Viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian Tropical Context

Viability Of

Building Integrated Photovoltaic

in

Indian Tropical Context

Seminar

Sumanyu Vasist

0441731604

University School of Architecture and Planning

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University

New Delhi.

I. Introduction……………………………………………………….....1

II. Central Concept…………………………………………………….2

III. Photovoltaic aspects and considerations…………………………2

IV. Building Integrated Photovoltaic………………………………….3

V. Building Integrated Photovoltaic and Architecture…………….5

VI. Market of Building Integrated Photovoltaic……………………..6

VII. Advantages of Building Integrated Photovoltaic………………..6

• General Advantage………………………………………….6

• Technical Advantage………………………………………..9

VIII. Issues with Building integrated Photovoltaic………………….....8

• General Disadvantages……………………………………...8

• Economic Issues with Building Integrated PV……………9

• Environmental and Energy issues………………………..10

IX. Future of Building Integrated Photovoltaic……………………..13

X. Tropical regions……………………………………………………15

XI. Indian tropical context…………………………………………….17

XII. Conclusion………………………………………………………….18

XIII. Scope and Methodology…………………………………………19

XIV. References…………………………………………………………..20

XV. Acknowledgements……………………………………………...…22

Viability Of Building Integrated Photovoltaic

in Tropical Indian Context

20080619_Seminar Sumanyu Vasist

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I. INTRODUCTION

The awareness on the significance of solar energy in

building design and construction is gradually increasing. In new

building designs or retrofitting the emphasis is placed on the effective

use of passive and active solar energy systems to partially or entirely

cover demands in natural lighting, space heating and cooling, air

ventilating, domestic hot water and electricity.

The emerging concerns for environmental protection and global

energy saving have introduced new architectural design rules for

buildings, aiming at reduced energy buildings with effective

integration of several solar energy systems in combination with

satisfactory aesthetics.

Photovoltaic (PVs) that convert the absorbed solar energy into

electricity constitute a new field for architects and engineers and

require research on new forms of building façade, roof system

installation, efficient operation and other practical aspects. Also

integrating Photovoltaic to the building is considered a viable option as

in cities with great densities cannot have solar fields (lack of land).

Even if they can afford large solar fields, certainly large amount of

electricity is lost during distribution.

With intent of thinking beyond oil and emerging awareness

towards harnessing renewable sources of energy, Building Integrated

Photovoltaic provides a great option. This is altogether a new concept

and idea. Hence, its viability in different parts of the world is a serious

concern.




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II. CENTRAL CONCEPT

Photovoltaic Devices convert sunlight directly into

electricity[8]. When solar radiations (in approximately the same

spectrum as visible light) strike a semiconductor material such as

silicon, it provides enough energy to mobilize electrons. A simple

photovoltaic cell consists of two layers, one doped with phosphorous

to provide excess electron (n-layer), and one doped with boron to

create an electron deficiency (p-layer)[9]. When the p and n layers are

connected into a circuit, electrons mobilized by incident solar radiation

move across the p-n potential, creating electricity.

Fig 1: A simple photovoltaic cell.

III. PHOTOVOLTICS ASPECTS AND CONSEDERATIONS

The several types and forms of Photovoltaic constitute

new and interesting material, which can be easily integrated to the

buildings giving new shapes and a symbol of the ecological concept[4].

It is a new material in the architect’s hands ready to be shaped and to

create an alternative building. It is also a material, which can be further

developed with many advantages. The scientists are facing those new

technology challenges effectively by giving encouraging results, since

PVs are able to provide more and more ecological, aesthetic,

socioeconomic and technical benefits[9].




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At global level, the electrical energy from the Photovoltaic stands

for one crucial component of our energy future and aids to

preservation of valuable natural resources. At local level, solar

electricity can make a considerable contribution to immediate long-

term sustainability, since it can be produced almost anywhere and on

any scale[4].

IV. BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

Using renewable energy sources (RES) in building sector

is already an issue of major importance due to fuel overpricing, world

population growth and residential energy consumption increment.

Besides, the observance of protocol of Kyoto and European

Commission’s directive 2001/77/EC impose further application of RES

in urban environment. Within this framework and as a part of a wider

initiative to reduce energy consumption in buildings, construction

companies are beginning to integrate photovoltaic (PV) systems into

the roof or the facades of new or renovated structures[5]. Building

integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems, apart from generating

electricity by utilizing solar radiation, are also installed as major

construction material, substituting more expensive conventional

materials.

When first developed for ground-based application, large

centralized Photovoltaic systems were intended to compete with

conventional electricity generation. Despite continuous efficiency

improvement, the cost of generating electricity from such systems is

usually considered cost prohibitive[10]. Building integration of

photovoltaic began in 1980’s, as a method to reduce the economic and

energy of these systems by incorporating PV molecules into the

building design[11].

Photovoltaic can be used as construction materials, which allow

innovative architectural designs since there is a variety of colors, sizes

and shapes of them. The various module types such as

monocrystalline, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon, thin-film type,

etc, have several interesting aesthetic considerations. The color of

monocrystalline silicon cells varies from uniform black to a dark gray




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with a uniform surface structure. In contrast, the structure of

polycrystalline cells may shows a wide variety of colored crystals.

Photovoltaic may offer flexible and plastic forms[4].

Building integrated photovoltaic systems (BIPV) apart from the

fact that they produce electricity, they also form part of the building.

There is a wide variety of PV modules and systems currently disposed

on the market, suitable for BIPV systems. Most of these can be grouped

into two main categories: façade systems and roofing systems. Façade

systems include curtain wall products, and glazing, while, roofing

systems include tiles[4]. The fundamental first step in any BIPV

application is to maximize energy efficiency within the building. Roof

and wall systems can, for example, be designed to improve insulation

and thus to reduce heating or cooling demand. Windows, skylights,

and façades can be designed to increase the natural light in interior

spaces. PV awnings can be designed to reduce unwanted glare and

heat gain.

Photovoltaic systems have been installed on many types of

buildings in a wide variety of ways. A wide range of building types,

from residential buildings, schools, offices and hotels to industrial

buildings, can use Photovoltaic. Office blocks have good Photovoltaic

potential because their electricity demand is significant all year round

(including in the summer) and because this demand reaches its highest

level between 9am and 5pm[18]. The match between supply by

Photovoltaic and demand is therefore very good. Residential buildings

on the other hand, even though they are occupied seven days a week,

tend to use energy mainly at night. Nonetheless, individuals (and

perhaps electricity suppliers) are likely to be interested in their

Photovoltaic potential. Commercial and industrial buildings with large

available roof areas may offer a field of significant interest for the

installation of Photovoltaic systems[18].

The primary goal in a Building Integrated Photovoltaic system

layout is to maximize the amount of power produced via optimum

array orientation, but this goal is tempered in the case of building

design by considerations of construction costs, optimum building floor

area, daylight control, thermal performance, cooling load and




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aesthetics. Hence, the issues of BIPV systems design and construction

are not exclusively technical and the balance between them will vary

greatly according to the circumstances of each project (climate, budget,

client priorities, aesthetics, etc.) (NREL,1995)[12].

V. BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS AND

ARCHITECTURE

Building Integrated Photovoltaic needs to be viewed as an

architectural element as well as an integral part of the building’s

energy system. In particular, if Photovoltaic elements are used in

glazing or shading devices, their impact on the cooling and heating

demands must be evaluated. In order to achieve a successful and cost

effective integration of the PV system, it has to be taken into

consideration from the beginning of the design[3]. Experts on electrical

integration, HVAC, and building engineers have to work together with

the architect from the concept design stage, to consider trade-offs

between different issues such as day lighting, heating, cooling, comfort

and aesthetics.

The architecture, which seeks to integrate photovoltaic systems,

is very sensitive to these developments as they set a series of rules

regarding massing and orientation of the building, incorporation of

technical requirements and the design of the external envelope[4].

The building envelope has undergone many transformations

throughout architectural history but in essence, the highly

technologically advanced curtain wall seeks to satisfy still the same

fundamental needs as the hut or the Mongolian Yurta tent: to create the

ideal habitat by offering shelter and comfort[6]. With the discovery of

photovoltaic, a completely new chapter was initiated when suddenly

the “architectural skin” was found to have the capacity to produce

energy as well.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems can be designed to

blend with traditional building materials and designs, or they may be

used to create a high technology, future oriented appearance[13].




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VI. MARKET FOR BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

Building Integrated Photovoltaic sector has grown with

over 50% per year the recent years. The PV market in general increased

by 36% in 2001, in total 390 MW of PV modules was produced in 2001.

The Japanese market increased by 31 % to 171 MW, the European

production increased by 42% to 86 MW, while the production in the

United States increased by 34% to 100 MW. PV modules from single

and polycrystalline silicon make up 80% of the total production[10].

The global photovoltaic market could hit the $10-billion mark

by 2010, according to a new report by Allied Business Intelligence,

Oyster Bay, N.Y. ABI states that the industry has gotten the prices

down far enough and the production quantities high enough so price is

no longer a problem for manufacturers. Now, production capacity is

the major issue. Worldwide production is expected to be 800 MW by

2005. Demand, however, may exceed 900 MW by 2005 and approach 5

GW per year by 2010[10].

India is potentially one of the largest markets for solar energy in

the world. The estimated potential of power generation through solar

photovoltaic system is about 20 MW / Sq.km in India. The Govt. of

India is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 through

renewable energy systems especially by solar PV systems. This offers

tremendous growth potential for Indian solar PV industry. The Govt.

of India has a target of achieving 150 MW installed capacity by year

2007. It presents tremendous business opportunities in manufacturing

of solar modules and other components[14].

VII. ADVAVTAGES OF BUILDING INTEGRATED

PHOTOVOLTICS

Building Integrated PV systems provide a reliable solution

for electricity supply both in new and existing or planned buildings at

places with or without electrical grid and possess main benefits over

centralized grid connected PV plants or nonintegrated systems:




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Photovoltaic systems integrated into buildings can avoid the

cost of land acquisition, fencing, access road and major support

structures for the modules[8].

Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems can provide the

function of protecting the building envelope from the weather,

avoiding the use of other more expensive conventional cladding or

roofing materials[5]. The avoided cost of these materials is subtracted

from the installation cost of BIPV improving their economics.

However, in order to be effective, BIPV products should match the

dimensions, structural properties, qualities, and life expectancy of the

materials they displace.

Building Integrated Photovoltaic can enhance the aesthetic and

architectural quality of building[5].

Building Integrated Photovoltaic produce electricity at the point

of use avoiding transmission and distribution of electricity and the

costs and losses associated with this. Regarding especially grid

connected systems; the building owner is also capable of obtaining

significant revenues by selling the surplus electricity generated to the

utility grid so that the high initial cost of BIPV will surely be

considered as a financially beneficial and viable investment (Bakos et

al., 2003).

Photovoltaic on buildings uses existing infrastructure. No

further ground area is needed to tap the sun as a source of energy[2].

This is particularly significant in the densely populated areas with

regard to solar energy supply in the future.

Synergies with other parts of the building envelope reduce

additional investment costs (winter garden, balcony roofs, etc.)[2]

Photovoltaic modules are components in the building envelope.

Photovoltaic modules are an architectural expression of

innovation and high technology[2]. In particular, they enhance the

public image of a company when used as a component in prestigious

facades of the company buildings.




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The architectural quality of a PV facade gives an alternative to

other well-established cladding materials [2](PV instead of marble?)

VII.I TECHNICAL ADVANTAGES OF BUILDING

INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

In regions with a weak grid, PV allows to extend operating

times for UPS systems[2], especially when the grid load peaks around

noon.

In regions with a daily peak load, cities with a large fraction of

air conditioning equipment, tourist centers etc. the grid load shows a

peak around noon[2]. Here PV power production shows a good load

matching.

In remote locations, a PV hybrid system often is the cheapest

power supply[2]. Good examples are mountain huts, tourism facilities

along hiking trails.

VIII. ISSUES RELATED TO BUILDING INTEGRATED

PHOTOVOLTICS

VIII.I GENERAL DISADVANTAGES

Building Integrated Photovoltaic system design requires a

thorough study about the reliability issues that can arise during

system's operation resulting in its low yield[10].

Moreover, BIPV systems face a number of barriers to the

mainstream energy and building markets: High capital and associated

financing, administration, architecture, communication, marketing and

environment. Some barriers can be overcome by assessing the energy

and non-energy benefits of a BIPV power system, thus making it a cost-

effective option even with current costs and energy prices (Eiffert,

2003)[18].




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Furthermore, it requires extensive construction in order to avoid

probable system's faulty installation. BIPV system (Laukamp et al.

2000).

Poor performance: Inverter failures. real power of a module

below its nameplate power. Partial shading of the generator by trees,

other buildings and protruding building parts. Defects in the direct

current installation causing interrupted strings.

Planning and design problems: Unsuitable string fuses and

over voltage protection devices. Unsuitable isolation switches between

PV array and inverter.

Operational problems: Faulty PV modules (broken glass, open

circuits, discoloration). Corrosion and defects in the solar generator

mounting. Strong soiling of the PV modules.

Installation issues: Solar generator cabling not mechanically

fastened. Lack of heat dissipation of string diodes.

…….[5]

VII.II ECONOMIC ISSUES WITH BUILDING

INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTIAC.

The value of BIPV systems can directly affect the decision

making process. This can be identified and evaluated based on direct

economic impact, indirect economic impact and qualitative value (IEA,

2002):

Direct and Indirect economic impact: A BIPV system is

generally procured through a construction budget. Electricity

generated by the system creates for the building owner savings

associated with construction material costs and electricity costs.

Qualitative value: Some benefits of BIPV systems are subjective

and difficult to quantify. For the building owner, a considerable value

of a BIPV system may be associated with a positive image, public

perception or impact on the build environment when the technology is

installed.

………[5]




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Depending on the system lifetime, the interest rate and other

constraints, the costs quoted today vary between 4-8 NOK/kWh, if no

subsidies for market introduction are available[18]. They should be

viewed in terms of life-cycle cost, and not just initial, first-cost because

the overall cost may be reduced by the avoided costs of the building

materials and labor they replace.

However, if the BIPV is regarded as building elements, their cost

compete with that of the more expensive conventional façade elements,

such as natural stone and colored glass[10].

“The interesting thing to note is that many of these premium exterior cladding

systems cost nearly as much or even more than a solar electric skin, and none of them

ever undergoes a return-on investment analysis prior to being specified – whereas, in

the past, solar electricity has been subjected to unrealistic short-term payback

demands. The irony is that when a solar electric building skin is incorporated, a cash

flow stream is provided for decades to come, whereas a granite façade will deliver

only prestige.” - Steven Strong, Architect, Harvard, Massachusetts, in (Strong, 2002).

Although the costs of PV energy generation have become

significantly lower in recent years, PV is still considered an

(economically) expensive method of electricity production[13].

VIII.III ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY ISSUES WITH

BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTIAC.

The PV life cycle emits 39 tonnes of carbon dioxide

equivalent gigawatt-hour of electricity produced (T/GWh). This

emission rate is substantially lower than conventional coal (974

T/GWh) and gas turbine (464 T/GWh) technologies, and higher than

fission (15 T/GWh), fusion (9 T/GWh), and wind (14 T/GWh)[7]




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Fig 2: Normalized Energy Requirement Comparison[7]

Studies in the 1970’s argued that the energy required to produce

a photovoltaic (PV) system was greater than the energy generated by

the system over its lifetime[15]. More recent studies have revealed that

current Photovoltaic systems generates electricity with minimal

associated emissions by relying on solar radiations as their source of

electricity.

Watt (2001) states that the avoided Carbon dioxide-emissions

for grid-connected PV systems vary by country, but the world average

figure is 0.6 kg Carbon dioxide per kWh output. Lifetime Carbon

dioxide-emissions with current PV technologies are 85-95% less than

those from coal fired power stations. The key results from the

EPIA/Greenpeace study (Cameron et al. 2002) show that, even from a

relatively low baseline, solar electricity has the potential to make a

major contribution to both the future global electricity supply and the

mitigation of climate change. It is estimated that the cumulative carbon

savings by 2020 will be more than 700 million tonnes of Carbon

dioxide[3].

Photovoltaic systems generate electricity using the photovoltaic

effect, which in itself has no associated emission. However, greenhouse

gas emission rates calculated incorporating all the components of the




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system lifecycle such as manufacturing, transportation, and

maintenance[7].

Fig 3: Life-cycle Emission for Photovoltaic Electrical Energy Generation[7]

Fig 4: Energy Payback Ratio Comparison[7]




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It will be interesting to know the Energy Payback ratio, which is

the ratio of the energy input to output. Energy Payback Ratio (ERP) for

the photovoltaic electrical generation largely controlled by the

molecule conversion efficiency. Hence, this will be going to improve as

the Photovoltaic Technology improves.

IX. FUTURE OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTICS

Worldwide PV applications have grown over 20% per

year[8]. Growth in photovoltaic power in the near future is highly

dependent on improvements in installed cost, availability of

government subsidy, and the future cost of competitive sources of

electricity[9].

Building Integrated Photovoltaic systems are widely recognized

as significant. Many utility companies and several developed countries

have already adopted this technology to augment their infrastructure

and electricity services network. The solar industry has demonstrated

the viability of BIPV systems technology by installing thousands of

successful systems around the world. However, countries and

international organizations to introduce and commercialize BIPV

systems in the build environment must take further steps:

Financing: Lowering overhead and labor costs; developing

techniques to model costs and benefits, i.e., life cycling costing,

lowering costs by bulk purchase.

Administration: Implementing a long-term stable policy and a

uniform legal framework; making simple subsidy arrangement;

following strategies to interest customers; allowing grid access to

private producers

Architecture: Developing PV products in wider colors and sizes

that meet requirements of building elements; applying internationally

agreed and certified standards.

Communication: Applying valid design tools; giving more

detailed information about PV products, distinguishing target groups

according to their needs.




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Marketing: Promoting and distributing wanted PV products

with guarantees and service that satisfy demands; developing

marketing strategy;

Environment: Producing PV products by not hazardous

recyclable materials; reducing high-embodied energy in PV.

……….[1]




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X. TROPICAL REGIONS

Fig 5: Tropical regions[16]

The tropics are the geographic region of the Earth where

the sun passes through the zenith twice during the solar year (once as

the sun appears to go north and once as it appears to go south). At the

limits, called the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, this occurs once at

the relevant solstice[16].

This area is centered on the equator and limited in latitude by

the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere, at approximately

23°26' (23.4°) N latitude, and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern

hemisphere at 23°26' (23.4°) S latitude. This region is also referred to as

the tropical zone and the Torrid Zone[16].

Sunlight in the tropical regions has a typical nature, the sunrays

fall quite normal to the surface. The sun angle is very less hence

restricting the exposure of sun to vertical elements, which in turn

restrict the exposure of the sunlight to the vertical parts of the

buildings such as facades.




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Fig 6: Sunlight in tropical regions[17]

Tropical regions have longer exposure to light as the daylight

remains for longer period of the day which is really an added

advantage which is only there is the tropical regions.

Fig 7: Day lengths[17]




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XI. INDIAN TROPICAL CONTEXT

Being a tropical and sub-tropical region, most part of the

country experiences a clear sunny weather, over 250 to 300 days a

year[12]. This is comparable to the annual global radiation, which varies

from 1600 to 2200 kWh/sq.m, which provides an equivalent energy

potential of about 6,000 million GWh per year.

Indian tropical context is more or less same to the tropical

context of the world. It also posses same features like of low sun angle,

longer day lengths and high radiations.

Fig 8: Climatic Data of Tropical India[12]




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XII. CONCLUSION

With the growing awareness on the significance of solar

energy in building design and construction, Building Integrated

Photovoltaic is one of the obvious options. However, since it is not

tried or tested widely world over its viability is a big question.

As framed in the previous topics, we have a good idea on

Building Integrated Photovoltaic. We know what it is and how

architecture and Building Integrated Photovoltaic are closely related.

We are aware of the wide advantages (be it functional, aesthetic,

energy, environmental, technical or social) it have and the issues

(economic, energy or environmental) related to it. Nevertheless, we

cannot ignore its emerging market and the emerging idea of thinking

beyond oil.

We are aware that the efficient Building Integrated Photovoltaic

system depends on:

Efficiency of Cell, Area exposed for the application of Building

integrated Photovoltaic (which is very less in tropical regions of the

world, Sunlight Exposure. Also, the duration of exposure to sunlight

(which is high in tropical regions) and many more.

Efficiency is totally a technological aspect and increasing every

day. The area is more or less is constant at a building level, as it is

limited (roof area, building facade, ground area dedicated to

Photovoltaic). A big variable is the exposure to sunlight.

Since, in tropical regions sunlight comes quite normal to the

earth surface the area exposed to the sunlight becomes really less. Only

roof becomes the component for the direct sunlight exposure whereas,

facades etc (vertical components) are not exposed to sunlight. Hence,

the area exposed to the sunlight becomes less in the Tropical regions of

the world and combined with climatic and environmental conditions in

India. The Viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian Tropical Context becomes a big question.




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XIII. SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

The background gives the basis and will determine the

scope and methodology, which can be acquired for further research in

this topic. The further research will strictly be limited to Indian

Tropical context, hence all the factors, variables etc (be it

environmental, technical or energy related) will be of the tropical

Indian context.

The methodology that can be adopted for determining the

viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Tropical Indian Context

will be to compare the input energy to the output energy and how fast

it can be achieved. For this, comparison of input and output must be

determined, the input energy details are constant and known but the

output energy depends upon variables.

The variable or factors which surely be considered will be the

efficiency of the cells, the area exposed to sunlight in a building, the

duration of the exposure, the limiting factors like lifetime of the PV

cells and the undependable availability of sunlight etc.

The tool for all this would be the climatic data of the tropical

regions of India, sun path diagrams etc for knowing the exact

dependency of the factors and variables on the output from the

Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian tropical context.

Ultimately, the aim would be to come out with an

interdependent set of variables such as efficiency, area of light

exposure, time of light exposure, lifetime etc. that would enable to give

a clear picture on the viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in

Indian Tropical Context




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XIV. REFERENCES

[1] Hayter, S.P. Torcellini and M.Deru (2002). Photovoltaic for Building, New

Applications and Lessens Learned, NREL.

[2] Karsten Voss, Hermann Laukamp and Martin Ufheil (2001). Photovoltaic for

Buildings – Market, Technology, Architecture, Energy Concepts, Fraunhofer Institute

for Solar Energy Systems ISE

[3] Inger Andresen,(2002). Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Smart Energy-Efficient

Buildings A State-of-the-Art. SINTEF Civil and Environmental Engineering.

[4] M. Tripanagnostopoulou, (2006). Architectural aspects for building integrated

photovoltaics. Department of Architecture, University of Patras, Greece

[5] M.M. Karteris, K.P. Papageorgiou and A.M. Papadopoulos, (2006). Integrated

photovoltaics as an element of building’s envelope. Laboratory of Heat Transfer and

Environmental Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece

[6] Carolina Sohie.(2003). Integration Of Photovoltaic in Architecture, Arup

Associates London

[7] P.J. Meier and G.L. Kulcinski. (2002). Life cycle energy requirements and green

house emission for Building integrated Photovoltaic. Fusion Technology Institute,

University of Wisconsin

[8] Jackson T, Oliver M,. (2000) Viability of Solar Photovoltaic. Energy Policy 28

[9] Green.M (2000). Photovoltaic: Technology Overview, Energy Policy 28

[10] Hanel. A.(2000) Building Integrated Photovoltaic Review of the State of the Art,

Renewable Energy World

[11] Maycock P. (2000) The world PV market 2000 shifting from subsidy to “Fully

Economic” ?, Renewable Energy World

[12] Koenigsberger, Ingersoli, Mayhew, Szokolay (2001) Manual of Tropical Housing

and Building- Climatic Data. Orient Longman Limited

[13] Steven Strong. (2005). Building Integrated Photovoltaics a White Paper on its

principles and applications. Solar Design Associates.




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[14] CII. (2004) , Solar Photovoltaic- Potential & Prospects. Fact Sheet. .CII- Godrej

Publications

[15] Oliver M, Jackson T.(2001) Energy and Economic Evaluation Of Building

Integrated Photovoltaic. Energy Policy 26

[16] www.wikipidia.com

[17] Patrick l. Osborne.(2000). Tropical ecosystems and Ecological concepts.

Cambridge University Press

[18] Patrina Eiffert, Ph.D. Gregory J. Kiss. (2006). Building-Integrated Photovoltaics

for Commercial and Institutional Structures: A Sourcebook for Architects and

Engineers. U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Power Technologies,

Photovoltaics Division.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to express my thanks to my guide Architect Neeraj

Kapoor. His advice, expertise and encouragement always pushed me to think

new and better. And, for parting his valuable time for this paper.

I would like to express my thanks to my year coordinator Architect

Arunav Dasgupta for leading us and always being around even in tough times.

His directions and guidance have a pivotal role in completion of this paper.

Also, thanks to my dear friends especially Rahul and Sudhanshu

who have given unconditional support to me. In addition, a special thanks to

Daphnie Charles of RSP Architects who also guided me in this topic via emails

and internet discussions.

Finally, thanks to the school friends, faculty and management for

their supportive role.

Sumanyu Vasist (0441731604)

University School of Architecture and Planning

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Viability of Building Integrated Photovoltaic in Indian Tropical Context