copy O N copy copy -H

copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy f - N O - H co o o r-_ VTi oo en NCif- vi mdashi es oci copy i-i vi o i-i copy en es_ lt-lt in oo r- m r- rj- o es es vi vi es en es vi r- ON ON es f~ es copy 00 i-i es en vi es ON r~ t~- NO ON r-i vi t-~ en es en 00 ON OO o o o o o o o N O N O O N o r - r ^ c o o N O O N o r ^ N o r - o o r ^ e n e n e n e n i n T t - v o N O N o r - o o mdashi

Q âmp S3 S C C C C C C C ^ feamp

copy O copy copy copy J 3 copy o copy copy copy 0 3 copy copy copy copy copy laquo copy copy copy copy copy laquo 03 03 ca laquo TOO i bull n copy copy copy ^ i n o copy o laquo gt v i copy copy copy bull ^ copy copy copy a j i J o j a i J i J ^ ^ s N i i

NO ON ON

I

copy copy copy copy copy copy i n i n v i i n i n v i copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy e s e s e s e s e s e s i n v i i n i n i n i n o o copy copy copy copy ^-^vi copy copy copy rt-HHlaquortwNe)Ne4NNOOOOOOfl imdashi CS bull o copy copy copy copy copy a

115

914

4 to imdash floOOOOOtO(JWIOMNHWMH gtmdash H-O O O Lnmdash O O O O O O L n L n L n L n L n L n t O t O t O t O t O t O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O L n L n L h L n L n L n O O O O O O

AG

(tha)

p-bossss22M- sectgtto^ sectgttogt- ggtM 1 -C r n n n n o n O O O U i ffOOOUi J O O O Ln ff O O O U i raquogt_ o raquo raquo o= ampgt o3 sS o o o o o c o o o o o o j o o o o o o c S o o o o o Q ^ pound 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

p (kgha)

In to ON Os O so so gtmdash OS Ln -J ^ 00 gtbull Os O so Ln imdash U) so H- 4i ^4 Lo so so ^ imdash OS to bo U v J O U O O S ) ^ mdash ) - O U O 0 S - 0 ^ U 0 0 V O ^ 0 raquo 1 J I V 0 O 0 0 O + gt M H L O 1 - 4 i v O

gtmdashraquo

gtmdash Ln Ln to LO to 00 ~J to ~J imdash H- 00 O imdash as bullgtbull gtmdash o -4 O ^4 gtmdash Ln Ln y i as so -J O bullmdash Ln as bo to Ln as imdashraquo so gtmdashbull o so raquo so to li -a copy o LO o o so Lo to o so H- SO O bo Lo Ln bo 0 U i U M 0 0 M ( J i U M O U i U i O O t O l ( 0 0 ^ U i O - 4 U i v l ^ U M O v l 0 M v )

to

to imdashbull 0 C 0 U l U ^ l A O O 4 i - - ^ 4 ^ 0 S 0 0 0 lt y U i U i U i O U I l gt ^ - M gt 0 0 0 0 U i ^ H- O so O Os Ln O ~J 00 Os Ln -J to so to j-gt Ln gt-gt jj i-gt LO Os so Os LA t o Ln 00 4^ - 4 00 so so so bo in LO ~j Ln so bull imdash oo as so 4 so to in gt-lt -4 to so In copy Ln to raquo-gt as LO so -4 to copy S O S O - P - O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

LO

U M ^ W ^ ^ M U O l O S ^ V O O S O gt - J f f i v l - 4 M K ) M - J J O O O V O ^ laquo M - J O to as to Lo o Ln as imdash to In so - j gt b b u K U 4 i v o u b b ^ v o ~ i i o i - - as 0 ^ - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

+-

gtmdash laquo 0 0 U i gt - Ln gtmdashiimdashbull so so so gt mdash copy 0 0 0 0 - O a s 0 0 O s O s L n L n 0 0 copy 0 0 0 0 lt l O s a s o o ^ H - o o t o H - s o o o s o s o a s a s o o y j s o y j y i ^ ^ o s y i mdash 4 ^ a s o s y i ^ _ u ) i ^ i t o o ~ j oo gt Ln o to as bo o LO 4-ltmdashbull Lo as - j -J o 4 to copy copy as Ln - j to so - j Lo so bullmdash raquobull o ^ ) ( gt J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ln

bullmdash 0 W W M h - 0 0 0 0 O v l ( J 0 0 O 0 0 L t i f f M j i J i I j J v l M v l 0 S 0 0 O U ^ w raquo M ^ 4 i O H - O O O i - ^ S O ^ y W ^ O O | - W ^ S O O H - v 4 0 s p O h - w to gtmdash Ln so copy copy o to copy to bo Ln oo -J bullmdash to -o to Lo bullmdash bo raquomdash imdash -j o so 4s- so gt Ln o gtmdash W M 5 0 M I H l - 0 U l ( 3 0 ^ i - U gt laquo U i - laquo J v l U l U l M O t J V O U l l - U l W O W t O U l v l

Os

imdash U i U W O laquo O 0 0 O ^ 0 0 0 0 S 0 S U i U i 4 U i ^ U O 0 0 5 0 v l 0 S 0 S ^ v i a s ^ i - gt copy t o L n s copy 4 i L n gt mdash L o t o L o o t o mdash S copy 4 i L n o s a s L O O s 4 i L n O s t O L n L o s o as ugt Ln bs Ln so Lo 4 to Lo bs o so -J bo imdash -o gt as Ln gt oo Ln o -J to to H W N O imdash t O U ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

^3

gtmdashbull W M N t O t O U i W - ^ U i U i U l - e - O v - h ^ - ^ U M U U M M W O O O O O O s a ~j oo ~j 4 - j Ln o imdashbull Ln Ln as -J Os LO as Ngt 4 Ln p oo so LO Ln ygt imdash to - ygt 4 to LO to copy Ln as copy Ln copy 4 so -J copy Lo Ln to -J to to copy Ln Lo bo -J Os -4 O Lo -4 Ln copy O to bo OS tOgtmdash t O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

00

SO gt_ ^ H M H H 4 i L n t O raquo 4 ^ L O L O N gt s gt L O t O i mdash bull imdash t o i mdash O W O O M O O N O S 0 0 s O 0 0 L 0 4 i J i t O i mdash O L O O S L O l mdash gt O s l - C S - O a s t O L o a s 0 0 t O l mdash O O t O L O O s t O L n - J L O bo 4^ 4^ - j ~j LO Ln Ln to o oo Ln LO - Lo 4= oo Ln Lo os bo as o os so bo o bo o Ln JI o t o t O L O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

SO

pmdashgt L o t o t o i mdash t o L n - O L n L n L n L n 4 i L n 4 i - 4 i L O L O N 3 L o t o i o t o t o ^ o o - a ^ i a s C s to Os Ln ^1 -4 Ln so H- 00 H- Ln oo 4 - LO LO OO 4^ bullmdash to oo -J Ln oo LO ^- oo Ln LO VO OO - J as O O Lo to H- bs H- -J Os Lh o O so ^ bullmdash Ln so 00 4^ H- as 00 00 -J LO Os to to -4 so -J Ln ^ t o o o ^ J ^ ^ H - ^ ^ O O O L n a s - J t mdash L O L n O L n O O L O O O L n H - t o O N ^ - J O s - O a s

O

H- I mdash O O O O L O L O t O L O L O t O t O L O l mdash t O t O H - O i mdash 0 0 0 gt mdash O s ^ l O s O s L n L n M f f gt U i U l 4 i a i n t 0 t 0 M ^ U l 4 i S 0 ^ ^ M | - lt raquo y i p 0 W S 0 4 i 4 i O W t O U l 0 s p s so 4i- 00 OS so -J so 00 so Lo ]-i Ln so -J Lo Ln so so O O Ln so O -J bs 4 O 00 4i -J O O ~ J S O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

gtmdashgtbull

O S W W O O V O O i - s 0 0 0 O s s 0 O t O 0 0 ~ 4 S 0 O ~ - J ~ J O 0 s 0 0 O - 4 S O 0 s 0 0 L n - O L n - 0 4 to oo oo Ln LO os as Ln oo to LO -O LO LA OO SO to to gtmdash to LO p LO Ln ^ oo H- - J LO to so to gt-gt -a o to Lo -o os o Ln ji i-n to as o 4 oo -J gtmdash so so so so Os o to oo to Ln to 4 bo S O L 0 4 ^ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

to

LO

l_gt ^ - 0 0 gt mdash gt l mdash L O L O f mdash L O L 0 4 i t O t O t O t O L O t O l mdash gt i mdash 0 0 gt mdash gtmdash Ov O OV O OS O ^ v l 0 O U M W W U O 0 0 0 0 0 0 M raquo O M N i - v ) M y i S 0 i W U i O O L ) l O 0 t 0 O O to 00 b SO bullmdash SO Ln gtmdash O H- ~J Os O -vO O 00 O gtmdash 4i O ~4 00 OS SO bull gtmdashgt -0 O imdash O L n L o v o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

LO

H- O O i mdash I mdash I mdash i U W N 4 i U i N M M ^ N t J O O O O M h - O O OS 00 00 00 Ln ~J ~4 00 LO imdash 00 -J 00 O LO LO 4i O to gtmdash O -J SO 4raquo -~J SO imdashbull SO to to SO gtmdashgt 00 LO 00 LO -4 oo o H- -a O oo -J os Lo Ln 4 -4 oo as LO bo Ln 4 to to -4 Ln Ln bs as o o so Ln bs to 4 ^ - O s L O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

pound

H- s O S O O O i mdash t O i mdash bullmdash U U I U I O O H V O P O S O O S O O O S O S O O O O S O S O O O O S O S O S O O O L n O N L O O O L O s o O t O ^ ^ p L n O t O O O p y i y i p O O O O s S O L O S O s O O O O O S O LO bs Os Lo gt- to o Ln OS 00 O 00 4 - imdash Lo to Ln o 4 - 4s O to Lo so bull-bull O so Ln Lo o to 4 ^ 0 0 L n O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Ln

bull - O O O i mdash imdashtomdash imdash U W 4 gt H i mdash ^ - O t O i mdash O O s o s o O ^ - S O O O s o O s o O O ~ 0 0 0 ~ j a s a s s o O s L n s o L n 4 i t o mdash 4 L n L n i mdash O s y i 0 0 raquo L o o s s o - - J ^ i mdash 4 ^ S O L O L O - O O 00 SO SO Imdashbull imdash SO Ln to 4 i SO SO mdash4 SO Os OS OS 00 SO SO SO S) 00 LO Ln 4i O SO SO Ln Ln -~J Os L O t mdash o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

OS

bullmdash 0 0 ^ 4 - ~ 4 0 s - 4 F - t O O ^ - O O S O i mdash S O S O S O O O - J O O - J O s O s - O ^ - L O H - t O O O 4 ^ ~ J O S S O L O L O - J O i mdash S O t 0 0 4 ^ S O O s O s O L n L 0 4 ^ 4 ^ - O L O O s 4 i s o - J gt mdash mdash 4 0 - 4 - 4 y i t O L n s o ^ - 4 a - ^ 4 ^ t O L O O s O gt - 0 0 - O L n t o a s L n O O L O s O L n O s O - - 4 0 s o a s 0 0 4 gt i mdash gt -4 SO to O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O mdashOSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

TOTA

L

0 O

t

I 2

o n

I

Sam

evel

Traquo o 3 ^ irq

^ S-ID ^

eek i I bull i 3

- o gt O 3

(TO a s c

I 1

uoitonpojd aqe afisA ui uinsdABpnifii pemo asn ati


i a C3 1X1

bulla s a

bulla a CS

B 3 I

55 W

53

to

s lt -a 0)

1

o

3

w

a

amp

00

60

s

1 V3

TOTA

L

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o r - o o o o n o v o i n i s N v p ^

i n H M i n v o laquo i n M ^ o o w i n o o lt n N h H v e 0 raquo i n lt n H

NO v o o o v o o o D lt N O O N ^ H r - - o r - r ~ - o o r ~ o - lt i - r - - t - ~ - H O v o v D r o r i c s o o o o o t s gt n

-H ^ d oci wi d 6 of of oo of of t- oo NO r- NO r~ r- r- d v i laquo i d N H d d of -lt - ^ ^

gtn v i in tmdashcopyescopyoooNcopyoocscnt- -oONOoooNoov-)NoenONOo- NOcopycopyv-NONmNo M v O N ^ v q gt H C S ^ 0 ^ 0 N O N N O O f ~ N f M ( ~ H t ~ 0 0 raquo ^ C S O s i H i - i r i 0 r- es oo ^ cs r~ copy of of oo od of NO t - NO r~ ltS NO oo F- r- laquoo v i NO 6 H o oo raquo H H N

r - N N o o N N N O o o o o o o t n t o o o - i r - o O N ^ ^ o o M f i - i bull TJ- m es lto en ON ltn r- O t~-_ VO en bull ON O NO en l gt NO ON o ON gtmdash -H oo en en en VC copy[ ^ t- en NO_ C- bull cs en oo bull bulllt oo -H laquo-lt copy of o o oo oo t - r- NO t-- oo oo f - NO NO r- cs en mdashlt of of copy copy bullmdashi CN CS raquomdash mdash1 mdash1 - rmdash1 rmdash4 ^ i mdash I H rmdash1 imdash1 rlaquoH

en M ~ laquo V l N i r i l O V 0 f N | 0 M ~ - i n O m V N l O r i r - ( i n 0 0 ( N t ^ O r H ( ~ r - 1 -1 ON t~~ 00 NO bull OO ^ oo rt i n i o oo oo raquo n t ^ lto n laquo o t ^ o i f i ^ -lt o raquoo n N N t s o ON oo r r q t~- t copy oo rS bull en d - H mdashlt i-i copy o mdashf oo oo t~ t~ r-f oo oo oo r^ NO NO tmdash cs -- copy of of o copy mdashlt

CN r n r ^ c n O O r ^ r n T t r - - t - ~ C N r ~ t S f n c - - o O n - H O N O - H t ^ - V N O t ~ ~ o o r n o ^ - H V N O N o v i m o o n lt r - o o o i N - o N o o laquo c v O N i f i o o f N i i o o O H O O M ^ i o o o N o N t of NO OO r- oo oo en r-i es of oo mdashlt r- of of of oo of of of oo r- copy oo copy of of oo oo es es bull

1mdashc r-H

O N O o o o n H o o s o o O H c e - i i n ( S O N m N n o o o O r ~ v i v i r ) N o r - m ^ t f N ON O NO t-- ON 00 00 en NO NO l~- CN O lt 00 00 imdashi O - copy bull 00 f - en 00 O ON CS bullmdash NO P- bullgt wi NO NO v i - w-i mdashH ~ gt-H o copy laquo-lt oo oo r~ r~ oo oo r~ oo r- NO NO C- o mdashlt copy o copy o o raquo-lt

o rmdash1

o o n t ^ t r i O N O H O O ( S n i ( i o O N O r n v ) H O M ^ f N i o N m m N O N D laquo i ( s m v o o o N o o c ^ m o N ^ O N o o N O T f o o N O v i ^ ^ ^ i n ^ N ^ N O o w c ^ H N o e o T t O N O p o of mdashJ of oo of bull m en m m en of of ON of of of of of of oo oo oo rn m m c-i o i o raquo-i lts

ON

o o D O N N O n n o o m o o o N o m - i T t r N i n t - i n r ^ u i O N o o S N - H i H O M i N o e O N D NOi O en NOi Tt bulllt NO oo ON tmdash ft r- - gtri -H OO mdashlt es ON copy 00 oci copy laquoTi^tbull vci oci cs|C C mdash en o r 4 c n r N i c raquo ^ ^ e n e n e n r N i e n o f o f o f o o O N o f o o o f o d t ~ o o o 6 t n N N M M - I t s mdash bull mdash 1 ltmdash1 -H WN 1mdash1 _ ( raquoH r-l mdash1 ^-(

00

o e n copy e n T i - r t i r i t - - gt e n - H ^ - o o O N - lt mdash i t mdash N O O O O u ^ t - O e N mdash i r t e n mdash i lt n C N e n v gt v N ^ O N O gt r i - e s t ~ - - o o O N T i - o o O N lt n lt n e S T j - i r gt N o gt r ) gt mdash i e s copy O N ^ 0 0 - lt copy e n ^ e n N O -H c-i - ^ of es t~bull v i VN wS rt- wS copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy c bull of of of u-gt bull3- gtn wS en ltmdashi - lts

t -

c o n t ^ - i f S T t w N i O H t v o o ( S O O i - i - i | ^ o f ~ m O N N O e N i m i n o e n r N i laquo N M ^ O N rt NO bull oo mdashlt NO t~ laquo-i ON eN[oo WTi -st en c- NO OO rN bull fN mdash es n t-~ bull NO en r-_ oo copy mdashlt lts gto en ltn gtri en - of oo oo oo t-f oo lts c j egti mdashf gt-lt es laquos r i r4 gt-ltcopylt-lt r~ vo p~ vo v j mdashlt - ^ lts

NO

O I O I gt O N O O V l T t - N O ^ i + M O O O N N O gt n V l O N lt f - O N O O 0 - l t ^ N O t O N O O ON en en NO t - 00 es en t - ON en ON eN NO es 00 en copy en NO eN r~ Cmdash ON Tf gtri - H copy w 00 copy copy gtn Tt laquoS NO NO ltri eN - H ltS I-H - H ^H Tf rj- bull en en ^ v f en en es en of 00 ON of 00 copy raquo-lt es

W)

O N N O O N r ^ e n e n r - N O N O copy N O O N copy e n t mdash t mdash t mdash e n O N r j - i - i ^ ^ T i - N O O N t - O N t S O N N O e s eN oo 00 eN C)0 copy i ^ copy gto NO laquo^ en en t - ^ 00 v i r~ VN 00 en copy gtTN bull copy en r~ NO NO bull NO en mdashlt i-i eN bull r t en vi eN bull copy of es es of lt-lt copy of copybull en r-i eN raquo-lt oo bullmdashlt od NO tmdash NO VN r-lt bullmdash en e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e n e S e n e N - H e s e N mdash l e s e s e s e s e s mdash l e s e s e N e N e s e s

bull

e n O N N O copy ^ - o o r - O N O O r i e S copy e N T ) - copy N o r ~ e N - i mdash i copy N O O N e s e n e n N O r - e n l ~ ~ o o lt n r~ ON es[eni gtmdashlt copy es| en en en ltmdashi gtmdashlt NO bull copy NO OO ImdashI t~~ m es en tmdash WTI OCI OO ^fbullbull-| es| laquoTi oci t~-NOi copy of - ^ (-- ~ en r f en -H od es i f - NO gtmdashi gtn bull i r i en en NO copy oo eN tmdash 00 t~- r- r-f es cs v i t v r ^ i o i f i i o v i i n v T O ^ T i t T f ^ T t r f t T t ^ t T f m t ^ f ^ t

en t ~ ~ - ^ e n O N ^ - i r i C mdash t mdash bull mdash lt e n copy laquo ^ copy r ~ r - e n N o r ~ O N N O ^ - O N N O mdash l e n e n ^ e n O N e n o O N O f- peni gtmdash[ONI OCI mdash[00 copy ocin- oo es en en rraquo NO es en o c[ mdash t - copy[ NO OO en cs NO 00 cs gt-gt copy NO v f od en NO c~- oo of imdashbull cs of oo od of copy bull copy oo NO r~ cs gtO copy oo of copy en NO en bulllt oo e n e n e n e n ^ e n e s c s c s e n e n e s c s c s c s e n e n e n c s e s c s e n e n e n c s c s e n e n e n

I N

c s e n gt f i o o raquo - i N O O N e N e s e n O N i r i copy T t e N t - - T j - gt D - ^ N O e s r mdash H O I O i c S N O e n N O -H[ tmdash es[eni oo CS copy raquo-H OO copy NO gtri en ON en bullbull cs NO f - bullmdashi bull (gt mdash[ csi oci [ r- ON CS[ es O copy TJ- t~- r- csi - of cs en eN NO oo -^ en NO NO od en v f wS bull NO T|- copy NO en ltri v i t-raquo of es cs ltri c s c s e s e n e n c s c s e s e s c s c s c s f s e s c s f s c s c s e s c s e s c s e n c s c s c s c s c s e s

imdashi

o O N o O N N o o N copy - H O N N O copy laquo O N O N O e n o o - ^ lt o o lt n c s e s c s e n v N copy c S O N W _ i O O - v N copy cs t~bull -H en[00 ON en en cs en gtn en copy 00 bull r~- en copy en[ gtmdashi [ copy[ eni vo copy gto gtn 00 r- NO ON ON of copy en of NO gtri en bull en NO of wi en es csi en od bull copyi copyi of cs NO gtmdashi bull bull r~- cs cs csi uS

P (k

gha

)

copy copy copy o copy a o o o o o j s copy copy copy copy copy J 5 copy o copy copy o ltK ^ re ra cs laquo w lt m o o o a w i copy copy copy i J m copy o copy gtrC20opoundi3i3ipoundlpoundiampmdashialt2

-CSTf^ - ^ S - laquo S ^ ^ ^ S S S S S S ^ ^ - g

AG

(t

ha) o o o o o o i o i n v u n i n i n o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

c s e s c s e s e s e s r i i n laquo r i ^ i r i i r i copy copy copy copy 0 copy ^ v i copy O O r H r H r t r t r t r t r N l f N l N C N l N C N l O O O O O O l mdash1 CN Tf

NO ON ON

117

mi

raquo M H ^ O O O O O O b O t O W N N N w raquomdash bullmdash mdash mdash bullmdash O O O Lnmdash O O O O O O U i U l U i U U i U l U M M M M M copy copy copy copy copy copy copy 0 copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy L n L n L n L n L n L n copy copy 0 copy 0 copy

AG

(tha) r r r raquor mdash m aa pound3 pound3 iu dj O O O O O amp a O O O O O M O O O O O M copy copy copy copy copy Q ^ j pound 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

p (kgha)

-4 bo o bo ON copy 44 o 44 bo o - Ln 44 ON deggtmdash to In ON ON imdashgt imdash -j w vo to gtmdash gtmdash vo gtmdash VO

gt 0 U ) O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O

- J LO -O Ln LO VO Lo LO - J copy ON t o 00 imdash 44 44 VO Ln SO Lo 44 - J ~4 Ncopy to ON Ln 00 VO O Ln Lo to

vo vo 00 N i - - J W - J po w 0 w W ~J gtmdash ON vo 44 copy 44 copy to copy ON copy copy vo - J copy - J Ln Ln bullmdash j j Lo ON 00 to copy OS 44 to copy 00 44 copy ON 44 LO copy 44 copy to vo LO 44 bullmdash to copy copy - - 4 VO N O i U i O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

LO

^ 1 0 M A U t J U O ~ J - U | 0 - ( i 4 gt O S ^ W W 4 v l U U W L H ~ J 0 1 4 i + i U ^ U W U M U U O O O ^ l U i v l N i - V O U l O - J O - J O U U l O I O M O l i U J O O W L r i imdashi U i Ngt t o bullmdash 44 Vcopy 44 NO bo Lo Ln imdash - J Ln ON - J copy LO 00 imdash LO Ln 44 - J 44 00 i-t copy -4 OS 00 - J V O H ONVO U l v ) O M - I O O M U M U I O O O M 4 raquo V ) M O O O O O U O V O H bull 00 gtmdash ON ON

44

^ U M M H U U i U t O M i - M ^ U M S J M K gt ^ U M N ) H M ^ U S i H - h W gt - w v l 4^ 4^ VO ON I - ^ 00 Llaquo ^ ^ 00 U l Ui H - p a M O 41 O v l 0 M i - w ON v l Lo ON 44 LO copy ON ON Lo bullmdash ~J gtmdash 00 00 copy 4 - 4 - J copy ON copy VO ON NO deggtmdash bullmdash 00 copy gtmdash to LO bo ON W 0 V 0 O 4 - N ) O 0 0 t 0 W v O 4 i ^ O U N U i W U i 4 M 0 0 M M U i l j J v 0 U i 4 gt

Ln

4 k t O ) O h i - gt S ) 4 ^ M t O M i - S gt 4 U N gt h h t O U t O S gt M M M U N i h gt - i -U M h - O v l O O N W U i ^ t ^ O O O N M y i t O O S J O O W W O O v l O ^ ^ O ^ U O O W U J copy ui Lo jt - J ON to 44 copy copy gtmdash - J to to to 44 to to gtmdash gtmdash 00 4 Ln 00 44 00 - 4 t o 00 ON t o ON 4 4 t O 0 N 0 N copy gt mdash CN00VO- -4gtmdash 4 4 0 N 0 N 4 4 C N t O gt mdash bullmdash V O 4 4 L O V D 0 0 0 0 gt mdash I O 0 0 - 4 I mdash copy O v

ON

W t O M i - M t O ^ N H i - i - W U I O M M i - M U M H ^ f - M M M h - i - ^ U M M l laquo U 0 0 4 raquo K ) S l O U l 0 0 l raquo H N p 0 0 N O 0 N I J p ^ U raquo J N gt l J B O p N O M copy j Lo Ln NO 44 Ln deggtmdash Lo Lft bullmdash - J ON 00 NO lraquo 44 ON - J gtmdash 00 copy l o 4raquo 90 O l l gt-gt i - O b i VO O O 4 4 O O - 4 I O O N copy O O O O copy gt mdash gt mdash v o v o t o o o L n - j a N L n t o a N t o L n - 4 v o o o t o ^ i gt mdash - 4 mdash

~-l

N h - h - O V O U N V O O O W ^ ^ W O ^ W t O v l U p ^ v O O U i N O ^ - ^ O W O O O O JO imdash copy copy 00 to copy 00 Lo 44- -~J Ln ON Lo 44 - 4 to LO Ln to 44- copy copy imdash LO ON 44 - 4 Sgt bullmdash Ln t o 4 M O H U l 0 0 i - U gt U U i U l M O W O 4 0 O O ^ - U l 0 0 H J U ( i - t O U n 0 v 0 v O 0

00

1mdash O O 00 00 L0 1mdash 00 ON 00 - 4 LO 1mdash NO _-J _0 VO 44 LO CO ON 00 00 LO (-1 VO 4raquo 44 ON LO 0 0 - 4 ON 00 mdash4 copy bullmdash 00 LO NO imdashbull - 4 LO 4gt - 4 ON LO LO lyi 00 1mdash NO U) to ON VO -4 lraquo U) 00 NO copy 00 NO ~ 4 U J 4 U I O U V 1 ~ J 0 0 4 I U I U W ^ V 0 - 4 U 0 ~ 1 - J 0 0 U I gt - V ) ^ I - H - U U W U U I

vo

1mdash copy copy copy copy ON 44 imdash vo imdash1 copy ~4 ON ygt NO yi to - j raquo to NO to raquomdash - j 44 to y i ylt 00 U J copy 00 00 NO bo 00 - 4 u i H - ~4 NO H - ON 44 1J vo vo 00 H - 44 44 copy --4 li 44 to vo Ln u i NO ~J bo - a Ugt 0 0 4 v lt l U i O U O i - O O - v l O - J M W M 0 t i U i U ) O V 0 U N W 0 0 H 0 U i 0

gt mdash copy

H^ copy copy 44 U l NJ copy 0O 44 to 44 to t-^ VO J-ft ON ON UJ tmdashbull 00 44 ltJ ON to copy NO IO bullmdash 44 copy - 4 ON ON 00 ~4 copy (Ji lJ 44 44 t o to ON Ln VO NO to - 4 Lo 1mdashgt 44 ON NO Ugt 44 VO -J bullmdash imdash ON ON ON 44 imdash t O ( mdash L 0 copy H - 4 4 copy I - n 0 N 0 0 copy 4 4 0 N copy V 0 V 0 0 J 0 0 - 4 ^ 4 t O 4 4 0 N 0 N copy t O O copy 4 4 N 0 N 0 copy

pound

0 U W W W U 4 4 O U I 4 raquo | V ) U I - 4 0 0 J 4 4 4 U I 0 M J J W 0 M + V 0 U J 4 W U H lt 4 4 N ) U H - H raquo -o vo Ln ON 44 un ^1 lt1 Ln uo 44 00 00 ON 44 ON ON ON to ON 44 to vo to to 00 ~4 1mdashbull Ov Os vo copy ~4 bo 44 o copy vo vo vo ON Ln to 44 copy 44 copy - 4 1mdash ON vo i j i copy Ln 1mdash 44 copy 44 vo to Ln copy O O O L O O copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy

to

to 1mdash 1mdash t o 44 to 0 00 44 imdash LO to to copy 44 44 ON to copy 00 Ln ON ON to copy 00 copy 00 gt-gt vo ON Ln LO imdash copy ~ j 44 0 copy t o copy to 44 vo Ln to ON VO copy vo O ON copy ON ON 00 Ln ~4 bull - u i b u u i -t O O N 4 4 0 0 t O l mdash gt 4 4 H - v O t O gt mdash gt L O ~ 4 V O 0 N L n 4 4 L 0 0 0 t O 0 0 L 0 k - gt 0 0 t O - 4 L n F - LOraquo-4h- ON

LO

M M M H M N H H M M H H H M M H 1mdashgt 1mdash 1mdash h - O O N U ^ V O O W O U M ^ V O U U y i M V O W J ) 0 J 4 t - raquo 0 O V O O V 0 0 4 00 vo 00 44 Ln to Lo 0 ON ON Ln Ln NO Ln raquomdash I n U- Lo imdash lt i -4 Ln vo 44 vo vo LO copy ON - 4 t o bo v 0 4 4 4 4 4 4 L n ~ 4 gt mdash L n 0 N 0 N t O V O L n 0 0 a 0 t O L n L 0 4 4 ~ 4 4 gt - L 0 O copy L 0 0 S H - 4 4 L n - O i mdash NO

it

t o mdash K - 0 0 t O copy v O 0 0 copy L n copy copy v O 0 0 copy - O L O 0 0 ~ 4 L n i mdash H - t O V O O N - 4 4 4 O O t O L n 4 4 L O NO 44 Lo Lo copy ON 44 ON 44 copy copy copy copy copy ON VO ON 44 ON ON 44 vo Lo copy vo copy -4 44 i-bull LO H - NO t o a v mdash 4 4 t o v o lt I L n L O L n i mdash copy - J 4 4 - o O N 4 4 L O - 4 4 4 L n O N L O copy - - 4 copy v o copy copy 4 4 ^ ) t o

Ln

t O t O t O t O t O l mdash I mdash 1mdash mdash gtmdash 1mdash t O t O t O t O t O t O t O L O t O t O t O t O L O L O L O L O L O L O L n t o t o v O L n 4 4 L n 4 4 o o v O L n o o o o v o 4 4 0 0 ~ 4 gt mdash O N p L n L o O N t o mdash L n 4 4 L n i mdash O N L n n -LO ON LO LO tO - 4 44 bullmdash LO ON LO ON VO LO -O LO ON tO j mdash Ln 00 VO 44 LO 44 tO gtmdash Ln Lraquo mdashJ 44 LO L n 0 0 v O v o t O ~ 4 ~ 4 copy ~ 4 4 4 i mdash 00gtmdash L O V O 4 ^ t O 0 0 - 4 L O V O V O L n L n copy L n gt mdash N O O O O copy raquo mdash

ON

O N 4 4 4 4 L O L 0 4 4 - ~ ) 4 4 4 4 L O L 0 4 4 0 N L n 4 4 L O t 0 4 4 0 s 4 ^ 4 4 L 0 4 4 L O L n L O L O L O t O ~ J L O L O t O O N gt mdash 4 4 L O - O O N O mdash 0 0 L n 4 4 i mdash copy O N 4 4 N O L n gt mdash 0 0 copy 4 4 raquo mdash 0 0 L n O - ~ 4 gt mdash O0 t o ON to 1mdashbull vo gt 44 44 gtmdash 00 bullmdash 00 LO 44 44 LO - 0 Ln to to copy Ln copy LO copy copy gtmdash copy ON copy copy bullmdash 44 to 44 vo to ON Ln ON Lo ON 00 00 Ln gtmdash Ln Ln Ln 00 00 - J gtmdash to 00 44 00 44 vo Ln 00 LO bo to NOONIO copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy

TOTA

L

I 0 VO

v3

C raquo rtgt S3 rgt sr n a mdash^ P7 S 55-SO mdash laquo 9 1 O 5 0

raquo i T O 09

(M raquo 0 lt 0 0

ri S raquo S5

M S-l V O

n 3

00 pound 3

3 a flgt 5= Z ^ 7T lt

lt n q S t raquo gt

t ST amp sect w 3

reg

e 3

9 3 a

I 1 era

I I

uotpnpojd aqei3Ba ui wnsdABpnyii payio asn am

VG519

This report is published by the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation to pass on information concerning horticultural research and development undertaken for the vegetable industry

The research contained in this report was funded by the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation with the financial support of Alcoa of Australia Ltd

All expressions of opinion are not to be regarded as expressing the opinion of the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation or any authority of the Australian Government

The Corporation and the Australian Government accept no responsibility for any of the opinions or the accuracy of the information contained in this report and readers should rely upon their own enquiries in making decisions concerning their own interests

Cover price $2000 HRDC ISBN 1 86423 756 2

Published and distributed by Horticultural Research amp Development Corporation Level 6 7 Merriwa Street Gordon NSW 2072 Telephone (02) 9418 2200 Fax (02) 9418 1352 E-Mail hrdchrdcgovau

copy Copyright 1998

of

HRDC

HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH amp DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

Partnership in horticulture

CONTENTS

Page








CO
















12 Industry summary



2









2 PROJECT STAFF

Ian McPharlin

Wendy Robertson

Bob Jeffery

Tony Shimmin

Jenny Harboard

Don Glenister

Patricia Aylmore

David Cooling

Gavin dAdhemar

Neil Lantzke


Staff



Research Officer











4








Introduction









Experimental design


6



Fertilisers


Measurements

(a) Plant



(b) Soil


7


Chemical analysis












AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-P (ugg)

Total P (ugg)

PRI Pbuff

0 72 64 5 8 55 19 14

60 84 77 8 10 64 26 24

90 85 78 9 11 76 30 30

120 85 83 9 10 71 27 27

Signif NS NS $

Lsd 5 04 05 3 07 05


AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-Pa

(ugg) PRIa

Pbuff

0 73 67 7 16 37 20

60 78 71 5 17 40 23

120 84 77 9 20 44 30

240 88 80 9 21 53 40

Signif NS NS NS

Lsd 5 05 06 10






9










10


Yield





Phosphorus



11




Other nutrients






0 119 018 059 382

60 110 020 065 553

90 106 021 066 597

120 102 021 069 697

Signif NS

Lsd 5 04 004 119

12




0 44 028 74 293 267

600 48 032 62 342 248

Signif NS NS



0 51 116 016 23 030 050 77 453 46 96 26

60 48 127 015 21 027 045 61 457 45 67 25

120 49 120 016 26 029 051 66 643 59 59 25

240 49 103 019 29 030 067 54 977 53 53 24


Lsd5 05 04 013 164 24




Total P uptake


13



Metals in tubers



Cr Co Sn Sb Hg

mean

se

0007

61 xlO5

60 x 104

50 x 106

15 x 103

10 x 104

90 x 105

10 xlO5

34 x 104

14 x 105



mean

se

001

68X104

72xl(f 29xia5

55xia3

17x1a4

010

35xia3

L2X103

0

58xia3

17X104

LOxlO3

29X104

30X1O4

43xl05

84X1G4

ii xia5

l ixia3

70xia5


Applied P (kgha)

Ni Cd Cu

0 0006 0002 018

100 0006 0002 016

300 0007 0004 015

600 0008 0006 013

Signif

Lsd (5) 00014 0001 002


14



Conclusions












15












16


300

250 -

I I

200

3

60 80

AG (tha)

140


17


Z3

200

180 -

160

Q- 140

ro 120 bull 4 -

O CD X 100 CD i

3 80 CO c o

pound gt v_ CO

o CQ

AG Depth

I

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

AG (tha)

140


18


700

600

500

D)

3 400

CL

oil

300 CO

200

100

100 150

A G (tha)

250


19


CO

2 CD

gt-

200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)


Equations are

A

B

C

D

0 tha

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

j - 614 - 255 x exp (-00152) (JR= 092)

y = 542 - 271 x exp (-00176) (R2= 090)

y = 552 - 274 x exp (-0021) (F= 094)

y = 566 - 229 x exp (-00092) (i^= 098)

20


ro

JO

gt-

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 547 - 216 x exp (-0021) (R2^ 088)

y = 517 - 278 x exp (-0019) (R2= 090)

y = 524 - 243 x exp (-001 to) (R2= 094)

y = 530 - 218 x exp (-001 Ox) (i^= 098)

21


CO

32

gt-

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0

Marketable yield

Marketable yield

Total yield

Total yield

_L 50 100 150 200

AG (tha)

250 300


22


w CO CO

a gtraquo i _

C

o 00

c CD O c o o

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500


Equations are

A Otha y = 117- 079 x exp (-0020) (R2 = 096)

B 60 tha y=123- 096 x exp (-000874) (R2 - 099)

C 90 tha y = 118 - 0884 x exp (-000742) (R2 = 096)

D 120 tha y= 117 - 090 x exp (-00085) (R2 = 097)

23


CO

c

53

CD

gt-

00 02 04 06 08 10


12 14



24


poundgt 3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)


25


100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

700



040

ogt 035 CD

gtgt bullo

w _CB O

H) CL


030 -

025 -

020

2 015

010 -

005

000 0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

A 0 tha

B 60 tha

C 90 tha

D 120 tha

y = 0372 - 0243 x exp (-00058) (R2 = 097)

y = 0378 - 0257 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 098)

y = 0361 - 0216 x exp (-00029x) (i^= 095)

y = 0406 - 0279 x exp (-0002x) (R2 = 098)

27


CO

3

ltD

CO Q Z5

ID

B

14

12 -^ ^

10

8 W

6

4

A G P

I

2

n I i i I I i

0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 140 - 1095 x exp (-00058r) (R2 = 096)

3= 111 - 882 x exp (-0004x) (R2 = 098)

y = 104 - 774 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

3 = 127 -101 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 0997)

28


60 80

AG (tha)


29



Introduction










Experimental design


Crop management




Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant



31



Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP2

(Vigfe)

BicK2

(pgg) PRI3

(mLg) TP4

(Pgg) CEC5

(me ) Kads6 Pads7

0 37 74 107 153 097 507 2 0 41

60 67 82 93 197 167 473 2 043 66

120 80 82 100 277 243 607 2 044 78

240 103 84 97 290 38 637 2 058 129

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 1010 0 049 41

Sig9 ns ns ns ns ns




0 30 72 83 227 07 507

60 63 81 73 190 15 453

120 80 81 87 220 18 540

240 107 83 83 240 27 563

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 101

Sig9 ns ns ns



33



AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (pgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(VigmL)

0 112 70 175 18 110 77 101 57 56

60 132 74 164 17 137 58 92 34 31

120 172 75 166 17 152 54 97 44 34

240 166 81 130 16 198 34 75 24 11

Lsd3 19 025 33 4 16 11 26 27 32

Sig4 ns ns ns ns ns

p

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm) PH

Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (UgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(pgmL)

0 137 78 99 15 150 46 26 10 01

100 142 76 112 15 153 54 52 23 14

200 170 74 179 19 150 62 114 39 30

600 133 72 244 19 144 60 174 89 87

Lsd3 43 022 31 24 17 15 29 25 30

Sig4 ns ns ns




220

200

E 180 O ) 3

^ 1fi0 _ o 3 140 O V)

oil

120 m c


20

0 50 100 150 200


250 300


35



AG

AG (tha)

P2

(ugg) K2

(Ugg) Zn3

(Pgg)

PRI4

(mLg)

0 47 32 67 -112

60 76 38 15 -090

120 94 42 26 -049

240 84 41 13 092

Lsd5 35 6 28 073

Sig6 ns

P P2 K2 Zn3 PRI4


0 8 42 31 201 100 35 37 45 043 200 80 39 18 -089 600 177 34 26 -313

Lsd5 39 6 27 082

Sig6 ns




o CO

CD

E

o CO

co o

CD


50 100 150 200


250 300


37



(a) Topsoil


0 67 66 229 018 005 003

60 91 77 382 019 009 02

120 99 79 558 019 012 043

240 120 80 975 024 014 104

Lsd2 20 014 064 0033 0018 021

Sig3 ns

(b) Subsoil


0 44 67 225 017 005 003

60 59 74 269 019 005 008

120 66 77 300 018 005 017

240 99 79 397 02 005 029

Lsd2 075 01 029 0036 001 002

Sig3 n s ns





(a) Topsoil

AG



0 39 23 92 -07 28

60 50 38 110 02 50

120 59 51 135 16 75

240 58 62 157 35 99

Lsd4 5 11 15 03 06

Sig5



0 10 53 57 29 40

50 15 40 66 22 38

100 25 41 78 17 44

200 53 41 128 14 71

400 87 44 186 -01 86

600 120 41 226 -12 102

Lsd4 11 8 20 09 13

Sig5


39




AG



0 33 20 79 -05 26

60 30 21 73 -01 30

120 33 27 77 08 42

240 26 24 76 13 40

Lsd4 10 2 10 04 10

Sig5 ns ns



0 7 25 48 15 22

50 11 22 52 09 19

100 15 24 59 10 27

200 32 23 81 06 39

400 51 22 100 -03 47

600 67 21 117 -11 52

Lsd4 8 5 8 05 09

Sig5 ns



100 150 200


300


41





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 482 393 240 081 049 036 023

60 484 383 251 084 046 040 024

120 506 357 255 081 046 045 024

240 494 355 246 088 044 056 025

Lsd3 026 012 024 005 003 006 0013

Sig4 ns ns ns ns

p


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 523 316 254 066 024 046 025

50 489 372 255 081 041 049 026

100 503 388 229 084 048 042 024

200 472 379 250 089 050 046 024

400 494 390 242 093 057 043 023

600 470 385 258 091 057 039 022

Lsd3 027 024 036 005 003 008 0017

Sig4 ns ns



0 50 100 150 200 250 300





10


tto

06 3

X3

to 05 _ l

gtbull 04 C


-z 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300




43



en c o 3

X2

gt

06

^

bull A

05 ^ S

04

03

02

01

n n i i i

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

o

X I

5 gt

06

05

04

03

02

01

00

- bull B

- bull bull ^

o

I I I I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)



A

B

C

D

y = 056 - 030 x exp (-00182) (R2 = 097)

y = 057 - 032 x exp (-00103) (R2 = 088)

y = 055 - 031 x exp (-00126) (R2 = 099)

y = 056 - 032 x exp (-00092) (R2 = 098)


44



AG

AG (tha)

Fe (Pgg)

Zn (Ugg)

Mn (vigg)

B (Pgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 1354 251 217 211 26

60 1274 248 237 213 28

120 1353 253 240 217 27

240 1394 263 260 214 29

Lsd2 153 24 15 082 02

Sig3 ns ns ns


0 1418 268 212 215 26

50 1388 253 263 220 27

100 1301 267 251 217 29

200 1336 249 250 217 28

400 1282 255 232 204 28

600 1341 233 224 210 28

Lsd2 197 29 19 08 02

Sig3 ns ns ns



45

A O O ltyi

4x

r en 00

9 400 200 o o o copy

ns

O

kgt ON

kgt

4gt

kgt 4 4 4^

kgt

ns

O 4 4 ON 4 k)

o


4 00

4 ON

4 4^ NO Q O

o copy ON

i mdash gt

b b 1 mdash t

b o p Vcopy

O 00 ON

o ON

gtmdash 5 co 5J M

o o

O in

o 4 Ncopy

o 4 O

p 4

p kgt 1 mdash t

copy

ON

o b NO

O ON

o 00

o 00

o ON I mdash

O ON

O 3 Z 5 raquoM

o b 4

O

kgt o kgt -J

p kgt 00

O kgt 00

O

kgt NO

copy kgt ON



AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(ugg) Zn1

(vgg) Mn1

(vgg) B1

(vgg) Cu1

(vigg)

0 762 224 214 263 42

60 700 197 227 265 38

120 811 196 216 254 38

240 842 193 236 256 37

Lsd2 132 099 21 16 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(pgg) Zn1

(^gg) Mn1

(Vigg) B1

(lJgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 786 233 213 248 36

50 625 235 241 266 37

100 833 207 237 270 41

200 938 192 235 265 44

400 725 178 208 259 37

600 765 169 206 250 37

Lsd2 230 21 21 11 063

Sig3 ns ns




47





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 392 515 040 066 047 023 018

60 384 500 040 067 045 023 017

120 404 474 043 071 043 024 018

240 402 458 041 071 041 028 018

Lsd3 022 016 001 004 002 002 0006

Sig4 ns + ns ns

P


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 496 417 034 097 031 016 019

50 400 518 043 068 040 023 018

100 376 483 042 063 042 025 017

200 372 501 044 063 047 027 017

400 371 498 042 062 052 028 017

600 358 505 041 060 052 027 016

Lsd3 027 02 003 005 002 003 001

Sig4




AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(Ugg)

Zn1

(vigg) Mn1

(Pgg) B1

(Pgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 611 279 124 188 26

60 587 247 134 191 25

120 706 299 139 192 29

240 592 268 145 186 25

Lsd2 329 57 14 08 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

p

p (kgha)

Fe1

(Ugg) Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(Ugg) B1

(ugg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 976 492 156 202 31

50 520 279 145 198 26

100 507 230 135 186 24

200 432 208 127 190 24

400 739 239 131 183 28

600 567 192 120 177 24

Lsd2 270 61 142 114 061

Sig3 a s


49





0 797 7 34 7 13 34 590 1219 34 39 7

60 482 7 34 7 15 34 610 1146 46 52 8

120 583 7 43 7 20 34 616 1246 45 50 8

240 355 7 34 7 15 34 637 1152 41 45 8

Lsd2 141 1 13 16 11 15 74 188 5 16 1


MRL4 50 2000

P (kgha)

Ba (ngg)

Cd (ngg)

Cr (ngg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (ngg)

Ni

(ngg)

Rb (ngg)

Sr (ngg)

Ti

(ngg)

Th

(ngg)

V (ngg)

0 556 7 34 7 25 34 650 998 39 45 9

50 670 7 34 7 18 34 657 1387 50 74 9

100 576 7 34 7 11 34 570 1206 45 50 8

200 529 7 34 7 12 34 616 1293 39 39 7

400 523 7 48 7 19 39 596 1126 39 36 7

600 476 7 34 7 11 34 603 1126 36 36 7

Lsd2 121 1 16 1 15 6 40 181 19 29 2


MRL4 50 2000






AG


0 53 074 11 87 158

60 48 066 10 83 148

120 47 069 11 79 143

240 45 060 10 74 135

Lsd1 065 015 025 21 31


p

p (kgha)

Curd (kgha)

Root (kgha)

Stem (kgha)

Leaf (kgha)

Total (kgha)

0 12 030 040 29 49

50 40 058 100 68 124

100 51 053 112 76 143

200 59 075 120 93 172

400 67 093 131 115 205

600 61 094 121 102 185

Ls-d1 055 017 020 18 25

Sig2


51


Yield



(a) Total

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 755 468 483 177

50 1464 1675 1554 1516

100 2169 1706 1757 1985

200 2242 1737 1928 1862

400 1752 2102 2155 2136

600 1689 1764 1768 2023

Lsd1

Sig2

16 (AG)

ns 201 (P)

401 (AGP)

-

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 274 060 000 000

50 1222 1463 1294 1152

100 2057 1416 1603 1820

200 2141 1377 1803 1752

400 1572 2020 2095 1996

600 1468 1534 1500 1974

Lsd1

Sig2

24 (AG)

ns

46 (P)

52(AGP)

ns




26

24

22

(tha

) 20

18

Cur

d yi

eld 16

14

12

10

8

6 i ii

A=0

i i i i i

I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

- 7 I

_ bull

i i i n

mdash^ B=60

I I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

co

32 CD

gt 2 3

o

25

20

15

10

5

bull j

- bull

I I I I I

- - gt C=120

l l l

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)





A y = 1336 + (-577 + 01335x)(l-00088x +000007872) (Z2

B y = 89434 + 00705 - OOOOlx2 (R2 = 070)

C y = 84752 + 00810 - OOOOlx2 (B2 = 081)

D y = 733 +00871x - 00001 Ix2 (R2 = 099)

098)

53


Discussion









References









55












Ec mSm 623 -

pH (H 20) mSm 99 -

pH (CaCl2) mSm 94 -

PRI mLg 610 - gt 1000 -

LOI 1973 -

C a C 0 3 1290 1290

Fe (Fe203) 974 974

Al (A1203) 551 551

Si (Si0 2 ) 797 797

Ca (CaO) 45 450

Na (Na 2 0) 228 228

Ti (Ti0 2 ) 174 174

K (K 2 0) 072 72

Mg (MgO) 028 28 sect 047 47

P (P2O5) 005 05

Mn (MnO) 002 02

Total P ngg 266 -



As ngg 35 -

Ba ^gg 413 -

Cu Ugg 29 -

Sr Hgg 287 -


Zr fAgg 1477 -

Sand 232 -

Silt 473 -

Clay 295 -






(a)


0 119 010 050 010 020 050 88 182 050 058 010

60 72 010 050 010 022 050 91 171 069 078 012

120 87 011 064 011 030 050 92 186 067 075 012

240 53 011 05 010 023 050 95 172 061 067 012

Lsd2 21 002 02 024 016 022 11 28 008 024 002


(b)

p (kgha)

Ba (vgg)

Cd (vigg)

Cr (Pgg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (vgg)

Ni (Pgg)

Rb (Pgg)

Sr (Pgg)

Ti

(Pgg)

Th (Pgg)

V

(Pgg)

0 83 010 050 010 038 050 97 149 058 067 013

50 100 011 050 010 027 050 98 207 075 110 013

100 86 010 050 010 017 050 85 180 067 075 012

200 79 010 050 010 018 050 92 193 058 058 010

400 78 011 071 011 028 058 89 168 058 054 011

600 71 010 050 010 016 050 90 168 054 054 010

Lsd2 18 002 024 0009 022 009 06 27 028 044 003







Introduction










Experimental design


59


Crop management


Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant


60



Harvest


Analysis of data





61





0 36 70 262 199 093

60 62 78 397 308 101

90 70 80 390 378 12

120 73 80 402 391 14

Lsd3 057 018 75 122 018

Sig4 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP1

(M-gg) BicK1

(figg) PRI2

(mLg)

0 59 78 117 323 17

25 58 78 147 338 15

50 58 78 160 322 16

100 58 78 255 327 13

300 62 76 554 309 06

600 66 75 944 296 005

Lsd3 063 01 58 60 02

Sig4 ns ns


62


mdash A


e 25 ltD O d

5 20

1 ^ I I I

T3

C

o

c CO o c o o

0 20 40 60 80 100120140

Residual AG (tha)

u u bull B

80 l

60

40

mdash n bull 20

n i i i i

I

i i i

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


5 E Q 0 -

20 40 60 80 100120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


63




AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (ngmL)

Mg (ugmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (jigmL)

Psrp1

(pgmL)

0 129 75 91 141 105 81 28 05

60 144 77 108 131 121 64 30 06

120 147 76 123 136 120 50 33 04

Lsd2 33 01 14 09 4 7 1 02

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (UgmL)

Mg (ligmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (UgmL)

Psrp1

(VigmL)

0 171 78 107 141 121 68 23 01

100 138 77 104 144 111 58 24 02

300 120 76 103 128 110 63 31 06

600 130 73 117 133 116 71 43 13

Lsd2 20 02 10 11 10 13 7 02

Sig3 ns


64


3

C

o

o (gt

o in c c o

5 c CD O

o O

3

o

c o

c ltu o c o

o 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





AG



0 27 41 25 05

60 45 43 26 03

120 50 59 23 07

Lsd4 8 6 05 01

Sig5 ns

p

p (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(Pgg)

Zn2

(l-igg) PRI3

(mLg)

0 9 46 19 12

100 21 47 22 09

300 42 46 25 03

600 90 52 31 -03

Lsd4 7 5 10 02

Sig5 ns ns



66



(a) Topsoil

AG



0 16 28 68 10 26

60 25 42 86 15 41

90 25 46 91 16 43

120 26 54 96 18 46

Lsd5 3 9 8 005 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(vigg) TotP2

(ngg) PPJ3

(mLg) PPJP4

(mLg)

0 7 46 58 19 27

25 8 45 63 19 28

50 9 44 64 20 30

100 15 43 72 17 33

300 37 40 103 09 48

600 63 36 152 03 67

Lsd5 3 6 8 03 05

Sig6



120

o lgt 100 bull gt

TJ

rn laquon D ) 3

mdash-

on

60

^^ m i _


160 A (I 140

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 o (0 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 gtraquo 120

^plusmn bull o

^ ^ ^ ^

66

100

^ 3 80

^ mdash ^ tra

tion

60

^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ cen 40

o 20 o 20

I I I I I I I

O

10

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1lt

O

10

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


68



(b) Subsoil

AG



0 15 23 69 08 24

60 23 31 82 12 36

90 24 37 91 14 39

120 25 40 90 17 43

Lsd5 4 6 7 01 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(ugg) TotP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) PRIP4

(mLg)

0 6 36 57 18 25

25 8 36 63 17 26

50 8 34 63 17 26

100 13 31 71 15 29

300 33 29 102 08 43

600 61 30 141 03 64

Lsd5 5 5 8 02 05

Sig6



100

o CO

gtlaquo

C

o CO

bull-raquo

c o o o

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)



70




AG



0 29 65 24 027 006 004

60 47 73 32 025 009 010

90 59 77 36 023 015 015

120 66 78 40 025 012 018

Lsd2 07 07 06 005 006 001

Sig3 as ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

PH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 43 73 30 025 001 011

25 46 73 33 026 010 011

50 46 73 32 025 010 011

100 52 74 32 025 010 011

300 56 74 34 024 009 011

600 58 73 37 025 014 012

Lsd2 05 05 03 002 007 -

Sig3 ns ns ns



soil b

A soil

dry

4 _ I dry

I ^5 CD CD


i

U o CD CD



i 1 I i i i i LU

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1^ W

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


72




AG



0 34 66 24 026 006 005

60 50 75 33 024 008 010

90 64 78 38 023 01 016

120 68 79 41 024 01 019

Lsd2 05 01 07 006 001 003

Sig3 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 48 75 30 023 009 011

25 51 74 33 026 009 011

50 50 75 34 025 008 013

100 61 75 35 026 008 013

300 57 75 34 022 007 013

600 58 73 38 024 008 013

Lsd2 08 01 04 003 001 003

Sig3 ns



o 0 oi

4 CO c CO

gt T3 4 _ bull o

0s -5 3 agt CD

fc_ 3 - g

on

o 2 CO 2 CO

u 2

o CD CD 1 X I SI

1 CD 1 CD CD CU

O


o o X X Lil

i i 1 1 i i 1 HI

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





74



(a) Macronutrients

AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 49 42 23 077 040 039 027

60 51 40 23 078 042 036 025

90 51 39 23 079 043 036 025

120 49 39 24 078 042 036 025

Lsd3 03 02 08 009 007 010 004



(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 53 36 22 069 027 033 024

25 51 38 24 071 030 038 026

50 52 40 24 075 034 040 027

100 51 41 24 079 043 041 027

300 48 43 24 087 055 039 026

600 47 42 20 086 060 031 023

Lsd3 02 02 04 003 004 006 003

Sig4 ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe (ugg)

Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(ugg) B1

(ugg) Cu1

(ugg)

0 122 31 19 21 28

60 121 32 22 22 30

90 119 36 25 22 32

120 120 29 23 22 29

Lsd2 21 8 6 1 05

sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(Pgg)

Zn1

(ugg) Mn1

Gigg)

B1

(Fgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 112 33 19 22 28

25 120 32 22 22 29

50 125 32 21 23 29

100 132 38 24 23 31

300 129 30 25 22 32

600 106 29 23 21 32

Lsd2 19 6 3 1 03

Sig-3 ns ns




76


Q

en

3

gt-c 0

07

06

05

04

03

02

01 0

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

A

if 20 40 60 80 100


_ 065

Q S 055

060

tz

ro _ i

gt

120


20 40 60 80 100


120

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

-B

bull

- bull I

I I

bull

i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120

-bull D

I I i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120



A y = 05964 - 0763 x exp (-0068) (B2 = 089)

B y = 05855 - 05144 x exp (-00465x) (R2 = 098)

C y = 006058 - 0549 x exp (-00435x) (B2 = 096)

D y = 06399 - 05208 x exp (-00291) (R2 = 097)

77






(a) Total

AG p

(kgha) (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 59 64 69 100

25 134 126 123 83

50 139 133 117 143

100 163 200 164 177

300 203 236 198 204

600 215 237 208 194

Ls-d1 36 (AG) 17 (P) 48(AGP) -

Sig2 ns

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 14 14 18 56

25 83 74 84 13

50 90 99 67 99

100 138 188 125 160

300 187 232 182 190

600 206 234 191 185

Lsd1

Sig2

48 (AG)

ns 23 (P)

62(AGP)

-



0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


lt x

UJ gt-Q

o

lt X


24

22

20

18

16 14

12

10

8

6

4

-D

bull

I I

I I

I I

I

^~ bull

i i i i i

20 40 60 80 100120140160


20 40 60 80 100120140160




A y = 2088 - 818 x exp (-017x) (i2 = 089)

B y = 23731 - 4578 x exp (-00949) (i2 = 099)

C y = 2051 - 286 x exp (-00697) (R2 = 086)

D y = 2002 - 354 x exp (-0090) (B2 = 086)

79


Discussion


References







80















Introduction




Pots


Experimental design




82






Irrigation




April 1- 27 10 33

May 28- 59 065 21

June 60- 90 044 14

July 91-122 044 14

August 123-154 056 19

September 155-160



Crop management



Soil


83


Leachate


Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






Parameter (tha)

Parameter

0 125 250 1000

pH (H20) 69 77 85 86

pH (CaCl2) 57 71 78 78

Ec (mSm) 4 9 9 11

Ext P (ngg)1 3 9 14 9

PRI2 -02 33 44 77

Total N ()3 - 0039 0044 0060


ExtN03-N(ugg)5 - 3 2 5

CEC ()6 30 30 43 35

Exch Ca ()7 133 363 51 70

Exch Mg ()7 036 024 015 021

Exch Na ()7 005 015 015 032

Exch K ()7 007 004 0035 0035

OrgC()8 131 109 092 103

Sand () 977 967 960 910

Silt () 13 15 15 37

Clay () 10 23 25 53



85



AG


0 33 119 234 -015 137

125 200 117 743 141 27

250 275 197 1258 231 19

1000 204 420 1853 154 30

Lsd5 4 34 129 45 26

Sig6

P

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(Mgfe) totP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) NIL

(ngg)

0 91 215 896 198 58

50 151 223 937 138 54

100 144 226 1005 126 62

200 182 193 1043 128 42

400 323 210 1231 116 52

Lsd5 48 39 144 50 29

Sig6 s | e ns ns





AG



0 157 44 18 016 026 010

125 147 54 23 014 026 015

250 217 66 40 017 041 027

1000 308 76 135 027 096 094

Lsd2 32 01 07 002 005 005

sig3

p

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 202 59 52 019 048 035

50 195 60 53 018 050 036

100 203 60 57 019 048 039

200 202 60 57 018 045 040

400 236 59 51 017 046 034

Lsd2 35 01 08 002 006 005






87




deg E

c o

o O

c ltD

O

c o

I O

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0

A p p l ie d P

3 0 0

k g h a )

4 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0


4 0 0 5 0 0


89


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0




200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Level of AG (tha)

200 400 600 800

Level of AG (tha)

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


91




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 486 229 061 025 050 039

125 584 186 060 033 047 034

250 585 216 058 033 044 035

1000 531 215 056 031 052 037

Lsd3 03 02 004 0017 005 003

Sig4

p

P (kgha)


0 538 198 062 029 037 036

50 523 222 061 028 043 037

100 562 208 056 030 049 035

200 548 216 057 032 058 037

400 563 214 056 035 054 036

Lsd3 033 022 004 002 006 003

Sig4 ns ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe Mn1 Zn B Cu Mo

0 111 386 280 345 95 21

125 127 279 367 348 107 25

250 126 173 269 349 108 24

1000 114 60 143 337 110 31

Lsd2 20 47 40 15 05 06

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 135 243 263 356 120 28

50 122 240 268 349 111 30

100 109 191 229 343 106 25

200 116 228 268 334 99 23

400 115 221 294 341 89 20

Lsd2 23 52 45 15 051 07

Sig3 ns ns ns ns



93




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 300 503 269 071 016 093 039

125 348 649 239 065 024 090 035

250 395 653 251 061 022 082 033

1000 351 566 262 066 024 099 037

Lsd3 010 036 011 002 001 009 002

Sig4

p

p (kgha)


0 355 589 240 073 019 074 035

50 343 597 258 068 020 082 036

100 339 587 257 068 021 098 038

200 339 580 259 063 022 108 037

400 332 608 263 057 024 095 036

Lsd3 011 041 012 002 001 010 002

Sig4 ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1 Mn1 Zn1 B1 Cu1

0 299 962 234 402 109

125 316 952 184 404 107

250 331 662 110 380 110

1000 374 673 77 383 115

Lsd2 90 106 20 002 05

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 294 969 158 409 125

50 392 837 144 393 117

100 364 747 141 396 114

200 267 712 159 387 105

400 332 bull 796 154 377 89

Lsd2 101 118 23 13 05

Sig3 ns ns





95

i 7 1 smdash

tz i

Least


4 t o 1 mdash l

E

Least era

sd

P P

p p

p p

U i p p 0 f Cro

to

sd

copy P

p copy

P copy

Ui copy o


a

anceat

ficant



A

ficant ns



o

ns

(AG

)

U ) 4^ p 4 ^ t o P


copy o

iffere

ns

(AG

)

0 0 +- o 4 U i

ns AG

)


^bullv B o B o



A IA

p

-

58 09 52 50 Os t o

copy

49

so 1 mdash

85

copy 1mdash

i- 00

TOO IA

p

(P) ^ 4 U i Os 00 U i (P)


- copy Ui

AG

tha)

copy Ui

Hmdash

AG

tha) Kgt



o

AG


AG


deg

AG


AG

U ) t - so 0 0 copy

T) Tgt



copy



a-

to Ui

to Ui copy

copy copy copy

CO tro bull

^








0 50 2 9 11 3 86

0 100 2 8 10 13 77

0 200 2 6 8 2 90

0 400 2 6 8 3 89

125 50 4 8 12 73 15

125 100 2 8 10 18 72

125 200 2 6 8 30 62

125 400 1 4 5 18 77

250 50 3 7 10 0 90

250 100 2 4 6 0 94

250 200 1 4 5 0 95

250 400 1 4 5 12 83

1000 50 2 6 8 75 17

1000 100 2 5 7 67 26

1000 200 2 5 7 45 48

1000 400 1 4 5 41 55



97



AG (tha)

P (kgha)

P leached1

(kgha) P leached

( P applied)

0 50 41 82

0 100 78 78

0 200 158 79 0 400 311 78

125 50 2 4

125 100 3 3

125 200 10 5 125 400 27 7

250 50 1 2

250 100 3 3 250 200 4 2

250 400 7 2 1000 50 02 lt1 1000 100 05 lt1

1000 200 1 lt1

1000 400 2 lt1



O)

pound CD

o TO

(D

o

(0 l _

c

o c o o

pound

(0

o to

c o

TO tmdash

c 0) o c o o

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0



99


CD

CO

x o CO CD

c o

bull4-

CO

c CD O c o O

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0


100


ID

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

lb 70

70 C

60 65 -

60

55 dt

ha 50

40

50

45 bull A

Yie

30

40 _ 20

35 i i i i 35 0 100 200 300 400 5( 50 10

Applied p (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)



A y = 10943 - 9377 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

B y = 6l7- 2848 x exp (-00122) (i2 = 099)

C y = 3842+ 0083x (J2 = 097)

D y = 238 + 0l07x(R2 = 096)


101


Discussion





102




References








103











104


CO JC

5)

CD

sz o CD CD

0 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


105


200 400 600 800


1 000 1 200

2 00

18 0 -

~ 160

copy

deg 1 40

1 2 0

100 -

80 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


106


A 1 8 0

1 6 0

1 4 0

1 2 0 -

1 0 0

8 0

6 0 -

4 0 - I~~ - ^ gt ^

2 0

I

^ - ^ 1 0

I i i i i i

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 12 00


107


40

ha

)

35 ^ D )

30 bull o

25 o CD jD 20 O )

^ 1 5

1 0

5

200 400 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0


200 4 0 0 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0



108


200 400 600 800


1000 1200


109

on-

3 05


13 cn to bull

gt bulla i - t

K bdquo so SO C


poundr r r



3 3 3







05



ltJ1


OS


~J


00


SO


copy



to


LO


4^



OS


TOTA

L

^ 4

H o

f5 0 rgt n

8

ft BS J

a o 3 05

GO v Eo fa

T3 3 S

I f ^ e

^ I to o en B

I | - TO

^ - MB

e S

03

s

Si 3 a 09

5

I 1


m

3


AG

(tha)

eek 1 is 4


Q ^ gt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 3

Jw-9

p (kgha)

Vpril 199


os



to



(5



4^


Ln



Os


-o



00


vo


copy


E


to


ugt


S


( J l


Os


TOTA

L

f to

I 3

t 1 i


- B Si 05


eg ST


a i s

laquo3 TJ

= 3

4 ^

gt o ^ = c raquofl

3 crs

( - bull

3 re

I


ZVV


AG

(tha)


Jw-9

P (kgha)




S 3




-t-




OS



~4


0 0


SO


copy


-

3 3 S B D S 3 3 3 S I 3 3 3 S 3 S 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 I 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 S

S 3


lgt3




U i


OS



TO

TA

L

I -o

t I o 3 I

0 0 03

s mpl 1




o g 3

09

as

BS 3 c

3

S

I 1



1 1 J S os an

bullB B 58

OH O

lt

H O

o

bull3

eek



gt ll 0)

=

s o

I I 2




CN CN v i





o o o en so O














ca

~ -a JltS









sn ON ON i -


-s 1 ^

w ^4 a 8 n pound z

C3

a

113


1 I

-a s OS

OH

bulla s cs

s

I

1

i o

2

it

1 I o p

J f -

1

TO

TA

L









-


f o


ifte

r so

wi

ON


(wee

ks pound

00


ing

tim

e


Sam

p

NO


lto



cn


CS


rmdasht


P

(kg

ha)



AG

(t

ha)


NO ON ON

I

114


O H

S

E OS en

bull O S laquo

bulla

is deg gt I-I

11 amp 1 S3 _g

es

lt M

s 00 S

I I bull a

o o

1-5

S o

O

1

03 WD

NO






03

2-3















NO ON ON

I


115

914


AG

(tha)


p (kgha)


gtmdashraquo


to


LO


+-


Ln


Os


^3


00


SO


O


gtmdashgtbull


to

LO


LO


pound


Ln


OS


TOTA

L

0 O

t

I 2

o n

I

Sam

evel

Traquo o 3 ^ irq

^ S-ID ^

eek i I bull i 3

- o gt O 3

(TO a s c

I 1



i a C3 1X1

bulla s a

bulla a CS

B 3 I

55 W

53

to

s lt -a 0)

1

o

3

w

a

amp

00

60

s

1 V3

TOTA

L









1mdashc r-H


o rmdash1


ON


00


t -


NO


W)


bull



I N


imdashi


P (k

gha

)



AG

(t



NO ON ON

117

mi


AG


p (kgha)





LO


44


Ln


ON


~-l


00


vo


gt mdash copy


pound


to


LO


it


Ln


ON


TOTA

L

I 0 VO

v3


raquo i T O 09

(M raquo 0 lt 0 0

ri S raquo S5

M S-l V O

n 3

00 pound 3


lt n q S t raquo gt

t ST amp sect w 3

reg

e 3

9 3 a

I 1 era

I I


CONTENTS

Page








CO
















12 Industry summary



2









2 PROJECT STAFF

Ian McPharlin

Wendy Robertson

Bob Jeffery

Tony Shimmin

Jenny Harboard

Don Glenister

Patricia Aylmore

David Cooling

Gavin dAdhemar

Neil Lantzke


Staff



Research Officer











4








Introduction









Experimental design


6



Fertilisers


Measurements

(a) Plant



(b) Soil


7


Chemical analysis












AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-P (ugg)

Total P (ugg)

PRI Pbuff

0 72 64 5 8 55 19 14

60 84 77 8 10 64 26 24

90 85 78 9 11 76 30 30

120 85 83 9 10 71 27 27

Signif NS NS $

Lsd 5 04 05 3 07 05


AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-Pa

(ugg) PRIa

Pbuff

0 73 67 7 16 37 20

60 78 71 5 17 40 23

120 84 77 9 20 44 30

240 88 80 9 21 53 40

Signif NS NS NS

Lsd 5 05 06 10






9










10


Yield





Phosphorus



11




Other nutrients






0 119 018 059 382

60 110 020 065 553

90 106 021 066 597

120 102 021 069 697

Signif NS

Lsd 5 04 004 119

12




0 44 028 74 293 267

600 48 032 62 342 248

Signif NS NS



0 51 116 016 23 030 050 77 453 46 96 26

60 48 127 015 21 027 045 61 457 45 67 25

120 49 120 016 26 029 051 66 643 59 59 25

240 49 103 019 29 030 067 54 977 53 53 24


Lsd5 05 04 013 164 24




Total P uptake


13



Metals in tubers



Cr Co Sn Sb Hg

mean

se

0007

61 xlO5

60 x 104

50 x 106

15 x 103

10 x 104

90 x 105

10 xlO5

34 x 104

14 x 105



mean

se

001

68X104

72xl(f 29xia5

55xia3

17x1a4

010

35xia3

L2X103

0

58xia3

17X104

LOxlO3

29X104

30X1O4

43xl05

84X1G4

ii xia5

l ixia3

70xia5


Applied P (kgha)

Ni Cd Cu

0 0006 0002 018

100 0006 0002 016

300 0007 0004 015

600 0008 0006 013

Signif

Lsd (5) 00014 0001 002


14



Conclusions












15












16


300

250 -

I I

200

3

60 80

AG (tha)

140


17


Z3

200

180 -

160

Q- 140

ro 120 bull 4 -

O CD X 100 CD i

3 80 CO c o

pound gt v_ CO

o CQ

AG Depth

I

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

AG (tha)

140


18


700

600

500

D)

3 400

CL

oil

300 CO

200

100

100 150

A G (tha)

250


19


CO

2 CD

gt-

200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)


Equations are

A

B

C

D

0 tha

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

j - 614 - 255 x exp (-00152) (JR= 092)

y = 542 - 271 x exp (-00176) (R2= 090)

y = 552 - 274 x exp (-0021) (F= 094)

y = 566 - 229 x exp (-00092) (i^= 098)

20


ro

JO

gt-

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 547 - 216 x exp (-0021) (R2^ 088)

y = 517 - 278 x exp (-0019) (R2= 090)

y = 524 - 243 x exp (-001 to) (R2= 094)

y = 530 - 218 x exp (-001 Ox) (i^= 098)

21


CO

32

gt-

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0

Marketable yield

Marketable yield

Total yield

Total yield

_L 50 100 150 200

AG (tha)

250 300


22


w CO CO

a gtraquo i _

C

o 00

c CD O c o o

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500


Equations are

A Otha y = 117- 079 x exp (-0020) (R2 = 096)

B 60 tha y=123- 096 x exp (-000874) (R2 - 099)

C 90 tha y = 118 - 0884 x exp (-000742) (R2 = 096)

D 120 tha y= 117 - 090 x exp (-00085) (R2 = 097)

23


CO

c

53

CD

gt-

00 02 04 06 08 10


12 14



24


poundgt 3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)


25


100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

700



040

ogt 035 CD

gtgt bullo

w _CB O

H) CL


030 -

025 -

020

2 015

010 -

005

000 0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

A 0 tha

B 60 tha

C 90 tha

D 120 tha

y = 0372 - 0243 x exp (-00058) (R2 = 097)

y = 0378 - 0257 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 098)

y = 0361 - 0216 x exp (-00029x) (i^= 095)

y = 0406 - 0279 x exp (-0002x) (R2 = 098)

27


CO

3

ltD

CO Q Z5

ID

B

14

12 -^ ^

10

8 W

6

4

A G P

I

2

n I i i I I i

0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 140 - 1095 x exp (-00058r) (R2 = 096)

3= 111 - 882 x exp (-0004x) (R2 = 098)

y = 104 - 774 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

3 = 127 -101 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 0997)

28


60 80

AG (tha)


29



Introduction










Experimental design


Crop management




Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant



31



Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP2

(Vigfe)

BicK2

(pgg) PRI3

(mLg) TP4

(Pgg) CEC5

(me ) Kads6 Pads7

0 37 74 107 153 097 507 2 0 41

60 67 82 93 197 167 473 2 043 66

120 80 82 100 277 243 607 2 044 78

240 103 84 97 290 38 637 2 058 129

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 1010 0 049 41

Sig9 ns ns ns ns ns




0 30 72 83 227 07 507

60 63 81 73 190 15 453

120 80 81 87 220 18 540

240 107 83 83 240 27 563

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 101

Sig9 ns ns ns



33



AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (pgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(VigmL)

0 112 70 175 18 110 77 101 57 56

60 132 74 164 17 137 58 92 34 31

120 172 75 166 17 152 54 97 44 34

240 166 81 130 16 198 34 75 24 11

Lsd3 19 025 33 4 16 11 26 27 32

Sig4 ns ns ns ns ns

p

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm) PH

Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (UgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(pgmL)

0 137 78 99 15 150 46 26 10 01

100 142 76 112 15 153 54 52 23 14

200 170 74 179 19 150 62 114 39 30

600 133 72 244 19 144 60 174 89 87

Lsd3 43 022 31 24 17 15 29 25 30

Sig4 ns ns ns




220

200

E 180 O ) 3

^ 1fi0 _ o 3 140 O V)

oil

120 m c


20

0 50 100 150 200


250 300


35



AG

AG (tha)

P2

(ugg) K2

(Ugg) Zn3

(Pgg)

PRI4

(mLg)

0 47 32 67 -112

60 76 38 15 -090

120 94 42 26 -049

240 84 41 13 092

Lsd5 35 6 28 073

Sig6 ns

P P2 K2 Zn3 PRI4


0 8 42 31 201 100 35 37 45 043 200 80 39 18 -089 600 177 34 26 -313

Lsd5 39 6 27 082

Sig6 ns




o CO

CD

E

o CO

co o

CD


50 100 150 200


250 300


37



(a) Topsoil


0 67 66 229 018 005 003

60 91 77 382 019 009 02

120 99 79 558 019 012 043

240 120 80 975 024 014 104

Lsd2 20 014 064 0033 0018 021

Sig3 ns

(b) Subsoil


0 44 67 225 017 005 003

60 59 74 269 019 005 008

120 66 77 300 018 005 017

240 99 79 397 02 005 029

Lsd2 075 01 029 0036 001 002

Sig3 n s ns





(a) Topsoil

AG



0 39 23 92 -07 28

60 50 38 110 02 50

120 59 51 135 16 75

240 58 62 157 35 99

Lsd4 5 11 15 03 06

Sig5



0 10 53 57 29 40

50 15 40 66 22 38

100 25 41 78 17 44

200 53 41 128 14 71

400 87 44 186 -01 86

600 120 41 226 -12 102

Lsd4 11 8 20 09 13

Sig5


39




AG



0 33 20 79 -05 26

60 30 21 73 -01 30

120 33 27 77 08 42

240 26 24 76 13 40

Lsd4 10 2 10 04 10

Sig5 ns ns



0 7 25 48 15 22

50 11 22 52 09 19

100 15 24 59 10 27

200 32 23 81 06 39

400 51 22 100 -03 47

600 67 21 117 -11 52

Lsd4 8 5 8 05 09

Sig5 ns



100 150 200


300


41





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 482 393 240 081 049 036 023

60 484 383 251 084 046 040 024

120 506 357 255 081 046 045 024

240 494 355 246 088 044 056 025

Lsd3 026 012 024 005 003 006 0013

Sig4 ns ns ns ns

p


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 523 316 254 066 024 046 025

50 489 372 255 081 041 049 026

100 503 388 229 084 048 042 024

200 472 379 250 089 050 046 024

400 494 390 242 093 057 043 023

600 470 385 258 091 057 039 022

Lsd3 027 024 036 005 003 008 0017

Sig4 ns ns



0 50 100 150 200 250 300





10


tto

06 3

X3

to 05 _ l

gtbull 04 C


-z 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300




43



en c o 3

X2

gt

06

^

bull A

05 ^ S

04

03

02

01

n n i i i

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

o

X I

5 gt

06

05

04

03

02

01

00

- bull B

- bull bull ^

o

I I I I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)



A

B

C

D

y = 056 - 030 x exp (-00182) (R2 = 097)

y = 057 - 032 x exp (-00103) (R2 = 088)

y = 055 - 031 x exp (-00126) (R2 = 099)

y = 056 - 032 x exp (-00092) (R2 = 098)


44



AG

AG (tha)

Fe (Pgg)

Zn (Ugg)

Mn (vigg)

B (Pgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 1354 251 217 211 26

60 1274 248 237 213 28

120 1353 253 240 217 27

240 1394 263 260 214 29

Lsd2 153 24 15 082 02

Sig3 ns ns ns


0 1418 268 212 215 26

50 1388 253 263 220 27

100 1301 267 251 217 29

200 1336 249 250 217 28

400 1282 255 232 204 28

600 1341 233 224 210 28

Lsd2 197 29 19 08 02

Sig3 ns ns ns



45

A O O ltyi

4x

r en 00

9 400 200 o o o copy

ns

O

kgt ON

kgt

4gt

kgt 4 4 4^

kgt

ns

O 4 4 ON 4 k)

o


4 00

4 ON

4 4^ NO Q O

o copy ON

i mdash gt

b b 1 mdash t

b o p Vcopy

O 00 ON

o ON

gtmdash 5 co 5J M

o o

O in

o 4 Ncopy

o 4 O

p 4

p kgt 1 mdash t

copy

ON

o b NO

O ON

o 00

o 00

o ON I mdash

O ON

O 3 Z 5 raquoM

o b 4

O

kgt o kgt -J

p kgt 00

O kgt 00

O

kgt NO

copy kgt ON



AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(ugg) Zn1

(vgg) Mn1

(vgg) B1

(vgg) Cu1

(vigg)

0 762 224 214 263 42

60 700 197 227 265 38

120 811 196 216 254 38

240 842 193 236 256 37

Lsd2 132 099 21 16 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(pgg) Zn1

(^gg) Mn1

(Vigg) B1

(lJgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 786 233 213 248 36

50 625 235 241 266 37

100 833 207 237 270 41

200 938 192 235 265 44

400 725 178 208 259 37

600 765 169 206 250 37

Lsd2 230 21 21 11 063

Sig3 ns ns




47





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 392 515 040 066 047 023 018

60 384 500 040 067 045 023 017

120 404 474 043 071 043 024 018

240 402 458 041 071 041 028 018

Lsd3 022 016 001 004 002 002 0006

Sig4 ns + ns ns

P


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 496 417 034 097 031 016 019

50 400 518 043 068 040 023 018

100 376 483 042 063 042 025 017

200 372 501 044 063 047 027 017

400 371 498 042 062 052 028 017

600 358 505 041 060 052 027 016

Lsd3 027 02 003 005 002 003 001

Sig4




AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(Ugg)

Zn1

(vigg) Mn1

(Pgg) B1

(Pgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 611 279 124 188 26

60 587 247 134 191 25

120 706 299 139 192 29

240 592 268 145 186 25

Lsd2 329 57 14 08 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

p

p (kgha)

Fe1

(Ugg) Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(Ugg) B1

(ugg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 976 492 156 202 31

50 520 279 145 198 26

100 507 230 135 186 24

200 432 208 127 190 24

400 739 239 131 183 28

600 567 192 120 177 24

Lsd2 270 61 142 114 061

Sig3 a s


49





0 797 7 34 7 13 34 590 1219 34 39 7

60 482 7 34 7 15 34 610 1146 46 52 8

120 583 7 43 7 20 34 616 1246 45 50 8

240 355 7 34 7 15 34 637 1152 41 45 8

Lsd2 141 1 13 16 11 15 74 188 5 16 1


MRL4 50 2000

P (kgha)

Ba (ngg)

Cd (ngg)

Cr (ngg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (ngg)

Ni

(ngg)

Rb (ngg)

Sr (ngg)

Ti

(ngg)

Th

(ngg)

V (ngg)

0 556 7 34 7 25 34 650 998 39 45 9

50 670 7 34 7 18 34 657 1387 50 74 9

100 576 7 34 7 11 34 570 1206 45 50 8

200 529 7 34 7 12 34 616 1293 39 39 7

400 523 7 48 7 19 39 596 1126 39 36 7

600 476 7 34 7 11 34 603 1126 36 36 7

Lsd2 121 1 16 1 15 6 40 181 19 29 2


MRL4 50 2000






AG


0 53 074 11 87 158

60 48 066 10 83 148

120 47 069 11 79 143

240 45 060 10 74 135

Lsd1 065 015 025 21 31


p

p (kgha)

Curd (kgha)

Root (kgha)

Stem (kgha)

Leaf (kgha)

Total (kgha)

0 12 030 040 29 49

50 40 058 100 68 124

100 51 053 112 76 143

200 59 075 120 93 172

400 67 093 131 115 205

600 61 094 121 102 185

Ls-d1 055 017 020 18 25

Sig2


51


Yield



(a) Total

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 755 468 483 177

50 1464 1675 1554 1516

100 2169 1706 1757 1985

200 2242 1737 1928 1862

400 1752 2102 2155 2136

600 1689 1764 1768 2023

Lsd1

Sig2

16 (AG)

ns 201 (P)

401 (AGP)

-

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 274 060 000 000

50 1222 1463 1294 1152

100 2057 1416 1603 1820

200 2141 1377 1803 1752

400 1572 2020 2095 1996

600 1468 1534 1500 1974

Lsd1

Sig2

24 (AG)

ns

46 (P)

52(AGP)

ns




26

24

22

(tha

) 20

18

Cur

d yi

eld 16

14

12

10

8

6 i ii

A=0

i i i i i

I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

- 7 I

_ bull

i i i n

mdash^ B=60

I I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

co

32 CD

gt 2 3

o

25

20

15

10

5

bull j

- bull

I I I I I

- - gt C=120

l l l

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)





A y = 1336 + (-577 + 01335x)(l-00088x +000007872) (Z2

B y = 89434 + 00705 - OOOOlx2 (R2 = 070)

C y = 84752 + 00810 - OOOOlx2 (B2 = 081)

D y = 733 +00871x - 00001 Ix2 (R2 = 099)

098)

53


Discussion









References









55












Ec mSm 623 -

pH (H 20) mSm 99 -

pH (CaCl2) mSm 94 -

PRI mLg 610 - gt 1000 -

LOI 1973 -

C a C 0 3 1290 1290

Fe (Fe203) 974 974

Al (A1203) 551 551

Si (Si0 2 ) 797 797

Ca (CaO) 45 450

Na (Na 2 0) 228 228

Ti (Ti0 2 ) 174 174

K (K 2 0) 072 72

Mg (MgO) 028 28 sect 047 47

P (P2O5) 005 05

Mn (MnO) 002 02

Total P ngg 266 -



As ngg 35 -

Ba ^gg 413 -

Cu Ugg 29 -

Sr Hgg 287 -


Zr fAgg 1477 -

Sand 232 -

Silt 473 -

Clay 295 -






(a)


0 119 010 050 010 020 050 88 182 050 058 010

60 72 010 050 010 022 050 91 171 069 078 012

120 87 011 064 011 030 050 92 186 067 075 012

240 53 011 05 010 023 050 95 172 061 067 012

Lsd2 21 002 02 024 016 022 11 28 008 024 002


(b)

p (kgha)

Ba (vgg)

Cd (vigg)

Cr (Pgg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (vgg)

Ni (Pgg)

Rb (Pgg)

Sr (Pgg)

Ti

(Pgg)

Th (Pgg)

V

(Pgg)

0 83 010 050 010 038 050 97 149 058 067 013

50 100 011 050 010 027 050 98 207 075 110 013

100 86 010 050 010 017 050 85 180 067 075 012

200 79 010 050 010 018 050 92 193 058 058 010

400 78 011 071 011 028 058 89 168 058 054 011

600 71 010 050 010 016 050 90 168 054 054 010

Lsd2 18 002 024 0009 022 009 06 27 028 044 003







Introduction










Experimental design


59


Crop management


Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant


60



Harvest


Analysis of data





61





0 36 70 262 199 093

60 62 78 397 308 101

90 70 80 390 378 12

120 73 80 402 391 14

Lsd3 057 018 75 122 018

Sig4 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP1

(M-gg) BicK1

(figg) PRI2

(mLg)

0 59 78 117 323 17

25 58 78 147 338 15

50 58 78 160 322 16

100 58 78 255 327 13

300 62 76 554 309 06

600 66 75 944 296 005

Lsd3 063 01 58 60 02

Sig4 ns ns


62


mdash A


e 25 ltD O d

5 20

1 ^ I I I

T3

C

o

c CO o c o o

0 20 40 60 80 100120140

Residual AG (tha)

u u bull B

80 l

60

40

mdash n bull 20

n i i i i

I

i i i

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


5 E Q 0 -

20 40 60 80 100120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


63




AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (ngmL)

Mg (ugmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (jigmL)

Psrp1

(pgmL)

0 129 75 91 141 105 81 28 05

60 144 77 108 131 121 64 30 06

120 147 76 123 136 120 50 33 04

Lsd2 33 01 14 09 4 7 1 02

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (UgmL)

Mg (ligmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (UgmL)

Psrp1

(VigmL)

0 171 78 107 141 121 68 23 01

100 138 77 104 144 111 58 24 02

300 120 76 103 128 110 63 31 06

600 130 73 117 133 116 71 43 13

Lsd2 20 02 10 11 10 13 7 02

Sig3 ns


64


3

C

o

o (gt

o in c c o

5 c CD O

o O

3

o

c o

c ltu o c o

o 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





AG



0 27 41 25 05

60 45 43 26 03

120 50 59 23 07

Lsd4 8 6 05 01

Sig5 ns

p

p (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(Pgg)

Zn2

(l-igg) PRI3

(mLg)

0 9 46 19 12

100 21 47 22 09

300 42 46 25 03

600 90 52 31 -03

Lsd4 7 5 10 02

Sig5 ns ns



66



(a) Topsoil

AG



0 16 28 68 10 26

60 25 42 86 15 41

90 25 46 91 16 43

120 26 54 96 18 46

Lsd5 3 9 8 005 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(vigg) TotP2

(ngg) PPJ3

(mLg) PPJP4

(mLg)

0 7 46 58 19 27

25 8 45 63 19 28

50 9 44 64 20 30

100 15 43 72 17 33

300 37 40 103 09 48

600 63 36 152 03 67

Lsd5 3 6 8 03 05

Sig6



120

o lgt 100 bull gt

TJ

rn laquon D ) 3

mdash-

on

60

^^ m i _


160 A (I 140

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 o (0 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 gtraquo 120

^plusmn bull o

^ ^ ^ ^

66

100

^ 3 80

^ mdash ^ tra

tion

60

^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ cen 40

o 20 o 20

I I I I I I I

O

10

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1lt

O

10

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


68



(b) Subsoil

AG



0 15 23 69 08 24

60 23 31 82 12 36

90 24 37 91 14 39

120 25 40 90 17 43

Lsd5 4 6 7 01 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(ugg) TotP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) PRIP4

(mLg)

0 6 36 57 18 25

25 8 36 63 17 26

50 8 34 63 17 26

100 13 31 71 15 29

300 33 29 102 08 43

600 61 30 141 03 64

Lsd5 5 5 8 02 05

Sig6



100

o CO

gtlaquo

C

o CO

bull-raquo

c o o o

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)



70




AG



0 29 65 24 027 006 004

60 47 73 32 025 009 010

90 59 77 36 023 015 015

120 66 78 40 025 012 018

Lsd2 07 07 06 005 006 001

Sig3 as ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

PH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 43 73 30 025 001 011

25 46 73 33 026 010 011

50 46 73 32 025 010 011

100 52 74 32 025 010 011

300 56 74 34 024 009 011

600 58 73 37 025 014 012

Lsd2 05 05 03 002 007 -

Sig3 ns ns ns



soil b

A soil

dry

4 _ I dry

I ^5 CD CD


i

U o CD CD



i 1 I i i i i LU

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1^ W

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


72




AG



0 34 66 24 026 006 005

60 50 75 33 024 008 010

90 64 78 38 023 01 016

120 68 79 41 024 01 019

Lsd2 05 01 07 006 001 003

Sig3 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 48 75 30 023 009 011

25 51 74 33 026 009 011

50 50 75 34 025 008 013

100 61 75 35 026 008 013

300 57 75 34 022 007 013

600 58 73 38 024 008 013

Lsd2 08 01 04 003 001 003

Sig3 ns



o 0 oi

4 CO c CO

gt T3 4 _ bull o

0s -5 3 agt CD

fc_ 3 - g

on

o 2 CO 2 CO

u 2

o CD CD 1 X I SI

1 CD 1 CD CD CU

O


o o X X Lil

i i 1 1 i i 1 HI

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





74



(a) Macronutrients

AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 49 42 23 077 040 039 027

60 51 40 23 078 042 036 025

90 51 39 23 079 043 036 025

120 49 39 24 078 042 036 025

Lsd3 03 02 08 009 007 010 004



(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 53 36 22 069 027 033 024

25 51 38 24 071 030 038 026

50 52 40 24 075 034 040 027

100 51 41 24 079 043 041 027

300 48 43 24 087 055 039 026

600 47 42 20 086 060 031 023

Lsd3 02 02 04 003 004 006 003

Sig4 ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe (ugg)

Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(ugg) B1

(ugg) Cu1

(ugg)

0 122 31 19 21 28

60 121 32 22 22 30

90 119 36 25 22 32

120 120 29 23 22 29

Lsd2 21 8 6 1 05

sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(Pgg)

Zn1

(ugg) Mn1

Gigg)

B1

(Fgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 112 33 19 22 28

25 120 32 22 22 29

50 125 32 21 23 29

100 132 38 24 23 31

300 129 30 25 22 32

600 106 29 23 21 32

Lsd2 19 6 3 1 03

Sig-3 ns ns




76


Q

en

3

gt-c 0

07

06

05

04

03

02

01 0

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

A

if 20 40 60 80 100


_ 065

Q S 055

060

tz

ro _ i

gt

120


20 40 60 80 100


120

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

-B

bull

- bull I

I I

bull

i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120

-bull D

I I i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120



A y = 05964 - 0763 x exp (-0068) (B2 = 089)

B y = 05855 - 05144 x exp (-00465x) (R2 = 098)

C y = 006058 - 0549 x exp (-00435x) (B2 = 096)

D y = 06399 - 05208 x exp (-00291) (R2 = 097)

77






(a) Total

AG p

(kgha) (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 59 64 69 100

25 134 126 123 83

50 139 133 117 143

100 163 200 164 177

300 203 236 198 204

600 215 237 208 194

Ls-d1 36 (AG) 17 (P) 48(AGP) -

Sig2 ns

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 14 14 18 56

25 83 74 84 13

50 90 99 67 99

100 138 188 125 160

300 187 232 182 190

600 206 234 191 185

Lsd1

Sig2

48 (AG)

ns 23 (P)

62(AGP)

-



0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


lt x

UJ gt-Q

o

lt X


24

22

20

18

16 14

12

10

8

6

4

-D

bull

I I

I I

I I

I

^~ bull

i i i i i

20 40 60 80 100120140160


20 40 60 80 100120140160




A y = 2088 - 818 x exp (-017x) (i2 = 089)

B y = 23731 - 4578 x exp (-00949) (i2 = 099)

C y = 2051 - 286 x exp (-00697) (R2 = 086)

D y = 2002 - 354 x exp (-0090) (B2 = 086)

79


Discussion


References







80















Introduction




Pots


Experimental design




82






Irrigation




April 1- 27 10 33

May 28- 59 065 21

June 60- 90 044 14

July 91-122 044 14

August 123-154 056 19

September 155-160



Crop management



Soil


83


Leachate


Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






Parameter (tha)

Parameter

0 125 250 1000

pH (H20) 69 77 85 86

pH (CaCl2) 57 71 78 78

Ec (mSm) 4 9 9 11

Ext P (ngg)1 3 9 14 9

PRI2 -02 33 44 77

Total N ()3 - 0039 0044 0060


ExtN03-N(ugg)5 - 3 2 5

CEC ()6 30 30 43 35

Exch Ca ()7 133 363 51 70

Exch Mg ()7 036 024 015 021

Exch Na ()7 005 015 015 032

Exch K ()7 007 004 0035 0035

OrgC()8 131 109 092 103

Sand () 977 967 960 910

Silt () 13 15 15 37

Clay () 10 23 25 53



85



AG


0 33 119 234 -015 137

125 200 117 743 141 27

250 275 197 1258 231 19

1000 204 420 1853 154 30

Lsd5 4 34 129 45 26

Sig6

P

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(Mgfe) totP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) NIL

(ngg)

0 91 215 896 198 58

50 151 223 937 138 54

100 144 226 1005 126 62

200 182 193 1043 128 42

400 323 210 1231 116 52

Lsd5 48 39 144 50 29

Sig6 s | e ns ns





AG



0 157 44 18 016 026 010

125 147 54 23 014 026 015

250 217 66 40 017 041 027

1000 308 76 135 027 096 094

Lsd2 32 01 07 002 005 005

sig3

p

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 202 59 52 019 048 035

50 195 60 53 018 050 036

100 203 60 57 019 048 039

200 202 60 57 018 045 040

400 236 59 51 017 046 034

Lsd2 35 01 08 002 006 005






87




deg E

c o

o O

c ltD

O

c o

I O

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0

A p p l ie d P

3 0 0

k g h a )

4 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0


4 0 0 5 0 0


89


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0




200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Level of AG (tha)

200 400 600 800

Level of AG (tha)

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


91




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 486 229 061 025 050 039

125 584 186 060 033 047 034

250 585 216 058 033 044 035

1000 531 215 056 031 052 037

Lsd3 03 02 004 0017 005 003

Sig4

p

P (kgha)


0 538 198 062 029 037 036

50 523 222 061 028 043 037

100 562 208 056 030 049 035

200 548 216 057 032 058 037

400 563 214 056 035 054 036

Lsd3 033 022 004 002 006 003

Sig4 ns ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe Mn1 Zn B Cu Mo

0 111 386 280 345 95 21

125 127 279 367 348 107 25

250 126 173 269 349 108 24

1000 114 60 143 337 110 31

Lsd2 20 47 40 15 05 06

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 135 243 263 356 120 28

50 122 240 268 349 111 30

100 109 191 229 343 106 25

200 116 228 268 334 99 23

400 115 221 294 341 89 20

Lsd2 23 52 45 15 051 07

Sig3 ns ns ns ns



93




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 300 503 269 071 016 093 039

125 348 649 239 065 024 090 035

250 395 653 251 061 022 082 033

1000 351 566 262 066 024 099 037

Lsd3 010 036 011 002 001 009 002

Sig4

p

p (kgha)


0 355 589 240 073 019 074 035

50 343 597 258 068 020 082 036

100 339 587 257 068 021 098 038

200 339 580 259 063 022 108 037

400 332 608 263 057 024 095 036

Lsd3 011 041 012 002 001 010 002

Sig4 ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1 Mn1 Zn1 B1 Cu1

0 299 962 234 402 109

125 316 952 184 404 107

250 331 662 110 380 110

1000 374 673 77 383 115

Lsd2 90 106 20 002 05

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 294 969 158 409 125

50 392 837 144 393 117

100 364 747 141 396 114

200 267 712 159 387 105

400 332 bull 796 154 377 89

Lsd2 101 118 23 13 05

Sig3 ns ns





95

i 7 1 smdash

tz i

Least


4 t o 1 mdash l

E

Least era

sd

P P

p p

p p

U i p p 0 f Cro

to

sd

copy P

p copy

P copy

Ui copy o


a

anceat

ficant



A

ficant ns



o

ns

(AG

)

U ) 4^ p 4 ^ t o P


copy o

iffere

ns

(AG

)

0 0 +- o 4 U i

ns AG

)


^bullv B o B o



A IA

p

-

58 09 52 50 Os t o

copy

49

so 1 mdash

85

copy 1mdash

i- 00

TOO IA

p

(P) ^ 4 U i Os 00 U i (P)


- copy Ui

AG

tha)

copy Ui

Hmdash

AG

tha) Kgt



o

AG


AG


deg

AG


AG

U ) t - so 0 0 copy

T) Tgt



copy



a-

to Ui

to Ui copy

copy copy copy

CO tro bull

^








0 50 2 9 11 3 86

0 100 2 8 10 13 77

0 200 2 6 8 2 90

0 400 2 6 8 3 89

125 50 4 8 12 73 15

125 100 2 8 10 18 72

125 200 2 6 8 30 62

125 400 1 4 5 18 77

250 50 3 7 10 0 90

250 100 2 4 6 0 94

250 200 1 4 5 0 95

250 400 1 4 5 12 83

1000 50 2 6 8 75 17

1000 100 2 5 7 67 26

1000 200 2 5 7 45 48

1000 400 1 4 5 41 55



97



AG (tha)

P (kgha)

P leached1

(kgha) P leached

( P applied)

0 50 41 82

0 100 78 78

0 200 158 79 0 400 311 78

125 50 2 4

125 100 3 3

125 200 10 5 125 400 27 7

250 50 1 2

250 100 3 3 250 200 4 2

250 400 7 2 1000 50 02 lt1 1000 100 05 lt1

1000 200 1 lt1

1000 400 2 lt1



O)

pound CD

o TO

(D

o

(0 l _

c

o c o o

pound

(0

o to

c o

TO tmdash

c 0) o c o o

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0



99


CD

CO

x o CO CD

c o

bull4-

CO

c CD O c o O

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0


100


ID

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

lb 70

70 C

60 65 -

60

55 dt

ha 50

40

50

45 bull A

Yie

30

40 _ 20

35 i i i i 35 0 100 200 300 400 5( 50 10

Applied p (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)



A y = 10943 - 9377 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

B y = 6l7- 2848 x exp (-00122) (i2 = 099)

C y = 3842+ 0083x (J2 = 097)

D y = 238 + 0l07x(R2 = 096)


101


Discussion





102




References








103











104


CO JC

5)

CD

sz o CD CD

0 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


105


200 400 600 800


1 000 1 200

2 00

18 0 -

~ 160

copy

deg 1 40

1 2 0

100 -

80 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


106


A 1 8 0

1 6 0

1 4 0

1 2 0 -

1 0 0

8 0

6 0 -

4 0 - I~~ - ^ gt ^

2 0

I

^ - ^ 1 0

I i i i i i

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 12 00


107


40

ha

)

35 ^ D )

30 bull o

25 o CD jD 20 O )

^ 1 5

1 0

5

200 400 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0


200 4 0 0 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0



108


200 400 600 800


1000 1200


109

on-

3 05


13 cn to bull

gt bulla i - t

K bdquo so SO C


poundr r r



3 3 3







05



ltJ1


OS


~J


00


SO


copy



to


LO


4^



OS


TOTA

L

^ 4

H o

f5 0 rgt n

8

ft BS J

a o 3 05

GO v Eo fa

T3 3 S

I f ^ e

^ I to o en B

I | - TO

^ - MB

e S

03

s

Si 3 a 09

5

I 1


m

3


AG

(tha)

eek 1 is 4


Q ^ gt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 3

Jw-9

p (kgha)

Vpril 199


os



to



(5



4^


Ln



Os


-o



00


vo


copy


E


to


ugt


S


( J l


Os


TOTA

L

f to

I 3

t 1 i


- B Si 05


eg ST


a i s

laquo3 TJ

= 3

4 ^

gt o ^ = c raquofl

3 crs

( - bull

3 re

I


ZVV


AG

(tha)


Jw-9

P (kgha)




S 3




-t-




OS



~4


0 0


SO


copy


-

3 3 S B D S 3 3 3 S I 3 3 3 S 3 S 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 I 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 S

S 3


lgt3




U i


OS



TO

TA

L

I -o

t I o 3 I

0 0 03

s mpl 1




o g 3

09

as

BS 3 c

3

S

I 1



1 1 J S os an

bullB B 58

OH O

lt

H O

o

bull3

eek



gt ll 0)

=

s o

I I 2




CN CN v i





o o o en so O














ca

~ -a JltS









sn ON ON i -


-s 1 ^

w ^4 a 8 n pound z

C3

a

113


1 I

-a s OS

OH

bulla s cs

s

I

1

i o

2

it

1 I o p

J f -

1

TO

TA

L









-


f o


ifte

r so

wi

ON


(wee

ks pound

00


ing

tim

e


Sam

p

NO


lto



cn


CS


rmdasht


P

(kg

ha)



AG

(t

ha)


NO ON ON

I

114


O H

S

E OS en

bull O S laquo

bulla

is deg gt I-I

11 amp 1 S3 _g

es

lt M

s 00 S

I I bull a

o o

1-5

S o

O

1

03 WD

NO






03

2-3















NO ON ON

I


115

914


AG

(tha)


p (kgha)


gtmdashraquo


to


LO


+-


Ln


Os


^3


00


SO


O


gtmdashgtbull


to

LO


LO


pound


Ln


OS


TOTA

L

0 O

t

I 2

o n

I

Sam

evel

Traquo o 3 ^ irq

^ S-ID ^

eek i I bull i 3

- o gt O 3

(TO a s c

I 1



i a C3 1X1

bulla s a

bulla a CS

B 3 I

55 W

53

to

s lt -a 0)

1

o

3

w

a

amp

00

60

s

1 V3

TOTA

L









1mdashc r-H


o rmdash1


ON


00


t -


NO


W)


bull



I N


imdashi


P (k

gha

)



AG

(t



NO ON ON

117

mi


AG


p (kgha)





LO


44


Ln


ON


~-l


00


vo


gt mdash copy


pound


to


LO


it


Ln


ON


TOTA

L

I 0 VO

v3


raquo i T O 09

(M raquo 0 lt 0 0

ri S raquo S5

M S-l V O

n 3

00 pound 3


lt n q S t raquo gt

t ST amp sect w 3

reg

e 3

9 3 a

I 1 era

I I

















12 Industry summary



2









2 PROJECT STAFF

Ian McPharlin

Wendy Robertson

Bob Jeffery

Tony Shimmin

Jenny Harboard

Don Glenister

Patricia Aylmore

David Cooling

Gavin dAdhemar

Neil Lantzke


Staff



Research Officer











4








Introduction









Experimental design


6



Fertilisers


Measurements

(a) Plant



(b) Soil


7


Chemical analysis












AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-P (ugg)

Total P (ugg)

PRI Pbuff

0 72 64 5 8 55 19 14

60 84 77 8 10 64 26 24

90 85 78 9 11 76 30 30

120 85 83 9 10 71 27 27

Signif NS NS $

Lsd 5 04 05 3 07 05


AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-Pa

(ugg) PRIa

Pbuff

0 73 67 7 16 37 20

60 78 71 5 17 40 23

120 84 77 9 20 44 30

240 88 80 9 21 53 40

Signif NS NS NS

Lsd 5 05 06 10






9










10


Yield





Phosphorus



11




Other nutrients






0 119 018 059 382

60 110 020 065 553

90 106 021 066 597

120 102 021 069 697

Signif NS

Lsd 5 04 004 119

12




0 44 028 74 293 267

600 48 032 62 342 248

Signif NS NS



0 51 116 016 23 030 050 77 453 46 96 26

60 48 127 015 21 027 045 61 457 45 67 25

120 49 120 016 26 029 051 66 643 59 59 25

240 49 103 019 29 030 067 54 977 53 53 24


Lsd5 05 04 013 164 24




Total P uptake


13



Metals in tubers



Cr Co Sn Sb Hg

mean

se

0007

61 xlO5

60 x 104

50 x 106

15 x 103

10 x 104

90 x 105

10 xlO5

34 x 104

14 x 105



mean

se

001

68X104

72xl(f 29xia5

55xia3

17x1a4

010

35xia3

L2X103

0

58xia3

17X104

LOxlO3

29X104

30X1O4

43xl05

84X1G4

ii xia5

l ixia3

70xia5


Applied P (kgha)

Ni Cd Cu

0 0006 0002 018

100 0006 0002 016

300 0007 0004 015

600 0008 0006 013

Signif

Lsd (5) 00014 0001 002


14



Conclusions












15












16


300

250 -

I I

200

3

60 80

AG (tha)

140


17


Z3

200

180 -

160

Q- 140

ro 120 bull 4 -

O CD X 100 CD i

3 80 CO c o

pound gt v_ CO

o CQ

AG Depth

I

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

AG (tha)

140


18


700

600

500

D)

3 400

CL

oil

300 CO

200

100

100 150

A G (tha)

250


19


CO

2 CD

gt-

200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)


Equations are

A

B

C

D

0 tha

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

j - 614 - 255 x exp (-00152) (JR= 092)

y = 542 - 271 x exp (-00176) (R2= 090)

y = 552 - 274 x exp (-0021) (F= 094)

y = 566 - 229 x exp (-00092) (i^= 098)

20


ro

JO

gt-

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 547 - 216 x exp (-0021) (R2^ 088)

y = 517 - 278 x exp (-0019) (R2= 090)

y = 524 - 243 x exp (-001 to) (R2= 094)

y = 530 - 218 x exp (-001 Ox) (i^= 098)

21


CO

32

gt-

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0

Marketable yield

Marketable yield

Total yield

Total yield

_L 50 100 150 200

AG (tha)

250 300


22


w CO CO

a gtraquo i _

C

o 00

c CD O c o o

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500


Equations are

A Otha y = 117- 079 x exp (-0020) (R2 = 096)

B 60 tha y=123- 096 x exp (-000874) (R2 - 099)

C 90 tha y = 118 - 0884 x exp (-000742) (R2 = 096)

D 120 tha y= 117 - 090 x exp (-00085) (R2 = 097)

23


CO

c

53

CD

gt-

00 02 04 06 08 10


12 14



24


poundgt 3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)


25


100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

700



040

ogt 035 CD

gtgt bullo

w _CB O

H) CL


030 -

025 -

020

2 015

010 -

005

000 0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

A 0 tha

B 60 tha

C 90 tha

D 120 tha

y = 0372 - 0243 x exp (-00058) (R2 = 097)

y = 0378 - 0257 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 098)

y = 0361 - 0216 x exp (-00029x) (i^= 095)

y = 0406 - 0279 x exp (-0002x) (R2 = 098)

27


CO

3

ltD

CO Q Z5

ID

B

14

12 -^ ^

10

8 W

6

4

A G P

I

2

n I i i I I i

0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 140 - 1095 x exp (-00058r) (R2 = 096)

3= 111 - 882 x exp (-0004x) (R2 = 098)

y = 104 - 774 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

3 = 127 -101 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 0997)

28


60 80

AG (tha)


29



Introduction










Experimental design


Crop management




Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant



31



Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP2

(Vigfe)

BicK2

(pgg) PRI3

(mLg) TP4

(Pgg) CEC5

(me ) Kads6 Pads7

0 37 74 107 153 097 507 2 0 41

60 67 82 93 197 167 473 2 043 66

120 80 82 100 277 243 607 2 044 78

240 103 84 97 290 38 637 2 058 129

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 1010 0 049 41

Sig9 ns ns ns ns ns




0 30 72 83 227 07 507

60 63 81 73 190 15 453

120 80 81 87 220 18 540

240 107 83 83 240 27 563

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 101

Sig9 ns ns ns



33



AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (pgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(VigmL)

0 112 70 175 18 110 77 101 57 56

60 132 74 164 17 137 58 92 34 31

120 172 75 166 17 152 54 97 44 34

240 166 81 130 16 198 34 75 24 11

Lsd3 19 025 33 4 16 11 26 27 32

Sig4 ns ns ns ns ns

p

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm) PH

Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (UgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(pgmL)

0 137 78 99 15 150 46 26 10 01

100 142 76 112 15 153 54 52 23 14

200 170 74 179 19 150 62 114 39 30

600 133 72 244 19 144 60 174 89 87

Lsd3 43 022 31 24 17 15 29 25 30

Sig4 ns ns ns




220

200

E 180 O ) 3

^ 1fi0 _ o 3 140 O V)

oil

120 m c


20

0 50 100 150 200


250 300


35



AG

AG (tha)

P2

(ugg) K2

(Ugg) Zn3

(Pgg)

PRI4

(mLg)

0 47 32 67 -112

60 76 38 15 -090

120 94 42 26 -049

240 84 41 13 092

Lsd5 35 6 28 073

Sig6 ns

P P2 K2 Zn3 PRI4


0 8 42 31 201 100 35 37 45 043 200 80 39 18 -089 600 177 34 26 -313

Lsd5 39 6 27 082

Sig6 ns




o CO

CD

E

o CO

co o

CD


50 100 150 200


250 300


37



(a) Topsoil


0 67 66 229 018 005 003

60 91 77 382 019 009 02

120 99 79 558 019 012 043

240 120 80 975 024 014 104

Lsd2 20 014 064 0033 0018 021

Sig3 ns

(b) Subsoil


0 44 67 225 017 005 003

60 59 74 269 019 005 008

120 66 77 300 018 005 017

240 99 79 397 02 005 029

Lsd2 075 01 029 0036 001 002

Sig3 n s ns





(a) Topsoil

AG



0 39 23 92 -07 28

60 50 38 110 02 50

120 59 51 135 16 75

240 58 62 157 35 99

Lsd4 5 11 15 03 06

Sig5



0 10 53 57 29 40

50 15 40 66 22 38

100 25 41 78 17 44

200 53 41 128 14 71

400 87 44 186 -01 86

600 120 41 226 -12 102

Lsd4 11 8 20 09 13

Sig5


39




AG



0 33 20 79 -05 26

60 30 21 73 -01 30

120 33 27 77 08 42

240 26 24 76 13 40

Lsd4 10 2 10 04 10

Sig5 ns ns



0 7 25 48 15 22

50 11 22 52 09 19

100 15 24 59 10 27

200 32 23 81 06 39

400 51 22 100 -03 47

600 67 21 117 -11 52

Lsd4 8 5 8 05 09

Sig5 ns



100 150 200


300


41





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 482 393 240 081 049 036 023

60 484 383 251 084 046 040 024

120 506 357 255 081 046 045 024

240 494 355 246 088 044 056 025

Lsd3 026 012 024 005 003 006 0013

Sig4 ns ns ns ns

p


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 523 316 254 066 024 046 025

50 489 372 255 081 041 049 026

100 503 388 229 084 048 042 024

200 472 379 250 089 050 046 024

400 494 390 242 093 057 043 023

600 470 385 258 091 057 039 022

Lsd3 027 024 036 005 003 008 0017

Sig4 ns ns



0 50 100 150 200 250 300





10


tto

06 3

X3

to 05 _ l

gtbull 04 C


-z 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300




43



en c o 3

X2

gt

06

^

bull A

05 ^ S

04

03

02

01

n n i i i

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

o

X I

5 gt

06

05

04

03

02

01

00

- bull B

- bull bull ^

o

I I I I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)



A

B

C

D

y = 056 - 030 x exp (-00182) (R2 = 097)

y = 057 - 032 x exp (-00103) (R2 = 088)

y = 055 - 031 x exp (-00126) (R2 = 099)

y = 056 - 032 x exp (-00092) (R2 = 098)


44



AG

AG (tha)

Fe (Pgg)

Zn (Ugg)

Mn (vigg)

B (Pgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 1354 251 217 211 26

60 1274 248 237 213 28

120 1353 253 240 217 27

240 1394 263 260 214 29

Lsd2 153 24 15 082 02

Sig3 ns ns ns


0 1418 268 212 215 26

50 1388 253 263 220 27

100 1301 267 251 217 29

200 1336 249 250 217 28

400 1282 255 232 204 28

600 1341 233 224 210 28

Lsd2 197 29 19 08 02

Sig3 ns ns ns



45

A O O ltyi

4x

r en 00

9 400 200 o o o copy

ns

O

kgt ON

kgt

4gt

kgt 4 4 4^

kgt

ns

O 4 4 ON 4 k)

o


4 00

4 ON

4 4^ NO Q O

o copy ON

i mdash gt

b b 1 mdash t

b o p Vcopy

O 00 ON

o ON

gtmdash 5 co 5J M

o o

O in

o 4 Ncopy

o 4 O

p 4

p kgt 1 mdash t

copy

ON

o b NO

O ON

o 00

o 00

o ON I mdash

O ON

O 3 Z 5 raquoM

o b 4

O

kgt o kgt -J

p kgt 00

O kgt 00

O

kgt NO

copy kgt ON



AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(ugg) Zn1

(vgg) Mn1

(vgg) B1

(vgg) Cu1

(vigg)

0 762 224 214 263 42

60 700 197 227 265 38

120 811 196 216 254 38

240 842 193 236 256 37

Lsd2 132 099 21 16 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(pgg) Zn1

(^gg) Mn1

(Vigg) B1

(lJgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 786 233 213 248 36

50 625 235 241 266 37

100 833 207 237 270 41

200 938 192 235 265 44

400 725 178 208 259 37

600 765 169 206 250 37

Lsd2 230 21 21 11 063

Sig3 ns ns




47





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 392 515 040 066 047 023 018

60 384 500 040 067 045 023 017

120 404 474 043 071 043 024 018

240 402 458 041 071 041 028 018

Lsd3 022 016 001 004 002 002 0006

Sig4 ns + ns ns

P


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 496 417 034 097 031 016 019

50 400 518 043 068 040 023 018

100 376 483 042 063 042 025 017

200 372 501 044 063 047 027 017

400 371 498 042 062 052 028 017

600 358 505 041 060 052 027 016

Lsd3 027 02 003 005 002 003 001

Sig4




AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(Ugg)

Zn1

(vigg) Mn1

(Pgg) B1

(Pgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 611 279 124 188 26

60 587 247 134 191 25

120 706 299 139 192 29

240 592 268 145 186 25

Lsd2 329 57 14 08 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

p

p (kgha)

Fe1

(Ugg) Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(Ugg) B1

(ugg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 976 492 156 202 31

50 520 279 145 198 26

100 507 230 135 186 24

200 432 208 127 190 24

400 739 239 131 183 28

600 567 192 120 177 24

Lsd2 270 61 142 114 061

Sig3 a s


49





0 797 7 34 7 13 34 590 1219 34 39 7

60 482 7 34 7 15 34 610 1146 46 52 8

120 583 7 43 7 20 34 616 1246 45 50 8

240 355 7 34 7 15 34 637 1152 41 45 8

Lsd2 141 1 13 16 11 15 74 188 5 16 1


MRL4 50 2000

P (kgha)

Ba (ngg)

Cd (ngg)

Cr (ngg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (ngg)

Ni

(ngg)

Rb (ngg)

Sr (ngg)

Ti

(ngg)

Th

(ngg)

V (ngg)

0 556 7 34 7 25 34 650 998 39 45 9

50 670 7 34 7 18 34 657 1387 50 74 9

100 576 7 34 7 11 34 570 1206 45 50 8

200 529 7 34 7 12 34 616 1293 39 39 7

400 523 7 48 7 19 39 596 1126 39 36 7

600 476 7 34 7 11 34 603 1126 36 36 7

Lsd2 121 1 16 1 15 6 40 181 19 29 2


MRL4 50 2000






AG


0 53 074 11 87 158

60 48 066 10 83 148

120 47 069 11 79 143

240 45 060 10 74 135

Lsd1 065 015 025 21 31


p

p (kgha)

Curd (kgha)

Root (kgha)

Stem (kgha)

Leaf (kgha)

Total (kgha)

0 12 030 040 29 49

50 40 058 100 68 124

100 51 053 112 76 143

200 59 075 120 93 172

400 67 093 131 115 205

600 61 094 121 102 185

Ls-d1 055 017 020 18 25

Sig2


51


Yield



(a) Total

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 755 468 483 177

50 1464 1675 1554 1516

100 2169 1706 1757 1985

200 2242 1737 1928 1862

400 1752 2102 2155 2136

600 1689 1764 1768 2023

Lsd1

Sig2

16 (AG)

ns 201 (P)

401 (AGP)

-

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 274 060 000 000

50 1222 1463 1294 1152

100 2057 1416 1603 1820

200 2141 1377 1803 1752

400 1572 2020 2095 1996

600 1468 1534 1500 1974

Lsd1

Sig2

24 (AG)

ns

46 (P)

52(AGP)

ns




26

24

22

(tha

) 20

18

Cur

d yi

eld 16

14

12

10

8

6 i ii

A=0

i i i i i

I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

- 7 I

_ bull

i i i n

mdash^ B=60

I I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

co

32 CD

gt 2 3

o

25

20

15

10

5

bull j

- bull

I I I I I

- - gt C=120

l l l

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)





A y = 1336 + (-577 + 01335x)(l-00088x +000007872) (Z2

B y = 89434 + 00705 - OOOOlx2 (R2 = 070)

C y = 84752 + 00810 - OOOOlx2 (B2 = 081)

D y = 733 +00871x - 00001 Ix2 (R2 = 099)

098)

53


Discussion









References









55












Ec mSm 623 -

pH (H 20) mSm 99 -

pH (CaCl2) mSm 94 -

PRI mLg 610 - gt 1000 -

LOI 1973 -

C a C 0 3 1290 1290

Fe (Fe203) 974 974

Al (A1203) 551 551

Si (Si0 2 ) 797 797

Ca (CaO) 45 450

Na (Na 2 0) 228 228

Ti (Ti0 2 ) 174 174

K (K 2 0) 072 72

Mg (MgO) 028 28 sect 047 47

P (P2O5) 005 05

Mn (MnO) 002 02

Total P ngg 266 -



As ngg 35 -

Ba ^gg 413 -

Cu Ugg 29 -

Sr Hgg 287 -


Zr fAgg 1477 -

Sand 232 -

Silt 473 -

Clay 295 -






(a)


0 119 010 050 010 020 050 88 182 050 058 010

60 72 010 050 010 022 050 91 171 069 078 012

120 87 011 064 011 030 050 92 186 067 075 012

240 53 011 05 010 023 050 95 172 061 067 012

Lsd2 21 002 02 024 016 022 11 28 008 024 002


(b)

p (kgha)

Ba (vgg)

Cd (vigg)

Cr (Pgg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (vgg)

Ni (Pgg)

Rb (Pgg)

Sr (Pgg)

Ti

(Pgg)

Th (Pgg)

V

(Pgg)

0 83 010 050 010 038 050 97 149 058 067 013

50 100 011 050 010 027 050 98 207 075 110 013

100 86 010 050 010 017 050 85 180 067 075 012

200 79 010 050 010 018 050 92 193 058 058 010

400 78 011 071 011 028 058 89 168 058 054 011

600 71 010 050 010 016 050 90 168 054 054 010

Lsd2 18 002 024 0009 022 009 06 27 028 044 003







Introduction










Experimental design


59


Crop management


Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant


60



Harvest


Analysis of data





61





0 36 70 262 199 093

60 62 78 397 308 101

90 70 80 390 378 12

120 73 80 402 391 14

Lsd3 057 018 75 122 018

Sig4 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP1

(M-gg) BicK1

(figg) PRI2

(mLg)

0 59 78 117 323 17

25 58 78 147 338 15

50 58 78 160 322 16

100 58 78 255 327 13

300 62 76 554 309 06

600 66 75 944 296 005

Lsd3 063 01 58 60 02

Sig4 ns ns


62


mdash A


e 25 ltD O d

5 20

1 ^ I I I

T3

C

o

c CO o c o o

0 20 40 60 80 100120140

Residual AG (tha)

u u bull B

80 l

60

40

mdash n bull 20

n i i i i

I

i i i

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


5 E Q 0 -

20 40 60 80 100120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


63




AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (ngmL)

Mg (ugmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (jigmL)

Psrp1

(pgmL)

0 129 75 91 141 105 81 28 05

60 144 77 108 131 121 64 30 06

120 147 76 123 136 120 50 33 04

Lsd2 33 01 14 09 4 7 1 02

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (UgmL)

Mg (ligmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (UgmL)

Psrp1

(VigmL)

0 171 78 107 141 121 68 23 01

100 138 77 104 144 111 58 24 02

300 120 76 103 128 110 63 31 06

600 130 73 117 133 116 71 43 13

Lsd2 20 02 10 11 10 13 7 02

Sig3 ns


64


3

C

o

o (gt

o in c c o

5 c CD O

o O

3

o

c o

c ltu o c o

o 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





AG



0 27 41 25 05

60 45 43 26 03

120 50 59 23 07

Lsd4 8 6 05 01

Sig5 ns

p

p (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(Pgg)

Zn2

(l-igg) PRI3

(mLg)

0 9 46 19 12

100 21 47 22 09

300 42 46 25 03

600 90 52 31 -03

Lsd4 7 5 10 02

Sig5 ns ns



66



(a) Topsoil

AG



0 16 28 68 10 26

60 25 42 86 15 41

90 25 46 91 16 43

120 26 54 96 18 46

Lsd5 3 9 8 005 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(vigg) TotP2

(ngg) PPJ3

(mLg) PPJP4

(mLg)

0 7 46 58 19 27

25 8 45 63 19 28

50 9 44 64 20 30

100 15 43 72 17 33

300 37 40 103 09 48

600 63 36 152 03 67

Lsd5 3 6 8 03 05

Sig6



120

o lgt 100 bull gt

TJ

rn laquon D ) 3

mdash-

on

60

^^ m i _


160 A (I 140

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 o (0 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 gtraquo 120

^plusmn bull o

^ ^ ^ ^

66

100

^ 3 80

^ mdash ^ tra

tion

60

^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ cen 40

o 20 o 20

I I I I I I I

O

10

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1lt

O

10

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


68



(b) Subsoil

AG



0 15 23 69 08 24

60 23 31 82 12 36

90 24 37 91 14 39

120 25 40 90 17 43

Lsd5 4 6 7 01 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(ugg) TotP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) PRIP4

(mLg)

0 6 36 57 18 25

25 8 36 63 17 26

50 8 34 63 17 26

100 13 31 71 15 29

300 33 29 102 08 43

600 61 30 141 03 64

Lsd5 5 5 8 02 05

Sig6



100

o CO

gtlaquo

C

o CO

bull-raquo

c o o o

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)



70




AG



0 29 65 24 027 006 004

60 47 73 32 025 009 010

90 59 77 36 023 015 015

120 66 78 40 025 012 018

Lsd2 07 07 06 005 006 001

Sig3 as ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

PH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 43 73 30 025 001 011

25 46 73 33 026 010 011

50 46 73 32 025 010 011

100 52 74 32 025 010 011

300 56 74 34 024 009 011

600 58 73 37 025 014 012

Lsd2 05 05 03 002 007 -

Sig3 ns ns ns



soil b

A soil

dry

4 _ I dry

I ^5 CD CD


i

U o CD CD



i 1 I i i i i LU

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1^ W

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


72




AG



0 34 66 24 026 006 005

60 50 75 33 024 008 010

90 64 78 38 023 01 016

120 68 79 41 024 01 019

Lsd2 05 01 07 006 001 003

Sig3 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 48 75 30 023 009 011

25 51 74 33 026 009 011

50 50 75 34 025 008 013

100 61 75 35 026 008 013

300 57 75 34 022 007 013

600 58 73 38 024 008 013

Lsd2 08 01 04 003 001 003

Sig3 ns



o 0 oi

4 CO c CO

gt T3 4 _ bull o

0s -5 3 agt CD

fc_ 3 - g

on

o 2 CO 2 CO

u 2

o CD CD 1 X I SI

1 CD 1 CD CD CU

O


o o X X Lil

i i 1 1 i i 1 HI

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





74



(a) Macronutrients

AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 49 42 23 077 040 039 027

60 51 40 23 078 042 036 025

90 51 39 23 079 043 036 025

120 49 39 24 078 042 036 025

Lsd3 03 02 08 009 007 010 004



(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 53 36 22 069 027 033 024

25 51 38 24 071 030 038 026

50 52 40 24 075 034 040 027

100 51 41 24 079 043 041 027

300 48 43 24 087 055 039 026

600 47 42 20 086 060 031 023

Lsd3 02 02 04 003 004 006 003

Sig4 ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe (ugg)

Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(ugg) B1

(ugg) Cu1

(ugg)

0 122 31 19 21 28

60 121 32 22 22 30

90 119 36 25 22 32

120 120 29 23 22 29

Lsd2 21 8 6 1 05

sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(Pgg)

Zn1

(ugg) Mn1

Gigg)

B1

(Fgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 112 33 19 22 28

25 120 32 22 22 29

50 125 32 21 23 29

100 132 38 24 23 31

300 129 30 25 22 32

600 106 29 23 21 32

Lsd2 19 6 3 1 03

Sig-3 ns ns




76


Q

en

3

gt-c 0

07

06

05

04

03

02

01 0

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

A

if 20 40 60 80 100


_ 065

Q S 055

060

tz

ro _ i

gt

120


20 40 60 80 100


120

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

-B

bull

- bull I

I I

bull

i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120

-bull D

I I i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120



A y = 05964 - 0763 x exp (-0068) (B2 = 089)

B y = 05855 - 05144 x exp (-00465x) (R2 = 098)

C y = 006058 - 0549 x exp (-00435x) (B2 = 096)

D y = 06399 - 05208 x exp (-00291) (R2 = 097)

77






(a) Total

AG p

(kgha) (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 59 64 69 100

25 134 126 123 83

50 139 133 117 143

100 163 200 164 177

300 203 236 198 204

600 215 237 208 194

Ls-d1 36 (AG) 17 (P) 48(AGP) -

Sig2 ns

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 14 14 18 56

25 83 74 84 13

50 90 99 67 99

100 138 188 125 160

300 187 232 182 190

600 206 234 191 185

Lsd1

Sig2

48 (AG)

ns 23 (P)

62(AGP)

-



0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


lt x

UJ gt-Q

o

lt X


24

22

20

18

16 14

12

10

8

6

4

-D

bull

I I

I I

I I

I

^~ bull

i i i i i

20 40 60 80 100120140160


20 40 60 80 100120140160




A y = 2088 - 818 x exp (-017x) (i2 = 089)

B y = 23731 - 4578 x exp (-00949) (i2 = 099)

C y = 2051 - 286 x exp (-00697) (R2 = 086)

D y = 2002 - 354 x exp (-0090) (B2 = 086)

79


Discussion


References







80















Introduction




Pots


Experimental design




82






Irrigation




April 1- 27 10 33

May 28- 59 065 21

June 60- 90 044 14

July 91-122 044 14

August 123-154 056 19

September 155-160



Crop management



Soil


83


Leachate


Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






Parameter (tha)

Parameter

0 125 250 1000

pH (H20) 69 77 85 86

pH (CaCl2) 57 71 78 78

Ec (mSm) 4 9 9 11

Ext P (ngg)1 3 9 14 9

PRI2 -02 33 44 77

Total N ()3 - 0039 0044 0060


ExtN03-N(ugg)5 - 3 2 5

CEC ()6 30 30 43 35

Exch Ca ()7 133 363 51 70

Exch Mg ()7 036 024 015 021

Exch Na ()7 005 015 015 032

Exch K ()7 007 004 0035 0035

OrgC()8 131 109 092 103

Sand () 977 967 960 910

Silt () 13 15 15 37

Clay () 10 23 25 53



85



AG


0 33 119 234 -015 137

125 200 117 743 141 27

250 275 197 1258 231 19

1000 204 420 1853 154 30

Lsd5 4 34 129 45 26

Sig6

P

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(Mgfe) totP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) NIL

(ngg)

0 91 215 896 198 58

50 151 223 937 138 54

100 144 226 1005 126 62

200 182 193 1043 128 42

400 323 210 1231 116 52

Lsd5 48 39 144 50 29

Sig6 s | e ns ns





AG



0 157 44 18 016 026 010

125 147 54 23 014 026 015

250 217 66 40 017 041 027

1000 308 76 135 027 096 094

Lsd2 32 01 07 002 005 005

sig3

p

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 202 59 52 019 048 035

50 195 60 53 018 050 036

100 203 60 57 019 048 039

200 202 60 57 018 045 040

400 236 59 51 017 046 034

Lsd2 35 01 08 002 006 005






87




deg E

c o

o O

c ltD

O

c o

I O

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0

A p p l ie d P

3 0 0

k g h a )

4 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0


4 0 0 5 0 0


89


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0




200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Level of AG (tha)

200 400 600 800

Level of AG (tha)

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


91




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 486 229 061 025 050 039

125 584 186 060 033 047 034

250 585 216 058 033 044 035

1000 531 215 056 031 052 037

Lsd3 03 02 004 0017 005 003

Sig4

p

P (kgha)


0 538 198 062 029 037 036

50 523 222 061 028 043 037

100 562 208 056 030 049 035

200 548 216 057 032 058 037

400 563 214 056 035 054 036

Lsd3 033 022 004 002 006 003

Sig4 ns ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe Mn1 Zn B Cu Mo

0 111 386 280 345 95 21

125 127 279 367 348 107 25

250 126 173 269 349 108 24

1000 114 60 143 337 110 31

Lsd2 20 47 40 15 05 06

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 135 243 263 356 120 28

50 122 240 268 349 111 30

100 109 191 229 343 106 25

200 116 228 268 334 99 23

400 115 221 294 341 89 20

Lsd2 23 52 45 15 051 07

Sig3 ns ns ns ns



93




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 300 503 269 071 016 093 039

125 348 649 239 065 024 090 035

250 395 653 251 061 022 082 033

1000 351 566 262 066 024 099 037

Lsd3 010 036 011 002 001 009 002

Sig4

p

p (kgha)


0 355 589 240 073 019 074 035

50 343 597 258 068 020 082 036

100 339 587 257 068 021 098 038

200 339 580 259 063 022 108 037

400 332 608 263 057 024 095 036

Lsd3 011 041 012 002 001 010 002

Sig4 ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1 Mn1 Zn1 B1 Cu1

0 299 962 234 402 109

125 316 952 184 404 107

250 331 662 110 380 110

1000 374 673 77 383 115

Lsd2 90 106 20 002 05

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 294 969 158 409 125

50 392 837 144 393 117

100 364 747 141 396 114

200 267 712 159 387 105

400 332 bull 796 154 377 89

Lsd2 101 118 23 13 05

Sig3 ns ns





95

i 7 1 smdash

tz i

Least


4 t o 1 mdash l

E

Least era

sd

P P

p p

p p

U i p p 0 f Cro

to

sd

copy P

p copy

P copy

Ui copy o


a

anceat

ficant



A

ficant ns



o

ns

(AG

)

U ) 4^ p 4 ^ t o P


copy o

iffere

ns

(AG

)

0 0 +- o 4 U i

ns AG

)


^bullv B o B o



A IA

p

-

58 09 52 50 Os t o

copy

49

so 1 mdash

85

copy 1mdash

i- 00

TOO IA

p

(P) ^ 4 U i Os 00 U i (P)


- copy Ui

AG

tha)

copy Ui

Hmdash

AG

tha) Kgt



o

AG


AG


deg

AG


AG

U ) t - so 0 0 copy

T) Tgt



copy



a-

to Ui

to Ui copy

copy copy copy

CO tro bull

^








0 50 2 9 11 3 86

0 100 2 8 10 13 77

0 200 2 6 8 2 90

0 400 2 6 8 3 89

125 50 4 8 12 73 15

125 100 2 8 10 18 72

125 200 2 6 8 30 62

125 400 1 4 5 18 77

250 50 3 7 10 0 90

250 100 2 4 6 0 94

250 200 1 4 5 0 95

250 400 1 4 5 12 83

1000 50 2 6 8 75 17

1000 100 2 5 7 67 26

1000 200 2 5 7 45 48

1000 400 1 4 5 41 55



97



AG (tha)

P (kgha)

P leached1

(kgha) P leached

( P applied)

0 50 41 82

0 100 78 78

0 200 158 79 0 400 311 78

125 50 2 4

125 100 3 3

125 200 10 5 125 400 27 7

250 50 1 2

250 100 3 3 250 200 4 2

250 400 7 2 1000 50 02 lt1 1000 100 05 lt1

1000 200 1 lt1

1000 400 2 lt1



O)

pound CD

o TO

(D

o

(0 l _

c

o c o o

pound

(0

o to

c o

TO tmdash

c 0) o c o o

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0



99


CD

CO

x o CO CD

c o

bull4-

CO

c CD O c o O

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0


100


ID

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

lb 70

70 C

60 65 -

60

55 dt

ha 50

40

50

45 bull A

Yie

30

40 _ 20

35 i i i i 35 0 100 200 300 400 5( 50 10

Applied p (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)



A y = 10943 - 9377 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

B y = 6l7- 2848 x exp (-00122) (i2 = 099)

C y = 3842+ 0083x (J2 = 097)

D y = 238 + 0l07x(R2 = 096)


101


Discussion





102




References








103











104


CO JC

5)

CD

sz o CD CD

0 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


105


200 400 600 800


1 000 1 200

2 00

18 0 -

~ 160

copy

deg 1 40

1 2 0

100 -

80 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


106


A 1 8 0

1 6 0

1 4 0

1 2 0 -

1 0 0

8 0

6 0 -

4 0 - I~~ - ^ gt ^

2 0

I

^ - ^ 1 0

I i i i i i

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 12 00


107


40

ha

)

35 ^ D )

30 bull o

25 o CD jD 20 O )

^ 1 5

1 0

5

200 400 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0


200 4 0 0 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0



108


200 400 600 800


1000 1200


109

on-

3 05


13 cn to bull

gt bulla i - t

K bdquo so SO C


poundr r r



3 3 3







05



ltJ1


OS


~J


00


SO


copy



to


LO


4^



OS


TOTA

L

^ 4

H o

f5 0 rgt n

8

ft BS J

a o 3 05

GO v Eo fa

T3 3 S

I f ^ e

^ I to o en B

I | - TO

^ - MB

e S

03

s

Si 3 a 09

5

I 1


m

3


AG

(tha)

eek 1 is 4


Q ^ gt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 3

Jw-9

p (kgha)

Vpril 199


os



to



(5



4^


Ln



Os


-o



00


vo


copy


E


to


ugt


S


( J l


Os


TOTA

L

f to

I 3

t 1 i


- B Si 05


eg ST


a i s

laquo3 TJ

= 3

4 ^

gt o ^ = c raquofl

3 crs

( - bull

3 re

I


ZVV


AG

(tha)


Jw-9

P (kgha)




S 3




-t-




OS



~4


0 0


SO


copy


-

3 3 S B D S 3 3 3 S I 3 3 3 S 3 S 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 I 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 S

S 3


lgt3




U i


OS



TO

TA

L

I -o

t I o 3 I

0 0 03

s mpl 1




o g 3

09

as

BS 3 c

3

S

I 1



1 1 J S os an

bullB B 58

OH O

lt

H O

o

bull3

eek



gt ll 0)

=

s o

I I 2




CN CN v i





o o o en so O














ca

~ -a JltS









sn ON ON i -


-s 1 ^

w ^4 a 8 n pound z

C3

a

113


1 I

-a s OS

OH

bulla s cs

s

I

1

i o

2

it

1 I o p

J f -

1

TO

TA

L









-


f o


ifte

r so

wi

ON


(wee

ks pound

00


ing

tim

e


Sam

p

NO


lto



cn


CS


rmdasht


P

(kg

ha)



AG

(t

ha)


NO ON ON

I

114


O H

S

E OS en

bull O S laquo

bulla

is deg gt I-I

11 amp 1 S3 _g

es

lt M

s 00 S

I I bull a

o o

1-5

S o

O

1

03 WD

NO






03

2-3















NO ON ON

I


115

914


AG

(tha)


p (kgha)


gtmdashraquo


to


LO


+-


Ln


Os


^3


00


SO


O


gtmdashgtbull


to

LO


LO


pound


Ln


OS


TOTA

L

0 O

t

I 2

o n

I

Sam

evel

Traquo o 3 ^ irq

^ S-ID ^

eek i I bull i 3

- o gt O 3

(TO a s c

I 1



i a C3 1X1

bulla s a

bulla a CS

B 3 I

55 W

53

to

s lt -a 0)

1

o

3

w

a

amp

00

60

s

1 V3

TOTA

L









1mdashc r-H


o rmdash1


ON


00


t -


NO


W)


bull



I N


imdashi


P (k

gha

)



AG

(t



NO ON ON

117

mi


AG


p (kgha)





LO


44


Ln


ON


~-l


00


vo


gt mdash copy


pound


to


LO


it


Ln


ON


TOTA

L

I 0 VO

v3


raquo i T O 09

(M raquo 0 lt 0 0

ri S raquo S5

M S-l V O

n 3

00 pound 3


lt n q S t raquo gt

t ST amp sect w 3

reg

e 3

9 3 a

I 1 era

I I






12 Industry summary



2









2 PROJECT STAFF

Ian McPharlin

Wendy Robertson

Bob Jeffery

Tony Shimmin

Jenny Harboard

Don Glenister

Patricia Aylmore

David Cooling

Gavin dAdhemar

Neil Lantzke


Staff



Research Officer











4








Introduction









Experimental design


6



Fertilisers


Measurements

(a) Plant



(b) Soil


7


Chemical analysis












AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-P (ugg)

Total P (ugg)

PRI Pbuff

0 72 64 5 8 55 19 14

60 84 77 8 10 64 26 24

90 85 78 9 11 76 30 30

120 85 83 9 10 71 27 27

Signif NS NS $

Lsd 5 04 05 3 07 05


AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-Pa

(ugg) PRIa

Pbuff

0 73 67 7 16 37 20

60 78 71 5 17 40 23

120 84 77 9 20 44 30

240 88 80 9 21 53 40

Signif NS NS NS

Lsd 5 05 06 10






9










10


Yield





Phosphorus



11




Other nutrients






0 119 018 059 382

60 110 020 065 553

90 106 021 066 597

120 102 021 069 697

Signif NS

Lsd 5 04 004 119

12




0 44 028 74 293 267

600 48 032 62 342 248

Signif NS NS



0 51 116 016 23 030 050 77 453 46 96 26

60 48 127 015 21 027 045 61 457 45 67 25

120 49 120 016 26 029 051 66 643 59 59 25

240 49 103 019 29 030 067 54 977 53 53 24


Lsd5 05 04 013 164 24




Total P uptake


13



Metals in tubers



Cr Co Sn Sb Hg

mean

se

0007

61 xlO5

60 x 104

50 x 106

15 x 103

10 x 104

90 x 105

10 xlO5

34 x 104

14 x 105



mean

se

001

68X104

72xl(f 29xia5

55xia3

17x1a4

010

35xia3

L2X103

0

58xia3

17X104

LOxlO3

29X104

30X1O4

43xl05

84X1G4

ii xia5

l ixia3

70xia5


Applied P (kgha)

Ni Cd Cu

0 0006 0002 018

100 0006 0002 016

300 0007 0004 015

600 0008 0006 013

Signif

Lsd (5) 00014 0001 002


14



Conclusions












15












16


300

250 -

I I

200

3

60 80

AG (tha)

140


17


Z3

200

180 -

160

Q- 140

ro 120 bull 4 -

O CD X 100 CD i

3 80 CO c o

pound gt v_ CO

o CQ

AG Depth

I

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

AG (tha)

140


18


700

600

500

D)

3 400

CL

oil

300 CO

200

100

100 150

A G (tha)

250


19


CO

2 CD

gt-

200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)


Equations are

A

B

C

D

0 tha

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

j - 614 - 255 x exp (-00152) (JR= 092)

y = 542 - 271 x exp (-00176) (R2= 090)

y = 552 - 274 x exp (-0021) (F= 094)

y = 566 - 229 x exp (-00092) (i^= 098)

20


ro

JO

gt-

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 547 - 216 x exp (-0021) (R2^ 088)

y = 517 - 278 x exp (-0019) (R2= 090)

y = 524 - 243 x exp (-001 to) (R2= 094)

y = 530 - 218 x exp (-001 Ox) (i^= 098)

21


CO

32

gt-

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0

Marketable yield

Marketable yield

Total yield

Total yield

_L 50 100 150 200

AG (tha)

250 300


22


w CO CO

a gtraquo i _

C

o 00

c CD O c o o

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500


Equations are

A Otha y = 117- 079 x exp (-0020) (R2 = 096)

B 60 tha y=123- 096 x exp (-000874) (R2 - 099)

C 90 tha y = 118 - 0884 x exp (-000742) (R2 = 096)

D 120 tha y= 117 - 090 x exp (-00085) (R2 = 097)

23


CO

c

53

CD

gt-

00 02 04 06 08 10


12 14



24


poundgt 3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)


25


100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

700



040

ogt 035 CD

gtgt bullo

w _CB O

H) CL


030 -

025 -

020

2 015

010 -

005

000 0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

A 0 tha

B 60 tha

C 90 tha

D 120 tha

y = 0372 - 0243 x exp (-00058) (R2 = 097)

y = 0378 - 0257 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 098)

y = 0361 - 0216 x exp (-00029x) (i^= 095)

y = 0406 - 0279 x exp (-0002x) (R2 = 098)

27


CO

3

ltD

CO Q Z5

ID

B

14

12 -^ ^

10

8 W

6

4

A G P

I

2

n I i i I I i

0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 140 - 1095 x exp (-00058r) (R2 = 096)

3= 111 - 882 x exp (-0004x) (R2 = 098)

y = 104 - 774 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

3 = 127 -101 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 0997)

28


60 80

AG (tha)


29



Introduction










Experimental design


Crop management




Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant



31



Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP2

(Vigfe)

BicK2

(pgg) PRI3

(mLg) TP4

(Pgg) CEC5

(me ) Kads6 Pads7

0 37 74 107 153 097 507 2 0 41

60 67 82 93 197 167 473 2 043 66

120 80 82 100 277 243 607 2 044 78

240 103 84 97 290 38 637 2 058 129

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 1010 0 049 41

Sig9 ns ns ns ns ns




0 30 72 83 227 07 507

60 63 81 73 190 15 453

120 80 81 87 220 18 540

240 107 83 83 240 27 563

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 101

Sig9 ns ns ns



33



AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (pgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(VigmL)

0 112 70 175 18 110 77 101 57 56

60 132 74 164 17 137 58 92 34 31

120 172 75 166 17 152 54 97 44 34

240 166 81 130 16 198 34 75 24 11

Lsd3 19 025 33 4 16 11 26 27 32

Sig4 ns ns ns ns ns

p

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm) PH

Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (UgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(pgmL)

0 137 78 99 15 150 46 26 10 01

100 142 76 112 15 153 54 52 23 14

200 170 74 179 19 150 62 114 39 30

600 133 72 244 19 144 60 174 89 87

Lsd3 43 022 31 24 17 15 29 25 30

Sig4 ns ns ns




220

200

E 180 O ) 3

^ 1fi0 _ o 3 140 O V)

oil

120 m c


20

0 50 100 150 200


250 300


35



AG

AG (tha)

P2

(ugg) K2

(Ugg) Zn3

(Pgg)

PRI4

(mLg)

0 47 32 67 -112

60 76 38 15 -090

120 94 42 26 -049

240 84 41 13 092

Lsd5 35 6 28 073

Sig6 ns

P P2 K2 Zn3 PRI4


0 8 42 31 201 100 35 37 45 043 200 80 39 18 -089 600 177 34 26 -313

Lsd5 39 6 27 082

Sig6 ns




o CO

CD

E

o CO

co o

CD


50 100 150 200


250 300


37



(a) Topsoil


0 67 66 229 018 005 003

60 91 77 382 019 009 02

120 99 79 558 019 012 043

240 120 80 975 024 014 104

Lsd2 20 014 064 0033 0018 021

Sig3 ns

(b) Subsoil


0 44 67 225 017 005 003

60 59 74 269 019 005 008

120 66 77 300 018 005 017

240 99 79 397 02 005 029

Lsd2 075 01 029 0036 001 002

Sig3 n s ns





(a) Topsoil

AG



0 39 23 92 -07 28

60 50 38 110 02 50

120 59 51 135 16 75

240 58 62 157 35 99

Lsd4 5 11 15 03 06

Sig5



0 10 53 57 29 40

50 15 40 66 22 38

100 25 41 78 17 44

200 53 41 128 14 71

400 87 44 186 -01 86

600 120 41 226 -12 102

Lsd4 11 8 20 09 13

Sig5


39




AG



0 33 20 79 -05 26

60 30 21 73 -01 30

120 33 27 77 08 42

240 26 24 76 13 40

Lsd4 10 2 10 04 10

Sig5 ns ns



0 7 25 48 15 22

50 11 22 52 09 19

100 15 24 59 10 27

200 32 23 81 06 39

400 51 22 100 -03 47

600 67 21 117 -11 52

Lsd4 8 5 8 05 09

Sig5 ns



100 150 200


300


41





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 482 393 240 081 049 036 023

60 484 383 251 084 046 040 024

120 506 357 255 081 046 045 024

240 494 355 246 088 044 056 025

Lsd3 026 012 024 005 003 006 0013

Sig4 ns ns ns ns

p


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 523 316 254 066 024 046 025

50 489 372 255 081 041 049 026

100 503 388 229 084 048 042 024

200 472 379 250 089 050 046 024

400 494 390 242 093 057 043 023

600 470 385 258 091 057 039 022

Lsd3 027 024 036 005 003 008 0017

Sig4 ns ns



0 50 100 150 200 250 300





10


tto

06 3

X3

to 05 _ l

gtbull 04 C


-z 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300




43



en c o 3

X2

gt

06

^

bull A

05 ^ S

04

03

02

01

n n i i i

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

o

X I

5 gt

06

05

04

03

02

01

00

- bull B

- bull bull ^

o

I I I I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)



A

B

C

D

y = 056 - 030 x exp (-00182) (R2 = 097)

y = 057 - 032 x exp (-00103) (R2 = 088)

y = 055 - 031 x exp (-00126) (R2 = 099)

y = 056 - 032 x exp (-00092) (R2 = 098)


44



AG

AG (tha)

Fe (Pgg)

Zn (Ugg)

Mn (vigg)

B (Pgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 1354 251 217 211 26

60 1274 248 237 213 28

120 1353 253 240 217 27

240 1394 263 260 214 29

Lsd2 153 24 15 082 02

Sig3 ns ns ns


0 1418 268 212 215 26

50 1388 253 263 220 27

100 1301 267 251 217 29

200 1336 249 250 217 28

400 1282 255 232 204 28

600 1341 233 224 210 28

Lsd2 197 29 19 08 02

Sig3 ns ns ns



45

A O O ltyi

4x

r en 00

9 400 200 o o o copy

ns

O

kgt ON

kgt

4gt

kgt 4 4 4^

kgt

ns

O 4 4 ON 4 k)

o


4 00

4 ON

4 4^ NO Q O

o copy ON

i mdash gt

b b 1 mdash t

b o p Vcopy

O 00 ON

o ON

gtmdash 5 co 5J M

o o

O in

o 4 Ncopy

o 4 O

p 4

p kgt 1 mdash t

copy

ON

o b NO

O ON

o 00

o 00

o ON I mdash

O ON

O 3 Z 5 raquoM

o b 4

O

kgt o kgt -J

p kgt 00

O kgt 00

O

kgt NO

copy kgt ON



AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(ugg) Zn1

(vgg) Mn1

(vgg) B1

(vgg) Cu1

(vigg)

0 762 224 214 263 42

60 700 197 227 265 38

120 811 196 216 254 38

240 842 193 236 256 37

Lsd2 132 099 21 16 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(pgg) Zn1

(^gg) Mn1

(Vigg) B1

(lJgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 786 233 213 248 36

50 625 235 241 266 37

100 833 207 237 270 41

200 938 192 235 265 44

400 725 178 208 259 37

600 765 169 206 250 37

Lsd2 230 21 21 11 063

Sig3 ns ns




47





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 392 515 040 066 047 023 018

60 384 500 040 067 045 023 017

120 404 474 043 071 043 024 018

240 402 458 041 071 041 028 018

Lsd3 022 016 001 004 002 002 0006

Sig4 ns + ns ns

P


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 496 417 034 097 031 016 019

50 400 518 043 068 040 023 018

100 376 483 042 063 042 025 017

200 372 501 044 063 047 027 017

400 371 498 042 062 052 028 017

600 358 505 041 060 052 027 016

Lsd3 027 02 003 005 002 003 001

Sig4




AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(Ugg)

Zn1

(vigg) Mn1

(Pgg) B1

(Pgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 611 279 124 188 26

60 587 247 134 191 25

120 706 299 139 192 29

240 592 268 145 186 25

Lsd2 329 57 14 08 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

p

p (kgha)

Fe1

(Ugg) Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(Ugg) B1

(ugg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 976 492 156 202 31

50 520 279 145 198 26

100 507 230 135 186 24

200 432 208 127 190 24

400 739 239 131 183 28

600 567 192 120 177 24

Lsd2 270 61 142 114 061

Sig3 a s


49





0 797 7 34 7 13 34 590 1219 34 39 7

60 482 7 34 7 15 34 610 1146 46 52 8

120 583 7 43 7 20 34 616 1246 45 50 8

240 355 7 34 7 15 34 637 1152 41 45 8

Lsd2 141 1 13 16 11 15 74 188 5 16 1


MRL4 50 2000

P (kgha)

Ba (ngg)

Cd (ngg)

Cr (ngg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (ngg)

Ni

(ngg)

Rb (ngg)

Sr (ngg)

Ti

(ngg)

Th

(ngg)

V (ngg)

0 556 7 34 7 25 34 650 998 39 45 9

50 670 7 34 7 18 34 657 1387 50 74 9

100 576 7 34 7 11 34 570 1206 45 50 8

200 529 7 34 7 12 34 616 1293 39 39 7

400 523 7 48 7 19 39 596 1126 39 36 7

600 476 7 34 7 11 34 603 1126 36 36 7

Lsd2 121 1 16 1 15 6 40 181 19 29 2


MRL4 50 2000






AG


0 53 074 11 87 158

60 48 066 10 83 148

120 47 069 11 79 143

240 45 060 10 74 135

Lsd1 065 015 025 21 31


p

p (kgha)

Curd (kgha)

Root (kgha)

Stem (kgha)

Leaf (kgha)

Total (kgha)

0 12 030 040 29 49

50 40 058 100 68 124

100 51 053 112 76 143

200 59 075 120 93 172

400 67 093 131 115 205

600 61 094 121 102 185

Ls-d1 055 017 020 18 25

Sig2


51


Yield



(a) Total

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 755 468 483 177

50 1464 1675 1554 1516

100 2169 1706 1757 1985

200 2242 1737 1928 1862

400 1752 2102 2155 2136

600 1689 1764 1768 2023

Lsd1

Sig2

16 (AG)

ns 201 (P)

401 (AGP)

-

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 274 060 000 000

50 1222 1463 1294 1152

100 2057 1416 1603 1820

200 2141 1377 1803 1752

400 1572 2020 2095 1996

600 1468 1534 1500 1974

Lsd1

Sig2

24 (AG)

ns

46 (P)

52(AGP)

ns




26

24

22

(tha

) 20

18

Cur

d yi

eld 16

14

12

10

8

6 i ii

A=0

i i i i i

I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

- 7 I

_ bull

i i i n

mdash^ B=60

I I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

co

32 CD

gt 2 3

o

25

20

15

10

5

bull j

- bull

I I I I I

- - gt C=120

l l l

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)





A y = 1336 + (-577 + 01335x)(l-00088x +000007872) (Z2

B y = 89434 + 00705 - OOOOlx2 (R2 = 070)

C y = 84752 + 00810 - OOOOlx2 (B2 = 081)

D y = 733 +00871x - 00001 Ix2 (R2 = 099)

098)

53


Discussion









References









55












Ec mSm 623 -

pH (H 20) mSm 99 -

pH (CaCl2) mSm 94 -

PRI mLg 610 - gt 1000 -

LOI 1973 -

C a C 0 3 1290 1290

Fe (Fe203) 974 974

Al (A1203) 551 551

Si (Si0 2 ) 797 797

Ca (CaO) 45 450

Na (Na 2 0) 228 228

Ti (Ti0 2 ) 174 174

K (K 2 0) 072 72

Mg (MgO) 028 28 sect 047 47

P (P2O5) 005 05

Mn (MnO) 002 02

Total P ngg 266 -



As ngg 35 -

Ba ^gg 413 -

Cu Ugg 29 -

Sr Hgg 287 -


Zr fAgg 1477 -

Sand 232 -

Silt 473 -

Clay 295 -






(a)


0 119 010 050 010 020 050 88 182 050 058 010

60 72 010 050 010 022 050 91 171 069 078 012

120 87 011 064 011 030 050 92 186 067 075 012

240 53 011 05 010 023 050 95 172 061 067 012

Lsd2 21 002 02 024 016 022 11 28 008 024 002


(b)

p (kgha)

Ba (vgg)

Cd (vigg)

Cr (Pgg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (vgg)

Ni (Pgg)

Rb (Pgg)

Sr (Pgg)

Ti

(Pgg)

Th (Pgg)

V

(Pgg)

0 83 010 050 010 038 050 97 149 058 067 013

50 100 011 050 010 027 050 98 207 075 110 013

100 86 010 050 010 017 050 85 180 067 075 012

200 79 010 050 010 018 050 92 193 058 058 010

400 78 011 071 011 028 058 89 168 058 054 011

600 71 010 050 010 016 050 90 168 054 054 010

Lsd2 18 002 024 0009 022 009 06 27 028 044 003







Introduction










Experimental design


59


Crop management


Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant


60



Harvest


Analysis of data





61





0 36 70 262 199 093

60 62 78 397 308 101

90 70 80 390 378 12

120 73 80 402 391 14

Lsd3 057 018 75 122 018

Sig4 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP1

(M-gg) BicK1

(figg) PRI2

(mLg)

0 59 78 117 323 17

25 58 78 147 338 15

50 58 78 160 322 16

100 58 78 255 327 13

300 62 76 554 309 06

600 66 75 944 296 005

Lsd3 063 01 58 60 02

Sig4 ns ns


62


mdash A


e 25 ltD O d

5 20

1 ^ I I I

T3

C

o

c CO o c o o

0 20 40 60 80 100120140

Residual AG (tha)

u u bull B

80 l

60

40

mdash n bull 20

n i i i i

I

i i i

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


5 E Q 0 -

20 40 60 80 100120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


63




AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (ngmL)

Mg (ugmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (jigmL)

Psrp1

(pgmL)

0 129 75 91 141 105 81 28 05

60 144 77 108 131 121 64 30 06

120 147 76 123 136 120 50 33 04

Lsd2 33 01 14 09 4 7 1 02

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (UgmL)

Mg (ligmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (UgmL)

Psrp1

(VigmL)

0 171 78 107 141 121 68 23 01

100 138 77 104 144 111 58 24 02

300 120 76 103 128 110 63 31 06

600 130 73 117 133 116 71 43 13

Lsd2 20 02 10 11 10 13 7 02

Sig3 ns


64


3

C

o

o (gt

o in c c o

5 c CD O

o O

3

o

c o

c ltu o c o

o 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





AG



0 27 41 25 05

60 45 43 26 03

120 50 59 23 07

Lsd4 8 6 05 01

Sig5 ns

p

p (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(Pgg)

Zn2

(l-igg) PRI3

(mLg)

0 9 46 19 12

100 21 47 22 09

300 42 46 25 03

600 90 52 31 -03

Lsd4 7 5 10 02

Sig5 ns ns



66



(a) Topsoil

AG



0 16 28 68 10 26

60 25 42 86 15 41

90 25 46 91 16 43

120 26 54 96 18 46

Lsd5 3 9 8 005 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(vigg) TotP2

(ngg) PPJ3

(mLg) PPJP4

(mLg)

0 7 46 58 19 27

25 8 45 63 19 28

50 9 44 64 20 30

100 15 43 72 17 33

300 37 40 103 09 48

600 63 36 152 03 67

Lsd5 3 6 8 03 05

Sig6



120

o lgt 100 bull gt

TJ

rn laquon D ) 3

mdash-

on

60

^^ m i _


160 A (I 140

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 o (0 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 gtraquo 120

^plusmn bull o

^ ^ ^ ^

66

100

^ 3 80

^ mdash ^ tra

tion

60

^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ cen 40

o 20 o 20

I I I I I I I

O

10

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1lt

O

10

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


68



(b) Subsoil

AG



0 15 23 69 08 24

60 23 31 82 12 36

90 24 37 91 14 39

120 25 40 90 17 43

Lsd5 4 6 7 01 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(ugg) TotP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) PRIP4

(mLg)

0 6 36 57 18 25

25 8 36 63 17 26

50 8 34 63 17 26

100 13 31 71 15 29

300 33 29 102 08 43

600 61 30 141 03 64

Lsd5 5 5 8 02 05

Sig6



100

o CO

gtlaquo

C

o CO

bull-raquo

c o o o

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)



70




AG



0 29 65 24 027 006 004

60 47 73 32 025 009 010

90 59 77 36 023 015 015

120 66 78 40 025 012 018

Lsd2 07 07 06 005 006 001

Sig3 as ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

PH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 43 73 30 025 001 011

25 46 73 33 026 010 011

50 46 73 32 025 010 011

100 52 74 32 025 010 011

300 56 74 34 024 009 011

600 58 73 37 025 014 012

Lsd2 05 05 03 002 007 -

Sig3 ns ns ns



soil b

A soil

dry

4 _ I dry

I ^5 CD CD


i

U o CD CD



i 1 I i i i i LU

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1^ W

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


72




AG



0 34 66 24 026 006 005

60 50 75 33 024 008 010

90 64 78 38 023 01 016

120 68 79 41 024 01 019

Lsd2 05 01 07 006 001 003

Sig3 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 48 75 30 023 009 011

25 51 74 33 026 009 011

50 50 75 34 025 008 013

100 61 75 35 026 008 013

300 57 75 34 022 007 013

600 58 73 38 024 008 013

Lsd2 08 01 04 003 001 003

Sig3 ns



o 0 oi

4 CO c CO

gt T3 4 _ bull o

0s -5 3 agt CD

fc_ 3 - g

on

o 2 CO 2 CO

u 2

o CD CD 1 X I SI

1 CD 1 CD CD CU

O


o o X X Lil

i i 1 1 i i 1 HI

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





74



(a) Macronutrients

AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 49 42 23 077 040 039 027

60 51 40 23 078 042 036 025

90 51 39 23 079 043 036 025

120 49 39 24 078 042 036 025

Lsd3 03 02 08 009 007 010 004



(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 53 36 22 069 027 033 024

25 51 38 24 071 030 038 026

50 52 40 24 075 034 040 027

100 51 41 24 079 043 041 027

300 48 43 24 087 055 039 026

600 47 42 20 086 060 031 023

Lsd3 02 02 04 003 004 006 003

Sig4 ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe (ugg)

Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(ugg) B1

(ugg) Cu1

(ugg)

0 122 31 19 21 28

60 121 32 22 22 30

90 119 36 25 22 32

120 120 29 23 22 29

Lsd2 21 8 6 1 05

sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(Pgg)

Zn1

(ugg) Mn1

Gigg)

B1

(Fgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 112 33 19 22 28

25 120 32 22 22 29

50 125 32 21 23 29

100 132 38 24 23 31

300 129 30 25 22 32

600 106 29 23 21 32

Lsd2 19 6 3 1 03

Sig-3 ns ns




76


Q

en

3

gt-c 0

07

06

05

04

03

02

01 0

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

A

if 20 40 60 80 100


_ 065

Q S 055

060

tz

ro _ i

gt

120


20 40 60 80 100


120

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

-B

bull

- bull I

I I

bull

i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120

-bull D

I I i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120



A y = 05964 - 0763 x exp (-0068) (B2 = 089)

B y = 05855 - 05144 x exp (-00465x) (R2 = 098)

C y = 006058 - 0549 x exp (-00435x) (B2 = 096)

D y = 06399 - 05208 x exp (-00291) (R2 = 097)

77






(a) Total

AG p

(kgha) (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 59 64 69 100

25 134 126 123 83

50 139 133 117 143

100 163 200 164 177

300 203 236 198 204

600 215 237 208 194

Ls-d1 36 (AG) 17 (P) 48(AGP) -

Sig2 ns

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 14 14 18 56

25 83 74 84 13

50 90 99 67 99

100 138 188 125 160

300 187 232 182 190

600 206 234 191 185

Lsd1

Sig2

48 (AG)

ns 23 (P)

62(AGP)

-



0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


lt x

UJ gt-Q

o

lt X


24

22

20

18

16 14

12

10

8

6

4

-D

bull

I I

I I

I I

I

^~ bull

i i i i i

20 40 60 80 100120140160


20 40 60 80 100120140160




A y = 2088 - 818 x exp (-017x) (i2 = 089)

B y = 23731 - 4578 x exp (-00949) (i2 = 099)

C y = 2051 - 286 x exp (-00697) (R2 = 086)

D y = 2002 - 354 x exp (-0090) (B2 = 086)

79


Discussion


References







80















Introduction




Pots


Experimental design




82






Irrigation




April 1- 27 10 33

May 28- 59 065 21

June 60- 90 044 14

July 91-122 044 14

August 123-154 056 19

September 155-160



Crop management



Soil


83


Leachate


Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






Parameter (tha)

Parameter

0 125 250 1000

pH (H20) 69 77 85 86

pH (CaCl2) 57 71 78 78

Ec (mSm) 4 9 9 11

Ext P (ngg)1 3 9 14 9

PRI2 -02 33 44 77

Total N ()3 - 0039 0044 0060


ExtN03-N(ugg)5 - 3 2 5

CEC ()6 30 30 43 35

Exch Ca ()7 133 363 51 70

Exch Mg ()7 036 024 015 021

Exch Na ()7 005 015 015 032

Exch K ()7 007 004 0035 0035

OrgC()8 131 109 092 103

Sand () 977 967 960 910

Silt () 13 15 15 37

Clay () 10 23 25 53



85



AG


0 33 119 234 -015 137

125 200 117 743 141 27

250 275 197 1258 231 19

1000 204 420 1853 154 30

Lsd5 4 34 129 45 26

Sig6

P

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(Mgfe) totP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) NIL

(ngg)

0 91 215 896 198 58

50 151 223 937 138 54

100 144 226 1005 126 62

200 182 193 1043 128 42

400 323 210 1231 116 52

Lsd5 48 39 144 50 29

Sig6 s | e ns ns





AG



0 157 44 18 016 026 010

125 147 54 23 014 026 015

250 217 66 40 017 041 027

1000 308 76 135 027 096 094

Lsd2 32 01 07 002 005 005

sig3

p

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 202 59 52 019 048 035

50 195 60 53 018 050 036

100 203 60 57 019 048 039

200 202 60 57 018 045 040

400 236 59 51 017 046 034

Lsd2 35 01 08 002 006 005






87




deg E

c o

o O

c ltD

O

c o

I O

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0

A p p l ie d P

3 0 0

k g h a )

4 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0


4 0 0 5 0 0


89


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0




200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Level of AG (tha)

200 400 600 800

Level of AG (tha)

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


91




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 486 229 061 025 050 039

125 584 186 060 033 047 034

250 585 216 058 033 044 035

1000 531 215 056 031 052 037

Lsd3 03 02 004 0017 005 003

Sig4

p

P (kgha)


0 538 198 062 029 037 036

50 523 222 061 028 043 037

100 562 208 056 030 049 035

200 548 216 057 032 058 037

400 563 214 056 035 054 036

Lsd3 033 022 004 002 006 003

Sig4 ns ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe Mn1 Zn B Cu Mo

0 111 386 280 345 95 21

125 127 279 367 348 107 25

250 126 173 269 349 108 24

1000 114 60 143 337 110 31

Lsd2 20 47 40 15 05 06

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 135 243 263 356 120 28

50 122 240 268 349 111 30

100 109 191 229 343 106 25

200 116 228 268 334 99 23

400 115 221 294 341 89 20

Lsd2 23 52 45 15 051 07

Sig3 ns ns ns ns



93




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 300 503 269 071 016 093 039

125 348 649 239 065 024 090 035

250 395 653 251 061 022 082 033

1000 351 566 262 066 024 099 037

Lsd3 010 036 011 002 001 009 002

Sig4

p

p (kgha)


0 355 589 240 073 019 074 035

50 343 597 258 068 020 082 036

100 339 587 257 068 021 098 038

200 339 580 259 063 022 108 037

400 332 608 263 057 024 095 036

Lsd3 011 041 012 002 001 010 002

Sig4 ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1 Mn1 Zn1 B1 Cu1

0 299 962 234 402 109

125 316 952 184 404 107

250 331 662 110 380 110

1000 374 673 77 383 115

Lsd2 90 106 20 002 05

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 294 969 158 409 125

50 392 837 144 393 117

100 364 747 141 396 114

200 267 712 159 387 105

400 332 bull 796 154 377 89

Lsd2 101 118 23 13 05

Sig3 ns ns





95

i 7 1 smdash

tz i

Least


4 t o 1 mdash l

E

Least era

sd

P P

p p

p p

U i p p 0 f Cro

to

sd

copy P

p copy

P copy

Ui copy o


a

anceat

ficant



A

ficant ns



o

ns

(AG

)

U ) 4^ p 4 ^ t o P


copy o

iffere

ns

(AG

)

0 0 +- o 4 U i

ns AG

)


^bullv B o B o



A IA

p

-

58 09 52 50 Os t o

copy

49

so 1 mdash

85

copy 1mdash

i- 00

TOO IA

p

(P) ^ 4 U i Os 00 U i (P)


- copy Ui

AG

tha)

copy Ui

Hmdash

AG

tha) Kgt



o

AG


AG


deg

AG


AG

U ) t - so 0 0 copy

T) Tgt



copy



a-

to Ui

to Ui copy

copy copy copy

CO tro bull

^








0 50 2 9 11 3 86

0 100 2 8 10 13 77

0 200 2 6 8 2 90

0 400 2 6 8 3 89

125 50 4 8 12 73 15

125 100 2 8 10 18 72

125 200 2 6 8 30 62

125 400 1 4 5 18 77

250 50 3 7 10 0 90

250 100 2 4 6 0 94

250 200 1 4 5 0 95

250 400 1 4 5 12 83

1000 50 2 6 8 75 17

1000 100 2 5 7 67 26

1000 200 2 5 7 45 48

1000 400 1 4 5 41 55



97



AG (tha)

P (kgha)

P leached1

(kgha) P leached

( P applied)

0 50 41 82

0 100 78 78

0 200 158 79 0 400 311 78

125 50 2 4

125 100 3 3

125 200 10 5 125 400 27 7

250 50 1 2

250 100 3 3 250 200 4 2

250 400 7 2 1000 50 02 lt1 1000 100 05 lt1

1000 200 1 lt1

1000 400 2 lt1



O)

pound CD

o TO

(D

o

(0 l _

c

o c o o

pound

(0

o to

c o

TO tmdash

c 0) o c o o

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0



99


CD

CO

x o CO CD

c o

bull4-

CO

c CD O c o O

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0


100


ID

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

lb 70

70 C

60 65 -

60

55 dt

ha 50

40

50

45 bull A

Yie

30

40 _ 20

35 i i i i 35 0 100 200 300 400 5( 50 10

Applied p (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)



A y = 10943 - 9377 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

B y = 6l7- 2848 x exp (-00122) (i2 = 099)

C y = 3842+ 0083x (J2 = 097)

D y = 238 + 0l07x(R2 = 096)


101


Discussion





102




References








103











104


CO JC

5)

CD

sz o CD CD

0 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


105


200 400 600 800


1 000 1 200

2 00

18 0 -

~ 160

copy

deg 1 40

1 2 0

100 -

80 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


106


A 1 8 0

1 6 0

1 4 0

1 2 0 -

1 0 0

8 0

6 0 -

4 0 - I~~ - ^ gt ^

2 0

I

^ - ^ 1 0

I i i i i i

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 12 00


107


40

ha

)

35 ^ D )

30 bull o

25 o CD jD 20 O )

^ 1 5

1 0

5

200 400 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0


200 4 0 0 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0



108


200 400 600 800


1000 1200


109

on-

3 05


13 cn to bull

gt bulla i - t

K bdquo so SO C


poundr r r



3 3 3







05



ltJ1


OS


~J


00


SO


copy



to


LO


4^



OS


TOTA

L

^ 4

H o

f5 0 rgt n

8

ft BS J

a o 3 05

GO v Eo fa

T3 3 S

I f ^ e

^ I to o en B

I | - TO

^ - MB

e S

03

s

Si 3 a 09

5

I 1


m

3


AG

(tha)

eek 1 is 4


Q ^ gt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 3

Jw-9

p (kgha)

Vpril 199


os



to



(5



4^


Ln



Os


-o



00


vo


copy


E


to


ugt


S


( J l


Os


TOTA

L

f to

I 3

t 1 i


- B Si 05


eg ST


a i s

laquo3 TJ

= 3

4 ^

gt o ^ = c raquofl

3 crs

( - bull

3 re

I


ZVV


AG

(tha)


Jw-9

P (kgha)




S 3




-t-




OS



~4


0 0


SO


copy


-

3 3 S B D S 3 3 3 S I 3 3 3 S 3 S 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 I 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 S

S 3


lgt3




U i


OS



TO

TA

L

I -o

t I o 3 I

0 0 03

s mpl 1




o g 3

09

as

BS 3 c

3

S

I 1



1 1 J S os an

bullB B 58

OH O

lt

H O

o

bull3

eek



gt ll 0)

=

s o

I I 2




CN CN v i





o o o en so O














ca

~ -a JltS









sn ON ON i -


-s 1 ^

w ^4 a 8 n pound z

C3

a

113


1 I

-a s OS

OH

bulla s cs

s

I

1

i o

2

it

1 I o p

J f -

1

TO

TA

L









-


f o


ifte

r so

wi

ON


(wee

ks pound

00


ing

tim

e


Sam

p

NO


lto



cn


CS


rmdasht


P

(kg

ha)



AG

(t

ha)


NO ON ON

I

114


O H

S

E OS en

bull O S laquo

bulla

is deg gt I-I

11 amp 1 S3 _g

es

lt M

s 00 S

I I bull a

o o

1-5

S o

O

1

03 WD

NO






03

2-3















NO ON ON

I


115

914


AG

(tha)


p (kgha)


gtmdashraquo


to


LO


+-


Ln


Os


^3


00


SO


O


gtmdashgtbull


to

LO


LO


pound


Ln


OS


TOTA

L

0 O

t

I 2

o n

I

Sam

evel

Traquo o 3 ^ irq

^ S-ID ^

eek i I bull i 3

- o gt O 3

(TO a s c

I 1



i a C3 1X1

bulla s a

bulla a CS

B 3 I

55 W

53

to

s lt -a 0)

1

o

3

w

a

amp

00

60

s

1 V3

TOTA

L









1mdashc r-H


o rmdash1


ON


00


t -


NO


W)


bull



I N


imdashi


P (k

gha

)



AG

(t



NO ON ON

117

mi


AG


p (kgha)





LO


44


Ln


ON


~-l


00


vo


gt mdash copy


pound


to


LO


it


Ln


ON


TOTA

L

I 0 VO

v3


raquo i T O 09

(M raquo 0 lt 0 0

ri S raquo S5

M S-l V O

n 3

00 pound 3


lt n q S t raquo gt

t ST amp sect w 3

reg

e 3

9 3 a

I 1 era

I I










2 PROJECT STAFF

Ian McPharlin

Wendy Robertson

Bob Jeffery

Tony Shimmin

Jenny Harboard

Don Glenister

Patricia Aylmore

David Cooling

Gavin dAdhemar

Neil Lantzke


Staff



Research Officer











4








Introduction









Experimental design


6



Fertilisers


Measurements

(a) Plant



(b) Soil


7


Chemical analysis












AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-P (ugg)

Total P (ugg)

PRI Pbuff

0 72 64 5 8 55 19 14

60 84 77 8 10 64 26 24

90 85 78 9 11 76 30 30

120 85 83 9 10 71 27 27

Signif NS NS $

Lsd 5 04 05 3 07 05


AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-Pa

(ugg) PRIa

Pbuff

0 73 67 7 16 37 20

60 78 71 5 17 40 23

120 84 77 9 20 44 30

240 88 80 9 21 53 40

Signif NS NS NS

Lsd 5 05 06 10






9










10


Yield





Phosphorus



11




Other nutrients






0 119 018 059 382

60 110 020 065 553

90 106 021 066 597

120 102 021 069 697

Signif NS

Lsd 5 04 004 119

12




0 44 028 74 293 267

600 48 032 62 342 248

Signif NS NS



0 51 116 016 23 030 050 77 453 46 96 26

60 48 127 015 21 027 045 61 457 45 67 25

120 49 120 016 26 029 051 66 643 59 59 25

240 49 103 019 29 030 067 54 977 53 53 24


Lsd5 05 04 013 164 24




Total P uptake


13



Metals in tubers



Cr Co Sn Sb Hg

mean

se

0007

61 xlO5

60 x 104

50 x 106

15 x 103

10 x 104

90 x 105

10 xlO5

34 x 104

14 x 105



mean

se

001

68X104

72xl(f 29xia5

55xia3

17x1a4

010

35xia3

L2X103

0

58xia3

17X104

LOxlO3

29X104

30X1O4

43xl05

84X1G4

ii xia5

l ixia3

70xia5


Applied P (kgha)

Ni Cd Cu

0 0006 0002 018

100 0006 0002 016

300 0007 0004 015

600 0008 0006 013

Signif

Lsd (5) 00014 0001 002


14



Conclusions












15












16


300

250 -

I I

200

3

60 80

AG (tha)

140


17


Z3

200

180 -

160

Q- 140

ro 120 bull 4 -

O CD X 100 CD i

3 80 CO c o

pound gt v_ CO

o CQ

AG Depth

I

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

AG (tha)

140


18


700

600

500

D)

3 400

CL

oil

300 CO

200

100

100 150

A G (tha)

250


19


CO

2 CD

gt-

200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)


Equations are

A

B

C

D

0 tha

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

j - 614 - 255 x exp (-00152) (JR= 092)

y = 542 - 271 x exp (-00176) (R2= 090)

y = 552 - 274 x exp (-0021) (F= 094)

y = 566 - 229 x exp (-00092) (i^= 098)

20


ro

JO

gt-

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 547 - 216 x exp (-0021) (R2^ 088)

y = 517 - 278 x exp (-0019) (R2= 090)

y = 524 - 243 x exp (-001 to) (R2= 094)

y = 530 - 218 x exp (-001 Ox) (i^= 098)

21


CO

32

gt-

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0

Marketable yield

Marketable yield

Total yield

Total yield

_L 50 100 150 200

AG (tha)

250 300


22


w CO CO

a gtraquo i _

C

o 00

c CD O c o o

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500


Equations are

A Otha y = 117- 079 x exp (-0020) (R2 = 096)

B 60 tha y=123- 096 x exp (-000874) (R2 - 099)

C 90 tha y = 118 - 0884 x exp (-000742) (R2 = 096)

D 120 tha y= 117 - 090 x exp (-00085) (R2 = 097)

23


CO

c

53

CD

gt-

00 02 04 06 08 10


12 14



24


poundgt 3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)


25


100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

700



040

ogt 035 CD

gtgt bullo

w _CB O

H) CL


030 -

025 -

020

2 015

010 -

005

000 0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

A 0 tha

B 60 tha

C 90 tha

D 120 tha

y = 0372 - 0243 x exp (-00058) (R2 = 097)

y = 0378 - 0257 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 098)

y = 0361 - 0216 x exp (-00029x) (i^= 095)

y = 0406 - 0279 x exp (-0002x) (R2 = 098)

27


CO

3

ltD

CO Q Z5

ID

B

14

12 -^ ^

10

8 W

6

4

A G P

I

2

n I i i I I i

0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 140 - 1095 x exp (-00058r) (R2 = 096)

3= 111 - 882 x exp (-0004x) (R2 = 098)

y = 104 - 774 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

3 = 127 -101 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 0997)

28


60 80

AG (tha)


29



Introduction










Experimental design


Crop management




Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant



31



Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP2

(Vigfe)

BicK2

(pgg) PRI3

(mLg) TP4

(Pgg) CEC5

(me ) Kads6 Pads7

0 37 74 107 153 097 507 2 0 41

60 67 82 93 197 167 473 2 043 66

120 80 82 100 277 243 607 2 044 78

240 103 84 97 290 38 637 2 058 129

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 1010 0 049 41

Sig9 ns ns ns ns ns




0 30 72 83 227 07 507

60 63 81 73 190 15 453

120 80 81 87 220 18 540

240 107 83 83 240 27 563

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 101

Sig9 ns ns ns



33



AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (pgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(VigmL)

0 112 70 175 18 110 77 101 57 56

60 132 74 164 17 137 58 92 34 31

120 172 75 166 17 152 54 97 44 34

240 166 81 130 16 198 34 75 24 11

Lsd3 19 025 33 4 16 11 26 27 32

Sig4 ns ns ns ns ns

p

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm) PH

Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (UgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(pgmL)

0 137 78 99 15 150 46 26 10 01

100 142 76 112 15 153 54 52 23 14

200 170 74 179 19 150 62 114 39 30

600 133 72 244 19 144 60 174 89 87

Lsd3 43 022 31 24 17 15 29 25 30

Sig4 ns ns ns




220

200

E 180 O ) 3

^ 1fi0 _ o 3 140 O V)

oil

120 m c


20

0 50 100 150 200


250 300


35



AG

AG (tha)

P2

(ugg) K2

(Ugg) Zn3

(Pgg)

PRI4

(mLg)

0 47 32 67 -112

60 76 38 15 -090

120 94 42 26 -049

240 84 41 13 092

Lsd5 35 6 28 073

Sig6 ns

P P2 K2 Zn3 PRI4


0 8 42 31 201 100 35 37 45 043 200 80 39 18 -089 600 177 34 26 -313

Lsd5 39 6 27 082

Sig6 ns




o CO

CD

E

o CO

co o

CD


50 100 150 200


250 300


37



(a) Topsoil


0 67 66 229 018 005 003

60 91 77 382 019 009 02

120 99 79 558 019 012 043

240 120 80 975 024 014 104

Lsd2 20 014 064 0033 0018 021

Sig3 ns

(b) Subsoil


0 44 67 225 017 005 003

60 59 74 269 019 005 008

120 66 77 300 018 005 017

240 99 79 397 02 005 029

Lsd2 075 01 029 0036 001 002

Sig3 n s ns





(a) Topsoil

AG



0 39 23 92 -07 28

60 50 38 110 02 50

120 59 51 135 16 75

240 58 62 157 35 99

Lsd4 5 11 15 03 06

Sig5



0 10 53 57 29 40

50 15 40 66 22 38

100 25 41 78 17 44

200 53 41 128 14 71

400 87 44 186 -01 86

600 120 41 226 -12 102

Lsd4 11 8 20 09 13

Sig5


39




AG



0 33 20 79 -05 26

60 30 21 73 -01 30

120 33 27 77 08 42

240 26 24 76 13 40

Lsd4 10 2 10 04 10

Sig5 ns ns



0 7 25 48 15 22

50 11 22 52 09 19

100 15 24 59 10 27

200 32 23 81 06 39

400 51 22 100 -03 47

600 67 21 117 -11 52

Lsd4 8 5 8 05 09

Sig5 ns



100 150 200


300


41





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 482 393 240 081 049 036 023

60 484 383 251 084 046 040 024

120 506 357 255 081 046 045 024

240 494 355 246 088 044 056 025

Lsd3 026 012 024 005 003 006 0013

Sig4 ns ns ns ns

p


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 523 316 254 066 024 046 025

50 489 372 255 081 041 049 026

100 503 388 229 084 048 042 024

200 472 379 250 089 050 046 024

400 494 390 242 093 057 043 023

600 470 385 258 091 057 039 022

Lsd3 027 024 036 005 003 008 0017

Sig4 ns ns



0 50 100 150 200 250 300





10


tto

06 3

X3

to 05 _ l

gtbull 04 C


-z 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300




43



en c o 3

X2

gt

06

^

bull A

05 ^ S

04

03

02

01

n n i i i

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

o

X I

5 gt

06

05

04

03

02

01

00

- bull B

- bull bull ^

o

I I I I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)



A

B

C

D

y = 056 - 030 x exp (-00182) (R2 = 097)

y = 057 - 032 x exp (-00103) (R2 = 088)

y = 055 - 031 x exp (-00126) (R2 = 099)

y = 056 - 032 x exp (-00092) (R2 = 098)


44



AG

AG (tha)

Fe (Pgg)

Zn (Ugg)

Mn (vigg)

B (Pgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 1354 251 217 211 26

60 1274 248 237 213 28

120 1353 253 240 217 27

240 1394 263 260 214 29

Lsd2 153 24 15 082 02

Sig3 ns ns ns


0 1418 268 212 215 26

50 1388 253 263 220 27

100 1301 267 251 217 29

200 1336 249 250 217 28

400 1282 255 232 204 28

600 1341 233 224 210 28

Lsd2 197 29 19 08 02

Sig3 ns ns ns



45

A O O ltyi

4x

r en 00

9 400 200 o o o copy

ns

O

kgt ON

kgt

4gt

kgt 4 4 4^

kgt

ns

O 4 4 ON 4 k)

o


4 00

4 ON

4 4^ NO Q O

o copy ON

i mdash gt

b b 1 mdash t

b o p Vcopy

O 00 ON

o ON

gtmdash 5 co 5J M

o o

O in

o 4 Ncopy

o 4 O

p 4

p kgt 1 mdash t

copy

ON

o b NO

O ON

o 00

o 00

o ON I mdash

O ON

O 3 Z 5 raquoM

o b 4

O

kgt o kgt -J

p kgt 00

O kgt 00

O

kgt NO

copy kgt ON



AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(ugg) Zn1

(vgg) Mn1

(vgg) B1

(vgg) Cu1

(vigg)

0 762 224 214 263 42

60 700 197 227 265 38

120 811 196 216 254 38

240 842 193 236 256 37

Lsd2 132 099 21 16 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(pgg) Zn1

(^gg) Mn1

(Vigg) B1

(lJgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 786 233 213 248 36

50 625 235 241 266 37

100 833 207 237 270 41

200 938 192 235 265 44

400 725 178 208 259 37

600 765 169 206 250 37

Lsd2 230 21 21 11 063

Sig3 ns ns




47





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 392 515 040 066 047 023 018

60 384 500 040 067 045 023 017

120 404 474 043 071 043 024 018

240 402 458 041 071 041 028 018

Lsd3 022 016 001 004 002 002 0006

Sig4 ns + ns ns

P


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 496 417 034 097 031 016 019

50 400 518 043 068 040 023 018

100 376 483 042 063 042 025 017

200 372 501 044 063 047 027 017

400 371 498 042 062 052 028 017

600 358 505 041 060 052 027 016

Lsd3 027 02 003 005 002 003 001

Sig4




AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(Ugg)

Zn1

(vigg) Mn1

(Pgg) B1

(Pgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 611 279 124 188 26

60 587 247 134 191 25

120 706 299 139 192 29

240 592 268 145 186 25

Lsd2 329 57 14 08 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

p

p (kgha)

Fe1

(Ugg) Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(Ugg) B1

(ugg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 976 492 156 202 31

50 520 279 145 198 26

100 507 230 135 186 24

200 432 208 127 190 24

400 739 239 131 183 28

600 567 192 120 177 24

Lsd2 270 61 142 114 061

Sig3 a s


49





0 797 7 34 7 13 34 590 1219 34 39 7

60 482 7 34 7 15 34 610 1146 46 52 8

120 583 7 43 7 20 34 616 1246 45 50 8

240 355 7 34 7 15 34 637 1152 41 45 8

Lsd2 141 1 13 16 11 15 74 188 5 16 1


MRL4 50 2000

P (kgha)

Ba (ngg)

Cd (ngg)

Cr (ngg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (ngg)

Ni

(ngg)

Rb (ngg)

Sr (ngg)

Ti

(ngg)

Th

(ngg)

V (ngg)

0 556 7 34 7 25 34 650 998 39 45 9

50 670 7 34 7 18 34 657 1387 50 74 9

100 576 7 34 7 11 34 570 1206 45 50 8

200 529 7 34 7 12 34 616 1293 39 39 7

400 523 7 48 7 19 39 596 1126 39 36 7

600 476 7 34 7 11 34 603 1126 36 36 7

Lsd2 121 1 16 1 15 6 40 181 19 29 2


MRL4 50 2000






AG


0 53 074 11 87 158

60 48 066 10 83 148

120 47 069 11 79 143

240 45 060 10 74 135

Lsd1 065 015 025 21 31


p

p (kgha)

Curd (kgha)

Root (kgha)

Stem (kgha)

Leaf (kgha)

Total (kgha)

0 12 030 040 29 49

50 40 058 100 68 124

100 51 053 112 76 143

200 59 075 120 93 172

400 67 093 131 115 205

600 61 094 121 102 185

Ls-d1 055 017 020 18 25

Sig2


51


Yield



(a) Total

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 755 468 483 177

50 1464 1675 1554 1516

100 2169 1706 1757 1985

200 2242 1737 1928 1862

400 1752 2102 2155 2136

600 1689 1764 1768 2023

Lsd1

Sig2

16 (AG)

ns 201 (P)

401 (AGP)

-

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 274 060 000 000

50 1222 1463 1294 1152

100 2057 1416 1603 1820

200 2141 1377 1803 1752

400 1572 2020 2095 1996

600 1468 1534 1500 1974

Lsd1

Sig2

24 (AG)

ns

46 (P)

52(AGP)

ns




26

24

22

(tha

) 20

18

Cur

d yi

eld 16

14

12

10

8

6 i ii

A=0

i i i i i

I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

- 7 I

_ bull

i i i n

mdash^ B=60

I I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

co

32 CD

gt 2 3

o

25

20

15

10

5

bull j

- bull

I I I I I

- - gt C=120

l l l

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)





A y = 1336 + (-577 + 01335x)(l-00088x +000007872) (Z2

B y = 89434 + 00705 - OOOOlx2 (R2 = 070)

C y = 84752 + 00810 - OOOOlx2 (B2 = 081)

D y = 733 +00871x - 00001 Ix2 (R2 = 099)

098)

53


Discussion









References









55












Ec mSm 623 -

pH (H 20) mSm 99 -

pH (CaCl2) mSm 94 -

PRI mLg 610 - gt 1000 -

LOI 1973 -

C a C 0 3 1290 1290

Fe (Fe203) 974 974

Al (A1203) 551 551

Si (Si0 2 ) 797 797

Ca (CaO) 45 450

Na (Na 2 0) 228 228

Ti (Ti0 2 ) 174 174

K (K 2 0) 072 72

Mg (MgO) 028 28 sect 047 47

P (P2O5) 005 05

Mn (MnO) 002 02

Total P ngg 266 -



As ngg 35 -

Ba ^gg 413 -

Cu Ugg 29 -

Sr Hgg 287 -


Zr fAgg 1477 -

Sand 232 -

Silt 473 -

Clay 295 -






(a)


0 119 010 050 010 020 050 88 182 050 058 010

60 72 010 050 010 022 050 91 171 069 078 012

120 87 011 064 011 030 050 92 186 067 075 012

240 53 011 05 010 023 050 95 172 061 067 012

Lsd2 21 002 02 024 016 022 11 28 008 024 002


(b)

p (kgha)

Ba (vgg)

Cd (vigg)

Cr (Pgg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (vgg)

Ni (Pgg)

Rb (Pgg)

Sr (Pgg)

Ti

(Pgg)

Th (Pgg)

V

(Pgg)

0 83 010 050 010 038 050 97 149 058 067 013

50 100 011 050 010 027 050 98 207 075 110 013

100 86 010 050 010 017 050 85 180 067 075 012

200 79 010 050 010 018 050 92 193 058 058 010

400 78 011 071 011 028 058 89 168 058 054 011

600 71 010 050 010 016 050 90 168 054 054 010

Lsd2 18 002 024 0009 022 009 06 27 028 044 003







Introduction










Experimental design


59


Crop management


Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant


60



Harvest


Analysis of data





61





0 36 70 262 199 093

60 62 78 397 308 101

90 70 80 390 378 12

120 73 80 402 391 14

Lsd3 057 018 75 122 018

Sig4 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP1

(M-gg) BicK1

(figg) PRI2

(mLg)

0 59 78 117 323 17

25 58 78 147 338 15

50 58 78 160 322 16

100 58 78 255 327 13

300 62 76 554 309 06

600 66 75 944 296 005

Lsd3 063 01 58 60 02

Sig4 ns ns


62


mdash A


e 25 ltD O d

5 20

1 ^ I I I

T3

C

o

c CO o c o o

0 20 40 60 80 100120140

Residual AG (tha)

u u bull B

80 l

60

40

mdash n bull 20

n i i i i

I

i i i

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


5 E Q 0 -

20 40 60 80 100120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


63




AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (ngmL)

Mg (ugmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (jigmL)

Psrp1

(pgmL)

0 129 75 91 141 105 81 28 05

60 144 77 108 131 121 64 30 06

120 147 76 123 136 120 50 33 04

Lsd2 33 01 14 09 4 7 1 02

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (UgmL)

Mg (ligmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (UgmL)

Psrp1

(VigmL)

0 171 78 107 141 121 68 23 01

100 138 77 104 144 111 58 24 02

300 120 76 103 128 110 63 31 06

600 130 73 117 133 116 71 43 13

Lsd2 20 02 10 11 10 13 7 02

Sig3 ns


64


3

C

o

o (gt

o in c c o

5 c CD O

o O

3

o

c o

c ltu o c o

o 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





AG



0 27 41 25 05

60 45 43 26 03

120 50 59 23 07

Lsd4 8 6 05 01

Sig5 ns

p

p (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(Pgg)

Zn2

(l-igg) PRI3

(mLg)

0 9 46 19 12

100 21 47 22 09

300 42 46 25 03

600 90 52 31 -03

Lsd4 7 5 10 02

Sig5 ns ns



66



(a) Topsoil

AG



0 16 28 68 10 26

60 25 42 86 15 41

90 25 46 91 16 43

120 26 54 96 18 46

Lsd5 3 9 8 005 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(vigg) TotP2

(ngg) PPJ3

(mLg) PPJP4

(mLg)

0 7 46 58 19 27

25 8 45 63 19 28

50 9 44 64 20 30

100 15 43 72 17 33

300 37 40 103 09 48

600 63 36 152 03 67

Lsd5 3 6 8 03 05

Sig6



120

o lgt 100 bull gt

TJ

rn laquon D ) 3

mdash-

on

60

^^ m i _


160 A (I 140

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 o (0 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 gtraquo 120

^plusmn bull o

^ ^ ^ ^

66

100

^ 3 80

^ mdash ^ tra

tion

60

^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ cen 40

o 20 o 20

I I I I I I I

O

10

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1lt

O

10

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


68



(b) Subsoil

AG



0 15 23 69 08 24

60 23 31 82 12 36

90 24 37 91 14 39

120 25 40 90 17 43

Lsd5 4 6 7 01 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(ugg) TotP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) PRIP4

(mLg)

0 6 36 57 18 25

25 8 36 63 17 26

50 8 34 63 17 26

100 13 31 71 15 29

300 33 29 102 08 43

600 61 30 141 03 64

Lsd5 5 5 8 02 05

Sig6



100

o CO

gtlaquo

C

o CO

bull-raquo

c o o o

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)



70




AG



0 29 65 24 027 006 004

60 47 73 32 025 009 010

90 59 77 36 023 015 015

120 66 78 40 025 012 018

Lsd2 07 07 06 005 006 001

Sig3 as ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

PH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 43 73 30 025 001 011

25 46 73 33 026 010 011

50 46 73 32 025 010 011

100 52 74 32 025 010 011

300 56 74 34 024 009 011

600 58 73 37 025 014 012

Lsd2 05 05 03 002 007 -

Sig3 ns ns ns



soil b

A soil

dry

4 _ I dry

I ^5 CD CD


i

U o CD CD



i 1 I i i i i LU

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1^ W

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


72




AG



0 34 66 24 026 006 005

60 50 75 33 024 008 010

90 64 78 38 023 01 016

120 68 79 41 024 01 019

Lsd2 05 01 07 006 001 003

Sig3 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 48 75 30 023 009 011

25 51 74 33 026 009 011

50 50 75 34 025 008 013

100 61 75 35 026 008 013

300 57 75 34 022 007 013

600 58 73 38 024 008 013

Lsd2 08 01 04 003 001 003

Sig3 ns



o 0 oi

4 CO c CO

gt T3 4 _ bull o

0s -5 3 agt CD

fc_ 3 - g

on

o 2 CO 2 CO

u 2

o CD CD 1 X I SI

1 CD 1 CD CD CU

O


o o X X Lil

i i 1 1 i i 1 HI

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





74



(a) Macronutrients

AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 49 42 23 077 040 039 027

60 51 40 23 078 042 036 025

90 51 39 23 079 043 036 025

120 49 39 24 078 042 036 025

Lsd3 03 02 08 009 007 010 004



(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 53 36 22 069 027 033 024

25 51 38 24 071 030 038 026

50 52 40 24 075 034 040 027

100 51 41 24 079 043 041 027

300 48 43 24 087 055 039 026

600 47 42 20 086 060 031 023

Lsd3 02 02 04 003 004 006 003

Sig4 ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe (ugg)

Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(ugg) B1

(ugg) Cu1

(ugg)

0 122 31 19 21 28

60 121 32 22 22 30

90 119 36 25 22 32

120 120 29 23 22 29

Lsd2 21 8 6 1 05

sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(Pgg)

Zn1

(ugg) Mn1

Gigg)

B1

(Fgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 112 33 19 22 28

25 120 32 22 22 29

50 125 32 21 23 29

100 132 38 24 23 31

300 129 30 25 22 32

600 106 29 23 21 32

Lsd2 19 6 3 1 03

Sig-3 ns ns




76


Q

en

3

gt-c 0

07

06

05

04

03

02

01 0

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

A

if 20 40 60 80 100


_ 065

Q S 055

060

tz

ro _ i

gt

120


20 40 60 80 100


120

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

-B

bull

- bull I

I I

bull

i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120

-bull D

I I i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120



A y = 05964 - 0763 x exp (-0068) (B2 = 089)

B y = 05855 - 05144 x exp (-00465x) (R2 = 098)

C y = 006058 - 0549 x exp (-00435x) (B2 = 096)

D y = 06399 - 05208 x exp (-00291) (R2 = 097)

77






(a) Total

AG p

(kgha) (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 59 64 69 100

25 134 126 123 83

50 139 133 117 143

100 163 200 164 177

300 203 236 198 204

600 215 237 208 194

Ls-d1 36 (AG) 17 (P) 48(AGP) -

Sig2 ns

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 14 14 18 56

25 83 74 84 13

50 90 99 67 99

100 138 188 125 160

300 187 232 182 190

600 206 234 191 185

Lsd1

Sig2

48 (AG)

ns 23 (P)

62(AGP)

-



0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


lt x

UJ gt-Q

o

lt X


24

22

20

18

16 14

12

10

8

6

4

-D

bull

I I

I I

I I

I

^~ bull

i i i i i

20 40 60 80 100120140160


20 40 60 80 100120140160




A y = 2088 - 818 x exp (-017x) (i2 = 089)

B y = 23731 - 4578 x exp (-00949) (i2 = 099)

C y = 2051 - 286 x exp (-00697) (R2 = 086)

D y = 2002 - 354 x exp (-0090) (B2 = 086)

79


Discussion


References







80















Introduction




Pots


Experimental design




82






Irrigation




April 1- 27 10 33

May 28- 59 065 21

June 60- 90 044 14

July 91-122 044 14

August 123-154 056 19

September 155-160



Crop management



Soil


83


Leachate


Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






Parameter (tha)

Parameter

0 125 250 1000

pH (H20) 69 77 85 86

pH (CaCl2) 57 71 78 78

Ec (mSm) 4 9 9 11

Ext P (ngg)1 3 9 14 9

PRI2 -02 33 44 77

Total N ()3 - 0039 0044 0060


ExtN03-N(ugg)5 - 3 2 5

CEC ()6 30 30 43 35

Exch Ca ()7 133 363 51 70

Exch Mg ()7 036 024 015 021

Exch Na ()7 005 015 015 032

Exch K ()7 007 004 0035 0035

OrgC()8 131 109 092 103

Sand () 977 967 960 910

Silt () 13 15 15 37

Clay () 10 23 25 53



85



AG


0 33 119 234 -015 137

125 200 117 743 141 27

250 275 197 1258 231 19

1000 204 420 1853 154 30

Lsd5 4 34 129 45 26

Sig6

P

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(Mgfe) totP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) NIL

(ngg)

0 91 215 896 198 58

50 151 223 937 138 54

100 144 226 1005 126 62

200 182 193 1043 128 42

400 323 210 1231 116 52

Lsd5 48 39 144 50 29

Sig6 s | e ns ns





AG



0 157 44 18 016 026 010

125 147 54 23 014 026 015

250 217 66 40 017 041 027

1000 308 76 135 027 096 094

Lsd2 32 01 07 002 005 005

sig3

p

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 202 59 52 019 048 035

50 195 60 53 018 050 036

100 203 60 57 019 048 039

200 202 60 57 018 045 040

400 236 59 51 017 046 034

Lsd2 35 01 08 002 006 005






87




deg E

c o

o O

c ltD

O

c o

I O

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0

A p p l ie d P

3 0 0

k g h a )

4 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0


4 0 0 5 0 0


89


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0




200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Level of AG (tha)

200 400 600 800

Level of AG (tha)

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


91




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 486 229 061 025 050 039

125 584 186 060 033 047 034

250 585 216 058 033 044 035

1000 531 215 056 031 052 037

Lsd3 03 02 004 0017 005 003

Sig4

p

P (kgha)


0 538 198 062 029 037 036

50 523 222 061 028 043 037

100 562 208 056 030 049 035

200 548 216 057 032 058 037

400 563 214 056 035 054 036

Lsd3 033 022 004 002 006 003

Sig4 ns ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe Mn1 Zn B Cu Mo

0 111 386 280 345 95 21

125 127 279 367 348 107 25

250 126 173 269 349 108 24

1000 114 60 143 337 110 31

Lsd2 20 47 40 15 05 06

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 135 243 263 356 120 28

50 122 240 268 349 111 30

100 109 191 229 343 106 25

200 116 228 268 334 99 23

400 115 221 294 341 89 20

Lsd2 23 52 45 15 051 07

Sig3 ns ns ns ns



93




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 300 503 269 071 016 093 039

125 348 649 239 065 024 090 035

250 395 653 251 061 022 082 033

1000 351 566 262 066 024 099 037

Lsd3 010 036 011 002 001 009 002

Sig4

p

p (kgha)


0 355 589 240 073 019 074 035

50 343 597 258 068 020 082 036

100 339 587 257 068 021 098 038

200 339 580 259 063 022 108 037

400 332 608 263 057 024 095 036

Lsd3 011 041 012 002 001 010 002

Sig4 ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1 Mn1 Zn1 B1 Cu1

0 299 962 234 402 109

125 316 952 184 404 107

250 331 662 110 380 110

1000 374 673 77 383 115

Lsd2 90 106 20 002 05

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 294 969 158 409 125

50 392 837 144 393 117

100 364 747 141 396 114

200 267 712 159 387 105

400 332 bull 796 154 377 89

Lsd2 101 118 23 13 05

Sig3 ns ns





95

i 7 1 smdash

tz i

Least


4 t o 1 mdash l

E

Least era

sd

P P

p p

p p

U i p p 0 f Cro

to

sd

copy P

p copy

P copy

Ui copy o


a

anceat

ficant



A

ficant ns



o

ns

(AG

)

U ) 4^ p 4 ^ t o P


copy o

iffere

ns

(AG

)

0 0 +- o 4 U i

ns AG

)


^bullv B o B o



A IA

p

-

58 09 52 50 Os t o

copy

49

so 1 mdash

85

copy 1mdash

i- 00

TOO IA

p

(P) ^ 4 U i Os 00 U i (P)


- copy Ui

AG

tha)

copy Ui

Hmdash

AG

tha) Kgt



o

AG


AG


deg

AG


AG

U ) t - so 0 0 copy

T) Tgt



copy



a-

to Ui

to Ui copy

copy copy copy

CO tro bull

^








0 50 2 9 11 3 86

0 100 2 8 10 13 77

0 200 2 6 8 2 90

0 400 2 6 8 3 89

125 50 4 8 12 73 15

125 100 2 8 10 18 72

125 200 2 6 8 30 62

125 400 1 4 5 18 77

250 50 3 7 10 0 90

250 100 2 4 6 0 94

250 200 1 4 5 0 95

250 400 1 4 5 12 83

1000 50 2 6 8 75 17

1000 100 2 5 7 67 26

1000 200 2 5 7 45 48

1000 400 1 4 5 41 55



97



AG (tha)

P (kgha)

P leached1

(kgha) P leached

( P applied)

0 50 41 82

0 100 78 78

0 200 158 79 0 400 311 78

125 50 2 4

125 100 3 3

125 200 10 5 125 400 27 7

250 50 1 2

250 100 3 3 250 200 4 2

250 400 7 2 1000 50 02 lt1 1000 100 05 lt1

1000 200 1 lt1

1000 400 2 lt1



O)

pound CD

o TO

(D

o

(0 l _

c

o c o o

pound

(0

o to

c o

TO tmdash

c 0) o c o o

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0



99


CD

CO

x o CO CD

c o

bull4-

CO

c CD O c o O

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0


100


ID

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

lb 70

70 C

60 65 -

60

55 dt

ha 50

40

50

45 bull A

Yie

30

40 _ 20

35 i i i i 35 0 100 200 300 400 5( 50 10

Applied p (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)



A y = 10943 - 9377 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

B y = 6l7- 2848 x exp (-00122) (i2 = 099)

C y = 3842+ 0083x (J2 = 097)

D y = 238 + 0l07x(R2 = 096)


101


Discussion





102




References








103











104


CO JC

5)

CD

sz o CD CD

0 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


105


200 400 600 800


1 000 1 200

2 00

18 0 -

~ 160

copy

deg 1 40

1 2 0

100 -

80 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


106


A 1 8 0

1 6 0

1 4 0

1 2 0 -

1 0 0

8 0

6 0 -

4 0 - I~~ - ^ gt ^

2 0

I

^ - ^ 1 0

I i i i i i

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 12 00


107


40

ha

)

35 ^ D )

30 bull o

25 o CD jD 20 O )

^ 1 5

1 0

5

200 400 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0


200 4 0 0 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0



108


200 400 600 800


1000 1200


109

on-

3 05


13 cn to bull

gt bulla i - t

K bdquo so SO C


poundr r r



3 3 3







05



ltJ1


OS


~J


00


SO


copy



to


LO


4^



OS


TOTA

L

^ 4

H o

f5 0 rgt n

8

ft BS J

a o 3 05

GO v Eo fa

T3 3 S

I f ^ e

^ I to o en B

I | - TO

^ - MB

e S

03

s

Si 3 a 09

5

I 1


m

3


AG

(tha)

eek 1 is 4


Q ^ gt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 3

Jw-9

p (kgha)

Vpril 199


os



to



(5



4^


Ln



Os


-o



00


vo


copy


E


to


ugt


S


( J l


Os


TOTA

L

f to

I 3

t 1 i


- B Si 05


eg ST


a i s

laquo3 TJ

= 3

4 ^

gt o ^ = c raquofl

3 crs

( - bull

3 re

I


ZVV


AG

(tha)


Jw-9

P (kgha)




S 3




-t-




OS



~4


0 0


SO


copy


-

3 3 S B D S 3 3 3 S I 3 3 3 S 3 S 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 I 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 S

S 3


lgt3




U i


OS



TO

TA

L

I -o

t I o 3 I

0 0 03

s mpl 1




o g 3

09

as

BS 3 c

3

S

I 1



1 1 J S os an

bullB B 58

OH O

lt

H O

o

bull3

eek



gt ll 0)

=

s o

I I 2




CN CN v i





o o o en so O














ca

~ -a JltS









sn ON ON i -


-s 1 ^

w ^4 a 8 n pound z

C3

a

113


1 I

-a s OS

OH

bulla s cs

s

I

1

i o

2

it

1 I o p

J f -

1

TO

TA

L









-


f o


ifte

r so

wi

ON


(wee

ks pound

00


ing

tim

e


Sam

p

NO


lto



cn


CS


rmdasht


P

(kg

ha)



AG

(t

ha)


NO ON ON

I

114


O H

S

E OS en

bull O S laquo

bulla

is deg gt I-I

11 amp 1 S3 _g

es

lt M

s 00 S

I I bull a

o o

1-5

S o

O

1

03 WD

NO






03

2-3















NO ON ON

I


115

914


AG

(tha)


p (kgha)


gtmdashraquo


to


LO


+-


Ln


Os


^3


00


SO


O


gtmdashgtbull


to

LO


LO


pound


Ln


OS


TOTA

L

0 O

t

I 2

o n

I

Sam

evel

Traquo o 3 ^ irq

^ S-ID ^

eek i I bull i 3

- o gt O 3

(TO a s c

I 1



i a C3 1X1

bulla s a

bulla a CS

B 3 I

55 W

53

to

s lt -a 0)

1

o

3

w

a

amp

00

60

s

1 V3

TOTA

L









1mdashc r-H


o rmdash1


ON


00


t -


NO


W)


bull



I N


imdashi


P (k

gha

)



AG

(t



NO ON ON

117

mi


AG


p (kgha)





LO


44


Ln


ON


~-l


00


vo


gt mdash copy


pound


to


LO


it


Ln


ON


TOTA

L

I 0 VO

v3


raquo i T O 09

(M raquo 0 lt 0 0

ri S raquo S5

M S-l V O

n 3

00 pound 3


lt n q S t raquo gt

t ST amp sect w 3

reg

e 3

9 3 a

I 1 era

I I



2 PROJECT STAFF

Ian McPharlin

Wendy Robertson

Bob Jeffery

Tony Shimmin

Jenny Harboard

Don Glenister

Patricia Aylmore

David Cooling

Gavin dAdhemar

Neil Lantzke


Staff



Research Officer











4








Introduction









Experimental design


6



Fertilisers


Measurements

(a) Plant



(b) Soil


7


Chemical analysis












AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-P (ugg)

Total P (ugg)

PRI Pbuff

0 72 64 5 8 55 19 14

60 84 77 8 10 64 26 24

90 85 78 9 11 76 30 30

120 85 83 9 10 71 27 27

Signif NS NS $

Lsd 5 04 05 3 07 05


AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-Pa

(ugg) PRIa

Pbuff

0 73 67 7 16 37 20

60 78 71 5 17 40 23

120 84 77 9 20 44 30

240 88 80 9 21 53 40

Signif NS NS NS

Lsd 5 05 06 10






9










10


Yield





Phosphorus



11




Other nutrients






0 119 018 059 382

60 110 020 065 553

90 106 021 066 597

120 102 021 069 697

Signif NS

Lsd 5 04 004 119

12




0 44 028 74 293 267

600 48 032 62 342 248

Signif NS NS



0 51 116 016 23 030 050 77 453 46 96 26

60 48 127 015 21 027 045 61 457 45 67 25

120 49 120 016 26 029 051 66 643 59 59 25

240 49 103 019 29 030 067 54 977 53 53 24


Lsd5 05 04 013 164 24




Total P uptake


13



Metals in tubers



Cr Co Sn Sb Hg

mean

se

0007

61 xlO5

60 x 104

50 x 106

15 x 103

10 x 104

90 x 105

10 xlO5

34 x 104

14 x 105



mean

se

001

68X104

72xl(f 29xia5

55xia3

17x1a4

010

35xia3

L2X103

0

58xia3

17X104

LOxlO3

29X104

30X1O4

43xl05

84X1G4

ii xia5

l ixia3

70xia5


Applied P (kgha)

Ni Cd Cu

0 0006 0002 018

100 0006 0002 016

300 0007 0004 015

600 0008 0006 013

Signif

Lsd (5) 00014 0001 002


14



Conclusions












15












16


300

250 -

I I

200

3

60 80

AG (tha)

140


17


Z3

200

180 -

160

Q- 140

ro 120 bull 4 -

O CD X 100 CD i

3 80 CO c o

pound gt v_ CO

o CQ

AG Depth

I

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

AG (tha)

140


18


700

600

500

D)

3 400

CL

oil

300 CO

200

100

100 150

A G (tha)

250


19


CO

2 CD

gt-

200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)


Equations are

A

B

C

D

0 tha

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

j - 614 - 255 x exp (-00152) (JR= 092)

y = 542 - 271 x exp (-00176) (R2= 090)

y = 552 - 274 x exp (-0021) (F= 094)

y = 566 - 229 x exp (-00092) (i^= 098)

20


ro

JO

gt-

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 547 - 216 x exp (-0021) (R2^ 088)

y = 517 - 278 x exp (-0019) (R2= 090)

y = 524 - 243 x exp (-001 to) (R2= 094)

y = 530 - 218 x exp (-001 Ox) (i^= 098)

21


CO

32

gt-

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0

Marketable yield

Marketable yield

Total yield

Total yield

_L 50 100 150 200

AG (tha)

250 300


22


w CO CO

a gtraquo i _

C

o 00

c CD O c o o

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500


Equations are

A Otha y = 117- 079 x exp (-0020) (R2 = 096)

B 60 tha y=123- 096 x exp (-000874) (R2 - 099)

C 90 tha y = 118 - 0884 x exp (-000742) (R2 = 096)

D 120 tha y= 117 - 090 x exp (-00085) (R2 = 097)

23


CO

c

53

CD

gt-

00 02 04 06 08 10


12 14



24


poundgt 3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)


25


100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

700



040

ogt 035 CD

gtgt bullo

w _CB O

H) CL


030 -

025 -

020

2 015

010 -

005

000 0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

A 0 tha

B 60 tha

C 90 tha

D 120 tha

y = 0372 - 0243 x exp (-00058) (R2 = 097)

y = 0378 - 0257 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 098)

y = 0361 - 0216 x exp (-00029x) (i^= 095)

y = 0406 - 0279 x exp (-0002x) (R2 = 098)

27


CO

3

ltD

CO Q Z5

ID

B

14

12 -^ ^

10

8 W

6

4

A G P

I

2

n I i i I I i

0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 140 - 1095 x exp (-00058r) (R2 = 096)

3= 111 - 882 x exp (-0004x) (R2 = 098)

y = 104 - 774 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

3 = 127 -101 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 0997)

28


60 80

AG (tha)


29



Introduction










Experimental design


Crop management




Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant



31



Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP2

(Vigfe)

BicK2

(pgg) PRI3

(mLg) TP4

(Pgg) CEC5

(me ) Kads6 Pads7

0 37 74 107 153 097 507 2 0 41

60 67 82 93 197 167 473 2 043 66

120 80 82 100 277 243 607 2 044 78

240 103 84 97 290 38 637 2 058 129

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 1010 0 049 41

Sig9 ns ns ns ns ns




0 30 72 83 227 07 507

60 63 81 73 190 15 453

120 80 81 87 220 18 540

240 107 83 83 240 27 563

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 101

Sig9 ns ns ns



33



AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (pgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(VigmL)

0 112 70 175 18 110 77 101 57 56

60 132 74 164 17 137 58 92 34 31

120 172 75 166 17 152 54 97 44 34

240 166 81 130 16 198 34 75 24 11

Lsd3 19 025 33 4 16 11 26 27 32

Sig4 ns ns ns ns ns

p

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm) PH

Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (UgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(pgmL)

0 137 78 99 15 150 46 26 10 01

100 142 76 112 15 153 54 52 23 14

200 170 74 179 19 150 62 114 39 30

600 133 72 244 19 144 60 174 89 87

Lsd3 43 022 31 24 17 15 29 25 30

Sig4 ns ns ns




220

200

E 180 O ) 3

^ 1fi0 _ o 3 140 O V)

oil

120 m c


20

0 50 100 150 200


250 300


35



AG

AG (tha)

P2

(ugg) K2

(Ugg) Zn3

(Pgg)

PRI4

(mLg)

0 47 32 67 -112

60 76 38 15 -090

120 94 42 26 -049

240 84 41 13 092

Lsd5 35 6 28 073

Sig6 ns

P P2 K2 Zn3 PRI4


0 8 42 31 201 100 35 37 45 043 200 80 39 18 -089 600 177 34 26 -313

Lsd5 39 6 27 082

Sig6 ns




o CO

CD

E

o CO

co o

CD


50 100 150 200


250 300


37



(a) Topsoil


0 67 66 229 018 005 003

60 91 77 382 019 009 02

120 99 79 558 019 012 043

240 120 80 975 024 014 104

Lsd2 20 014 064 0033 0018 021

Sig3 ns

(b) Subsoil


0 44 67 225 017 005 003

60 59 74 269 019 005 008

120 66 77 300 018 005 017

240 99 79 397 02 005 029

Lsd2 075 01 029 0036 001 002

Sig3 n s ns





(a) Topsoil

AG



0 39 23 92 -07 28

60 50 38 110 02 50

120 59 51 135 16 75

240 58 62 157 35 99

Lsd4 5 11 15 03 06

Sig5



0 10 53 57 29 40

50 15 40 66 22 38

100 25 41 78 17 44

200 53 41 128 14 71

400 87 44 186 -01 86

600 120 41 226 -12 102

Lsd4 11 8 20 09 13

Sig5


39




AG



0 33 20 79 -05 26

60 30 21 73 -01 30

120 33 27 77 08 42

240 26 24 76 13 40

Lsd4 10 2 10 04 10

Sig5 ns ns



0 7 25 48 15 22

50 11 22 52 09 19

100 15 24 59 10 27

200 32 23 81 06 39

400 51 22 100 -03 47

600 67 21 117 -11 52

Lsd4 8 5 8 05 09

Sig5 ns



100 150 200


300


41





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 482 393 240 081 049 036 023

60 484 383 251 084 046 040 024

120 506 357 255 081 046 045 024

240 494 355 246 088 044 056 025

Lsd3 026 012 024 005 003 006 0013

Sig4 ns ns ns ns

p


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 523 316 254 066 024 046 025

50 489 372 255 081 041 049 026

100 503 388 229 084 048 042 024

200 472 379 250 089 050 046 024

400 494 390 242 093 057 043 023

600 470 385 258 091 057 039 022

Lsd3 027 024 036 005 003 008 0017

Sig4 ns ns



0 50 100 150 200 250 300





10


tto

06 3

X3

to 05 _ l

gtbull 04 C


-z 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300




43



en c o 3

X2

gt

06

^

bull A

05 ^ S

04

03

02

01

n n i i i

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

o

X I

5 gt

06

05

04

03

02

01

00

- bull B

- bull bull ^

o

I I I I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)



A

B

C

D

y = 056 - 030 x exp (-00182) (R2 = 097)

y = 057 - 032 x exp (-00103) (R2 = 088)

y = 055 - 031 x exp (-00126) (R2 = 099)

y = 056 - 032 x exp (-00092) (R2 = 098)


44



AG

AG (tha)

Fe (Pgg)

Zn (Ugg)

Mn (vigg)

B (Pgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 1354 251 217 211 26

60 1274 248 237 213 28

120 1353 253 240 217 27

240 1394 263 260 214 29

Lsd2 153 24 15 082 02

Sig3 ns ns ns


0 1418 268 212 215 26

50 1388 253 263 220 27

100 1301 267 251 217 29

200 1336 249 250 217 28

400 1282 255 232 204 28

600 1341 233 224 210 28

Lsd2 197 29 19 08 02

Sig3 ns ns ns



45

A O O ltyi

4x

r en 00

9 400 200 o o o copy

ns

O

kgt ON

kgt

4gt

kgt 4 4 4^

kgt

ns

O 4 4 ON 4 k)

o


4 00

4 ON

4 4^ NO Q O

o copy ON

i mdash gt

b b 1 mdash t

b o p Vcopy

O 00 ON

o ON

gtmdash 5 co 5J M

o o

O in

o 4 Ncopy

o 4 O

p 4

p kgt 1 mdash t

copy

ON

o b NO

O ON

o 00

o 00

o ON I mdash

O ON

O 3 Z 5 raquoM

o b 4

O

kgt o kgt -J

p kgt 00

O kgt 00

O

kgt NO

copy kgt ON



AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(ugg) Zn1

(vgg) Mn1

(vgg) B1

(vgg) Cu1

(vigg)

0 762 224 214 263 42

60 700 197 227 265 38

120 811 196 216 254 38

240 842 193 236 256 37

Lsd2 132 099 21 16 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(pgg) Zn1

(^gg) Mn1

(Vigg) B1

(lJgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 786 233 213 248 36

50 625 235 241 266 37

100 833 207 237 270 41

200 938 192 235 265 44

400 725 178 208 259 37

600 765 169 206 250 37

Lsd2 230 21 21 11 063

Sig3 ns ns




47





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 392 515 040 066 047 023 018

60 384 500 040 067 045 023 017

120 404 474 043 071 043 024 018

240 402 458 041 071 041 028 018

Lsd3 022 016 001 004 002 002 0006

Sig4 ns + ns ns

P


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 496 417 034 097 031 016 019

50 400 518 043 068 040 023 018

100 376 483 042 063 042 025 017

200 372 501 044 063 047 027 017

400 371 498 042 062 052 028 017

600 358 505 041 060 052 027 016

Lsd3 027 02 003 005 002 003 001

Sig4




AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(Ugg)

Zn1

(vigg) Mn1

(Pgg) B1

(Pgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 611 279 124 188 26

60 587 247 134 191 25

120 706 299 139 192 29

240 592 268 145 186 25

Lsd2 329 57 14 08 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

p

p (kgha)

Fe1

(Ugg) Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(Ugg) B1

(ugg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 976 492 156 202 31

50 520 279 145 198 26

100 507 230 135 186 24

200 432 208 127 190 24

400 739 239 131 183 28

600 567 192 120 177 24

Lsd2 270 61 142 114 061

Sig3 a s


49





0 797 7 34 7 13 34 590 1219 34 39 7

60 482 7 34 7 15 34 610 1146 46 52 8

120 583 7 43 7 20 34 616 1246 45 50 8

240 355 7 34 7 15 34 637 1152 41 45 8

Lsd2 141 1 13 16 11 15 74 188 5 16 1


MRL4 50 2000

P (kgha)

Ba (ngg)

Cd (ngg)

Cr (ngg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (ngg)

Ni

(ngg)

Rb (ngg)

Sr (ngg)

Ti

(ngg)

Th

(ngg)

V (ngg)

0 556 7 34 7 25 34 650 998 39 45 9

50 670 7 34 7 18 34 657 1387 50 74 9

100 576 7 34 7 11 34 570 1206 45 50 8

200 529 7 34 7 12 34 616 1293 39 39 7

400 523 7 48 7 19 39 596 1126 39 36 7

600 476 7 34 7 11 34 603 1126 36 36 7

Lsd2 121 1 16 1 15 6 40 181 19 29 2


MRL4 50 2000






AG


0 53 074 11 87 158

60 48 066 10 83 148

120 47 069 11 79 143

240 45 060 10 74 135

Lsd1 065 015 025 21 31


p

p (kgha)

Curd (kgha)

Root (kgha)

Stem (kgha)

Leaf (kgha)

Total (kgha)

0 12 030 040 29 49

50 40 058 100 68 124

100 51 053 112 76 143

200 59 075 120 93 172

400 67 093 131 115 205

600 61 094 121 102 185

Ls-d1 055 017 020 18 25

Sig2


51


Yield



(a) Total

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 755 468 483 177

50 1464 1675 1554 1516

100 2169 1706 1757 1985

200 2242 1737 1928 1862

400 1752 2102 2155 2136

600 1689 1764 1768 2023

Lsd1

Sig2

16 (AG)

ns 201 (P)

401 (AGP)

-

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 274 060 000 000

50 1222 1463 1294 1152

100 2057 1416 1603 1820

200 2141 1377 1803 1752

400 1572 2020 2095 1996

600 1468 1534 1500 1974

Lsd1

Sig2

24 (AG)

ns

46 (P)

52(AGP)

ns




26

24

22

(tha

) 20

18

Cur

d yi

eld 16

14

12

10

8

6 i ii

A=0

i i i i i

I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

- 7 I

_ bull

i i i n

mdash^ B=60

I I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

co

32 CD

gt 2 3

o

25

20

15

10

5

bull j

- bull

I I I I I

- - gt C=120

l l l

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)





A y = 1336 + (-577 + 01335x)(l-00088x +000007872) (Z2

B y = 89434 + 00705 - OOOOlx2 (R2 = 070)

C y = 84752 + 00810 - OOOOlx2 (B2 = 081)

D y = 733 +00871x - 00001 Ix2 (R2 = 099)

098)

53


Discussion









References









55












Ec mSm 623 -

pH (H 20) mSm 99 -

pH (CaCl2) mSm 94 -

PRI mLg 610 - gt 1000 -

LOI 1973 -

C a C 0 3 1290 1290

Fe (Fe203) 974 974

Al (A1203) 551 551

Si (Si0 2 ) 797 797

Ca (CaO) 45 450

Na (Na 2 0) 228 228

Ti (Ti0 2 ) 174 174

K (K 2 0) 072 72

Mg (MgO) 028 28 sect 047 47

P (P2O5) 005 05

Mn (MnO) 002 02

Total P ngg 266 -



As ngg 35 -

Ba ^gg 413 -

Cu Ugg 29 -

Sr Hgg 287 -


Zr fAgg 1477 -

Sand 232 -

Silt 473 -

Clay 295 -






(a)


0 119 010 050 010 020 050 88 182 050 058 010

60 72 010 050 010 022 050 91 171 069 078 012

120 87 011 064 011 030 050 92 186 067 075 012

240 53 011 05 010 023 050 95 172 061 067 012

Lsd2 21 002 02 024 016 022 11 28 008 024 002


(b)

p (kgha)

Ba (vgg)

Cd (vigg)

Cr (Pgg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (vgg)

Ni (Pgg)

Rb (Pgg)

Sr (Pgg)

Ti

(Pgg)

Th (Pgg)

V

(Pgg)

0 83 010 050 010 038 050 97 149 058 067 013

50 100 011 050 010 027 050 98 207 075 110 013

100 86 010 050 010 017 050 85 180 067 075 012

200 79 010 050 010 018 050 92 193 058 058 010

400 78 011 071 011 028 058 89 168 058 054 011

600 71 010 050 010 016 050 90 168 054 054 010

Lsd2 18 002 024 0009 022 009 06 27 028 044 003







Introduction










Experimental design


59


Crop management


Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant


60



Harvest


Analysis of data





61





0 36 70 262 199 093

60 62 78 397 308 101

90 70 80 390 378 12

120 73 80 402 391 14

Lsd3 057 018 75 122 018

Sig4 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP1

(M-gg) BicK1

(figg) PRI2

(mLg)

0 59 78 117 323 17

25 58 78 147 338 15

50 58 78 160 322 16

100 58 78 255 327 13

300 62 76 554 309 06

600 66 75 944 296 005

Lsd3 063 01 58 60 02

Sig4 ns ns


62


mdash A


e 25 ltD O d

5 20

1 ^ I I I

T3

C

o

c CO o c o o

0 20 40 60 80 100120140

Residual AG (tha)

u u bull B

80 l

60

40

mdash n bull 20

n i i i i

I

i i i

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


5 E Q 0 -

20 40 60 80 100120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


63




AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (ngmL)

Mg (ugmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (jigmL)

Psrp1

(pgmL)

0 129 75 91 141 105 81 28 05

60 144 77 108 131 121 64 30 06

120 147 76 123 136 120 50 33 04

Lsd2 33 01 14 09 4 7 1 02

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (UgmL)

Mg (ligmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (UgmL)

Psrp1

(VigmL)

0 171 78 107 141 121 68 23 01

100 138 77 104 144 111 58 24 02

300 120 76 103 128 110 63 31 06

600 130 73 117 133 116 71 43 13

Lsd2 20 02 10 11 10 13 7 02

Sig3 ns


64


3

C

o

o (gt

o in c c o

5 c CD O

o O

3

o

c o

c ltu o c o

o 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





AG



0 27 41 25 05

60 45 43 26 03

120 50 59 23 07

Lsd4 8 6 05 01

Sig5 ns

p

p (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(Pgg)

Zn2

(l-igg) PRI3

(mLg)

0 9 46 19 12

100 21 47 22 09

300 42 46 25 03

600 90 52 31 -03

Lsd4 7 5 10 02

Sig5 ns ns



66



(a) Topsoil

AG



0 16 28 68 10 26

60 25 42 86 15 41

90 25 46 91 16 43

120 26 54 96 18 46

Lsd5 3 9 8 005 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(vigg) TotP2

(ngg) PPJ3

(mLg) PPJP4

(mLg)

0 7 46 58 19 27

25 8 45 63 19 28

50 9 44 64 20 30

100 15 43 72 17 33

300 37 40 103 09 48

600 63 36 152 03 67

Lsd5 3 6 8 03 05

Sig6



120

o lgt 100 bull gt

TJ

rn laquon D ) 3

mdash-

on

60

^^ m i _


160 A (I 140

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 o (0 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 gtraquo 120

^plusmn bull o

^ ^ ^ ^

66

100

^ 3 80

^ mdash ^ tra

tion

60

^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ cen 40

o 20 o 20

I I I I I I I

O

10

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1lt

O

10

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


68



(b) Subsoil

AG



0 15 23 69 08 24

60 23 31 82 12 36

90 24 37 91 14 39

120 25 40 90 17 43

Lsd5 4 6 7 01 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(ugg) TotP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) PRIP4

(mLg)

0 6 36 57 18 25

25 8 36 63 17 26

50 8 34 63 17 26

100 13 31 71 15 29

300 33 29 102 08 43

600 61 30 141 03 64

Lsd5 5 5 8 02 05

Sig6



100

o CO

gtlaquo

C

o CO

bull-raquo

c o o o

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)



70




AG



0 29 65 24 027 006 004

60 47 73 32 025 009 010

90 59 77 36 023 015 015

120 66 78 40 025 012 018

Lsd2 07 07 06 005 006 001

Sig3 as ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

PH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 43 73 30 025 001 011

25 46 73 33 026 010 011

50 46 73 32 025 010 011

100 52 74 32 025 010 011

300 56 74 34 024 009 011

600 58 73 37 025 014 012

Lsd2 05 05 03 002 007 -

Sig3 ns ns ns



soil b

A soil

dry

4 _ I dry

I ^5 CD CD


i

U o CD CD



i 1 I i i i i LU

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1^ W

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


72




AG



0 34 66 24 026 006 005

60 50 75 33 024 008 010

90 64 78 38 023 01 016

120 68 79 41 024 01 019

Lsd2 05 01 07 006 001 003

Sig3 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 48 75 30 023 009 011

25 51 74 33 026 009 011

50 50 75 34 025 008 013

100 61 75 35 026 008 013

300 57 75 34 022 007 013

600 58 73 38 024 008 013

Lsd2 08 01 04 003 001 003

Sig3 ns



o 0 oi

4 CO c CO

gt T3 4 _ bull o

0s -5 3 agt CD

fc_ 3 - g

on

o 2 CO 2 CO

u 2

o CD CD 1 X I SI

1 CD 1 CD CD CU

O


o o X X Lil

i i 1 1 i i 1 HI

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





74



(a) Macronutrients

AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 49 42 23 077 040 039 027

60 51 40 23 078 042 036 025

90 51 39 23 079 043 036 025

120 49 39 24 078 042 036 025

Lsd3 03 02 08 009 007 010 004



(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 53 36 22 069 027 033 024

25 51 38 24 071 030 038 026

50 52 40 24 075 034 040 027

100 51 41 24 079 043 041 027

300 48 43 24 087 055 039 026

600 47 42 20 086 060 031 023

Lsd3 02 02 04 003 004 006 003

Sig4 ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe (ugg)

Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(ugg) B1

(ugg) Cu1

(ugg)

0 122 31 19 21 28

60 121 32 22 22 30

90 119 36 25 22 32

120 120 29 23 22 29

Lsd2 21 8 6 1 05

sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(Pgg)

Zn1

(ugg) Mn1

Gigg)

B1

(Fgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 112 33 19 22 28

25 120 32 22 22 29

50 125 32 21 23 29

100 132 38 24 23 31

300 129 30 25 22 32

600 106 29 23 21 32

Lsd2 19 6 3 1 03

Sig-3 ns ns




76


Q

en

3

gt-c 0

07

06

05

04

03

02

01 0

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

A

if 20 40 60 80 100


_ 065

Q S 055

060

tz

ro _ i

gt

120


20 40 60 80 100


120

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

-B

bull

- bull I

I I

bull

i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120

-bull D

I I i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120



A y = 05964 - 0763 x exp (-0068) (B2 = 089)

B y = 05855 - 05144 x exp (-00465x) (R2 = 098)

C y = 006058 - 0549 x exp (-00435x) (B2 = 096)

D y = 06399 - 05208 x exp (-00291) (R2 = 097)

77






(a) Total

AG p

(kgha) (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 59 64 69 100

25 134 126 123 83

50 139 133 117 143

100 163 200 164 177

300 203 236 198 204

600 215 237 208 194

Ls-d1 36 (AG) 17 (P) 48(AGP) -

Sig2 ns

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 14 14 18 56

25 83 74 84 13

50 90 99 67 99

100 138 188 125 160

300 187 232 182 190

600 206 234 191 185

Lsd1

Sig2

48 (AG)

ns 23 (P)

62(AGP)

-



0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


lt x

UJ gt-Q

o

lt X


24

22

20

18

16 14

12

10

8

6

4

-D

bull

I I

I I

I I

I

^~ bull

i i i i i

20 40 60 80 100120140160


20 40 60 80 100120140160




A y = 2088 - 818 x exp (-017x) (i2 = 089)

B y = 23731 - 4578 x exp (-00949) (i2 = 099)

C y = 2051 - 286 x exp (-00697) (R2 = 086)

D y = 2002 - 354 x exp (-0090) (B2 = 086)

79


Discussion


References







80















Introduction




Pots


Experimental design




82






Irrigation




April 1- 27 10 33

May 28- 59 065 21

June 60- 90 044 14

July 91-122 044 14

August 123-154 056 19

September 155-160



Crop management



Soil


83


Leachate


Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






Parameter (tha)

Parameter

0 125 250 1000

pH (H20) 69 77 85 86

pH (CaCl2) 57 71 78 78

Ec (mSm) 4 9 9 11

Ext P (ngg)1 3 9 14 9

PRI2 -02 33 44 77

Total N ()3 - 0039 0044 0060


ExtN03-N(ugg)5 - 3 2 5

CEC ()6 30 30 43 35

Exch Ca ()7 133 363 51 70

Exch Mg ()7 036 024 015 021

Exch Na ()7 005 015 015 032

Exch K ()7 007 004 0035 0035

OrgC()8 131 109 092 103

Sand () 977 967 960 910

Silt () 13 15 15 37

Clay () 10 23 25 53



85



AG


0 33 119 234 -015 137

125 200 117 743 141 27

250 275 197 1258 231 19

1000 204 420 1853 154 30

Lsd5 4 34 129 45 26

Sig6

P

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(Mgfe) totP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) NIL

(ngg)

0 91 215 896 198 58

50 151 223 937 138 54

100 144 226 1005 126 62

200 182 193 1043 128 42

400 323 210 1231 116 52

Lsd5 48 39 144 50 29

Sig6 s | e ns ns





AG



0 157 44 18 016 026 010

125 147 54 23 014 026 015

250 217 66 40 017 041 027

1000 308 76 135 027 096 094

Lsd2 32 01 07 002 005 005

sig3

p

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 202 59 52 019 048 035

50 195 60 53 018 050 036

100 203 60 57 019 048 039

200 202 60 57 018 045 040

400 236 59 51 017 046 034

Lsd2 35 01 08 002 006 005






87




deg E

c o

o O

c ltD

O

c o

I O

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0

A p p l ie d P

3 0 0

k g h a )

4 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0


4 0 0 5 0 0


89


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0




200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Level of AG (tha)

200 400 600 800

Level of AG (tha)

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


91




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 486 229 061 025 050 039

125 584 186 060 033 047 034

250 585 216 058 033 044 035

1000 531 215 056 031 052 037

Lsd3 03 02 004 0017 005 003

Sig4

p

P (kgha)


0 538 198 062 029 037 036

50 523 222 061 028 043 037

100 562 208 056 030 049 035

200 548 216 057 032 058 037

400 563 214 056 035 054 036

Lsd3 033 022 004 002 006 003

Sig4 ns ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe Mn1 Zn B Cu Mo

0 111 386 280 345 95 21

125 127 279 367 348 107 25

250 126 173 269 349 108 24

1000 114 60 143 337 110 31

Lsd2 20 47 40 15 05 06

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 135 243 263 356 120 28

50 122 240 268 349 111 30

100 109 191 229 343 106 25

200 116 228 268 334 99 23

400 115 221 294 341 89 20

Lsd2 23 52 45 15 051 07

Sig3 ns ns ns ns



93




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 300 503 269 071 016 093 039

125 348 649 239 065 024 090 035

250 395 653 251 061 022 082 033

1000 351 566 262 066 024 099 037

Lsd3 010 036 011 002 001 009 002

Sig4

p

p (kgha)


0 355 589 240 073 019 074 035

50 343 597 258 068 020 082 036

100 339 587 257 068 021 098 038

200 339 580 259 063 022 108 037

400 332 608 263 057 024 095 036

Lsd3 011 041 012 002 001 010 002

Sig4 ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1 Mn1 Zn1 B1 Cu1

0 299 962 234 402 109

125 316 952 184 404 107

250 331 662 110 380 110

1000 374 673 77 383 115

Lsd2 90 106 20 002 05

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 294 969 158 409 125

50 392 837 144 393 117

100 364 747 141 396 114

200 267 712 159 387 105

400 332 bull 796 154 377 89

Lsd2 101 118 23 13 05

Sig3 ns ns





95

i 7 1 smdash

tz i

Least


4 t o 1 mdash l

E

Least era

sd

P P

p p

p p

U i p p 0 f Cro

to

sd

copy P

p copy

P copy

Ui copy o


a

anceat

ficant



A

ficant ns



o

ns

(AG

)

U ) 4^ p 4 ^ t o P


copy o

iffere

ns

(AG

)

0 0 +- o 4 U i

ns AG

)


^bullv B o B o



A IA

p

-

58 09 52 50 Os t o

copy

49

so 1 mdash

85

copy 1mdash

i- 00

TOO IA

p

(P) ^ 4 U i Os 00 U i (P)


- copy Ui

AG

tha)

copy Ui

Hmdash

AG

tha) Kgt



o

AG


AG


deg

AG


AG

U ) t - so 0 0 copy

T) Tgt



copy



a-

to Ui

to Ui copy

copy copy copy

CO tro bull

^








0 50 2 9 11 3 86

0 100 2 8 10 13 77

0 200 2 6 8 2 90

0 400 2 6 8 3 89

125 50 4 8 12 73 15

125 100 2 8 10 18 72

125 200 2 6 8 30 62

125 400 1 4 5 18 77

250 50 3 7 10 0 90

250 100 2 4 6 0 94

250 200 1 4 5 0 95

250 400 1 4 5 12 83

1000 50 2 6 8 75 17

1000 100 2 5 7 67 26

1000 200 2 5 7 45 48

1000 400 1 4 5 41 55



97



AG (tha)

P (kgha)

P leached1

(kgha) P leached

( P applied)

0 50 41 82

0 100 78 78

0 200 158 79 0 400 311 78

125 50 2 4

125 100 3 3

125 200 10 5 125 400 27 7

250 50 1 2

250 100 3 3 250 200 4 2

250 400 7 2 1000 50 02 lt1 1000 100 05 lt1

1000 200 1 lt1

1000 400 2 lt1



O)

pound CD

o TO

(D

o

(0 l _

c

o c o o

pound

(0

o to

c o

TO tmdash

c 0) o c o o

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0



99


CD

CO

x o CO CD

c o

bull4-

CO

c CD O c o O

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0


100


ID

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

lb 70

70 C

60 65 -

60

55 dt

ha 50

40

50

45 bull A

Yie

30

40 _ 20

35 i i i i 35 0 100 200 300 400 5( 50 10

Applied p (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)



A y = 10943 - 9377 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

B y = 6l7- 2848 x exp (-00122) (i2 = 099)

C y = 3842+ 0083x (J2 = 097)

D y = 238 + 0l07x(R2 = 096)


101


Discussion





102




References








103











104


CO JC

5)

CD

sz o CD CD

0 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


105


200 400 600 800


1 000 1 200

2 00

18 0 -

~ 160

copy

deg 1 40

1 2 0

100 -

80 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


106


A 1 8 0

1 6 0

1 4 0

1 2 0 -

1 0 0

8 0

6 0 -

4 0 - I~~ - ^ gt ^

2 0

I

^ - ^ 1 0

I i i i i i

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 12 00


107


40

ha

)

35 ^ D )

30 bull o

25 o CD jD 20 O )

^ 1 5

1 0

5

200 400 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0


200 4 0 0 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0



108


200 400 600 800


1000 1200


109

on-

3 05


13 cn to bull

gt bulla i - t

K bdquo so SO C


poundr r r



3 3 3







05



ltJ1


OS


~J


00


SO


copy



to


LO


4^



OS


TOTA

L

^ 4

H o

f5 0 rgt n

8

ft BS J

a o 3 05

GO v Eo fa

T3 3 S

I f ^ e

^ I to o en B

I | - TO

^ - MB

e S

03

s

Si 3 a 09

5

I 1


m

3


AG

(tha)

eek 1 is 4


Q ^ gt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 3

Jw-9

p (kgha)

Vpril 199


os



to



(5



4^


Ln



Os


-o



00


vo


copy


E


to


ugt


S


( J l


Os


TOTA

L

f to

I 3

t 1 i


- B Si 05


eg ST


a i s

laquo3 TJ

= 3

4 ^

gt o ^ = c raquofl

3 crs

( - bull

3 re

I


ZVV


AG

(tha)


Jw-9

P (kgha)




S 3




-t-




OS



~4


0 0


SO


copy


-

3 3 S B D S 3 3 3 S I 3 3 3 S 3 S 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 I 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 S

S 3


lgt3




U i


OS



TO

TA

L

I -o

t I o 3 I

0 0 03

s mpl 1




o g 3

09

as

BS 3 c

3

S

I 1



1 1 J S os an

bullB B 58

OH O

lt

H O

o

bull3

eek



gt ll 0)

=

s o

I I 2




CN CN v i





o o o en so O














ca

~ -a JltS









sn ON ON i -


-s 1 ^

w ^4 a 8 n pound z

C3

a

113


1 I

-a s OS

OH

bulla s cs

s

I

1

i o

2

it

1 I o p

J f -

1

TO

TA

L









-


f o


ifte

r so

wi

ON


(wee

ks pound

00


ing

tim

e


Sam

p

NO


lto



cn


CS


rmdasht


P

(kg

ha)



AG

(t

ha)


NO ON ON

I

114


O H

S

E OS en

bull O S laquo

bulla

is deg gt I-I

11 amp 1 S3 _g

es

lt M

s 00 S

I I bull a

o o

1-5

S o

O

1

03 WD

NO






03

2-3















NO ON ON

I


115

914


AG

(tha)


p (kgha)


gtmdashraquo


to


LO


+-


Ln


Os


^3


00


SO


O


gtmdashgtbull


to

LO


LO


pound


Ln


OS


TOTA

L

0 O

t

I 2

o n

I

Sam

evel

Traquo o 3 ^ irq

^ S-ID ^

eek i I bull i 3

- o gt O 3

(TO a s c

I 1



i a C3 1X1

bulla s a

bulla a CS

B 3 I

55 W

53

to

s lt -a 0)

1

o

3

w

a

amp

00

60

s

1 V3

TOTA

L









1mdashc r-H


o rmdash1


ON


00


t -


NO


W)


bull



I N


imdashi


P (k

gha

)



AG

(t



NO ON ON

117

mi


AG


p (kgha)





LO


44


Ln


ON


~-l


00


vo


gt mdash copy


pound


to


LO


it


Ln


ON


TOTA

L

I 0 VO

v3


raquo i T O 09

(M raquo 0 lt 0 0

ri S raquo S5

M S-l V O

n 3

00 pound 3


lt n q S t raquo gt

t ST amp sect w 3

reg

e 3

9 3 a

I 1 era

I I









Introduction









Experimental design


6



Fertilisers


Measurements

(a) Plant



(b) Soil


7


Chemical analysis












AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-P (ugg)

Total P (ugg)

PRI Pbuff

0 72 64 5 8 55 19 14

60 84 77 8 10 64 26 24

90 85 78 9 11 76 30 30

120 85 83 9 10 71 27 27

Signif NS NS $

Lsd 5 04 05 3 07 05


AG (tha)

pH (H20)

pH (CaCl2)

EC (mSm)

Bic-Pa

(ugg) PRIa

Pbuff

0 73 67 7 16 37 20

60 78 71 5 17 40 23

120 84 77 9 20 44 30

240 88 80 9 21 53 40

Signif NS NS NS

Lsd 5 05 06 10






9










10


Yield





Phosphorus



11




Other nutrients






0 119 018 059 382

60 110 020 065 553

90 106 021 066 597

120 102 021 069 697

Signif NS

Lsd 5 04 004 119

12




0 44 028 74 293 267

600 48 032 62 342 248

Signif NS NS



0 51 116 016 23 030 050 77 453 46 96 26

60 48 127 015 21 027 045 61 457 45 67 25

120 49 120 016 26 029 051 66 643 59 59 25

240 49 103 019 29 030 067 54 977 53 53 24


Lsd5 05 04 013 164 24




Total P uptake


13



Metals in tubers



Cr Co Sn Sb Hg

mean

se

0007

61 xlO5

60 x 104

50 x 106

15 x 103

10 x 104

90 x 105

10 xlO5

34 x 104

14 x 105



mean

se

001

68X104

72xl(f 29xia5

55xia3

17x1a4

010

35xia3

L2X103

0

58xia3

17X104

LOxlO3

29X104

30X1O4

43xl05

84X1G4

ii xia5

l ixia3

70xia5


Applied P (kgha)

Ni Cd Cu

0 0006 0002 018

100 0006 0002 016

300 0007 0004 015

600 0008 0006 013

Signif

Lsd (5) 00014 0001 002


14



Conclusions












15












16


300

250 -

I I

200

3

60 80

AG (tha)

140


17


Z3

200

180 -

160

Q- 140

ro 120 bull 4 -

O CD X 100 CD i

3 80 CO c o

pound gt v_ CO

o CQ

AG Depth

I

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

AG (tha)

140


18


700

600

500

D)

3 400

CL

oil

300 CO

200

100

100 150

A G (tha)

250


19


CO

2 CD

gt-

200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)


Equations are

A

B

C

D

0 tha

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

j - 614 - 255 x exp (-00152) (JR= 092)

y = 542 - 271 x exp (-00176) (R2= 090)

y = 552 - 274 x exp (-0021) (F= 094)

y = 566 - 229 x exp (-00092) (i^= 098)

20


ro

JO

gt-

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 547 - 216 x exp (-0021) (R2^ 088)

y = 517 - 278 x exp (-0019) (R2= 090)

y = 524 - 243 x exp (-001 to) (R2= 094)

y = 530 - 218 x exp (-001 Ox) (i^= 098)

21


CO

32

gt-

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0 0

Marketable yield

Marketable yield

Total yield

Total yield

_L 50 100 150 200

AG (tha)

250 300


22


w CO CO

a gtraquo i _

C

o 00

c CD O c o o

100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500


Equations are

A Otha y = 117- 079 x exp (-0020) (R2 = 096)

B 60 tha y=123- 096 x exp (-000874) (R2 - 099)

C 90 tha y = 118 - 0884 x exp (-000742) (R2 = 096)

D 120 tha y= 117 - 090 x exp (-00085) (R2 = 097)

23


CO

c

53

CD

gt-

00 02 04 06 08 10


12 14



24


poundgt 3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)


25


100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

700



040

ogt 035 CD

gtgt bullo

w _CB O

H) CL


030 -

025 -

020

2 015

010 -

005

000 0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

A 0 tha

B 60 tha

C 90 tha

D 120 tha

y = 0372 - 0243 x exp (-00058) (R2 = 097)

y = 0378 - 0257 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 098)

y = 0361 - 0216 x exp (-00029x) (i^= 095)

y = 0406 - 0279 x exp (-0002x) (R2 = 098)

27


CO

3

ltD

CO Q Z5

ID

B

14

12 -^ ^

10

8 W

6

4

A G P

I

2

n I i i I I i

0 100 200 300 400

Applied P (kgha)

500 600


Equations are

Otha A

B

C

D

60 tha

90 tha

120 tha

y = 140 - 1095 x exp (-00058r) (R2 = 096)

3= 111 - 882 x exp (-0004x) (R2 = 098)

y = 104 - 774 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

3 = 127 -101 x exp (-00029x) (R2 = 0997)

28


60 80

AG (tha)


29



Introduction










Experimental design


Crop management




Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant



31



Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP2

(Vigfe)

BicK2

(pgg) PRI3

(mLg) TP4

(Pgg) CEC5

(me ) Kads6 Pads7

0 37 74 107 153 097 507 2 0 41

60 67 82 93 197 167 473 2 043 66

120 80 82 100 277 243 607 2 044 78

240 103 84 97 290 38 637 2 058 129

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 1010 0 049 41

Sig9 ns ns ns ns ns




0 30 72 83 227 07 507

60 63 81 73 190 15 453

120 80 81 87 220 18 540

240 107 83 83 240 27 563

Lsd8 202 037 38 136 046 101

Sig9 ns ns ns



33



AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (pgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(VigmL)

0 112 70 175 18 110 77 101 57 56

60 132 74 164 17 137 58 92 34 31

120 172 75 166 17 152 54 97 44 34

240 166 81 130 16 198 34 75 24 11

Lsd3 19 025 33 4 16 11 26 27 32

Sig4 ns ns ns ns ns

p

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm) PH

Ca (pgmL)

Mg (pgmL)

Na (pgmL)

K (pgmL)

S (UgmL)

P (pgmL)

Psrp2

(pgmL)

0 137 78 99 15 150 46 26 10 01

100 142 76 112 15 153 54 52 23 14

200 170 74 179 19 150 62 114 39 30

600 133 72 244 19 144 60 174 89 87

Lsd3 43 022 31 24 17 15 29 25 30

Sig4 ns ns ns




220

200

E 180 O ) 3

^ 1fi0 _ o 3 140 O V)

oil

120 m c


20

0 50 100 150 200


250 300


35



AG

AG (tha)

P2

(ugg) K2

(Ugg) Zn3

(Pgg)

PRI4

(mLg)

0 47 32 67 -112

60 76 38 15 -090

120 94 42 26 -049

240 84 41 13 092

Lsd5 35 6 28 073

Sig6 ns

P P2 K2 Zn3 PRI4


0 8 42 31 201 100 35 37 45 043 200 80 39 18 -089 600 177 34 26 -313

Lsd5 39 6 27 082

Sig6 ns




o CO

CD

E

o CO

co o

CD


50 100 150 200


250 300


37



(a) Topsoil


0 67 66 229 018 005 003

60 91 77 382 019 009 02

120 99 79 558 019 012 043

240 120 80 975 024 014 104

Lsd2 20 014 064 0033 0018 021

Sig3 ns

(b) Subsoil


0 44 67 225 017 005 003

60 59 74 269 019 005 008

120 66 77 300 018 005 017

240 99 79 397 02 005 029

Lsd2 075 01 029 0036 001 002

Sig3 n s ns





(a) Topsoil

AG



0 39 23 92 -07 28

60 50 38 110 02 50

120 59 51 135 16 75

240 58 62 157 35 99

Lsd4 5 11 15 03 06

Sig5



0 10 53 57 29 40

50 15 40 66 22 38

100 25 41 78 17 44

200 53 41 128 14 71

400 87 44 186 -01 86

600 120 41 226 -12 102

Lsd4 11 8 20 09 13

Sig5


39




AG



0 33 20 79 -05 26

60 30 21 73 -01 30

120 33 27 77 08 42

240 26 24 76 13 40

Lsd4 10 2 10 04 10

Sig5 ns ns



0 7 25 48 15 22

50 11 22 52 09 19

100 15 24 59 10 27

200 32 23 81 06 39

400 51 22 100 -03 47

600 67 21 117 -11 52

Lsd4 8 5 8 05 09

Sig5 ns



100 150 200


300


41





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 482 393 240 081 049 036 023

60 484 383 251 084 046 040 024

120 506 357 255 081 046 045 024

240 494 355 246 088 044 056 025

Lsd3 026 012 024 005 003 006 0013

Sig4 ns ns ns ns

p


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 523 316 254 066 024 046 025

50 489 372 255 081 041 049 026

100 503 388 229 084 048 042 024

200 472 379 250 089 050 046 024

400 494 390 242 093 057 043 023

600 470 385 258 091 057 039 022

Lsd3 027 024 036 005 003 008 0017

Sig4 ns ns



0 50 100 150 200 250 300





10


tto

06 3

X3

to 05 _ l

gtbull 04 C


-z 01 0 50 100 150 200 250 300




43



en c o 3

X2

gt

06

^

bull A

05 ^ S

04

03

02

01

n n i i i

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

o

X I

5 gt

06

05

04

03

02

01

00

- bull B

- bull bull ^

o

I I I I

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Applied P (kgha)



A

B

C

D

y = 056 - 030 x exp (-00182) (R2 = 097)

y = 057 - 032 x exp (-00103) (R2 = 088)

y = 055 - 031 x exp (-00126) (R2 = 099)

y = 056 - 032 x exp (-00092) (R2 = 098)


44



AG

AG (tha)

Fe (Pgg)

Zn (Ugg)

Mn (vigg)

B (Pgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 1354 251 217 211 26

60 1274 248 237 213 28

120 1353 253 240 217 27

240 1394 263 260 214 29

Lsd2 153 24 15 082 02

Sig3 ns ns ns


0 1418 268 212 215 26

50 1388 253 263 220 27

100 1301 267 251 217 29

200 1336 249 250 217 28

400 1282 255 232 204 28

600 1341 233 224 210 28

Lsd2 197 29 19 08 02

Sig3 ns ns ns



45

A O O ltyi

4x

r en 00

9 400 200 o o o copy

ns

O

kgt ON

kgt

4gt

kgt 4 4 4^

kgt

ns

O 4 4 ON 4 k)

o


4 00

4 ON

4 4^ NO Q O

o copy ON

i mdash gt

b b 1 mdash t

b o p Vcopy

O 00 ON

o ON

gtmdash 5 co 5J M

o o

O in

o 4 Ncopy

o 4 O

p 4

p kgt 1 mdash t

copy

ON

o b NO

O ON

o 00

o 00

o ON I mdash

O ON

O 3 Z 5 raquoM

o b 4

O

kgt o kgt -J

p kgt 00

O kgt 00

O

kgt NO

copy kgt ON



AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(ugg) Zn1

(vgg) Mn1

(vgg) B1

(vgg) Cu1

(vigg)

0 762 224 214 263 42

60 700 197 227 265 38

120 811 196 216 254 38

240 842 193 236 256 37

Lsd2 132 099 21 16 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(pgg) Zn1

(^gg) Mn1

(Vigg) B1

(lJgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 786 233 213 248 36

50 625 235 241 266 37

100 833 207 237 270 41

200 938 192 235 265 44

400 725 178 208 259 37

600 765 169 206 250 37

Lsd2 230 21 21 11 063

Sig3 ns ns




47





AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 392 515 040 066 047 023 018

60 384 500 040 067 045 023 017

120 404 474 043 071 043 024 018

240 402 458 041 071 041 028 018

Lsd3 022 016 001 004 002 002 0006

Sig4 ns + ns ns

P


(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 496 417 034 097 031 016 019

50 400 518 043 068 040 023 018

100 376 483 042 063 042 025 017

200 372 501 044 063 047 027 017

400 371 498 042 062 052 028 017

600 358 505 041 060 052 027 016

Lsd3 027 02 003 005 002 003 001

Sig4




AG

AG (tha)

Fe1

(Ugg)

Zn1

(vigg) Mn1

(Pgg) B1

(Pgg) Cu1

(Pgg)

0 611 279 124 188 26

60 587 247 134 191 25

120 706 299 139 192 29

240 592 268 145 186 25

Lsd2 329 57 14 08 06

Sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

p

p (kgha)

Fe1

(Ugg) Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(Ugg) B1

(ugg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 976 492 156 202 31

50 520 279 145 198 26

100 507 230 135 186 24

200 432 208 127 190 24

400 739 239 131 183 28

600 567 192 120 177 24

Lsd2 270 61 142 114 061

Sig3 a s


49





0 797 7 34 7 13 34 590 1219 34 39 7

60 482 7 34 7 15 34 610 1146 46 52 8

120 583 7 43 7 20 34 616 1246 45 50 8

240 355 7 34 7 15 34 637 1152 41 45 8

Lsd2 141 1 13 16 11 15 74 188 5 16 1


MRL4 50 2000

P (kgha)

Ba (ngg)

Cd (ngg)

Cr (ngg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (ngg)

Ni

(ngg)

Rb (ngg)

Sr (ngg)

Ti

(ngg)

Th

(ngg)

V (ngg)

0 556 7 34 7 25 34 650 998 39 45 9

50 670 7 34 7 18 34 657 1387 50 74 9

100 576 7 34 7 11 34 570 1206 45 50 8

200 529 7 34 7 12 34 616 1293 39 39 7

400 523 7 48 7 19 39 596 1126 39 36 7

600 476 7 34 7 11 34 603 1126 36 36 7

Lsd2 121 1 16 1 15 6 40 181 19 29 2


MRL4 50 2000






AG


0 53 074 11 87 158

60 48 066 10 83 148

120 47 069 11 79 143

240 45 060 10 74 135

Lsd1 065 015 025 21 31


p

p (kgha)

Curd (kgha)

Root (kgha)

Stem (kgha)

Leaf (kgha)

Total (kgha)

0 12 030 040 29 49

50 40 058 100 68 124

100 51 053 112 76 143

200 59 075 120 93 172

400 67 093 131 115 205

600 61 094 121 102 185

Ls-d1 055 017 020 18 25

Sig2


51


Yield



(a) Total

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 755 468 483 177

50 1464 1675 1554 1516

100 2169 1706 1757 1985

200 2242 1737 1928 1862

400 1752 2102 2155 2136

600 1689 1764 1768 2023

Lsd1

Sig2

16 (AG)

ns 201 (P)

401 (AGP)

-

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha) 0 60 120 240

0 274 060 000 000

50 1222 1463 1294 1152

100 2057 1416 1603 1820

200 2141 1377 1803 1752

400 1572 2020 2095 1996

600 1468 1534 1500 1974

Lsd1

Sig2

24 (AG)

ns

46 (P)

52(AGP)

ns




26

24

22

(tha

) 20

18

Cur

d yi

eld 16

14

12

10

8

6 i ii

A=0

i i i i i

I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

- 7 I

_ bull

i i i n

mdash^ B=60

I I I

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

co

32 CD

gt 2 3

o

25

20

15

10

5

bull j

- bull

I I I I I

- - gt C=120

l l l

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)

0 100200300400500600700

Applied P (kgha)





A y = 1336 + (-577 + 01335x)(l-00088x +000007872) (Z2

B y = 89434 + 00705 - OOOOlx2 (R2 = 070)

C y = 84752 + 00810 - OOOOlx2 (B2 = 081)

D y = 733 +00871x - 00001 Ix2 (R2 = 099)

098)

53


Discussion









References









55












Ec mSm 623 -

pH (H 20) mSm 99 -

pH (CaCl2) mSm 94 -

PRI mLg 610 - gt 1000 -

LOI 1973 -

C a C 0 3 1290 1290

Fe (Fe203) 974 974

Al (A1203) 551 551

Si (Si0 2 ) 797 797

Ca (CaO) 45 450

Na (Na 2 0) 228 228

Ti (Ti0 2 ) 174 174

K (K 2 0) 072 72

Mg (MgO) 028 28 sect 047 47

P (P2O5) 005 05

Mn (MnO) 002 02

Total P ngg 266 -



As ngg 35 -

Ba ^gg 413 -

Cu Ugg 29 -

Sr Hgg 287 -


Zr fAgg 1477 -

Sand 232 -

Silt 473 -

Clay 295 -






(a)


0 119 010 050 010 020 050 88 182 050 058 010

60 72 010 050 010 022 050 91 171 069 078 012

120 87 011 064 011 030 050 92 186 067 075 012

240 53 011 05 010 023 050 95 172 061 067 012

Lsd2 21 002 02 024 016 022 11 28 008 024 002


(b)

p (kgha)

Ba (vgg)

Cd (vigg)

Cr (Pgg)

Co (ngg)

Pb (vgg)

Ni (Pgg)

Rb (Pgg)

Sr (Pgg)

Ti

(Pgg)

Th (Pgg)

V

(Pgg)

0 83 010 050 010 038 050 97 149 058 067 013

50 100 011 050 010 027 050 98 207 075 110 013

100 86 010 050 010 017 050 85 180 067 075 012

200 79 010 050 010 018 050 92 193 058 058 010

400 78 011 071 011 028 058 89 168 058 054 011

600 71 010 050 010 016 050 90 168 054 054 010

Lsd2 18 002 024 0009 022 009 06 27 028 044 003







Introduction










Experimental design


59


Crop management


Fertilisers



Measurements




Plant


60



Harvest


Analysis of data





61





0 36 70 262 199 093

60 62 78 397 308 101

90 70 80 390 378 12

120 73 80 402 391 14

Lsd3 057 018 75 122 018

Sig4 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

BicP1

(M-gg) BicK1

(figg) PRI2

(mLg)

0 59 78 117 323 17

25 58 78 147 338 15

50 58 78 160 322 16

100 58 78 255 327 13

300 62 76 554 309 06

600 66 75 944 296 005

Lsd3 063 01 58 60 02

Sig4 ns ns


62


mdash A


e 25 ltD O d

5 20

1 ^ I I I

T3

C

o

c CO o c o o

0 20 40 60 80 100120140

Residual AG (tha)

u u bull B

80 l

60

40

mdash n bull 20

n i i i i

I

i i i

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


5 E Q 0 -

20 40 60 80 100120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


63




AG

AG (tha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (ngmL)

Mg (ugmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (jigmL)

Psrp1

(pgmL)

0 129 75 91 141 105 81 28 05

60 144 77 108 131 121 64 30 06

120 147 76 123 136 120 50 33 04

Lsd2 33 01 14 09 4 7 1 02

Sig3 ns ns ns ns

P

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH Ca (UgmL)

Mg (ligmL)

Na (jigmL)

K (UgmL)

S (UgmL)

Psrp1

(VigmL)

0 171 78 107 141 121 68 23 01

100 138 77 104 144 111 58 24 02

300 120 76 103 128 110 63 31 06

600 130 73 117 133 116 71 43 13

Lsd2 20 02 10 11 10 13 7 02

Sig3 ns


64


3

C

o

o (gt

o in c c o

5 c CD O

o O

3

o

c o

c ltu o c o

o 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





AG



0 27 41 25 05

60 45 43 26 03

120 50 59 23 07

Lsd4 8 6 05 01

Sig5 ns

p

p (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(Pgg)

Zn2

(l-igg) PRI3

(mLg)

0 9 46 19 12

100 21 47 22 09

300 42 46 25 03

600 90 52 31 -03

Lsd4 7 5 10 02

Sig5 ns ns



66



(a) Topsoil

AG



0 16 28 68 10 26

60 25 42 86 15 41

90 25 46 91 16 43

120 26 54 96 18 46

Lsd5 3 9 8 005 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(Pgg) BicK1

(vigg) TotP2

(ngg) PPJ3

(mLg) PPJP4

(mLg)

0 7 46 58 19 27

25 8 45 63 19 28

50 9 44 64 20 30

100 15 43 72 17 33

300 37 40 103 09 48

600 63 36 152 03 67

Lsd5 3 6 8 03 05

Sig6



120

o lgt 100 bull gt

TJ

rn laquon D ) 3

mdash-

on

60

^^ m i _


160 A (I 140

^ ^ ^ ^ 1 o (0 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 gtraquo 120

^plusmn bull o

^ ^ ^ ^

66

100

^ 3 80

^ mdash ^ tra

tion

60

^ ^ - ^ ^ ^ cen 40

o 20 o 20

I I I I I I I

O

10

0

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1lt

O

10

Residual AG (tha)

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


68



(b) Subsoil

AG



0 15 23 69 08 24

60 23 31 82 12 36

90 24 37 91 14 39

120 25 40 90 17 43

Lsd5 4 6 7 01 03

Sig6

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(ugg) TotP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) PRIP4

(mLg)

0 6 36 57 18 25

25 8 36 63 17 26

50 8 34 63 17 26

100 13 31 71 15 29

300 33 29 102 08 43

600 61 30 141 03 64

Lsd5 5 5 8 02 05

Sig6



100

o CO

gtlaquo

C

o CO

bull-raquo

c o o o

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)



70




AG



0 29 65 24 027 006 004

60 47 73 32 025 009 010

90 59 77 36 023 015 015

120 66 78 40 025 012 018

Lsd2 07 07 06 005 006 001

Sig3 as ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

PH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 43 73 30 025 001 011

25 46 73 33 026 010 011

50 46 73 32 025 010 011

100 52 74 32 025 010 011

300 56 74 34 024 009 011

600 58 73 37 025 014 012

Lsd2 05 05 03 002 007 -

Sig3 ns ns ns



soil b

A soil

dry

4 _ I dry

I ^5 CD CD


i

U o CD CD



i 1 I i i i i LU

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1^ W

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)


72




AG



0 34 66 24 026 006 005

60 50 75 33 024 008 010

90 64 78 38 023 01 016

120 68 79 41 024 01 019

Lsd2 05 01 07 006 001 003

Sig3 ns

P (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 48 75 30 023 009 011

25 51 74 33 026 009 011

50 50 75 34 025 008 013

100 61 75 35 026 008 013

300 57 75 34 022 007 013

600 58 73 38 024 008 013

Lsd2 08 01 04 003 001 003

Sig3 ns



o 0 oi

4 CO c CO

gt T3 4 _ bull o

0s -5 3 agt CD

fc_ 3 - g

on

o 2 CO 2 CO

u 2

o CD CD 1 X I SI

1 CD 1 CD CD CU

O


o o X X Lil

i i 1 1 i i 1 HI

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Residual AG (tha)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Residual P (kgha)





74



(a) Macronutrients

AG


(tha) () () () () () () ()

0 49 42 23 077 040 039 027

60 51 40 23 078 042 036 025

90 51 39 23 079 043 036 025

120 49 39 24 078 042 036 025

Lsd3 03 02 08 009 007 010 004



(kgha) () () () () () () ()

0 53 36 22 069 027 033 024

25 51 38 24 071 030 038 026

50 52 40 24 075 034 040 027

100 51 41 24 079 043 041 027

300 48 43 24 087 055 039 026

600 47 42 20 086 060 031 023

Lsd3 02 02 04 003 004 006 003

Sig4 ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe (ugg)

Zn1

(Pgg) Mn1

(ugg) B1

(ugg) Cu1

(ugg)

0 122 31 19 21 28

60 121 32 22 22 30

90 119 36 25 22 32

120 120 29 23 22 29

Lsd2 21 8 6 1 05

sig3 ns ns ns ns ns

P (kgha)

Fe1

(Pgg)

Zn1

(ugg) Mn1

Gigg)

B1

(Fgg)

Cu1

(Pgg)

0 112 33 19 22 28

25 120 32 22 22 29

50 125 32 21 23 29

100 132 38 24 23 31

300 129 30 25 22 32

600 106 29 23 21 32

Lsd2 19 6 3 1 03

Sig-3 ns ns




76


Q

en

3

gt-c 0

07

06

05

04

03

02

01 0

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

A

if 20 40 60 80 100


_ 065

Q S 055

060

tz

ro _ i

gt

120


20 40 60 80 100


120

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

065

060

055

050

045

040

035

030

025

020

-B

bull

- bull I

I I

bull

i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120

-bull D

I I i i i

20 40 60 80 100


120



A y = 05964 - 0763 x exp (-0068) (B2 = 089)

B y = 05855 - 05144 x exp (-00465x) (R2 = 098)

C y = 006058 - 0549 x exp (-00435x) (B2 = 096)

D y = 06399 - 05208 x exp (-00291) (R2 = 097)

77






(a) Total

AG p

(kgha) (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 59 64 69 100

25 134 126 123 83

50 139 133 117 143

100 163 200 164 177

300 203 236 198 204

600 215 237 208 194

Ls-d1 36 (AG) 17 (P) 48(AGP) -

Sig2 ns

(b) Marketable

p (kgha)

AG (tha) p

(kgha)

0 60 90 120

0 14 14 18 56

25 83 74 84 13

50 90 99 67 99

100 138 188 125 160

300 187 232 182 190

600 206 234 191 185

Lsd1

Sig2

48 (AG)

ns 23 (P)

62(AGP)

-



0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


0 20 40 60 80 100120140160


lt x

UJ gt-Q

o

lt X


24

22

20

18

16 14

12

10

8

6

4

-D

bull

I I

I I

I I

I

^~ bull

i i i i i

20 40 60 80 100120140160


20 40 60 80 100120140160




A y = 2088 - 818 x exp (-017x) (i2 = 089)

B y = 23731 - 4578 x exp (-00949) (i2 = 099)

C y = 2051 - 286 x exp (-00697) (R2 = 086)

D y = 2002 - 354 x exp (-0090) (B2 = 086)

79


Discussion


References







80















Introduction




Pots


Experimental design




82






Irrigation




April 1- 27 10 33

May 28- 59 065 21

June 60- 90 044 14

July 91-122 044 14

August 123-154 056 19

September 155-160



Crop management



Soil


83


Leachate


Harvest


Analysis of data



Results






Parameter (tha)

Parameter

0 125 250 1000

pH (H20) 69 77 85 86

pH (CaCl2) 57 71 78 78

Ec (mSm) 4 9 9 11

Ext P (ngg)1 3 9 14 9

PRI2 -02 33 44 77

Total N ()3 - 0039 0044 0060


ExtN03-N(ugg)5 - 3 2 5

CEC ()6 30 30 43 35

Exch Ca ()7 133 363 51 70

Exch Mg ()7 036 024 015 021

Exch Na ()7 005 015 015 032

Exch K ()7 007 004 0035 0035

OrgC()8 131 109 092 103

Sand () 977 967 960 910

Silt () 13 15 15 37

Clay () 10 23 25 53



85



AG


0 33 119 234 -015 137

125 200 117 743 141 27

250 275 197 1258 231 19

1000 204 420 1853 154 30

Lsd5 4 34 129 45 26

Sig6

P

P (kgha)

BicP1

(ngg) BicK1

(Mgfe) totP2

(ugg) PRI3

(mLg) NIL

(ngg)

0 91 215 896 198 58

50 151 223 937 138 54

100 144 226 1005 126 62

200 182 193 1043 128 42

400 323 210 1231 116 52

Lsd5 48 39 144 50 29

Sig6 s | e ns ns





AG



0 157 44 18 016 026 010

125 147 54 23 014 026 015

250 217 66 40 017 041 027

1000 308 76 135 027 096 094

Lsd2 32 01 07 002 005 005

sig3

p

p (kgha)

Ec (mSm)

pH (CaCl2)

Ca1

(me) Mg1

(me) K1

(me) Na1

(me)

0 202 59 52 019 048 035

50 195 60 53 018 050 036

100 203 60 57 019 048 039

200 202 60 57 018 045 040

400 236 59 51 017 046 034

Lsd2 35 01 08 002 006 005






87




deg E

c o

o O

c ltD

O

c o

I O

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0

A p p l ie d P

3 0 0

k g h a )

4 0 0 5 0 0

1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0


4 0 0 5 0 0


89


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0




200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Level of AG (tha)

200 400 600 800

Level of AG (tha)

1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


91




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 486 229 061 025 050 039

125 584 186 060 033 047 034

250 585 216 058 033 044 035

1000 531 215 056 031 052 037

Lsd3 03 02 004 0017 005 003

Sig4

p

P (kgha)


0 538 198 062 029 037 036

50 523 222 061 028 043 037

100 562 208 056 030 049 035

200 548 216 057 032 058 037

400 563 214 056 035 054 036

Lsd3 033 022 004 002 006 003

Sig4 ns ns ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe Mn1 Zn B Cu Mo

0 111 386 280 345 95 21

125 127 279 367 348 107 25

250 126 173 269 349 108 24

1000 114 60 143 337 110 31

Lsd2 20 47 40 15 05 06

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 135 243 263 356 120 28

50 122 240 268 349 111 30

100 109 191 229 343 106 25

200 116 228 268 334 99 23

400 115 221 294 341 89 20

Lsd2 23 52 45 15 051 07

Sig3 ns ns ns ns



93




(a) Macronutrients

AG

AG (tha)


0 300 503 269 071 016 093 039

125 348 649 239 065 024 090 035

250 395 653 251 061 022 082 033

1000 351 566 262 066 024 099 037

Lsd3 010 036 011 002 001 009 002

Sig4

p

p (kgha)


0 355 589 240 073 019 074 035

50 343 597 258 068 020 082 036

100 339 587 257 068 021 098 038

200 339 580 259 063 022 108 037

400 332 608 263 057 024 095 036

Lsd3 011 041 012 002 001 010 002

Sig4 ns




(b) Micronutrients

AG

AG (tha)

Fe1 Mn1 Zn1 B1 Cu1

0 299 962 234 402 109

125 316 952 184 404 107

250 331 662 110 380 110

1000 374 673 77 383 115

Lsd2 90 106 20 002 05

Sig3 ns ns

p


0 294 969 158 409 125

50 392 837 144 393 117

100 364 747 141 396 114

200 267 712 159 387 105

400 332 bull 796 154 377 89

Lsd2 101 118 23 13 05

Sig3 ns ns





95

i 7 1 smdash

tz i

Least


4 t o 1 mdash l

E

Least era

sd

P P

p p

p p

U i p p 0 f Cro

to

sd

copy P

p copy

P copy

Ui copy o


a

anceat

ficant



A

ficant ns



o

ns

(AG

)

U ) 4^ p 4 ^ t o P


copy o

iffere

ns

(AG

)

0 0 +- o 4 U i

ns AG

)


^bullv B o B o



A IA

p

-

58 09 52 50 Os t o

copy

49

so 1 mdash

85

copy 1mdash

i- 00

TOO IA

p

(P) ^ 4 U i Os 00 U i (P)


- copy Ui

AG

tha)

copy Ui

Hmdash

AG

tha) Kgt



o

AG


AG


deg

AG


AG

U ) t - so 0 0 copy

T) Tgt



copy



a-

to Ui

to Ui copy

copy copy copy

CO tro bull

^








0 50 2 9 11 3 86

0 100 2 8 10 13 77

0 200 2 6 8 2 90

0 400 2 6 8 3 89

125 50 4 8 12 73 15

125 100 2 8 10 18 72

125 200 2 6 8 30 62

125 400 1 4 5 18 77

250 50 3 7 10 0 90

250 100 2 4 6 0 94

250 200 1 4 5 0 95

250 400 1 4 5 12 83

1000 50 2 6 8 75 17

1000 100 2 5 7 67 26

1000 200 2 5 7 45 48

1000 400 1 4 5 41 55



97



AG (tha)

P (kgha)

P leached1

(kgha) P leached

( P applied)

0 50 41 82

0 100 78 78

0 200 158 79 0 400 311 78

125 50 2 4

125 100 3 3

125 200 10 5 125 400 27 7

250 50 1 2

250 100 3 3 250 200 4 2

250 400 7 2 1000 50 02 lt1 1000 100 05 lt1

1000 200 1 lt1

1000 400 2 lt1



O)

pound CD

o TO

(D

o

(0 l _

c

o c o o

pound

(0

o to

c o

TO tmdash

c 0) o c o o

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0



99


CD

CO

x o CO CD

c o

bull4-

CO

c CD O c o O

0 2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0


0 100 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 0 0


5 0 0


100


ID

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

lb 70

70 C

60 65 -

60

55 dt

ha 50

40

50

45 bull A

Yie

30

40 _ 20

35 i i i i 35 0 100 200 300 400 5( 50 10

Applied p (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)

0 100 200 300 400 500

Applied P (kgha)



A y = 10943 - 9377 x exp (-00053) (R2 = 099)

B y = 6l7- 2848 x exp (-00122) (i2 = 099)

C y = 3842+ 0083x (J2 = 097)

D y = 238 + 0l07x(R2 = 096)


101


Discussion





102




References








103











104


CO JC

5)

CD

sz o CD CD

0 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


105


200 400 600 800


1 000 1 200

2 00

18 0 -

~ 160

copy

deg 1 40

1 2 0

100 -

80 200 400 600 800


1000 1200


106


A 1 8 0

1 6 0

1 4 0

1 2 0 -

1 0 0

8 0

6 0 -

4 0 - I~~ - ^ gt ^

2 0

I

^ - ^ 1 0

I i i i i i

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

2 0 0 4 0 0 6 0 0 8 0 0


1 0 0 0 12 00


107


40

ha

)

35 ^ D )

30 bull o

25 o CD jD 20 O )

^ 1 5

1 0

5

200 400 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0


200 4 0 0 600 800 1000 1 2 0 0



108


200 400 600 800


1000 1200


109

on-

3 05


13 cn to bull

gt bulla i - t

K bdquo so SO C


poundr r r



3 3 3







05



ltJ1


OS


~J


00


SO


copy



to


LO


4^



OS


TOTA

L

^ 4

H o

f5 0 rgt n

8

ft BS J

a o 3 05

GO v Eo fa

T3 3 S

I f ^ e

^ I to o en B

I | - TO

^ - MB

e S

03

s

Si 3 a 09

5

I 1


m

3


AG

(tha)

eek 1 is 4


Q ^ gt 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13 3

Jw-9

p (kgha)

Vpril 199


os



to



(5



4^


Ln



Os


-o



00


vo


copy


E


to


ugt


S


( J l


Os


TOTA

L

f to

I 3

t 1 i


- B Si 05


eg ST


a i s

laquo3 TJ

= 3

4 ^

gt o ^ = c raquofl

3 crs

( - bull

3 re

I


ZVV


AG

(tha)


Jw-9

P (kgha)




S 3




-t-




OS



~4


0 0


SO


copy


-

3 3 S B D S 3 3 3 S I 3 3 3 S 3 S 3 3 S 3 3 3 3 I 3 S 3 3 3 3 3 3 S

S 3


lgt3




U i


OS



TO

TA

L

I -o

t I o 3 I

0 0 03

s mpl 1




o g 3

09

as

BS 3 c

3

S

I 1



1 1 J S os an

bullB B 58

OH O

lt

H O

o

bull3

eek



gt ll 0)

=

s o

I I 2




CN CN v i





o o o en so O














ca

~ -a JltS









sn ON ON i -


-s 1 ^

w ^4 a 8 n pound z

C3

a

113


1 I

-a s OS

OH

bulla s cs

s

I

1

i o

2

it

1 I o p

J f -

1

TO

TA

L









-


f o


ifte

r so

wi

ON


(wee

ks pound

00


ing

tim

e


Sam

p

NO


lto



cn


CS


rmdasht


P

(kg

ha)



AG

(t

ha)


NO ON ON

I

114


O H

S

E OS en

bull O S laquo

bulla

is deg gt I-I

11 amp 1 S3 _g

es

lt M

s 00 S

I I bull a

o o

1-5

S o

O

1

03 WD

NO






03

2-3















NO ON ON

I


115

914


AG

(tha)


p (kgha)


gtmdashraquo


to


LO


+-


Ln


Os


^3


00


SO


O


gtmdashgtbull


to

LO


LO


pound


Ln


OS


TOTA

L

0 O

t

I 2

o n

I

Sam

evel

Traquo o 3 ^ irq

^ S-ID ^

eek i I bull i 3

- o gt O 3

(TO a s c

I 1



i a C3 1X1

bulla s a

bulla a CS

B 3 I

55 W

53

to

s lt -a 0)

1

o

3

w

a

amp

00

60

s

1 V3

TOTA

L









1mdashc r-H


o rmdash1


ON


00


t -


NO


W)


bull



I N


imdashi


P (k

gha

)



AG

(t



NO ON ON

117

mi


AG


p (kgha)





LO


44


Ln


ON


~-l


00


vo


gt mdash copy


pound


to


LO


it


Ln


ON


TOTA

L

I 0 VO

v3


raquo i T O 09

(M raquo 0 lt 0 0

ri S raquo S5

M S-l V O

n 3

00 pound 3


lt n q S t raquo gt

t ST amp sect w 3

reg

e 3

9 3 a

I 1 era

I I


Documents

VG519 The use of red mud/gypsum to reduce Ian McPharlin