Citation:

2 The ecology of weeds. 1968. Pages 6-35. Chapter 2. In: Charles E Palm (editor). Weed Control, Principles of plant and animal pest control. Volume 2. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC, 471 pages.

Keywords: persistence of weeds, climatic factors, edaphic factors, biotic factors, weed-control theory and practice, survival mechanisms of weeds, seed production, seed dispersal, seed dormancy, causes of seed dormancy, seed germination, asexual reproduction of perennial weeds, adaptions to soil disturbance, seedbed preparation, post-seedling tillage, fallow, postharvest tillage, adaption to crop-habitat competition, germination and seedling development, established weed-infestation competition, competition with small grains, competition with corn, competition with soybeans, competition with vegetables, competition in mixed-crop associations, plant toxins and the growth stimulants in competition