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VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

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Page 1: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 2: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 3: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

VIBRIO CHOLERAE

Page 4: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

“Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working Papers)

low family income

low maternal education

malnutrition / low birth weight

lack of safe water

lack of adequate sanitation

Bangladesh, 2000

Courtesy ICDDR,B

Diarrhoea globally accounts for 15-30% of under-five deaths in childhood.

WHO estimates 1.3 billion episodes and 3 million deaths annually for children under 5.Mortality has been falling in the last 20-30 years but there has be NO decline in incidence.

Page 5: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

Important change in the epidemiology of diarrhoea has been the re-emergence of cholera on a pan-global scale

The pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, inhabits aquatic environments (brackish water and estuaries) (Colwell et al. 1981)

Climate variability (ENSO)?

Page 6: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 7: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 8: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 9: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 10: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

A mechanistic treatment of intrinsic dynamics:

tt

tttt N

SII

1

S

R

Iinfected

recovered (immune)

susceptible

???

Page 11: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

ImmunityCross-immunityEl Tor

Classical

Time

Case

sC

ase

s

Page 12: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

La incidencia de cólera en Bangladesh tiene una variabilidad interanual en periodos de mas de siete años que tiene una fuerte correspondencia con las lluvias y las descargas del río Brahmaputra (relacionados con los monzones) y unos periodos más cortos (menores de siete años) que están relacionados con la variabilidad del Niño y su influencia en la temperatura

Katia Koelle, Xavier Rodo, Mercedes Pascual, Md. Yunus y Golam Mostafa

Page 13: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 14: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 15: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

Incidencia de cólera, fiebres tifoideas y disentería en Vietnam

Page 16: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

SALMONELOSIS

Page 17: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

Datos combinados de Chequia, Dinamarca, Estonia, Polonia, Holanda, Eslovaquia, España, Suiza y el Reino Unido muestra un incremento del 5–10% de infección por Salmonella para cada ºC de aumento en temperatura semanal media en temperaturas por encima de 5 ºC.

La temperatura influyó en la transmisión de la infección en un 35% de los casos de salmonelosis de Chequia, Inglaterra, Holanda, Polonia, España y Suiza.

El control y vigilancia de la cadena alimentaria son cruciales. La mejora de la legislación sobre almacenamiento y refrigeración pueden ayudar a prevenir la salmonelosis en los casos asociados con cambios climáticos. En algunos países el número de infecciones disminuye, lo que muestra que las políticas sanitarias pueden ser efectivas.

Page 18: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

CIANOBACTERIAS

Page 19: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 20: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working

Hepatotoxinas: tipicas de paises mediterráneosNeurotoxinas: típicas de países europeos nórdicos

Page 21: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working
Page 22: VIBRIO CHOLERAE “Diarrhoea is a disease of poverty afflicting malnourished children in crowded and contaminated environments” (UNICEF Staff Working