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Enneking, D. (1997) Vicia pannonica Crantz (Hungarian vetch). Dryland Pasture, Forage & RangeNetwork News. 14:25-26
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Citation of this document: Enneking, D. (1997) Vicia pannonica Crantz (Hungarian vetch). Dryland Pasture, Forage & Range
Network News. 14:25-26
Vicia pannonica Crantz (Hungarian vetch)
Dirk Enneking
Centre for Legumes in Mediterranean Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA 6907 email:
Hungarian vetch is native to eastern Europe and Caucasus, primary gene centre in Georgia
(USSR), on the plateau of Akhalkalak, where it grows wild and is cultivated. Secondary gene
center in Hungary (Zeven and de Wet 1982). It is well adapted to severe winter cold being able to
tolerate even the extremes of the Anatolian Plateau. The cultivation of this species is expanding
rapidly in Turkey, replacing less productive Vicia spp. ( Sabanci, pers. comm.).
Guinea (1953) considered this species (V. pannonica ssp. purparescens) to be a significant
archaeophyte. The history of this species as a crop plant in Germany is given by Becker-Dillingen
(1929) who ascribed its elevation to crop plant status to the then well-kown Erfurt company Haage
& Schmidt who traded the seed of this species to the USA and even back to Hungary. The spread
of this species as a weed well in advance, the first occurrence in Germany was noted in 1875,
introduced through Croation labourers at Passau. First records in Switzerland date to 1873 in
Zuerich, 1880 Mannheim, since 1900 Alsace etc.
In France, prior to WW1 the cultivation of this species was occasionally recommended by the
company Vilmorin-Andrieux.
Despite its good cold tolerance under normal conditions, Lechner (1969) advised as a breeding
objective the selection for cold tolerance in the absence of snow cover (Kahlfrosthaerte). In the
USA, V. pannonica is reported to be intermediate in cold resistance between winter forms of V.
sativa and V. villosa ( Magness et al., 1971).
It is also known to be well adapted to dry conditions during the European spring and summer
(Scheibe, 1953).
This species is extremely low in known vetch toxins (canavanine, beta cyano-alanine/ in two
samples examined) but there has been little or no use of it as a food legume. The seed is certainly
worth testing by monogastric bioassay to assess its palatability. Bell & Tirimanna (Bell and Tirimanna
1965) found VA3 in the seeds of this species. This compound has been recently identified from the
Citation of this document: Enneking, D. (1997) Vicia pannonica Crantz (Hungarian vetch). Dryland Pasture, Forage & Range
Network News. 14:25-26
seeds of Vicia narbonensis as the sulphurous off-flavour precursor gamma-glutamyl-S-ethenyl-L-
cysteine (Enneking et al., 1997) .
Fertilisation and fruit set in V. pannonica can be increased by visits of pollinators (Zhang and
Mosjidis 1995). Avadeni (Avadeni 1987) studied the flowering biology of this partially outbreeding
species.
Like all vetches, its main uses are for hay and green manure. In Moldavia Avadeni (Avadeni
1989) evaluated a collection of 53 accessions and found promising lines with cold tolerance,
biomass, early flowering, high seed yield (pods/plant, HSW) and protein content. ICARDA is
focussing on the selection of genotypes with higher harvest index and resistance to Ascochyta blight.
Several lines have produced seed and biological yields to equal the best Vicia sativa linesAdapted
to heavy loams it tolerates poorly drained soils better than other vetches (Guinea 1953; Duke 1981).
Hardseededness has been reported to range from 2-20% (Iannelli, 1964) this, together with its
susceptibility of Orobanche spp. are its major drawbacks Iannelli (1970). In contrast, Lechner
(1969) observed almost complete soft-seededness with V. pannonica (probably cv. Toerring’s
Poernbacher). Becker-Dillingen (1929) also listed soft-seededness as a distinct advantage of this
species. The plant is pubescent but is nevertheless well liked by livestock. Non-shattering cultivars
with good early vigour such as “Toerrings Pannonica” (V. pannonica var. typica) were developed
earlier this century (Scheibe, 1953). Seed yields to 1372 kg/ha were recorded at Tel Hadya
(ICARDA, 1994). The species has therefore distinct promise as a grain crop. The use of cereal
tutor crops has been recommended fro seed production (Scheibe, 1953).
Soil types:
The species was recommended in the USA for wet soils where other legumes do not grow
(Becker-Dillingem, 1929; USDA Dep. Bull. 1174, 1928, Oregon).
Soil requirements are somewhat more exacting than those for V. villosa. The species does grow
on lighter soils, however, its yield is diminished on lighter soils where V. villosa still thrives. Addition
of lime may be required (Becker-Dillingen, 1929)
Medium heavy, lime containing soils are preferred (Lechner, 1969).
Citation of this document: Enneking, D. (1997) Vicia pannonica Crantz (Hungarian vetch). Dryland Pasture, Forage & Range
Network News. 14:25-26
Botany
Two subspecies of V. pannonica are known (Becker-Dillingen, 1929, Lechner, 1959)
white flowering ssp. typica Beck. [seeds almost round, uniform black]
f. genuina Pospichal. with white-yellowish flowers
f. ochroleuca Tommasini. ochre coloured flowers ( crown)
with and the mediterranean form ssp. purpurascens [DC] Ser. (= var. striata Griseb.) [ seeds
more or less flattened, marbled with dull purple flowers.
In Germany, ssp. typica was most widely spread through the cultivar “Toerrings Poernbacher
white-flowering winter vetch (Breeder: Count Toerring’s Saatzuchtwirtschaft, Poernbach, Upper
Bavaria (Lechner, 1959).
In addition, the Experimental Station for plant production in Magyarovar, Hungary and Prof. E.
V. Legany, Hatvan, Hungary were involved in V. pannonica breeding ( Becker-Dillingen, 1929)
Phenology
Flowers 6-8 days earlier than V. villosa types ( Lechner, 1969). Iannnelli (1970) observed that
V. pannonica flowered 20 days later than early flowering V. sativa lines.
1. Avadeni, L. P. (1987) Study of the biology of flowering and pollination in Vicia
pannonica in Moldavia with the aim of improving the methodology of
hybridization. Selektsiya i Semenovodstvo Polevykh Kul'Tur v Moldavskoi SSR.
1987, 78-84; 13 Ref. Kishinev, Moldavian SSR.,
2. --- (1989) Characteristics of a collection of Vicia pannonica in the Moldavian SSR.
Nauchno Tekhnicheskii Byulleten' Vsesoyuznogo Ordena Lenina i Ordena
Druzhby-Narodov-Nauchno-Issledovatel'Skogo-Instituta-Rastenievodstva-Imeni-
N.I.-Vavilova, 190: 21-23
3. Bell, E. A. and Tirimanna, A. S. L. (1965) Associations of amino acids and related
compounds in the seeds of forty-seven species of Vicia: their taxonomic and
nutritional significance. Biochemical Journal, 97: 104-111.
Citation of this document: Enneking, D. (1997) Vicia pannonica Crantz (Hungarian vetch). Dryland Pasture, Forage & Range
Network News. 14:25-26
4. Duke, J. A. (1981) Handbook of legumes of world economic importance. New York:
Plenum Press.
5. Guinea, E. (1953) Estudio Botanico de las vezas y arvejas Españolas. Madrid: INIA.
6. Zeven, A. C. and de Wet, J. M. J. (1982) Dictionary of cultivated plants and their
regions of diversity: excluding most ornamentals, forest trees and lower
plants. Wageningen: Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation.
7. Zhang, X. and Mosjidis, J. A. (1995) Breeding systems of several Vicia species. Crop
Science, 35 (4): 1200-1202