VICCO S.A. - Cover Slide Option 1 · 2019. 9. 24. · Titanium Dioxide Rutile Anatase Crystal Phase Tetragonal Tetragonal Refractive Index 2.71 2.55 Density (g/cm3) 4.2 4.0 Hardness

$Page 1: VICCO S.A. - Cover Slide Option 1 · 2019. 9. 24. · Titanium Dioxide Rutile Anatase Crystal Phase Tetragonal Tetragonal Refractive Index 2.71 2.55 Density (g/cm3) 4.2 4.0 Hardness$
Pigment – TiO2

Paints & Coatings

59%

Paper & Specialties

16%

Plastics25%

TiO2 End-Use Markets

Quality-of-life product, no effective substitutes

Unsurpassed opacifying & whitening properties

Paints & coatings, plastics, paper, consumer products & specialties

Semi-specialty, differentiated & frequently customized

TiO2 Demand By End-Use Market

Total Market Size: 5.5 MM MT

Titanium Dioxide TiO2

Technology

4

Why Use TiO2?

• Achieve opacity

• Obtain a given color

• Provide UV protection

Titanium Dioxide

Rutile Anatase

Crystal Phase Tetragonal Tetragonal

Refractive Index 2.71 2.55

Density (g/cm3) 4.2 4.0

Hardness (Moh’s Scale) 6-7 5.5-6

Reflectivity

Refractive

Index

Relative

Reflectivity

Rutile 2.71 100

Anatase 2.55 80

Zinc oxide 2.01 25

Kaolin 1.56 0.5

In organic binder with R.I. of 1.5

A4 Paper Guide Line

A4 Paper Guide Line

Flow chart guidelines

100% Blue

80% Blue

60%Blue

40% Blue

100%Grey

80% Grey

60% Grey

40% Grey

80% Blue

100% Grey

80% Blue

100% Grey

Subheading

Basic text Bullet level one

− Bullet level two− Bullet level three

056104

3791137

120152179

178194209

221228233

Text Text

145134126

170161154

200193188

227223219

245241239

TextText

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226245251

TextText

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222117114

235183182

245219218

TextText

14673158

168109177

190146197

211182216

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TextText

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10616978

136186113

166203149

195221184

225238220

TextText

Natural Rutile, Synthetic Rutile,

Slag, Ilmenite

Coke Chlorine

Chlorination

TiCl4

Purification

Byproduct

Oxidation

TiO2

Rutile or

Anatase

Oxygen

Chlorine

Re

cyc

le

Ilmenite, Slag, Sulfuric Acid

Digestion

Reduction

Scrap Iron

Clarification

Crystallization

TiOSO4

Solution

Byproduct

Hydrolysis

Nuclei

Filtration

Calcination

Milling

Surface Treatment

Drying and Grinding

Packaging

Finished

TiO2

Pigment

TiO2

Rutile

Chloride Process Sulfate Process

Finishing

TiO2 is produced using titanium containing ores such as

Ilmenite and rutile

Ilmenite: More plentiful than rutile but has a lower TiO2

content (approximately 50% versus approximately 94%

for rutile). Ilmenite is usually upgraded to a higher TiO2

content

Rutile: Natural occurring titanium ore found in ancient

mineral sand deposits containing high concentrations of

titanium

There are two major processes used to produce TiO2:

Chloride process: A high-temperature process that

produces TiO2 by reacting titanium ores with chlorine gas

Sulfate process: A wet chemical process that produces

TiO2 by reacting titanium ores with concentrated sulfuric

acid

TiO2 Production Process

TiO2 Production Process

10

Sulfate process advantages

Batch process: capacity additions can be made in

small increments

Feedstocks with lower purity can be tolerated;

however, waste disposal concerns are an issue

Preferred for producing pigment in specialty

applications such as food, catalysts, and inks

Easier process to operate

Chloride process advantages

Tronox is well positioned as

an industry leader with 100%

chloride technology in all

three regions

Source: (1) Internal estimates

Produces a superior intermediate product, which is

purer and has a tighter range of particle size providing

an excellent base pigment suitable for a wide range of

properties

Less labor and energy intensive

Historically cash costs for the chloride process are

approximately 15% lower than those for the sulfate

process (1)

The chloride process is believed to be more

environmentally friendly compared to the sulfate

process due to higher purity feed stocks and lower

energy requirements

2013 production process mix (1)

12%

60%

24%

88%100%

88%

40%

76%

100%

12%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

DuPont Cristal Huntsman Kronos Tronox Other

Sulfate Chloride

Base Pigment

• Sulfate Process

–Originally developed in 1920’s

–Produce anatase or rutile

–Less expensive feedstocks

• Chloride Process

–Developed in the 1950’s

–Produce rutile only

–Lower contaminants

–Higher brightness

Chloride Process

• Chlorination of Raw or Synthetic Rutile

• Purification of TiCl4

• Oxidation of TiCl4

• Wet Milling/Surface Treatment

• Filtration/Washing/Drying

• Micronization

TRONOX Confidential Information

Manufacturing Process of TiO2

TiOTiO22 Chloride ProcessChloride Process

ORE STORAGE

SURFACE

TREATMENT

CHLORINE CAR

PACKER

WAREHOUSE

T0 ATMOSPHERE

SLURRY PRODUCTION

SOLIDS

SEPARATION

FILTRATION

WASTE SOLIDS

el14

99

CHLORINATOR

COKE

O2 N2

RECYCLE

CHLORINE

PURE TiCl4STORAGE

CONDENSATION

PURIFICATION

STILL

GAS

PURIFICATION

BURNER

OXYGEN

MILLING

DRYING

RECYCLE CHLORINE

PIGMENT & GAS

SEPARATION

SLURRY

TANK

TiO2

WATER

WET MILLING

RAW PIGMENT

CRUDE TiCl4STORAGE


Manufacturing Process of TiO2

TiOTiO22 Chloride ProcessChloride Process

ORE STORAGE

SURFACE

TREATMENT

CHLORINE CAR

PACKER

WAREHOUSE

T0 ATMOSPHERE

SLURRY PRODUCTION

SOLIDS

SEPARATION

FILTRATION

WASTE SOLIDS

el14

99

CHLORINATOR

COKE

O2 N2

RECYCLE

CHLORINE

PURE TiCl4STORAGE

CONDENSATION

PURIFICATION

STILL

GAS

PURIFICATION

BURNER

OXYGEN

MILLING

DRYING

RECYCLE CHLORINE

PIGMENT & GAS

SEPARATION

SLURRY

TANK

TiO2

WATER

WET MILLING

RAW PIGMENT

CRUDE TiCl4STORAGE

Surface Finishing

Wet Milling / Sandmilling

• Raw TiO2 dispersed in water

• Sand milled to breakdown agglomerates

• Classified to remove remaining oversized particles


Sandmilling

• Objective: To narrow the

particle size distribution and

reduce the mean particle

diameter in order to optimize

both optical and physical

properties.

0.1 1 10

0

5

10

15

20

25

We

igh

t P

erc

en

t

Microns

After milling

Before milling

Particle Size Distribution


Sandmilling - A Key First Step

Agglomerated raw

pigment

Sandmilling

NO

Sandmilling

Treatment,

filtration & drying

Treatment,

filtration & drying

Micronization

Micronization

Exposed TiO2 surfaces

Finishing

DRYER

FILTRATION

PACKAGING

TREATMENT

CLASSIFICATION

MILLING

MILLING

RAW PIGMENT

FINISHED

PIGMENT

DISTRIBUTION

TREATMENT CHEMICALS

Surface Treatment

• Consists of the Application of hydrous oxides of:

–Silica

–Titania

–Zirconia

–Alumina

• TiO2 particles are treated on the surface to obtain the

maximum possible value from the pigment for the

customer.

• This value is expressed in terms of:

–Dispersion

–Hiding Power

–Tinting Strength

–Gloss

–Durability

Why is Surface Treatment Necessary?


Surface Treatment

• Basic Chemistry:

2NaAlO2 + H2SO4 + 2H2O 2Al(OH)3 + Na2SO4

Na2SiO3 + H2SO4 + H2O Si(OH)4 + Na2SO4

Zr(SO4)2 + 4NaOH Zr(OH)4 + 2Na2SO4

Precipitate onto the surface of the TiO2

Silica Treatment

•Most frequently used to promote:

–Durability

–Dry Hiding

•Effect depends on deposition conditions

–Slow addition at basic pH = durability

–Quick addition at neutral or acid pH = dry hide

•Reduces gloss

Silica Treatment

Dense Silica

Silica Treatment & Durability

• When added slowly under alkaline conditions, the

silica coating:

–Forms dense impervious shell around the TiO2 particles

–Minimizes direct contact between TiO2 surface and vehicle

– Inhibits photocatalytic degradation of paint vehicle


Value of coating the pigment

Durability

uv light

Free radicals

escape to react

with resin or

polymer

UNTREATED TiO2

uv light

TREATED TiO2

Free radicals

trapped beneath

pigment coating

Coating of

Dense SiO2 & Al2O3

Resin

.OH + .O2H

Or free radical re-

absorbed by coating

of ZrO2

Silica Treatment and Dry Hiding

•When added rapidly under neutral or acidic

conditions, the silica coating:

–Forms silica gel which only loosely coats the

pigment and maximizes air entrapment which in

turn promotes high dry-hiding

Fluffy Silica

Zirconia Treatment

•Although acknowledged for several decades for

its unique properties, it is only in last few years

that zirconia has attained the level of usage on

TiO2

•Applied principally for durability

•Mechanism electron-hole trap

Alumina Treatment

• Applied almost universally

• Improves dispersibility and gloss

• Helps to maximize hiding power by promoting

inter-particle spacing

• Can promote durability (co-burned)

• External boehmite (AlOOH) coating provides large

number of hydroxyl sites for rapid adsorption of

organic milling aids and resins

Organic Treatment

• Purpose

–Improve compatibility & dispersion

–Reduce water absorption

–Reduce agglomeration during storage

• Organic treatments used include

–Polyhydroxy compounds

–Amines , amine salts & amine soaps

–Silicones & silanes

• Not all pigments have organic treatment

Final Milling / Micronization

•Typically fluid energy mill

•Reduces agglomeration from treatment and drying resulting to optimizing dispersibility and optical properties of finished pigment

• Intensity depends on

–Treatment

–End use • High for very good gloss

• Low for dry hide grades

–Previous milling


The Effect of Particle Size on Opacity

0

2

4

6

8

10

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Particle Diameter (µm)

Rela

tiv

e O

pa

cit

y

Effect of Particle Size on Gloss

Frequency

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 Particle diameter [µm]

3.5

Schematic particle size distributions of 4 pigments and their gloss

67

73

78

81

20° gloss in

solvent paint


Particle Size vs. Hiding Power, Gloss & Dispersion

Titanium Dioxide Particle

HO

TiO2

Core

Inner Coating

of Titania, Silica,

or Zirconia

Outer

Coating

of Alumina

Organic

Moieties

Hydroxyl

Groups

Summary

Interior Gloss Grade Alumina

Interior Flat Grade Fluffy Silica, Alumina

Universal Grade Zirconia, Dense Silica,

Alumina

Durable Grade Dense Silica, Alumina

Titanium Dioxide

Tronox Presentation Title 39

Ilmenite Ore

TRONOX TiO2

TRONOX Titanium Dioxide Operation


TRONOX Titanium Dioxide Operation


TRONOX TiO2 for Coatings

Quality Control Tests

42

Standard QC Tests on Finished TiO2

for Coatings

• Brightness CIE L*

• Color CIE b*

• Waterborne Tint Strength, %

• Waterborne Tint Tone, b

• Waterborne Gloss @60

• Alkyd Dispersion/ Cleanliness, micron/ nib count

• Residue @325 mesh

• pH

• Specific Resistance, kohms.cm

• Oil Absorption, grams oil / 100 g pigment

• Chemical Analysis

EI = CI x IS

• Tronox’s quality performance measurement for pigment

and basis for STAR quality metric

–Highest weighted metric for Operations (50%).

• Two part metric

–Consistency Index: how close performance is to target

relative to the spec range

–% In-specification: percent of product within

acceptable range

Plant Quality Metrics

Quality Excellence Index

Tronox TiO2 Grades

for Coatings

45

TRONOX Grades for Coatings

Application Surface

Treatment

% TiO2

CR-800E Electro coat, high resistivity,

high gloss, blue tint tone

Alumina 96

CR-813/

CR-813S

Flat/ High P.V.C. Alumina &

Silica (gel)

86

CR-828 Universal, highest gloss

blue tint tone, med. durability

Alumina, &

zirconia

95

CR-826/

CR-826S

Universal, high gloss

yellow t.tone, high durability

Alumina &

dense silica

93

CR-880 Ultra-high durability

Yellow tint tone

Alumina &

dense silica

91

Typical Properties of Tronox Grades

*pH *Specific

Resistance

kohms.cm

*Oil Absorption

g / 100g

Particle Size,

µ (TEM)

CR-800E 7.7 33 15 0.19

CR-813 8.1 7 36 0.21

CR-826 8.7 11 18 0.20

CR-828 7.5 10 18 0.19

CR-880 7.9 7 19 0.23

*Based on QC 2011Average

Optical Properties - Tronox Grades

Brightness

(CIE L*)

Color

(CIE b*)

*W/B Tint

Strength (%)

*W/B Tint

Tone (b)

*W/B Gloss

@60

CR-800E 95.52 0.42 104 -5.1 71

CR-826 95.28 0.78 107 -4.8 64

CR-828 95.46 0.50 107 -5.0 67

CR-880 95.11 0.78 107 -4.7 58

*Based on QC 2011 Average

Gloss of TRONOX Grades

in Latex Paints

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

QC W/B Gloss* (60°)

Semi-Gloss (60°)

Eggshell (60°) Flat (85°)

CR-826

CR-828

CR-880

CR-813


Glo

ss

Gloss of TRONOX Grades

in Solvent Based Paints

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

QC W/B Gloss*

Ext. Alkyd Paint, 20°

Ext. Alkyd Paint

(aged), 20°

NC Lacquer,

60°

NC Lacquer,

20°

CR-826

CR-828

CR-880

CR-813


Glo

ss @

60°

Brightness of TRONOX Grades

in Latex Paints

94

94.5

95

95.5

96

96.5

97

97.5

98

98.5

99

99.5

QC Dry Pellet* Semi-Gloss Eggshell Flat

CR-826

CR-828

CR-880

CR-813


Bri

gh

tness, L

*

Color/ Masstone of TRONOX Grades

in Latex Paints

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

QC Dry Pellet Semi-Gloss Eggshell Flat

CR-826

CR-828

CR-880

CR-813


Co

lor

/ M

assto

ne

b*

Tint Strength of TRONOX Grades

in Architectural Paints

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

QC W/B Gloss* S/G Latex Satin Latex Flat Latex Ext. Alkyd Gloss

CR-826

CR-828

CR-880

CR-813


Tin

t S

tren

gth

, %

K/S

Tint Tone of TRONOX Grades

in Latex Paints

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4

QC W/B Tint Tone

Semi-Gloss

Eggshell

Flat

CR-813

CR-880

CR-828

CR-826


Tint Tone, b

55

Tint Strength Advantage of

CR-813 over Universal Grade

CR-813 vs. CR-826 in Flat Latex Paint

56

Tronox TiO2 Grades

And Competition in Coatings

57

Properties

pH

Specific

Resistance

kohms.cm

Oil

Absorption

g/100g

Acrylic

Brightness,

L*

Acrylic

Color,

b*

Latex Tint

Strength,

%

Alkyd

Tint

Tone, b

CR-828 7.5 10 18 95.6 0.4 105 -4.08

Comp A 8.1 11 19 95.8 0.6 103 -3.86

Comp B 7.3 13 18 95.6 0.7 104 -3.98

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

Acrylic Gloss Latex Gloss

Glo

ss

@ 6

0°

CR-828

Comp A

Comp B

Interior High Gloss Grades

CR-826

2011 Avg

Comp. A Comp. B Comp. C Comp. D

TiO2 (min.), %

93

93*

95*

93*

93.5*

Surface

Treatment

alumina

silica

alumina

silica

alumina

zirconia

alumina

silica

zirconia

Alumina

silica

zirconia

pH 8.7 8.2* 7.5* 8.0 8.0

S.Resistance

kohms.cm

11 10* 12 13 20

Oil Absorption

g/100g

18 18 17 18 17*

Acrylic

Brightness, L*

95.3 95.6 95.6 95.6 95.7

W/B Tint Tone, b -4.8 -4.9 -4.9 -4.9 -4.8

Universal Grades – Interior/ Exterior

*Data from TDS

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

54% PVC PVA Flat (1 lb TiO2/ gal)

39% PVC Acrylic Satin (3 lb TiO2/gal)

22% PVC W/B Gloss (2.6 lb

TiO2/gal)

36% PVC Vinyl Acrylic S/G (1.5 lb

TiO2/gal)

QC W/B Gloss

Tin

t S

tre

ng

th, %

Tint Strength in Various Latex Formulas

CR-826

Comp A

Comp B

Comp C

Comp D


TRONOX CONFIDENTIAL

Information contained herein is to be considered of a proprietary and confidential nature, and may not be used other than for the benefit of TRONOX and its affiliates nor disclosed to any

other person without prior authorization.

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

22% PVC W/B Gloss (2.6 lb TiO2/gal)

36% PVC Vinyl Acrylic S/G (1.5 lb TiO2/gal)

QC W/B Gloss

Glo

ss

Gloss @ 60° in Various Formulas

CR-826

Comp A

Comp B

Comp C

Comp D


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 880 1760 2640 3520 4400

ΔE

Exposure Time, hours

22% PVC Acrylic Gloss- Fading, ΔE

CR-826

Comp A

Comp B

Comp C

Comp D


Xenon Arc Weathering

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 880 1760 2640 3520 4400

% G

los

s L

os

s @

60

°


22% PVC Acrylic Gloss, % Gloss Loss @ 60°

CR-826

Comp A

Comp B

Comp C

Comp D



0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 880 1760 2640 3520 4400

ΔE


39% PVC Acrylic Satin- Fading, ΔE

CR-826

Comp A

Comp B

Comp C

Comp D



0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

3080 3520 3968

Ch

alk

, A

ST

M R

ati

ng


36% PVC Vinyl Acrylic S/G- Chalk, ASTM Rating

CR-826

Comp A

Comp B

Comp C

Comp D 0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

3968 4400 4840

Ch

alk

, A

ST

M R

ati

ng


22% PVC Acrylic Gloss- Chalk, ASTM Rating

CR-826

Comp A

Comp B

Comp C

Comp D

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

3968 4400 4840

Ch

alk

, A

ST

M R

ati

ng


39% PVC Acrylic Satin- Chalk, ASTM Rating

CR-826

Comp A

Comp B

Comp C

Comp D



South Florida Exposure

High Gloss Latex

Chalk, Y

0

3

6

9

12

6 12 18 24

Months

Comp C Comp A CR-828 CR-826

Tint Strength in Latex Paint Formulations


88

90

92

94

96

98

100

102

104

106

36 54 22 39

Tin

t S

tre

ng

th, %

% PVC

CR-826 Competitor A Competitor B Competitor C Competitor D

g TiO2/ L 180 120 312

Acrylic PVA

TRONOX CONFIDENTIAL

Information contained herein is to be considered of a proprietary and confidential nature, and may not be used other than for the benefit of TRONOX and its affiliates

nor disclosed to any other person without prior authorization.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

0 12 24 36 48

Ch

alk

, Y

Exposure Time, Months

Acrylic Semi-Gloss Latex- Chalk, Y Reflectance

CR-826 Competitor A1 Competitor A2 Competitor A3

B

E

T

T

E

R

45º South Florida Exposure

TRONOX CONFIDENTIAL

Information contained herein is to be considered of a proprietary and confidential nature, and may not be used other than for the benefit of TRONOX and its

affiliates nor disclosed to any other person without prior authorization.

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

0 12 24 36 48

Ch

alk

, Y

Exposure Time, Months

Exterior Latex with ZnO- Chalk, Y Reflectance

CR-826 Comp A1 Comp A2 Comp A3

45° South Florida Exposure

B

E

T

T

E

R

TRONOX CONFIDENTIAL

Information contained herein is to be considered of a proprietary and confidential nature, and may not be used other than for the benefit of TRONOX and its affiliates nor disclosed to any

other person without prior authorization.

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

48 Months

Ch

alk

, Y

Acrylic Semi-Gloss Latex- Chalk

CR-826 Comp A1 Comp A2 Comp A3

45° South Florida Exposure

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

48 Months

Ch

alk

, Y

Exterior Latex with ZnO- Chalk

CR-826 Comp A1

Comp A2 Comp A3

Coil System Grade/

Competitor L* a* b*

Tint Strength

(%) Gloss @ 60°

CR-880 92.1 -1.44 -0.91 100 21

A1 92.2 -1.49 -0.89 99 18

A2 92.4 -1.51 -1.07 97 20

B 92.6 -1.53 -1.06 101 27

Two Component Acrylic Urethane Grade/

Competitor L* a* b* Tint Strength (%) Gloss @ 60°

CR-880 75.7 -15.40 -25.56 100 92

Comp A1 75.0 -15.63 -26.06 94 92

Comp A2 76.3 -15.25 -25.25 106 92

Comp B2 74.8 -15.82 -26.34 92 91

Super Durable Grades – Exterior

TRONOX CONFIDENTIAL

Information contained herein is to be considered of a proprietary and confidential nature, and may not be used other than for the benefit of TRONOX and its

affiliates nor disclosed to any other person without prior authorization.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min

He

gm

an

Re

ad

ing

, µ

m

Dispersion Time

Medium Alkyd System

CR-880

Comp A1

Comp A2

Comp B

Super Durable Grades – Exterior

Dispersibility

45 South Florida Exposure

Acrylic 2K Urethane, 20° Gloss Retention

20° Gloss Retention for Super Durable Grades- Washed Panels

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

12 18 24 30

Exposure (months)

Glo

ss R

ete

nti

on

(%

)

CR-880

Comp. A

Comp. B

Comp. D

Comp. A1

TR-O-060-37

TRONOX CONFIDENTIAL

Information contained herein is to be considered of a proprietary and confidential nature, and may not be used other than for the benefit of TRONOX and its affiliates nor disclosed to

any other person without prior authorization.


Acrylic 2K Urethane, 60° Gloss Retention

60° Gloss Retention for Super Durable Grades- Washed Panels

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

12 18 24 30

Exposure (months)

Glo

ss R

ete

nti

on

(%

)

CR-880

Comp. A

Comp. B

Comp. D

Comp. A1

TR-O-060-37


Acrylic 2K Urethane, Total Color Change (ΔE)

Total Color Change (ΔE) for Super Durable Grades- Washed Panels

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

12 18 24 30

Exposure (months)

To

tal C

olo

r C

han

ge (

ΔE

)

CR-880

Comp. A

Comp. B

Comp. D

Comp. A1

TR-O-060-37

Outdoor Durability

@ 45° South Florida

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Coil Coating after 36 mos. Exposure

2K Acrylic Urethane after 36 mos. Exposure

Primid Coating after 48 mos. Exposure

Ch

alk

, A

ST

M R

ati

ng

ASTM Chalk Rating Comparison in Various Formulations

CR-880

Comp A1

Comp A2

Comp B

Comp A/

A1 Comp A2 Comp B Comp C Comp D

CR-826 R-706 RCL-595 K 2310 TR-93

CR-828 R-900 RCL- 9

CR-880 R-960 TS 6200 RCL-696

APPENDIX

Thank You For Your Continued Support and

Business.

Documents

VICCO S.A. - Cover Slide Option 1 · 2019. 9. 24. · Titanium Dioxide Rutile Anatase Crystal Phase Tetragonal Tetragonal Refractive Index 2.71 2.55 Density (g/cm3) 4.2 4.0 Hardness