Vietnam - History of Rebellion Against Foreign Invaders(2) (1)

8/8/2019 Vietnam - History of Rebellion Against Foreign Invaders(2) (1)

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A HISTORY OF REBELLIONAGAINST FOREIGN INVADERS


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FRANCE:

19TH CENTURY INVADER OF VIETNAM

WHY DID FRANCE COLONIZE?y EXTREME RIVALRY BETWEEN BRITISH AND FRENCH

y DEFEAT OF NAPOLEON > FRANCES LOSS OF STATUSAND TERRITORIES

y THE BRITISH, DUTCH, SPANISH AND PORTUGUESEHAD A FOOTHOLD IN ASIA

y THE FRENCH HAD NO COLONIES IN ASIA

WHAT WAS LEFT FOR FRANCE TO TAKE OVER?


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FRANCE:

19TH CENTURY INVADER OF VIETNAM

WHY DID FRANCE COLONIZE?y BRITISH (MOST OF ASIA) India, Malaya, Singapore,

Burma, Hong Kongy DUTCH East Indies (Indonesia)

y SPANISH Phillipines

y PORTUGUESE Macao (a territory attached to Chinasmainland)

WHAT WAS LEFT FOR FRANCE TO TAKE OVER?

(look on your map of the world)


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WHY INDOCHINA?

y WHY DID THE FRENCH CHOOSE INDOCHINA ASTHE NEXT AREA TO CONQUER?

y WHAT COULD THEY FIND IN INDOCHINA THATWOULD MAKE CONQUESTWORTH THE EFFORT?

THINK ABOUT IT!(. . . and write some answers on the next slide)


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Why colonise Indochina?y

y

y

y


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By 1850y

Culture clash had developed betweenVietnamese (Confucians) and the French(Christians)

y Some Vietnamese had converted to

Christianity and a Vietnamese Catholiccommunity had developed

y Some Vietnamese helped France gain a

foothold in Vietnam in exchange for weaponsto use against Vietnamese rivals

y The French were threatening and underminingthe position of the Emperor who ruled by

divine right


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THE FRENCH WERE VIOLENT FIRSTThe French used Gunboat Diplomacy to conquer.

What do you think Gunboat Diplomacy is?

1. Define the concept

2. Give a modern day example


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THE FRENCH WERE VIOLENT FIRST

y 1857 French invade Vietnam

y 1862 Treaty of Saigon French gain more control of Vietnam 3Vietnamese provinces ceded to French

French control 50% of Vietnams rice-growing areas French control Poulo Condore - major Vietnamese fishing area

French control seaports

European clergy have unlimited access to Vietnam/cant be persecuted

French warships control Mekong Delta linked Vietnam & Cambodia

Vietnamese traditional govt could not converse with other nations withoutFrench permission


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THE FRENCH WERE VIOLENT FIRST

y

July 1885 French attack Emperors PalaceEmperor flees to jungle

Emperor creates Can Vuong movement (guerrilla warfare)

Guerrilla warfare begins

What is guerrilla warfare?

Worked at night

Avoided meeting the enemy head on

Used cunning, stealth and subversion

Used psychology

Harassed the enemy when it least expected it

Relied on dedicated troops working in small units

Appealed to the community for help


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What would be some of the benefits of using this

kind of warfare against the French?

y

y

y

y

y


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1887 FRENCH INDOCHINA CREATED1887 (incl. Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, Cambodia and in 1893 Laos


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HYPOTHESIS

The Vietnamese responded to the Frenchinvaders with violence because:

yThe French were violent first

yDiplomacy by the Vietnamese had only ledto French dominance and Vietnamese

submission

yThe Vietnamese feared losing control oftheir culture and their lives


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The Vietnamese feared losing control of

their culture and their lives.Lets look at some sources to see if this is true!

Read AWarning to the French

(p. 12, Conflict in Indochina on the next slide)Then, analyse it!

a. Why might the author be comparing the Chinese and theFrench?

b.What might the author mean by the last line of the poem Youcannot put a western mask on an eastern face.

c. What kind of warfare is encouraged by the sentence in theImperial Edict of Resistance Come and live in the jungles!Describe this kind of warfare in your own words.


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ANSWERS


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1880s-1918 French policies & practices that >

Vietnamese resistance

y The French imposed their culture, language, religion and valuesonto the Vietnamese

y The French deliberately divided Vietnamese society into thosewho helped the French and those who did not. Vietnamese who

helped the French went to French schools and embraced Frenchculture they were called nguoi phan quoc (traitor).y Vietnamese farmers had to give a large amount of their crop to

the French without getting paid for it!y Forced labour was a common practicey There were high taxes on what the Vietnamese bought resulting

in higher product pricesy Salt and rice wine could only bought from French outlets at 10

times the usual price (it was illegal for the Vietnamese toproduce them locally).

y French introduced conscription forcing Vietnamese to fight inthe French army


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1930 Rise of Ho Chi Minh

y Rea . 28-9 fContestedSpaces: Conflict inIndochina

y Rea . 29-30 f - The Foundation Address ofthe Indochina Communist Party (18-02-1930)

y Ans er esti ns 1, 2, 4, 7 n t e s rce

(Write y r ans ers n t e next sli e)


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1930-1945 Rise of Ho Chi Minh

Vi t s r f ti l l ti ( ilit r r f Vi t Mi )

y Objecti e:Gainnationwidepopular support via armedpropaganda =

olicywhich remindedpeople that independence couldonly e obtained

by active resistance against the Japanese and rench

y Met :y entered villages/volunteered towor for their food/established trust

y exhibitedpamphlets, cartoons,posters, pictures, slogans, songs, drama

y focusedon strugglesof ietnamesepeople/blamed rench Japanesey stressednationalism, patriotism and independence

y ignored communistprinciples

y reminded villagers that every ietnamesewas vital to themovement

y motionally appealing approach tonationalism

y Created concept of totalwar leading togiai phong (liberation)


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1930-1945 Rise of Ho Chi MinhA g st Revol tion and Declaration ofIndependence

On August 13, 1 5 (a few days after America dropped atomicbombs on Japan), Ho Chi Minh declared Armed Insurrection

against the French and Japanese. This August Revolutionwas not a national bloodbath. Instead, Ho Chi Minhs

Vietnamese supporters (the Viet Minh) confiscated French

property, blocked the retreat routes of Japanese troops, andurged the Vietnamese to promote chaos, confusion, and

disobedience against the French. On August 20 and August25, Ho Chi Minhs Peoples Army peacefully entered Hanoi

and Saigon and claimed them for the people of Vietnam. The

Francophile (French-supporting) Emperor Bao Daiabdicated, asked Ho Chi Minh to form a new government,

and made the government the legitimate ruling body inVietnam.


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y On September 2, 1 5, Ho Chi Minh read theDeclaration of Independence of the DemocraticRepublic of Vietnam to a large crowd in Hanoi. Healso proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

(DRV), a new nation that extended from the Chineseborder to the southern tip of Cochinchina (in other

words all of Vietnam north, central and south).

y But, the French refused to accept this government aslegitimate, thus setting the stage for the FirstIndochinaWar (1 6-1 5 ) Ho Chi Minh versus theFrench.

1930-1945 is ofHo i inhAugust volution nd cl r tionofIndependence


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1930-1945 Rise of Ho Chi Minh

A g st Revol tion and Declaration ofIndependence

HYPOTHESIS (Event + reason = Hypothesis):

HO CHI MINHWAS ABLE TO DECLAREVIETNAMINDEPENDENT IN 1945

BECAUSEHEEXPLOITEDTHEWEAKNESSESOFTHEFRENCHDURINGWWIIANDENCOURAGED

NATIONALISMANDPATRIOTISMAMONGST THEVIETNAMESE.


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ACTIVITYConsider the roles of

y the French,

y the Japanese, andy nationalism

in engendering Vietnamese support for Ho Chi Minhs DemocraticRepublic of Vietnam (DRV).


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First Indochina War

yWhat started it?

y pen the file (on lac board)

Events that precededthe First Indochina ar


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The Battle that ended the First IndochinaWar


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Source: Stephen Kirchoff, Dien Bien Phu (2003) Retrieved from

http://www.campbell.edu/faculty/Slattery/dien_bien_phu.htm

WATCHAND LEARN

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=th7tImvzutc


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SourcesyWho is the author of your source?

yWhen was your source written? Is it primary or

secondary?yWhat is the tone of the source (eg biased,

reasonable, emotional etc)?

yWas there a purpose in writing it? Who was the

intended audience?yWhat information can you take from this source?What can it be used for?


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Vo Nguyen Giap talks about Dien Bien Phu:

The Dien Bien Phu campaign is a great and first victory of a feudal colonialnation, whose agricultural economy is backward, against the great imperialistcapitalist which has a modern industry and a great army. Thus, it means a lot tous, to people all over the world, and to other countries. This is also how Ho ChiMinh saw it.

We see the Dien Bien Phu victory as the victory [over] the French army and [over]the intervention of the Americans --because in the Dien Bien Phu campaign, 0percent of the war expenditures were spent by the Americans. The Americans hadtheir hands in it. So the Dien Bien Phu defeat was a defeat for both the French andthe Americans. But whether the Americans had drawn the lessons from that, Idon't think so. That's why the Americans continued in South Vietnam. ...

When we received news of the Dien Bien Phu victory, everyone practically jumpedup in the air, they were so happy about it. But Ho Chi Minh said that this is onlyvictory of the first step: we have yet to fight the Americans. It was very clear then.

Source: CNN Interview with Vo Nguyen Giap, 1 6 (retrieved fromhttp://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/11/interviews/giap/


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A French Foreign Legionnaire reflects on the war:

The artillery never stopped at night. It was like theBattle of the Somme in 1 16. Every day we saw theirtrenchlines coming closer and closer. We could notshoot them because they were below ground level. Allwe saw was soil f lying into the air. This conditionmade strong men weak; the weak simply broke down.We knew they were coming and would be on top of usin maybe two weeks or less.

Source: Historical Services of the French Army, Reports oftheFrenchExpedition ry Corps intheFarEast: Dien Bien Phu:Documents, Letters, Correspondence. Report ofSergeant JeanClaudeCasta, CampDominique, 4April1954


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Two French scholars assess the war:

It is not surprising that the French ExpeditionaryForce failed to achieve decisive results After 1 7,they limited themselves to a series of fragmentaryand murderous operations. Hit-and-run, moppingup, raking over, commando raids all of thesecould never bring victory. On the contrary, bysowing more and more ruin and hatred and byconstantly increasing the burden of the war uponthe people, such actions turned the peasant massesagainst the French and greatly simplified thepsychological and material tasks of the PeoplesArmy.Source: Philippe Devillers and Jean Lacouture, End ofa War: Indochina, 1954, PallMall, London, 1 6 .


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GENEVA CONFERENCEDecisions:

1. Cambodia & Laos now independent nations.Elections determine new governments by 1 55.

2. French troops to depart Tonkin (North Vietnam)

and North Vietnamese troops (Peoples Army) todepart Annam and Cochinchina within 300days.

3. Vietnam to be temporarily divided at the 17th

parallel until nationwide election (held by July1 56) determined a new government.


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17TH

PARALLEL