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Terminology
Short Story
Atmosphere – the general mood, feeling or spirit of a storyCharacterization – the way the author creates characters within the textProtagonist – the main character who is faced with a problemAntagonist – the person, place, idea, or physical force against the main
characterClimax – the point of highest dramatic intensity; the turning point of the storyExternal Conflict – happens outside of the characterInternal Conflict – happens within the character (character vs. him/herself)Foreshadowing – clues or hints that prepare the reader for future events or
happeningsIrony – contrast or contradiction of what is expected and what actually happensVerbal Irony – occurs when a character or narrator says one thing, but means
the oppositeDramatic Irony – occurs when the reader knows more than the characterSituational Irony – occurs when there is contrast between what appears to be
and what actually existsPlot – the action of the storyFlashback – looks back at events that have already occurredPoint of View – the vantage point from which the author tells the storyFirst Person Narrative – the narrator uses “I” and participates in the storySecond Person Narrative – the narrator uses “you”, the story is being told
through the addressee’s point of viewThird Person Narrative – the narrator uses “he” and “she” and is an outside
observerOmniscient – narrator can see all, knows all and can tell all for all characters
present in the storyLimited Omniscient – narrator can see all, knows all and can tell all for one
character in the storyObjective – narrator describes the character’s statements, but does not reveal
owns thoughts or feelingsResolution – the outcome of the storySetting – where the story takes place. Includes physical location, as well as
temporal locationSuspense – anticipation as to the outcomes of eventsSymbol – something that stands for or represents something elseMotif – a distinctive feature or dominant idea in a story or a textMood – inducing or suggestive of a particular feeling or state of mindTheme – the subject of the storyMoral – a lesson that may be derived from the story
Figurative Language
Imagery – the use of figurative language to create visual representations of actions, objects, and ideas in our mind in such a way that they appeal to our physical senses
Simile – a comparison between two things using “like” or “as”Metaphor – a comparison between two things without using “like” or “as”Hyperbole – a deliberate exaggeration of actions and ideas for the sake of
emphasisPersonification – giving an inanimate object human-like qualitiesAlliteration – refers to the repetition of sounds within a textAllegory – a story, poem or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden
meaning, typically moral or politicalAllusion – a reference in one piece of literature to something from another
piece of literature, a historical figure, religion, myth or a historic eventParody – an imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with
deliberate exaggeration for comic effectOxymoron – a figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear
in conjunctionParadox – a large oxymoron. An apparently contradictory statement that,
despite the contradiction, has an element of truth in itOnomatopoeia – a formation of a word from a sound associated with what it is
named
Poetry
Poem – words organized in such a way that there is a pattern of rhythm, rhyme and/or meaning
Speaker – the voice used by the poet within the poemBallad – a long poem that tells a story, usually a folk tale or legend, in rhyme Concrete – a poem that has its words arranged in a shape that is representative
of the poem itselfFree Verse – a poem with no regular pattern of rhythm, rhyme or line lengthLyric – shorter poems of intense feeling and emotionNarrative – A poem that tells a story; may rhyme, but almost always follows the
plot structure of a short storySonnet – a fourteen-line lyric poem written in iambic pentameter. Sonnets
follow a rigid rhyme schemeCouplet – two successive lines of poetry that rhymeOctave – eight lines of poetry that have a rhyme schemeQuatrain – four lines of poetry that have a rhyme schemeSestet – six lines of poetry that have a rhyme schemeStanza – another word for “verse paragraph” Verse – a paragraph of writing in a poemRefrain – the chorus of a ballad, or a repeating set of words or lines
Short Story Plot Diagram
Poetry Analysis
The analysis technique that we will be using for poetry in this class is called TP CASTT
T – Title P – Paraphrase
C – Connotation A – Attitude (Tone)S – Shifts T – Title (AGAIN!)T – Theme
1. Title – while we are always cautioned that we should never judge a book by its cover, it is perfectly acceptable to judge a poem by its title. Look at the title of the poem you are working with and decide what you believe the poem to be about. There is a reason that the poet chose that title for the poem, it is your job to figure out what that reason is!
2. Paraphrase – It is important that you are able to paraphrase text in English class. The first step to analyzing any piece of text is to be able to put the text into your own words. This will help you to fully understand what the text is trying to tell you. So, when you PARAPHRASE, you are restating the plot (literal meaning) of the poem.
3. Connotation – in poetry, it is very common that words can have more than one meaning. In this section, read the poem over and consider any deeper or extended meanings the words in the poem may have. Has the poet used literary devices? Has (s)he used symbolism or allusion? Look for any of these literary devices and explain what they mean. The author of the poem has chosen to use these devices for a specific meaning. So, what do they mean? What do these devices suggest about the meaning of the poem?
4. Attitude (or tone) – consider the diction (the choice and use of words and phrases in writing) of the poem. Why did the author chose these specific words? Identify the attitude(s) present in the poem, then identify the literary devices that help express the tone.
5. Shifts – Look for changes in tone, or changes in diction, within the poem. Carefully consider the poem. Are there places within the poem where the speaker’s feelings change (or shift)? Take a look at the conclusion specifically. Many poems (for example, sonnets), have a structured shift within them.
Eight Items to Consider When Looking for Shifts Key transition words and conjunctions (however, although,
yet…) Punctuation Stanza division Changes in length (to lines or stanzas) Irony The effect of the structure on the poem’s meaning Changes in rhyme Changes in diction
6. Title – reexamine the title now that you understand the poem. Does the title reveal anything new? Does it have new significance to the poem?
7. Theme – there are three steps to this processi. Reconsider the plot. What is the poet saying?
ii. List the subject(s) of the peom. Begin with the literal subjects, and then proceed to the more abstract subjects (such as “innocence” or “identity”)
iii. Expand your list of subjects into complete sentences that explain what the poet is saying about each.
