Contents

Ecology. Introduction………………………………………………………..5

Unit I. Ecological problems. Pollution………………………………………13

Unit II. Air Pollution…………………………………………………………18

Unit III. Water Pollution……………………………………………………..26

Unit IV Chemicals in the Environment……………………………………..35

Unit V. Radioactivity………………………………………………………....37

Unit VI Overpopulation………………………………………………………46

Unit VII Noise pollution………………………………………………………49

Unit VIII. Rubbish……………………………………………………………51

Unit IX.Indoor Pollution……………………………………………………..64

Unit X. Wildlife and animals protection…………………………………….68

Unit XI. Environmental Protection………………………………………....78

Unit XII. Industrial Ecology………………………………………………..102

Texts for supplementary reading…………………………………………..108Check yourself……………………………………………………………….121Cliches for resume and annotation…………………………………………136Resume Example…………………………………………………………….142English-Russian Environmental Dictionary……………………………….145Bibliography………………………………………………………………….156

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Введение

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ECOLOGY. INTRODUCTION.

I. THE TERMS “ENVIRONMRNT, ECOLOGY, ECOSYSTEM”

1. Enrich your vocabulary:1 environment, n2 ecology, n3 ecosystem, n (ecological system)4 pollute, v5 pollution, n6 air pollution7 water pollution8 pollutant, n9 survival, n10 survive, v11 alteration, n (change)12 relationship, n

окружающая средаэкология

экосистемазагрязнять, засорятьзагрязнениезагрязнение воздухазагрязнение водызагрязняющее веществовыживаниевыжить, уцелетьизменениеотношение

2. Read and translate the text :

Ecology was, until recently, a term used by only a few of our more so-phisticated citizens. Then, with the dawning awareness that air pollution, water pollution, chemical pollutants, and overpopulation may be even more menacing to survival than racial conflict, riots, or even war, the word ECOLOGY crept into everyone’s lexicon. Conservation and the quality of environment became important political issues. The year 1970 marked the beginning of a decade that may well determine whether we survive or not.

The mass media – radio, television, and the press – are now giving much greater coverage to conservation news. People turned a concerned eye on the ENVIRONMENT. “What’s it all about?”, they asked themselves. “And what can I do about it?” But what are we really talking about when we use words like ENVIRONMENT, ECOLOGY, or ECOSYSTEM?

In the broadest sense, our ENVIRONMENT can be defined as our sur-roundings; it is made up of all the physical, social, and cultural aspects of our world that effects our growth, our being, and our way of living. Humans share environment with plants and animals. Just as humans interact with their environ-ment, so do the other animals and plants. The organized body of knowledge which deals with the interrelationships between living organisms, whether ani-mal or plant, and their environment is a relatively new science which we call ECOLOGY.

The term is derived from two Greek words meaning a “study of the homes”, and it has been in use only since the 19th century, though the observa-

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tion of plants and animals in their natural “homes” has been going on during thousands of years.

ECOSYSTEM is a contraction of ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM. An ecosystem refers to a community of organisms and the relationships of those or-ganisms to their environment. An ecosystem is dynamic in that its various parts are always in flux. Since each member of the ecosystem belongs to the environ-ment of every other part of that system, any change in one alters the environ-ment for all the others.

And as those components react to the alteration, they in turn continue to transform the environment for the others.

For example, a change in the atmosphere from sunshine to rain affects plants, soils and plant nutrients, so the plants may not be able to grow as well and the animals then may not be able to eat as much. On the other hand, the ad-dition of moisture to the soil may help some plants grow, increasing the amount of shade beneath them and thus keeping other plants from growing.

The concept of an ecosystem can be applied at almost any scale, in a wide variety of geographic locations, and under all environmental conditions where life is possible. Hence, a farm pond, a grass-covered field, a march, a forest, or a portion of a desert can be viewed as an ecosystem. Even the earth itself may be considered one large ecosystem.

Ecosystems are found wherever there is an exchange of materials among living organisms and functional relationships between the organisms and their natural environment. Ecosystems are open systems with movement of energy and material across their boundaries. Although some ecosystems, such as a small lake or a desert oasis, have clear cut boundaries, the limits of many others are not as precisely defined. Often the transition from one ecosystem to another is obscure and occurs slowly over distance.

3. COMPREHENSION

1. Answer the following questions:a) When did people become conscious of their environment?b) How can the word “environment” be defined?c) What do the terms “ecology” and “ ecosystem” mean?d) What natural objects may be called ecosystems?e) Can the Earth be considered one of them? Prove it.

2. Write the summary of the text in Russian.

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2. MY FUTURE PROFESSION IS AN ECOLOGIST

1. Warm up.

1.1Read and learn the following new words:

1.the environmental impact2.to decouple3.Life cycle assessments4.Material flow analysis5.Cost benefit analysis cost-efficiency analysis6.completion7.hinder8.foresters, n9.wildlife, n10.subset, n, здесь:11. seek, v (look for)12. wild habitats13. the extinction of endangered

species14.wildlife preservation

воздействие на окружающую средууменьшитьТеория жизненного цикла МатериаловедениеАнализ экономической эффективности капитальных вложенийзавершениемешатьлесничие, лесникиживотный мир, природапредмет изученияискатьживая природа, животный мирвымирание редких видов (растений и животных)охрана, сохранение животного мира

1.2. Read the text and translate it into Russian:

1.My future profession is an ecologist. This profession is vеrу actually today. Nowadays people understand how important is to solve the environmental prob-lems that endanger people's lives. The range of environmental problems is wide: pollution of atmosphere, climate changes, and depletion of ozone layer, freshwa-ter resources, oceans and coastal areas, deforestation and desertification, the ex-tinction of some animals’ species, biological diversity, biotechnology, health and chemical safety. Taking into account of these problems the activity of an ecologist includes the ecological and economical issues:

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Ecologist

the calculation of using energy, water, earth; the description of factory and its products; the characterization of industrial and household waste; the controlling emission of industrial waste; the definition of measures to protect the environment; the choice of a convenient place for industrial and residential buildings ac-

cording to the ecological and economical issues; the measuring of pollution levels in water, soil and air.

2.An ecologist must need good knowledge of Ecology, Chemistry, Eco-nomics, mathematics, Industrial Ecology etc.

People who call themselves “ecologists” are generally involved in re-search, usually in the academic arena. Workers who apply ecological principles to environmental needs are foresters, soil scientists, wildlife biologists, and oth-ers.

3.As a study of living things, ecology is a subset of biology (see “Biolo-gist”). It differs in that it 19s the study of systems of living things – an ecosys-tem. This is one of the more critical technical needs in the environmental field these days, as nature groups, industrialists, and wildlife lovers seek to preserve wild habitats and slow the extinction of endangered species.

In academic research, the trend is usually toward specializing in the ecol-ogy of one system (or even one organism in a system), whereas in the working world of wildlife preservation the need is usually for ecologists who can deal with varieties of systems.

4.The future ecologist should know a systems analytic perspective on our societies’ supply, transformation and use of energy and materials. The students should have knowledge, skills and tools which are necessary for work on the complex environmental issues. Therefore, the students should know how to ana-lyze the environmental impact on the use of natural resources. This includes technological aspects of how to decouple the environmental impact on economic growth. It also include economic and management aspects of industrial systems, including the energy system.

5.On the completion of the programme the student should be a competent industrial ecologist; ready to have a position in industry or in a governmental of-fice. More specifically, on completion of the programme the student should:

understand environmental and resource issues, be able to perform Life cycle assessments (LCA), Material flow analysis (MFA), Energy analysis, Cost benefit analysis cost-efficiency analy-sis; have skills in analysis and environmental management; have insights into social and industrial energy and material use, processes that drive and hinder technical development, and management techniques and policy instruments and etc...

If you want to contribute to the protection of the environment of a town or city, choose this profession and enter the Tyumen State Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering.

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COMPREHENSION

2.1 Answer the following questions.1) What environmental problems endanger people's lives today?2) What ecological and economical issues do the activity of an ecologist

include?3)What skills does a future ecologist need have?

1. What are the key problems discussed in the text?2. Answer the questions and translate the sentences containing the

necessary information:a) What is ecologist?b) What are practical workers of ecology?c) Why is ecology a subset of biology?d) How much are the salaries of ecologists?e) What is the difference between academic research and wildlife preser-

vation?

2.2 Fill in the table and translate.3 Join the words to combination and enumerate environmental problems.

2.3 Join the words to combination and enumerate environmental problems.

Noun Verb calculationdescriptioncharacterizationcontrollingdefinitionchoicemeasuringpollutionemissionknowledgecompletionanalysismanagementdevelopment

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1. pollution of 2. climate, 3. depletion of, 4. freshwater 5. oceans and coastal 6. deforestation and, 7. the extinction of, 8. biological 9. health and chemical.

a) diversityb) ozone layerc) areasd) desertificatione) safetyf) resourcesg) changesh) atmospherei) some animals’ species

2.4 Explain the meaning of the following:

1) IE2) LCA 3) MFA

2.5 Find the word expressions with the word environmental in the text.

2.6 Аrе you аn environmentally-minded person?Mark eaсh ecological topic out of 5 depending оn how strongly you feel

about it.

5-very strongly, 3- moderately strongly, 1- not bothered at аll.1) Water pollution (dirty lakes, rivers, seas)2) Air pollution (bу factories, plants, vehicles оn the road)3) Land pollution (sewage, chemical fertilizers, litter, garbage disposal)4) Atmospheric fall-outs (radioactive, acid rain)5) Noise pollution (aircraft, traffic, blasters)6) Contaminated food7) Visual contamination (ugly architecture, posters)8) Mental contamination (TV, radio ads, soap operas)9) Global warming (Greenhouse effect) 10) Holes in the ozone layerNow add up yоur total, score out of 50.1.А score of 45-50 suggests you worry too much;2. 30-45 suggests you won't die of worry, but уоu'rе certainly not indifferent;3. 15-30 suggests either that уоu don't read the papers оr don't believe а word they say; 0-15 suggests уоu live оп some idyllic island.When уоu finish соmраrе уоur notes with а partner.

2.7 Retell the text.

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3. Risk Assessment

WARM UP

What do you know about your speciality? Is it important?

1. Vocabulary risk assessment

versus, prep. controversy, n the Board of Certified

Safety Professionals an arm, n, здесь to be over emphasized flaws, n forensic engineering right-to-know laws

caustic, n, a

техника безопасности, обеспечение безопасности

против спор, дискуссия, полемика Ассоциация специалистов по

технике безопасности (по охране труда) a branch, a division переоценивать недостатки судебная техника безопасности законы, доступные широкой общественности сарказм,саркастический, недружелюбный

2. Read and translate the text:1. The very fundamental concept of risk assessment, which is the evalua-

tion of the risks of some activity versus alternative methods, or versus the ob-tained benefits began in transportation safety. Engineers working there learned to prioritize highway-improvement expenditures by putting the money where it would do the most good – where there were the most frequent or the most severe accidents. Now this mode of analysis is being applied to the cleanup of haz-ardous waste sites (where, sometimes, risk assessment shows that it is safer to leave the contamination in place), to factory design, to situations involving the choice of chemical ingredients, and to many other applications.

2. Risk assessment has taken a much larger role in overall environmental policymaking. Risk assessment is not without controversy (the usual argument against it is that it can be used to justify no actions whatsoever on some environ-mental problems, since the cost is too high). But with better methodologies, the resources society commits to environmental improvements may be spent more wisely.

3. Safety engineering is taught at a limited number of schools, but it gains its identity more from professional societies and their members’ activities than from academic study. Students take courses in industrial engineering, and then obtain practical experience in industry or government. A variety of certification programs are available, such as the Certified Safety Professional, which is ad-ministered by the Board of Certified Safety Professional (an arm of the Safety of Safety Engineers).

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4.These days, the importance of training as a safety function cannot be overemphasized. Manufacturers have come to realize that only through training will the majority of workers learn to use safe practices. Thus, a large part of the safety professional’s work is organizing or conducting training seminars for workers. Another part is the analysis of accidents that do occur, to trace origin back to flaws either in work practices or worked performance. This function is sometimes called forensic engineering.

5. Most large manufacturing plants have an in-house staff, which works in conjunction with security, fire protection, and health specialists. Safety profession-als are employed at consulting firms, and by industrial insurance companies.

6. Community right-to-know laws have created another responsibility for safety professionals: conveying plans and information to local public officials and concerned citizens. In the aftermath of the Bhopal, India, accident of a Union Carbide Corporation subsidiary in 1984, in which thousands were killed by escaping toxic gas, these community-relations programs have taken on a much larger role. Good communication skills and a willingness to deal with sometimes caustic public opinion are necessary attributes for the safety profes-sional employed in industry.

COMPREHENSION1. Study the vocabulary and read the text.

Find information on:a) the origin of the risk assessment concept;b) the application of this mode of analysis at present;c) risk assessment and environmental problems;d) safety engineering training;e) safety professionals and public opinion.

1. Look through the text once more and choose statements corre-sponding to the points above. Translate them and speak on the main points of the text.

2. Imagine you are invited to the conference at school to speak on your duties as a safety engineer. You are supposed to describe your job in detail and invite school leavers to become a safety professional.

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UNIT IECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS. POLLUTION

Text 1. What is pollution?

1.Vocabulary

1 noise pollution2 visual pollution3 solid waste pollution4 waste, n (often -pl)5 foreign material6 tolerate, v7 intolerable, a8 natural pollution9 alter, v10 reproduction, n

шумовое загрязнениевидимое (визуальное) загрязнениезагрязнение твердыми отходамиотходы, отбросыпосторонний материалтерпеть, выноситьневыносимыйестественное загрязнениеменять, изменятьвоспроизведение, размножение

2. Read the text:When examining our effect upon our environment, we cannot ignore the

problem of pollution. But what exactly is pollution? There are many varieties, including air and water pollution, noise pollution, visual pollution, and solid waste pollution. But is amount considered in defining pollution? Can we say that one car in the middle of the desert or alone on a New Hampshire mountain road pollutes the atmosphere? Or would emptying the dregs of our soft drink into the Mississippi alone constitute polluting those waters? Technically, yes, but not to any significant degree, since pollution does not occur simply because of the in-troduction of foreign material to a system like the atmosphere or the hydro-sphere.

Pollution does occur, however, when more foreign material is put into a system than the system can tolerate. Pollution is the accumulation, to a level in-tolerable to the ecosystem, of undesirable elements is any one of the diverse as-pects of the physical environment. In the strictest sense, there is natural pollution (lime, iron, or sulfur in water supplies, smoke from forest fires, or dust from the eruption of volcanoes). But in our current usage, pollution includes those wastes in the water, air, or other aspects of the environment for which humans are re-sponsible. It becomes especially important when it significantly alters the natu-ral environment or when it threatens normal growth and reproduction or the nor-mal functioning of all life forms, including human beings.

COMPREHENSION

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1. Read the text and study the vocabulary.2. Find the sentences describing the problems given below and translate

them:a) definition of pollutionb) varieties of pollutionc) natural pollutiond) the importance of studying pollution

3. Write the summary of the text in English and try to retell it.

Text2. Natural Resources and Environment.

1.Vocabulary

1 natural resources2 renewable resources3 nonrenewable resources4 abuse, v5 overuse, v6 fossil fuel7 threaten, damage, v8 species, n9 acid rain10 be overcrowded, v11 last, v, здесь:12 be ill suited, v

природные ресурсывозобновляемые ресурсыне возобновляемые ресурсызлоупотреблять, неправильно употреблятьзлоупотреблять, чрезмерно использоватьископаемое, природное топливоугрожать, наносить вредвид, разновидностькислотный дождьбыть перенаселеннымхватать, сохранятьсяне подходить, не соответствовать

2. Read the textThe earth is a set of interrelated components that are vital and necessary

for the existence of all living creatures. As we move through the last decade of the twentieth century, we have come to realize that important parts of our life support system, which may be called NATURAL RESOURCES, can be abused and overused, thereby threatening the functioning of the whole system.

We are aware that some of the earth’s resources, such as air and water, can be polluted to the point where they are unusable or even lethal to some life forms. By polluting the oceans, we may be killing off some important fish species, while less desirable species may increase in number. Acid rain, caused by industries, power plants, and automobiles releasing pollutants into the atmos-phere, is damaging forests and killing fish in lakes.

As pollution is associated with human activity, it is not surprising that it represents a significant problem in locations with huge population densities. What some people do not realize, however, is that these pollutants are often transported by our winds and waterways hundreds or even thousands of kilome-ters from their source. Thus, pollution is a worldwide problem.

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In addition, we may be using some resources, especially those we need for fuel, too rapidly. While we still have enough coal to last several hundreds years, we have frequently been warned about future shortages in our petroleum supplies. When NONRENEWABLE resources such as mineral fuels are gone, the ALTERNATIVE resources are invariably less desirable or more expensive.

We are learning that there are limits to the amount of space on the earth and we must use it wisely. In the search for living space, we occasionally con-struct buildings in places that are not safe, and many places where we live are overcrowded. Also we sometimes plant crops in areas that are ill suited to agri-culture because there is not always enough good farmland to fill our needs.

Exercises:1. Read the text and study the vocabulary.2. Find in the text the sentences with the words and word combinations from

Vocabulary and translate them.3. Speak on the main problems discussed:

a) What resources can be abused or overused?b) What is pollution associated with? Why?c) Why is pollution a worldwide problem?d) What resources are we using too rapidly?

4. Try to write the summary of the text in English using the above ques-tions.

Text 2ARead the text to find answers to the given questions.Read the Notes to the text.

1) What could be said about the Everglades ecosystem a century ago?2) Why has half of the original area disappeared? Find the reasons for that.3) What is the result of urban and agricultural development of the Ever-

glades?

As we continue to explore space, we are learning more and more about the world in which we live. Since human beings first walked the earth, they have af-fected each ecosystem they have inhabited. For example, a century ago the inter-connected Kissimmee River – Lake Okeechobee – Everglades¹ ecosystem com-prised one of the most productive and stable wetland regions on earth. But saw-grass marsh² and slow-moving water stood in the way of urban4 and agricultural development. Intricate systems of ditches and canals were built and, since 1900, half of the original 4 million acres of the Everglades has disappeared. The Kessimmee River has been channelized into an arrow-straight ditch, and wet-lands³ along the river have been drained. Levees have prevented water in lake Okeechobee from contributing sheet flow to the Everglades, and highway con-struction has deviled the region, further disrupting natural drainage patterns. Fires have been more frequent and destructive, and entire biotic communities

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have been eliminated by lowered water levels. During excessively wet periods, portions of the Everglades are deliberately flooded to prevent drainage canals from overflowing. As a result, animals drown and birds cannot rest and repro-duce. South Florida’s wading bird population decreased by 95% within a hun-dred years.

Notes to the text1 the Everglades – национальный парк в США2 saw grass marsh – торфяные болота3 wetlands – заболоченные земли4 urban – городской

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3.The sad statistics

The official status of ecological disaster zones was given to Aral and Semipalatinsk regions of Kazakhstan. The first ecological disaster zone - Aral region - includes the territory surrounding the Kazakhstani part of Aral Sea. The second ecological disaster zone - Semipalatinsk region - includes all teritory of the Semipalatinsk region and the parts of Pavlodar, Karaganda and East-Kazakhstan regions adjacent to the testing range. In its turn the two ecological disaster zones are divided into several sub-zones in accordance with the risk levels. They include regions which were attributed to the zones of ecological crisis and near- crisis conditions, extreme and maximum radiation risk, minimal and heightened radiation risk, territories with privileged social and economic status.

Alarming statistics: more people die than are born.

Scientists have gathered huge amounts of experimental material proving that "ecologically disadvantaged environmental conditions" have negative impact on people' s health. For example, wastes of metallurgical plants seriously influence the increase of the level of heart diseases, psychological diseases, cancer-related illnesses. Wastes of metallurgy factories and power plants increase the level of lung diseases. In the regions where chemical industry plants are located, allergies, endocrine system diseases and diseases of sexual organs are widely spread. Pollution of the atmosphere of the cities by nitrogen oxide stimulates development of diseases of the lungs and breathing system.

Notes:adjacent to – прилегающий к to gather - собирать

4.Ecological problems across the globe ? Did you know that…

Read the texts and decide which of the topics each text deals with:

People starving ______________________________

Africa Africa is the only continent where poverty is expected to rise this century. 25 countries will lack sufficient fresh water by 2025. Some 200 m Africans are under-nourished. Deforesta-tion, growing deserts, soil degrada-tion and loss of species are occurring across the continent. Cities are growing faster than govern-ments can develop services for them. Slums (трущобы) are causing serious health problems.

Asia and Pacific This area sees 60 per cent of the world’s population depending on 30 per cent of the world’s land. Rapid eco-nomic growth and energy demand is likely to go on causing environmental damage. At least one in three Asians has no safe water to drink. Asia’s ten-dency to develop megacities such as Tokyo, Delhi and Jakarta generates environmental stress. Forest fires are a serious problem – 1m hectares of In-donesia’s forests were lost in 1997. Marine life has been degraded by over-fishing and pollution.

Europe and Central Asia Road transport is the major source of air pol-lution and congestion (пробки) is a serious problem. Europe pro-duces a third of all global warming gases. Each person in Western Europe produces 35 % more wastes than in 1980s. Overfishing has left North Sea stocks seriously depleted.

Latin America and the Caribbean Nearly three quarters of the population is already ur-ban, many in megacities. In San Paulo and Rio de Janeiro air pollution causes an estimated 4000 prema-ture deaths a year. Waste disposal is a big urban problem. Forests are being depleted, mostly in the Amazon. Latin America has 40 % of the world’s plant and animal species but habitat loss has left many of these extinct.

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Wildlife species at risk ________________________________

Too much rubbish ______________________________

Problems with clean water ______________________________

Land being damaged _______________________________

Oil pollution of water__________________________________

Harmful substances producing greenhouse gases ___________________

Overpopulation ________________________________________

UNIT II.AIR POLLUTION

Text 1

1.Warm up.The air pollution is a result of our own activity. What do you know about it?1.1Read and learn the following new words.

1.environment окружающая среда. 2. lungs легкие (анат.). 3. polluted загрязненный 4.to deposit осаждаться5.the air we breathe воздух, которым мы дышим 6.acid rain кислотный дождь 7.still тихая 8.to escape исчезнуть, уйти 9.to damage разрушать, 10.disaster бедствие, несчастье 11.to pass a law принимать закон 12. carbon monoxide- двуокись углерода 13.exhaust fumes выхлопные газы. 14.invisible невидимый 15. oxides of nitrogen- азотная кислота16.lead [led] свинец 17.tiny particles крошечные частицы.

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18.to affect вредно влиять19.vulnerable уязвимый20.to remove wastes удалить отходы

1.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian

The air around us can become polluted as a result of our own activities. For instance, when coal is burnt gases and smoke are produced. These can make the air we breathes dirty and unpleasant. Sometimes the air becomes poisonous.

In 1952 many people died in London as a result of air pollution. This pol-lution came from coal fires in people's homes and from power stations. It com-bined with the winter fog to form a poisonous smog:SMOKE+FOG=SMOG

There was still weather at the time which meant the smog could not es-cape. After this disaster, a law was passed which made it illegal to burn coal in parts of cities called smokeless zones. This law was called The Clean Air Act

The Clean Air Act has stopped much of the smoke pollution in cities, but city air is often still dirty. Sulphur dioxide from power stations still pollutes city air. So do fumes from motor vehicles- These exhaust fumes contain carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen which are invisible poisonous gases. The most dangerous pollutant from cars is lead. Tiny particles of this very poisonous metal come from car exhausts. Even small amounts can affect the brain and ner-vous system of people. Children are particularly vulnerable because their brains and nervous systems are still developing.

Factories also pollute the air. Some factories produce pollution all the time as a way of removing wastes from the factory. Other factories may usually give out little or no pollution, but can cause huge pollution problems when there is an. accident. Some air pollutants, like smoke, can be seen. Others like the gasSulphur dioxide, are invisible but Just as dangerous, if not more so. Sulphurdioxide is produced whenever Sulphur is burnt. Oil and coal always contain Sul-phur, so when these are burnt, Sulphur dioxide is made. It can cause lung ill-nesses — like bronchitis — in people. It is also harmful to plants.

Oxides of nitrogen are also produced when oil and coal are burnt. Both Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen can react with water and other sub-stances in the air to form acids. These acids are deposited on the ground with rain and snow. The acid rain can damage life in lakes and rivers. It can also damage forest.

COMPREHENSION

2.1 Explain the meaning of the following:1) smog2) the Clean Air Act

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3) car exhausts4) acid rain

2.2 Answer the following questions: 1. Why does the air around become polluted? 2. What did combine the air pollution in London? 3. What was the influence of smog on people? 4. What law was made up to reduce the air pollution in London? 5. What consequences do exhaust fumes? 6. Why are factories another source of air pollution? 7. What is the cause of the acid rain?

2.3 What other forms of air pollution do you know?

2.4 Complete the following sentences: 1. ..... came from coal fires in peoples homes and from power station. 2. This law was called ........ 3.Motor vehicles produce ....... 4. Factories also pollute ..... 5. Sulphur is also ..... to plants. 6. The acid rain can ...... life in lakes and rivers.2.5 Agree or disagree with the statements below. Begin your sentence with one of the following : I fully agree; I quite agree here; I suppose so; I am afraid so; I disagree; I don not think so; On the contrary; It is not so; Far from it.

1. The air around us can become polluted as a result of our own activities2. For instance, when coal is burnt gases and smoke are produced. These can make the air we breathes clean and fresh.3. In 1952 many people died in London as a result of water pollution.4. The Clean Air Act has stopped much of the smoke pollution in cities, but city air is often still dirty.5. Factories also pollute the air. Some factories produce pollution all the time as a way of removing wastes from the factory6. The acid rain can damage life in lakes and rivers. It can also damage forest.

2.6 Speak about the air pollution using the following expression:First of all,The main reason,Secondly,Besides that,Many people think...As a rule...Finally,

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Text 2Read the text and understand the main points of it.

The USA law on clean air - the "arcane" for pollution In the USA the law "On clean air" was adopted for the first time in 1955

and was revised in 1963, 1965 and 1967. In theses early editions the role of the Federal government was kept in the shadow. The largest part of controlling functions and oversight of the law' s execution was left to the states, which largely ignore the law. The current law was adopted in 1970 and was signifi-cantly amended and expanded in 1977. Today the "Law on clean air" is а quite thick document including more than 100 pages. The Law is accompanied by а large number of other legislative acts. The foundation of the Law is comprised of the national air quality standards, which set the acceptable levels for various polluting substances. The law also sets various quality standards for the indus-trial plants, power plants, and other, so called, "stationary pollutants". Finally, the law has provisions covering the exhaust gases of the vehicles. This stimu-lated the officials to use of catalytic transformers and quality control of the work of the vehicles' engines. Three largest vehicle manufacturers started to conduct serious work to develop mass production of electric vehicles, which can effec-tively compete with the gasoline-powered ones. Officials in California made а decision to deploy zero-pollution vehicles by 1998. Accordingly, for the gaso-line engines а provision was made to supply оnlу clean gasoline. The Law in-sisted in large companies stimulating their workers using one саr or public trans-portation to go to work. Within а short period of time the carbon monoxide wastes were reduced by 90% and nitrogen oxide - by 75%. The US Congress constantly makes amendments to the Law necessary to solve their problem of toxic air pollution.

Note: To amend – вносить поправки

Text 3Sources of air pollution

Vocabulary1 emissions, n2 sources, n3 poisons, n4 emit, v5 harmful, a6 utilities, n

выбросы, выделение, распространениеисточники (загрязнения)яды, ядовитые загрязнениявыделять, излучатьвредный, опасныйкоммунальные службы

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7 clean up, v8 stacks, n9 undertaking, n10 beneficial, a11 be no consequence to12 health hazards13 air stagnation14 hazardous, a15 vaporized chemicals

привести в порядок, очистить, вычиститьпромышленные выбросыдело, обязательствоблагоприятный, полезныйне иметь последствий для ч/либоопасность для здоровьязастоявшийся, неподвижный воздухопасный, вредныйраспыленные химические вещества

Read the text:Only during the past 20 years or so have the people of the United States

begun to understand that air is a resource that can be managed for health and en-vironmental quality. Management of our air means gaining control over indus-trial emissions and the emissions from individual sources, such as cars, trucks, and temporary sources such as construction projects.

Pollution of the air by certain industrial processes, particularly by burning of coal, has been a concern for many years. However, it was not until thousands died because of air pollution, in such cities as London in the 1950s, that the first steps were taken to reduce the poisons that were routinely being emitted into the air we breathe.

Two major sources of harmful emissions became the targets for initial ac-tion: utilities and industries, and motor vehicles. Steps were first taken to clean up smokestack emissions around power plants and industrial complexes. Atten-tion was then focused on the sulfur oxides emitted from utility, commercial, and industrial stacks. At the same time devices were developed to cut back on emis-sions from motor vehicles.

It took years and money, but progress was made during the 1960s and 1970s. The air is generally cleaner today than it was 20 years ago in much of the Nation.

Air quality management is a complex undertaking. It is complicated by the nature of air, and by the gases that are commonly considered its basic com-ponents. It is further complicated by the continual chemical changes that take place in the air as it moves from one location to another and by atmospheric forces. These changes can be beneficial, harmful, or of little or no consequence to the environment.

It is because of the potential health hazards associated with air pollution in large urban centers that special understanding of city air pollution is needed. This is especially true in the regions where large cities often occupy low-lying areas, and where long periods of air stagnation are common during the summer months. Sources of pollution are more abundant in major cities than in small towns or rural areas. Often there are coal-fired power plants nearby; schools, universities, hospitals, and other institutions often burn oil as their heat source; office buildings, shopping malls, etc. also use fossil fuels as their sources of heat; industries use fossil fuels as a vital part of industrial processes; each indi-

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vidual home, burning oil, gas, or wood, adds to the pollution entering the city’s air.

There are many other sources of pollution: motor vehicles, construction activities, dust generated in the city and from agricultural activities nearby, and thousands of vaporized chemicals, some of them toxic and hazardous.

COMPREHENSION

1. Read the text and study the vocabulary.2. Find in the text and write down key words to speak about the prob-

lem of air pollution.3. Read the text again and answer the following questions:

a) Can we consider air to be a resource? Why?b) What does the management of our air mean?c) What did happen in London in the 1950s?d) What are the two major sources of air pollution?e) Why is air quality management a complex undertaking?f) What are the potential health hazards in large cities?g) Can you tell what are the sources of pollution in major cities?

4. Complete the sentences and write the resume of the text:a. The text deals with…b. At the beginning it is said that management of our air…c. Then the author…d. Two major sources of harmful emissions…e. Next the author passes on to…f. We find out that sources of pollution…g. In conclusion…

Text 3A.Read the text to find answers to the given questions:

1. What institutions control the quality of urban air?2. What is done to reduce the amount of air pollution?

Federal agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local regulatory agencies are concerned with the quality of urban air across the country. State and metropolitan air quality agencies also monitor air quality in some especially troublesome locations to measure the effectiveness of antipollu-tion measures.

Each year millions of dollars are spent to reduce the amount of pollution emitted into the atmosphere. Such control devices as electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, and catalytic converters are already used to reduce emissions from smokestacks and automobile exhausts. However, even tighter controls may be needed in the future. It is an endless battle, one that is essential to safeguard hu-man health and the natural environment.

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What do you think of the quality of air in Tyumen?What would you like to suggest to solve the problem?Text 4.

Acid Rain.Vocabulary1 acid precipitation (acid rain)2 acidic, a3 acidity, n4 the earth’s weathering5 threat, n6 alkalinity, n7 decay processes8 pinpoint, v9 reproduce, v10 crop yields

кислотный дождькислыйкислотностьпроцессы выветриванияугроза, опасностьщелочностьпроцессы распадауказывать, показыватьвоспроизводить(ся), размножатьсяурожаи зерновых

“Acid rain” has become an issue of serious concern and a real challenge to air resource managers.

Precipitation absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and falls to earth as an extremely weak solution of carbonic acid. This is a natural occur-rence that functions as an integral part of the earth’s weathering and soil-form-ing processes and poses no threat to the environment. However, when sulfur and nitrogen oxides from industrial pollution chemically combine with the precipita-tion it becomes dangerously acidic and is termed ACID PRECIPITATION or, as it is more commonly called, ACID RAIN.

To understand acid rain, we first must understand what an acid is. Acidity or alkalinity is measured on a pH scale which ranges from 1 to 14. A substance with a pH of 7 is considered neutral. Low pH values indicate acidity while high values indicate alkaline conditions, the lower the number, the stronger the acid.

Unpolluted rain slightly acidic with a pH of 5.0 to 5.2. In areas of central and northern Europe, the eastern United States, and Russia the annual average pH of precipitation is now between 4 and 4.5 which is 5 to 8 times more acidic than unpolluted rain.

The acid-forming compounds come from natural as well as manmade sources. A volcanic eruption halfway around the world can cause acidic condi-tions covering half the globe. Decay processes involving both plant and animal materials, which occur in marshes, swamps, and oceans, can also produce chem-icals that can increase acidic deposits. Many researches, however, believe that a major source of increased acid in rainfall is such industrial activity as the burn-ing of fossil fuels like coal, gasoline, fuel oil, and natural gas.

The effects of acid rain are difficult to pinpoint. We know that when a stream or lake becomes too acidic, fish and their food sources are effected. Acid stress can cause fish to die. Small amounts of acid can also effect the ability of fish to reproduce. In addition, acid dissolves materials like aluminum in the soil,

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and the combination of aluminum and acid often proves fatal to fish and other organisms.

Acid rain is also believed to reduce crop yields and deteriorate buildings and roads. There are also indications that acid precipitation also may be causing a reduction in forest production. Different agencies, industry researches, and ed-ucational institutions are pursuing studies aimed at gaining greater understand-ing of acid rain; however, there is much to be done in the field.

Clearly this is a complex matter, but it is one that is viewed with increas-ing concern by many world leaders. Since air moves without restriction from re-gion to region, from nation to nation, and from continent to continent, any solu-tion to the problem will require international cooperation.

1. Read the text and study the vocabulary.2. Complete the sentences and translate them:a) It is termed acid precipitation or …b) The acid-forming compounds come from natural as well as …c) The effects of acid rain are difficult …d) Small amounts of acid can also effect the ability of fish …e) Acid rain is also believed to reduce …f) There are also indications that acid precipitation also may be causing a re-

duction in …g) Since air moves without restriction from region to region, any solution to

the problem will require …3. Find in the text the sentences describing the following problems,

translate them and retell the text in English:a) the major sources of acid rainsb) the effects of industrial activity on naturec) some ways to solve the problem of acid rains.

4. Do you know anything about acid rains? Study the scheme:

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Industry, power stations and cars burn oil and coal

Oil and coal contain sulphur

and nitrogen

+ oxygen in the air= sulphur dioxide SO2 and oxides of nitrogen NO2

+ water = sulphuric acid, H2SO4, nitric acid HNO3

and other acids

ACID RAIN

Acid rain kills trees and fish

Read the text below and look carefully at each line. In most of the lines there is one word too many, a word that does not fit grammatically. Write this un-wanted word on the right. If the line is correct put “ - “. The first two are given as examples.

0. This week in Kyoto in Japan the latest conference … – ………00. on the environment is being taking place. The whole …being…...1. world is today watching to see what happens ……………2. as delegates from more than 165 countries discuss ……………3. what measures need not to be taken to reduce the ……………4. fumes that do create the Greenhouse effect. They ……………5. are hope to agree on ways of reducing the amount ……………6. of carbon dioxide and other gases that we ……………7. send into the atmosphere. These gases to act the way a ……………8. greenhouse does and, as a result, the Earth is ……………9. be getting hotter and hotter all the time. The ……………10. temperature it is rising gradually and ……………11. in 100 years’ time the Earth will be hotter by about 4C. ……………12. The problem is be getting worse as more cars ……………13. are make an appearance on our already crowded roads. ……………14. The solution in Kyoto is depends on what the United ……………15. States, the most powerful nation, feels in its interest. ……………

UNIT IIIWATER POLLUTION

1.Warm up.What are the sources of water pollution do you know?What can you say about the consequences of water pollution?

1.1Read and learn the following new words

1.sewage сточные воды, нечистоты.

2.fertilizers удобрения.

3.crops посевы.

4.treatment зд. очистка

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5.to choke засорять, загрязнять.

6.pests сельскохозяйственные вредители

7.to rot гнить

8.weeds сорняки

9.to store накапливаться

2 Read the text and translate it into RussianText 1

Air pollution can become water pollution as we have seen with acid rain. Other sources of water pollution can pollute our streams, rivers and lakes directly. A little waste in a river is not dangerous; often a river can clean itself. But many towns still pour their sewage every day straight into rivers with little treatment beforehand. This can kill the rivers' life by removing all the oxygen from the water. Without oxygen none of the fish in the river can live. Factories often cause water pollution by pouring poisonous wastes into streams and rivers. Sometimes these wastes turn the river into a smelly, poisonous drain in which nothing can live.

Farming can also cause water pollution. The chemicals used by the farmers to protect crops against pests, weeds and disease sometimes get into rivers and kill fish. Some of these chemicals can be stored in the bodies of small animals and passed into the creatures which eat them, even to humans. Although these chemicals are carefully controlled, this still sometimes happens. The fertilizers which the farmer uses to make crops grow sometimes cause pollution when the rain washes them into rivers. They make the water plants grow too quickly, so that they choke the river and die. When they rot, they take all the oxygen out of the water, so that fish cannot live in it.

Polluted water kills more than 25 million people every year. Some millions people do not have clean, safe water for drinking or washing. All over the world bil-lions of people use rivers for washing, for drinking and as sewers to carry away their wastes.

COMPREHENSION

2.1 Answer the following questions1. What are the sources of water pollution?2. What are the consequences of water pollution?3. Why do fertilizers and chemicals used by the farmers cause pollution?

2.2 Match these words from the text with their meanings:1)acid rain,2) sewage,

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3)to choke,4)oxygen, 5)fertilizers

a) waste and used water, that is carried away from buildings through pas -sages and pipes;b) rain containing a high level of acid that can damage the environment;c) a gas in the air that all animals depend on to breathe;d) a chemical substance added to soil in order to help plants grow;e) to fill so that it is difficult to move;

2.3Complete the following sentences.1. Air pollution can become water pollution as we ... .2.Many towns still pour their... .3.Without oxygen none of the ... .4..... can also cause water pollution.5. ..... poisonous drain in which nothing can live.6. ... crops against pests, weeds and disease sometimes get into rivers and kill fish.

2.4 Agree or disagree with the statements below. Begin your sentence with one of the following :

I fully agree I quite agree here I suppose so I am afraid so

I disagreeI don not think soOn the contrary It is not so Far from it

1. Air pollution can become water pollution as we have seen with acid rain.2. Factories never cause water pollution by pouring poisonous wastes into streams and rivers.3. The chemicals used by the farmer to protect crops against pests, weeds and disease sometimes get into rivers and kill fish.4. The fertilizers which the farmer uses to make crops grow sometimes cause pollution when the rain washes them into rivers.5. When they rot, they take all the oxygen out of the water, so that fish can live in it.

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2.5 Retell the text using the scheme:

Water pollution

acid rain sewage factories wastes fertilizers

consequences

3.Read the text. Pay attention to the words after the text:

Text 2 Sea or Sewer?

Forecasts of what the sea will do are becoming more necessary depending on what we are doing to the sea; it has become mankind’s great sewer. Lakes, rivers and the air itself have become clogged with our wastes. The sea, in its im-mensity, would appear to have an indefinite capacity to hide anything that might be thrown into it.

On the face of it there does not seem to be much of a problem. The North Sea, for example, contains 54 000 cubic kilometers of water. Consequently, if 54 000 tons of any substance were dumped into this sea and perfectly dis-persed, it would show up in a concentration of only one part per billion. This kind of reasoning has encouraged the use of the North Sea as a receptacle for everything from the raw sewage of the cities to the wastes of industry along the Rhine, one of the world’s busiest areas of economic activity.

Such reasoning does not stand up because the sea is not a tub of water mixed every day by wind and tide. Currents not only disperse waste, they also concentrate it. That was what happened in spring 1965 when the beach near The Hague was suddenly covered with rows of dead fish. Analysis of the water just off the beach showed that its copper content was no less than 500 times higher than normal.

It has been estimated that one or two truckloads – twenty tons in all – of copper were enough to do the trick. Dumped stealthily on some beach at low tide they were not diluted by the sea. Instead tides and currents concentrated the waste into a narrow lethal river about 200 yards wide and flowing north ever so slowly.

Another case where the inability to predict the behaviour of the atmosphere and the sea had a disastrous effect was the wreck of the Torrey Canyon in March 1967. She piled up on the Seven Stones off Cornwall dumping 117 000 tons of crude oil into the sea from her rent hull. 14 000 tons landed on the Cornish coast where it was fought with 10 000 tons of detergents that destroyed the oil

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but at same time killed most marine life on the shore as well. The French fol-lowed the event from a “safe distance”. They had every right to expect that the beaches of northern Brittany would be spared thanks to the south-west winds that usually prevail at that time of the year. Meteorologists and oceanographers could not forecast what wind and sea would do. It was ten to one that the wind would not back around to the north-east. But it did – and 15 000 tons of oil came ashore in a black tide that had to be fought with only shovels, buckets and bull-dozers.

The problem of oil pollution grows more complex every day with new tech-nological developments. The opening of the Northwest Passage from Alaska to the east coast of North America has drastic implications for the Arctic environ-ment. If a giant tanker were to be wrecked in those waters, the effect would be more lasting than in the temperate zone. In a cold climate the volatile compo-nents of oil are no longer volatile and the breakdown of petroleum by bacteria in the sea occurs at much slower pace.

More and more we realize that we live on what has been called Spaceship Earth. We cannot just throw out garbage away into the environment; sooner or later we will have to go on living with it – unless we blast it off into outer space.

The most frightening case in point is the pesticides. The scientists see them to be the most immediate danger to the ocean because their threat is invisible. Chlorinated hydrocarbons of which the oldest and best known DDT were first considered to be a blessing, the all-time world champion insect killer. They have become part of our life on land.

Unfortunately, they have also become part of life in the sea. Pesticides are present in sea water in only minute quantities but they are not evenly diluted. They are taken up by plants, then by shellfish and fish. Traces of DDT have been found even in the penguins of Antarctica; heavy dozes have been observed in seals caught off the coast of Scotland. It has been blamed too, for the mysteri-ous disappearance of sea birds colonies.

So the sea is threatened on all sides. The worst of it is that often we do not know we are polluting the environment until it is too late. To avert such a fate for the world ocean the nations that have joined the Intergovernmental Oceano-graphic Commission have recommended the establishment of a world-wide sys-tem to monitor marine pollution. Under their recommendation samples would be collected sources at regular intervals, then submitted for analysis and the re-sults of these analyses published widely.

Finally we must learn more about the ocean itself and the life it contains so that we will be able to recognize changes, whether harmful or beneficial, when and if they occur.

Notes:sewer сток, сточная трубаto clog засорятьconsequently следовательноto be dumped быть сброшенным (о мусоре)

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to disperse распределятьreceptacle хранилищеraw sewage сырые отходыcontent содержаниеtruckloads грузовикиcrude oil сырая нефть drastic решительныйvolatile летучийminute незначительныйto dilute разбавлять, разжижатьto monitor контролировать

WORDS STUDY

3.1. Translate the following words into Russian and analyze the parts of speech:

immensity, immensely, perfectly, inability, disastrous, disappearance, harmless, reproduction, immediately, wreckage, dispersive, dispersion.

3.2. Give derivatives of the following verbs and translate them:

to research, to appear, to be able, to benefit, to wreck, to pollute, to harm, to develop, to establish.

COMPREHENSION

1. Paraphrase the italicized words and word-combinations:1. Now that rivers and lakes have become clogged with our garbage, we begin to use the sea as a receptacle for everything from the raw sewage of cities to the wastes of industry.2. If 54 000 tons of any substance were thrown into the North Sea and thor-oughly disseminated; it would show up in a concentration only one part per bil-lion.3. Investigators have found that the most immediate danger to the ocean are pes-ticides which are present in sea water in very small quantities and are unevenly diluted.4. To prevent the danger of water pollution we must learn more about the ocean and the life it contains to enable us to discover changes both disastrous and use-ful.

2. Pick out from the text sentences or parts of sentences showing:1) why the sea has a limited capacity to hide anything we might throw into it;2) why water pollution is especially dangerous for the Arctic environment;

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3) why scientists consider pesticides to be the most immediate danger to the ocean;4) what measures have been undertaken to avert marine pollution.

3. Translate into English:1. Учёные считают, что море становится огромной сточной трубой.2. Озёра, реки и моря засоряются нашими отходами.3. Северное море используется как хранилище для городских и промышленных отходов.4. 117 000 тонн неочищенной нефти попало в море и при взаимодействии с 10 000 тоннами очищающих средств убило большую часть морской жизни.5. Пестициды присутствуют в море в незначительных количествах, но они распределены неравномерно.6. Чтобы предотвратить мировое загрязнение океана, следует постоянно проводить контроль загрязнения воды.

4. Retell the text using the plan below:1.The sea is not the sewer. 2. Oil pollution of the sea.3. Pesticides.4. Monitoring marine pollution.

Read the texts 3, 4 and 5 and express the main idea of each text in 2-3 sentences.

Text 3Dioxides launch а new attack on our nature

Dioxides are especially dangerous when they enter the environment together with metallurgical wastes, while chlorine is added to drinking water, while sewage is cleaned using biological methods; when herbicides and defoliants are used. Diox-ides act in the same way as AIDS virus destroying the immune system of various organisms and causing genetic faults and deviations of embryos. High concentration of chlorine organic pesticides in the surrounding environment and addition of chlo-rine into the drinking water (especially high dozes of chlorine in water pipes during the periods-of floods) raise the issue of strict control over the concentration of diox-ides in raw materials, food and industrial products. Ву this time, developed coun-tries of the West gradually re equipped dangerous dioxide-using production lines and were able to dramatically decrease the injection of dioxides into the environ-

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ment, however it has not been possible to to neutralize the consequences of their in-fluence on the immune system.

Oxidized water absorbs poisonous metals from the upper layer of soil and dissolves them in the tubes polluting the drinking water. The problem is made more difficult by ozone pollution - reaction of nitrogen oxides and organic pol-lutants results in the appearance of the specific "smog". Ozone is а form of molecular oxygen, presence of which in the stratosphere (upper layer of the at-mosphere) is important because it blocks dangerous ultra-violet sun rays. The danger is that the same molecules in the troposphere {lower layer of the atmos-phere) represent dangerous elements destroying living tissues including human lungs. Destruction of forests is а result of the combined influence of the acid rains and ozone pollution. Ten thousand lakes in Sweden, Norway, Canada, Great Britain and the United States can not support water types of life as а result of acid precipitation. Fish was extinguished in thousands of these lakes. More than 1/5 of all forests in Europe are sick including half of the forests in West Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands.

Note: tissues -ткани

Text 4

Ecology of the Caspian Sea region - the last line of defense before the beginning of the " big" oil

The main center of oil development in Kazakhstan is concentrated in the western part of the country. More than 70% of the oil fields containing industrial oil resources are located on the territory of Atyrau and Mangistau regions. Atyrau region is characterized by the highest supply of perspective oil resources and their volume is more than 700 million tons. And this is without the esti-mates for the Caspian Sea shelf. Kazakhstan is waiting for the "big" oil. And the ecology of the Caspian Sea region is holding the last line of defense. This is be-cause the current situation is already considered to be close to а crisis. Atyrau region is justly considered to be among the most ecologically disadvantaged ter-ritories ап4 environmental pollution at the oil extraction sites is considered among eight priority ecological problems of the country. When oil was drilled on the ground the ecology of the Caspian Sea and surrounding territories was al-ready sending SOS signals. Kazakhstani experts have identified five main prob-lems related to the radioactive environmental pollution. The first place on the list is taken by radioactive pollution of the territory in Western Kazakhstan. At the 22 oil fields the experts located 267 sites of radioactive pollution thrown on the soil by the underground waters. The power of radium and torium radiation

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is 100-17000 microroentgen/hour. Total population affected is around 100 thou-sand.

Serious danger of oil pollution of Caspian Sea is.represented by the oil fields Western and East- Central Prorva, Teren-Uzek, Tazhigaly, Kokarna, East-ern Kokarna, Kara-Arna, Morskoe, Pustynnoe and other regions.

Text 5

Water crisis - poor health

Deficit of fresh clean water is а cause of many diseases and even of peo-ple' s deaths. As а result of illnesses caused by dirty water а child dies every eight seconds. In the developing countries 80 %of all diseases are spread be-cause of consumption of dirty water. Disease-causing microorganisms living in the water and pollution annually kill 25 million people. The highest rate of deaths from lethal illnesses related to dirty water, such as dysentery, cholera, ty-phus is registered in tropical countries. However, developed countries also suffer from water pollution. In 1993, in the city of Milouwakee, Wisconsin, 400000 people became sick because of drinking water filled with chlorine-resistant mi-cro organisms. After that people started to boil water. Industry uses much less water, but consequences of the use can be much more dangerous because of the following reasons. First of all, the use of water for industrial needs is not regu-lated by the governments and this may result in abuses. Second, industrial wastes thrown into the water can make on-the-ground and underground waters dangerous for people' s health.

The consequences of the irrational use of water resources are especially harmful if we consider the fact that it is not always ассоmpanied by increase in agricultural productivity. The unwillingness to create appropriate draining sys-tems at the crop lands (immediate saving of funds) results in expansion of swamps and increase in the level of salt on the crop lands, which in turn leads to loosing productivity of the lands.

Text 6Translate into English:В нашей стране большое внимание уделяется вопросам охране вод. В

15 крупных городах, расположенных в бассейнах рек Волги и Камы, вводятся в эксплуатацию городские сооружения по очистке воды (treatment plants). Предусмотрено, что сброс сточных вод во всех городах, расположенных в бассейнах рек Волги и Урала, будет полностью прекращён.

Проводятся крупные мероприятия по охране водных ресурсов и животного мира в Каспийском море, озере Байкал и др.

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Самое крупное озеро в нашей стране – Байкал. Оно содержит 20% всей пресной воды планеты. В прибрежных районах сосредоточены большие массивы леса, минеральные ископаемые. На предприятиях, сбрасывающих промышленные воды в реки, были построены очистительные сооружения.

Учёные за последние годы создали эффективные сооружения для очистки промышленных водных стоков. Через них сбрасываются в реки и озёра воды, пригодные для нормального развития природных процессов в водоёмах.

UNIT IV.CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

VocabularyChemicals химикалииStem from происходить изSustain поддерживатьLane тропинка, улицаEmission control контроль за выбросами

Text 1Read the text below and render it in Russia or English, as you like.Do you agree with the idea that some environmental problems have arisen from poorly controlled discharges of wastes or chemicals?

In recent years there has been increasing concern around the world over chemicals in the environment. Such concern has arisen in response to informa-tion on the widespread distribution of chemicals stemming from human activi-ties and the potentially harmful effects of those chemicals on humans or on the ecological systems which sustain humans. Some environmental problems, such as contaminated lane, have arisen from poorly controlled discharges of wastes or chemicals whilst others, such as air pollution, have arisen from poor emission controls on energy generation and motor vehicles.

Other problems have arisen from the release of chemical into the environ-ment over many years where insufficient attention had been given to an analysis of their behavior in soils, air and water and to their effects on humans and other species. Chlorinated organo-compounds illustrate this problem. For example, groups of chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodyphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) were developed as relatively stable substances so it is not surprising today that as a result of their widespread use

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and release into the environment they can be detected in Arctic and Antarctic snow and surrounding ecosystems.

Read the text and make the resume of it:Text 2

Hazards and chemical fertilizers

The great expansion of the fertilizers use has benefited mankind enor-mously, but the benefits are not unalloyed (not without drawbacks). The runoff of chemical fertilizers into rivers, lakes and underground waters creates two im-portant hazards. One is the chemical pollution of drinking water. In certain areas in Illinois and California the nitrate can cause the physiological disorder (metho-moglobinemia) which reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity and can be particularly dangerous to children under five. This hazard is only of local dimen-sion and can be handled by finding alternative sources of drinking water. A much more extensive hazard, profound in its effects on the biosphere is well-known phenomenon called eutrophication. Inorganic nitrates and phosphates discharged into lakes and other bodies of fresh water provide a rich medium for the growth of algae; the massive growth of algae in turn depletes the water of oxygen and thus kills off the fish life. In the end eutrophication and overfertil-ization of the lake slow bring about its death as a body of fresh water converting it into swamp. Lake Erie is a prime example of the process now under way.

Undoubtedly the runoff of nitrates and phosphates from farmlands plays a large part. There are also other important contributes, however. Considerable amount of phosphate coming mainly from detergents are discharged into rivers and lakes from sewers carrying municipal and industrial wastes. And there is reason to believe that in some rivers and lakes most of the nitrate may come from not fertilizers but from the internal-combustion engine.

It is estimated that in the state of New Jersey, which has heavy automo-bile traffic, nitrous oxide products of gasoline combustion, picked up by rainfall contribute as much as 20 pounds of nitrogen per acre per year to the land. Some of this nitrogen washes into many rivers and lakes of New Jersey and its adjoin-ing states. A way must be found to deal with the eutrophication problem because even in the short run it can have damaging effects affecting as it does the supply of potable water, the cycle of aquatic life and consequently man’s food supply.

Notes:Hazard риск, опасностьFertilizer удобрениеEutrophication евтрофикация, загрязнение водорослямиAlgae водоросли internal-combustion engine двигатель внутреннего сгоранияdetergent дезинфицирующее средствоpotable пригодный для питья

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UNIT VRADIOACTIVITY

WARM UP

What do you know about radioactivity? It is safe?

Vocabulary:Burial захоронение radioactive wastes радиоактивные отходыnuclear power stations атомные электростанцииperiod of semi-disintegration период полураспадаspots зд.:местоconcrete бетон

Read and translate the text:Text1.

The burial of radioactive wastesInternational Nuclear Energy Agency has developed recommendations

concerning burial of radioactive wastes which nuclear power stations give off while producing electricity (using uranium). The majority of specialists support the French approach to this issue. French specialists divide radioactive wastes into long living (period of semi-disintegration - several hundreds of years) and short-living (period of semi-disintegration - 30 years). The French take into con-sideration the specifics of semi-disintegration of the elements and prepare the burial spots in accordance with the findings.

In France the spots of radioactive wastes are designed to serve for several hundreds of years, while the wastes are accumulated in the burial spots, they are looked after and only after 300 years the spot, where the wastes were buried, is considered to be relatively safe. There are several of such places on the territory of France. By the way, in France 70% of the energy are produced by nuclear power plants.

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In Sweden about 50 % of аll energy is produced on nuclear power plants. The main objective here is to safely bury the production wastes. This problem is reviewed by Swedish nuclear fuel companies and nuclear wastes storage compa-nies. Scientific and technical ways to solve this problem are continuously devel-oping since 1970s. Nuclear wastes are stored in very firm copper tanks, which are placed into vertical wells, drilled in rocks at the depth of 500 meters. For ad-ditional protection the walls of the tunnels are covered with concrete. The sur-rounding territory is also protected from the influence of the radioactive wastes. In Sweden burial of the nuclear wastes is regulated by state legislative acts.

How is the problem of radioactive wastes burial solved?

Read the article:

Text 2Norway fury at UK nuclear waste floods

Paul Brown Environment Correspondent

NORWAY has detected an eightfold increase in radioactive waste reach-ing its shores in the last year as a result of discharges from the Sellafield nuclear plant in Cumbria, and is to renew demands for the closure of the plant responsi-ble.

The disclosure that the radionuclide Technetium-99 (T-99) has travelled 500 miles on sea currents to the shores of Norway comes at an embarrassing time for the Government, which is considering an application for new discharge licences from the Sellafield plant.

Michael Meacher, the Environment Minister, at a meeting of ministers from 15 countries including Norway, pledged that the UK would end its sea dis-charges of nuclear waste and chemicals as soon as possible. It was to finally re-move from Britain the tag of «the dirty man of Europe».

Thirteen of the countries present at the meeting of the Oslo/Paris Commis-sion, which controls pollution the North Sea, had expressed particular concern about T-99 because it accumulates in shellfish. Lobsters off Sellafield were caught in the summer by the Ministry of Agriculture (Maff) and found to be 32 times over the European Union safe limit for human consumption.

Per Strand, a member of the Norwegian Radiation Protection Board, said that after that Commission meeting in Brussels Norway had begun tests to see whether T-99 was reaching Norway. The board had since found an eightfold in-crease.

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«We started this monitoring programme because somewhat raised levels had been reported in the Irish Sea. So we wanted to be on the safe side and see what the situation is in Norwegian areas,» he said.

«We traced it across the North Sea, and around Scotland almost all the-way to Sellafield.»

Mr Strand acknowledged that the levels of radioactivity were not dangerous to humans but that they could accumulate in shellfish. These were now being tested.

Another meeting of the commission is due in January. The Norwegian Envi-ronment Ministry said it would await a full report from the board before decid-ing how to frame its protest.

The cause of the problem is a plant opened in 1994 to process, stored nuclear waste accumulated over many years. T-99 was not thought to be 'a problem at the ime and is routinely discharged into the sea. Maff monitoring found that levels in shellfish have more than doubled every year since then.

The Department of the Environment said it would be giving a presentation at the January meeting of the Oslo/Paris Commission on the problem of T-99 and how it would be dealt with. Ministers were awaiting advice from the Environ-ment Agency on the application by British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) for dis-charges.

In a statement BNFL said it was to reduce its T-99 discharges by 25 per cent. «The impact on someone who lives close to Sellafield and consumes a large quantity of seafood results in a maximum dose of 40 microsieverts — equivalent to the amount of radiation received during an eight-hour flight. Doses further afield from the UK will be smaller Any doses received in Norway will be tiny compared to the dose of 3.000-4.000 microsieverts per annum from natural background radiation.»

BNFL said in September that it did not have the technology to prevent the discharges that it was investigating.

COMPREHENSIONI. Match the words from the text to make word combinations:1) eightfold a) time2) discharge b) limit 3) embarrassing c) increase4) sea d) consumption5) safe e) programme6) human f) discharge7) monitoring g) nuclear waste8)raised h) licences9) level I) radioactivity10)process j)levels

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II. Insert the required prepositions:1. discharges…the nuclear plant;2. demands…the closure of the nuclear plant;3. an application…new licences;4. concern…T-99;5. to be 32 times…the European Union safe limit;6. to give a presentation…the problem of T-99.

III. Answer the questions:1. Are the raised levels of radioactivity in the Irish Sea dangerous to hu-

mans?2. What caused Norway’s fury at UK?

IV. 1. Interview a member of the Norwegian Protection Board on the problem of T-99.

2. You are members of the Norwegian Department of Environment. And you feel greatly concerned about the increase in radioactive waste reaching you country’s shores as a result of discharges in the UK. Frame you protest by writing an official letter to the British Department of Environment.

Text 3 Read and translate the text:

CHERNOBYL’S DEADLY LEGACY

2006 year marks the twentieth anniversary of the world’s worst nuclear accident ( in its scale and comlexity), at Chernobyl in northern Ukraine. Despite the very strict systems of checks and safety measures employed at nuclear power plants, the explosion at Chernobyl in April 1986 was devastating proof of the old maxim that “accidents can happen”.

Chernobyl is not the first accident at a nuclear power plant. Serious acci-dental releases of radioactivity occurred at Chalk River, Ontario, Canada in 1952, Sellafield, UK in 1957, and Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania, USA in 1979. But these events were overshadowed by the accident at the Chernobyl nu-clear power station. It was the most severe accident to have occurred at a nuclear power plant, and an event which has haunted the world’s nuclear industry since.

The plant was supposed to close permanently at the end of 1993 – a date agreed between the Group of seven (G7) leading industialised countries and the Ukranian government. But, in October of that year, closer plans were called off after officials in Kiev decided the country could not function without a supply of

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electricity fro Chernobyl. Many believe this was inevitable since G7 offered no financial help towards the closure.

Although all four of the reactors have now been closed down (the final date for shutting them down agreed with the European Union and the US turned out to be the year 2000) it is by no means the end of the matter. Full decommis-sioning of the station is expected to take up to 50 years. Meanwhile, scientists will continue to monitor the accident's legacy for human and ecological health for many decades to come.1. The accident

In the early hours of the morning on the 26th of April 1986, operators at the nuclear reactor complex about 130 km north of Kiev lost control of the Cher-nobyl Unit 4 nuclear reactor while conducting some experiments. The Cher-nobyl reactors were not originally designed for civilian use. Known as RBMK-1000s their design was based on a military reactor, built to produce materials or nuclear weapons. Moreover, the RBMK-1000 had a design flaw which makes it unstable unless it is operating at full power. The Chernobyl reactors also did not conform to international safety standards: all safety mechanisms could be switched off manually (that is what had happened just before the catastrophe) and there was no protective structure around the reactors to limit the effects of the accident.

These design and operation failures caused the explosions. The reactor core erupted in a gigantic explosion, injecting huge amounts of heat and disinte-grated radioactive fuel into the atmosphere. One worker who was on duty in the hall just above the reactor died instantly in the explosion. He was the only im-mediate victim of the blast, but the first in a death toll that is now in the thou-sands. Some 3.5 million other people, over a third of them children, are thought to have suffered illnesses as a result of contamination from the deadly cloud of radioactivity.

Many of the horrors of the aftermath could, however, have been avoided, or at least reduced, if the situation had been dealt with openly and properly. The authorities of the Soviet Union were slow to tell neighbouring countries of the disaster, due both to the atmosphere of secrecy that characterized the country and to uncertainties over the true scale of possible effects. The two explosions took place at 1.23 a.m. on 26 April. Moscow issued a statement that evening well over twelve hours later, saying that the measures were being taken to deal with the accident. In reality little was being done. An atomic fire burned at Cher-nobyl for days before Swedish authorities alerted the world to the nuclear fallout that had been injected high into the atmosphere.

Radioactive contamination from the explosion was greatest in the northern Ukraine, neighbouring southern Belarus and in the parts of the Russian Federa-tion that are close to the Belarussian/Ukrainian borders. But Chernobyl radionu-clides were also dispersed throughout the northern hemisphere in small amounts, with particular "hotspots" in areas where rainfall washed radioactive material

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from clouds: parts of Austria, Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Norway, Romania»,Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and Yugoslavia.

Most concern has focused on the medical dangers to humans from the de-position of radionuclides. Fruit and vegetables from fields near the plant were destroyed, as was milk from cows grazing on nearby contaminated grassland. Initial fears focused on iodine-131 but this breaks down quickly. The time taken for half its atoms to decay, its half-life, is just 8 days. Attention soon shifted to caesium-134 and caesium-137, the latter with a half-life of 30 years. Caesium accumulates up the food chain from the soil through vegetation to contaminate meat. Special measures were required as far from the accident as Scandinavia and Britain to restrict the movement and sale for consumption of livestock. Other dangerous radionuclides involved include strontium-90 (half-life 29 years) and plutonium-239 (half-life 24,000 years).2. Lingering effects

Restrictions on food are still in place in some areas up to 3,000 km from Chernobyl, because radioactive caesium from the accident is lingering in the en-vironment much longer than scientists had anticipated. A survey last year found unexpectedly high levels of radioactivity in western Europe which will last for 50 more years, 100 times longer than expected. The high levels of radioactive caesium were found in fish in lakes in Cumbria (northern England), and in Nor-way. During the first 5 years after Chernobyl, the concentrations of radioactive caesium measured in most foods and in water declined by ten times, but in the last few years they have changed very little.

Although the health risk to consumers is thought to be small, restrictions on foodstuffs from parts of Europe and the former Soviet Union will need to be maintained for at least another 10-15 years. Even in Britain, 389 farms still have restrictions on the sale and slaughter of sheep which will have to continue until 30 years after the accident. In more contaminated parts of the Ukraine and Be-larus, bans will need to continue for longer. Restrictions on the human consump-tion of forest berries, fungi and fish, which contribute significantly to people's radiation exposure, will have to continue for at least a further 50 years.

Other long-term effects of the Chernobyl accident are evident in people who lived around the power plant at the time of the explosion. Of the 400,000 work-ers who cleaned up after the blast, an estimated 30,000 have fallen ill, many sex-ual or reproductive disorders. And, in the Ukraine alone, about 13,000 children are thought to have inhaled or taken with food enough of iodine 131, to risk con-tracting thyroid cancer. Today, rates of thyroid cancer in children have increased tenfold since the accident. In the first ten years after the accident, well over 500 cases of thyroid cancer were reported in Belarussian children. Another disease, which has become known as "Chernobyl AIDS" because it somehow depletes the killer cells of the immune system, is also a great concern. People suffering from this condition are much more susceptible to leukemia and malignant tu-mours, as well as heart problems and a variety of more common infections.

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3. Environmental effectsDespite these terrible consequences, there do appear to be some aspects of

the environment that have actually benefited from such a devastating human-in-duced catastrophe. Although local wildlife suffered from the severe irradiation immediately following the accident, when small areas of ghostly "red forest" ap-peared as dead pine leaves turned a rusty brown colour, the long-term impacts so far seem to be beneficial, mainly thanks to the forced depopulation of farms and villages. All inhabitants from an area of 2,800 km sq. around the power station, consisting of parts of the Ukraine and Belarus, were evacuated in the aftermath of the explosion. The evacuation of villages near the reactor began about 40 hours after the explosion. It was only by 2 May, nearly a week later, that the evacuation zone was extended to thirty kilometres around the plant. Human oc-cupation of this exclusion zone is still banned for medical reasons.

Although the area has been subjected to some of the worst radioactive con-tamination in history, wildlife has proved to be remarkable resistant to the known biological effects of radiation, notably mutations and biodeformities. Sci-entists from the International Radioecology Laboratory just outside the exclu-sion zone have noted a general increase in the diversity of wild plants and ani-mals the unexpected return of rare species area. Wild boar, moose, wolves, deer, otters and lynx have become well established in the zone, while species associ-ated with previous human occupation — such a house mice, sparrows and pi-geons –has declined. No less than 48 species listed in the international Red Book of endangered animals and plants are now thriving in the Chernobyl exclusion zone. A rich community of aquatic wildlife has even been recorded living in the contaminated cooling ponds at the power station site itself. The surprising re-silience of the local ecology has led to calls for the exclusion zone to be desig-nated a permanent nature reserve where endangered plants and animals can be free to breed as the land reverted to its original forested state thanks to the ab-sence of human interference.

NOTES:anniversary годовщинаscale масштаб, размерcomplexity сложностьexplosion взрывsevere ужасныйinevitable неизбежныйvictim жертваradionuclides радионуклидыlong-term consequences последствия, дающие о себе знать долгое времяsuffer from страдать отdecline исчезать

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WORD STUDYI. Highlight the following words and in the article and provide their defini-tions:maxim (n) erupt (v) irradiation (n) haunt (v) f fallout (n) ghostly (ad j) overshadow (v) livestock (n) thrive (v)decommission (v) half-life (n) aquatic (adj) manually (adv) linger (v) moratorium (n) aftermath (n) reproductive (adj) phase out (v)

II. Explain the meaning of the following words and word-combinations:the Group of Seven (G7)death tollRBMK-1000 'hotspots'to increase tenfold to conform to international safety standards cooling ponds to have a design flaw 'Red Book' political implicationsphase-out plan

III. Make a list of: a) radionuclides injected as a result of the Chernobyl disasterb) diseases caused by people's exposure to radioactive substances. COMPREHENSION

I. Answer the following questions:

1. Was the Chernobyl catastrophe the first accident of its kind?2. What hindered the closure of the Chernobyl power plant?3. Under what circumstances did the reactor explode?4. Which countries fell victim to the disaster? 5. Who got victimized in the first turn and why?6. What does the long-term aftermath consist in?7. In what way does the environment benefit form the consequences of the acci-dent?8. How did the Chernobyl catastrophe effect political decisions made world-wide?

II. Choose the correct definition for each word:44

Catastrophe, nucleus, atom, reactor, hectare, to evacuatea- measure of area in the metric system;b- smallest unit of an element that can take part in a chemical change;c- sudden happening that causes great suffering and destruction;d- apparatus for the controlled production of nuclear energy; atomic

pile;e- central part of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons;f- to remove( a person) from a place or district.

FOLLOW-UP

I. Work in pairs to discuss:- the various aspects of the accident at Chernobyl - the way you feel about the disaster and its 'deadly legacy- the measures that ought to be taken in order to diminish its devastating conse-quences.

II. Make up a list of actions one should undertake in case such an accident occurs.

Text 4Read the text and make resume of it:

The time "cures", but there is no safe spotWhile people create radioactive elements, they do not have any methods

to reduce their radioactivity. Only time is capable of doing so. For example, he period of semi-disintegration of carbon - 14 is 5900 years. The period of semi-disintegration of strontium - 90 is 28 years. But some parts of radiation remain forever. And it is not possible to do anything with this, except to bury the ra-dioactive substances in а safe place. But where is it possible to find this safe place for the huge amounts of radioactive wastes, produced as а result of the production activities of the people?

No place on Earth can be considered safe enough for such kind of activ-ity. Some time ago people thought that it was possible to place these wastes into the deepest places of the oceans, suggesting that life is not possible in those ar-eas. But then this idea was refuted by deep underwater research done by Soviet scientists. Everywhere, where life is present radioactive substances join the bio-logical cycle. А few hours after these materials were placed under water it is possible to trace them in living organisms. Sea-weeds and many sea animals ac-cumulate radioactive substances in- concentrations, which are thousands of times higher than concentrations of the same substances in the surrounding wa-ter. And since some of the organisms serve as food for other ones, radioactive substances gradually come back to humans.

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Some scientific and research centers study the "maximum limits of con-centration" (MLС) and "maximum admissible levels" (MAL) of various radioac-tive elements. MLС implies certain amounts of the given radioactive substance, which may be accumulated inside human bodies without causing any harm to the health of the person. But it is well-known that any accumulation eventually causes damage. In Western countries attempts were made to determine, which dozes of radiation are tolerable and even the "maximum admissible levels" were developed, but they did not by any means solve the problem.

The international agreement on radioactive wastes burial has not yet been reached. The 1959 Monaco Conference of the International Nuclear Energy Agency lead only to disagreements among countries. "Highly radioactive" wastes are continuously thrown into the ocean, "moderately" and "low" radioac-tive wastes are dumped into rivers or just on the ground.

UNIT VI. OVERPOPULATION

WARM UP.How do you think what is better: demography explosion or demography cri-

sis. Explain your point of view.

1. Study the vocabulary:1. increasingly (зд.) значительно2. controversial спорный3. assumption предположение4. to collapse рушиться5. ingenuity изобретательность6. to cope with справляться7. scarce скудный8. to aggravate усугублять, обострять9. estuary широкое устье реки10.to deplete истощать, исчерпывать11.habitat среда обитания

2. Read and translate the text:

Population Growth

A major question is the effect of the growing population on the environ-ment. The search for answers to this question has become increasingly(1) com-plex and controversial(2). In general, ecologists and biologists tend(3) to be pessimistic about the damage growing populations cause to the environment,

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based on their assumption(4) that ecosystems have a limited “carrying capac-ity”(5), or ability to support life. Eventually, they say, the environment will no longer be able to renew itself and will collapse (6). Economists, on the other hand, are often optimistics; they trust the free market and human ingenuity(7) to develop new technology for coping with(8) ever-larger numbers and scarce resources. “But no science so far has been able to actually quantify the role of population on the environment,” says Robert Engelman, director of the Popula-tion and Environment Program at Population Action International in Washing-ton, DC. “at this point, there’s no direct way to prove that, say, 80 million more people in a region had a particular impact on the water or air quality. However, it is clear that population is often the critical variable that can cause the degra-dation and even collapse of natural systems.”

As population grows, so will the pressure new generations exert on natu-ral resources. The list of environmental problems aggravated(9) by growing populations includes deforestation and desertification, loss of top soil, poison-ing of drinking water and pollution of oceans, shrinking wetlands, shortage of fuels such as firewood, exhaustion of oil reserves and of various mineral re-sources, siltation in rivers and estuaries(10), dropping water tables, erosion of the ozone layer, loss of species and wilderness areas, global warming, rising sea levels, nuclear waste, air pollution, and acid rain.

Any population increase often means putting more land under cultivation and raising the production per acre(11), steps that can require more capital, fer-tilizers, pesticides, and water irrigation. In the United States Almost all arable land is now under production, leading to soil erosion. Water consumption natu-rally rises with population growth, and the country’s huge groundwater aquifers are disappearing. Parts of Texas and Arizona have already been pumped dry and can no longer be farmed. In addition, rapidly growing popula-tions in Mexico, the Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil have caused environmen-tally fragile lands to be overfarmed and depleted. The loss of natural habitats to more and more cropland reduces the biological diversity(12) of plants and ani-mals. Water tables are quickly dropping in the developing world, especially in the Middle East and Africa. The numbers of people there have risen beyond the water’s ability to renew itself. And in Zambia, for example, population size has generally exceeded the forest’s ability to regenerate. So the forest has stopped, and is now moving back.

In addition, While the world population was doubling between the 1950s and 1980, its commercial energy consumption increased threefold. As a result of the higher demand, energy suppliers are mining more coal and building more dams and hydroelectric and nuclear power plants. The increases activity has led to higher levels of polluting emissions and waste. Levels of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere are also tied(13) to a region’s popula-tion size. With more than 20 million people, Mexico City has the largest popu-lation of any city in the world, and the worst air pollution. Demographers pre-dict its population will grow to more than 30 million people. In the United States alone, ever-increasing car driving and industrial activities now pump an

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estimated 23 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. The acid rain this chemical helps create then damages aquatic and forest life, often thousands of miles away from the source. However, some experts argue that environmen-tal problems are not a sole result of population size.

COMPREHENSION1. Join these split sentences and translate them:1.The question concerning the effectof the growing population on the environment

2. Ecologists and biologists tend to be pessimistic

3. The list of environmental problemsaggravated by growing population

4. Water consumption naturally rises

5. The numbers of people have risen

a) about the damage growing population cause to the envi-ronment

b) with population growth

c) is complex and controversial

d) beyond the water’s ability torenew itselfe) includes deforestation and desertification

2. Complete these word combinations with verbs used in the text:1. to …to be pessimistic2. to…the free market and human ingenuity to develop new technology.3. to…to soil erosion.4. to…with ever-larger numbers and scarce resources.5. to…the list of environmental problems by growing population

3. Write questions to these answers:1. Any population increase often means putting more land under cultivation and raising the production per acre.2. The loss of natural habitats to more and more cropland reduces the biological diversity of plants and animals.3. As a result of the higher demand energy suppliers are mining more coal and building more dams.4. Demographers predict the population of Mexico City will grow to more than 30 billion people.5.The acid rains damages forest life.

4.Translate into English:

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1. Для начала, я хотел бы сказать, что главной темой обсуждения сегодня является вопрос влияния роста населения на окружающую среду.2. Не удивительно, что среди экологов и биологов есть оптимисты и пессимисты.3.Несмотря на тот факт, что планета на сегодняшний день перенаселена, экономисты верят в то, что свободный рынок и человеческая изобретательность могут добиться развития новых технологий, которые помогут разрешить проблему нехватки природных ресурсов.4. Любое увеличение населения значит и увеличение количества земель, отводимых под разведение сельскохозяйственных культур.5.Потребление воды, естественно, увеличивается с ростом населения.

5.Make up a short report based on the expression “ Demography explosion – Environmental pollution – Demography crises – ex-clusive circle!”

UNIT VII.NOISE POLLUTION

1.WARM UP The noise pollution can make people ill. What can you do to keep yourself

from the noise pollution?

1.Read and learn the following new words 1.lorry грузовик 2.deaf глухой. 3.ear plugs затычки для ушей (беруши) 4.drugs зд. успокоительные средства 5.charity благотворительное общество 6.to become aware of осознать.

2 Read the text and translate it into RussiaAlthough noise is not a chemical and cannot be seen like a broken-

down car, it is a kind of pollution. Noise is all around us, wherever we live, and we do not notice it most of the time. Sometimes though, it gets too loud for comfort. The noise of heavy lorries in cities, of motorways through the country, and of air-planes flying low overhead make life less pleasant for thousands of people. Loud noise is not just unpleasant— it can make people ill.

People who a r e e x p o s e d t o l o u d n o i s e s a l l the time run the risk of going deaf if they do not use ear plugs. Some people become very nervous and upset because of the noise from traffic and airplanes. They may have to take drugs to keep calm and to get to sleep at night. If you care for a better life for your children you may join "Friends of the Earth Trust". It is an educa-

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tional charity set up help people of all ages become aware of the threats to our environment. Don't be a nobody, do something about it.

2.1 Answer the following questions.1. What are the sources of the noise pollution?2. What is the cause of the noise pollution?3.What can you say about “Friends of the Earth Trust"?

2.2 What other sources of the noise pollution do you know ? 2.3 Complete the following sentences:1. Noise is not a chemical and cannot be seen like a broken-

down car, it is...2. . Loud noise is not just unpleasant— it... .3.Some people become very .... because of the noise from traffic and air-

planes4. . If you care for a better life for your children you may join ...

2.4 Agree or disagree with the statements below. Begin your sentence with one of the following:

I fully agree; I disagree;I quite agree here; I don not think so; I suppose so; On the contrary; I am afraid so; Far from it.

1. Noise is not a kind of pollution.2.Noise is all around us, wherever we live, and we do not notice it most of

the time.3. Sometimes though, it gets too loud for comfort.4. . People who a r e e x p o s e d t o l o u d n o i s e s a l l the, time run the

risk of going deaf if they do not use ear plugs.5. "Friends of the Earth Trust" -it is an educational charity set up

help people of all ages become aware of the threats to our environment.

2.5 Join the words to combination used in the text. Use them in the sen-tences.

1) to get too loud for a) keep calm2) to make life b) going deaf3) to make people c) the threats to our environment4) to be exposed to d) comfort5) the risk of e) very nervous and upset6) to become f) loud noises7) to take drugs to g) people ill8) to become aware of h) less pleasant

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2.6 Match the sentences and retell the text:

1)Noise

2)Sometimes it gets

3)The noise of heavy lorries in cities, of motorways and of air-planes make life

4) Loud noise

5) Some people become

6) They may have to take drugs

7)If you care for a better life

8) It is an educational char-ity set up

a) can make people ill.

b) to keep calm and to get to sleep at night.

c) is a kind of pollution.

d) too loud for comfort.

e) very nervous and upset because of the noise from traffic and airplanes.

f) for your children you may join "Friends of the Earth Trust".

g) less pleasant for thousands of peo-ple.

h) help people of all ages become aware of the threats to our environ-ment.

UNIT VIIIRUBBISH

LIVE LIFE, DO NOT WASTE IT.

Warm up. Is waste a problem in your city? What disposals of waste are used?

Text 11.Read and learn the following new words:

waste dispose of household waste hazardous waste nuclear waste rubbish landfill

incinerate

отходы размещать, хранить мусор бытовые отходы ядовитые отходы радиоактивные отходы мусор, сор, хлам свалка (в таких свалках мусор

сваливается в яму и прессуется)

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recycle trash garbage legally require a Federal Aviation

Administration permit as a threat to aircraft

decompose decomposition dumb toxic ash incinerator get rid of

сжигать мусор перерабатывать отходы отбросы, хлам мycop, отбросы (особенно

пищевые) официально обратиться в

федеральное управление авиации с просьбой зарегистрировать как помеху для полетов

разлагаться разложение, гниение свалка токсичная зола печь для сжигания мусора избавиться

2. Read the text and translate it into Russian

One of the most difficult problems of the contemporary world is the ever-growing amount of waste created each year. Some people in the West ironically call their society the "throwaway society". For many years people thought that endless resources would allow them to produce an endless supply of goods and bottomless landfills would allow to dispose of an endless stream of waste. But now humankind is beginning to drown in that stream.

All solid waste can be divided into three categories: household (municipal) waste, which is generated in our houses at a rate of one ton per person each year; hazardous waste (toxic chemicals, medical waste, heavy metals and nuclear waste), which is now being produced in the same quantities as household waste, and indus-trial waste, which is created at a rate of one ton per week for every woman, man and child. So taking into account all these categories, every person in the devel-oped countries produces more than twice his or her weight in waste every year.

The majority of the rubbish, approximately 80 percent, is disposed in the landfills, about 15 percent is incinerated and only 5 percent is recycled.The vol-ume of trash is now so high that many countries are running out of places to put it. Many landfills are packed to capacity and closed. Those still in operation look like a huge mountains of trash. For example, the large landfill near New York City, which receives 44 million pounds of garbage every single day, is so high that it may soon legally require a Federal Aviation Administration permit as a threat to aircraft’s!

And what is in these mountains of garbage? Various forms of paper, mostly newspapers, mail order catalogs, telephone books and packaging take up approximately half the space. Another 20 percent is made up of construction wood and organic waste, especially food. (15 percent of all food, purchased by

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Americans ends up in landfills). The rest consists of plastic waste (mostly plastic bottles and film), metals and glass and a conglomeration of odds and ends.

Scientists believed that paper and food would eventually decompose in landfills, but that was not so. Specialists called "garbolo-gists", who explored the landfills, recovered the hot-dogs, buried there several decades ago, which were not touched by the process of decomposition! This can be explained by the lack of oxygen in landfills. Various microorganisms called decomposers can not do their work in such conditions.

But when the organic waste does ultimately decompose, a great deal of methane is produced. This poses a threat of explosions and underground fires in dumps. that do not have proper ventilation. Landfills release large amounts of methane into the atmosphere, which contributes to the global warming.

Most industrial waste is disposed of on the sites owned by the generator often next to the facility that creates the waste. But the technology for disposing waste has not caught up with the technology of producing it.Some countries which have run out of places to dump waste, try to export garbage to the less developed countries. Several years ago an American ship, loaded with the toxic ash from the incinerator, sailed to the costs of Africa and Asia, searching for the place to get rid of its load.

Some officials in California wanted to organize regular shipments of their solid waste to the Marshall Islands in the South Pacific. Officials in Baltimore were negotiating with China for permission to dump their municipal waste in Ti-bet.

COMPREHENSION

2.1 Answer the following questions.

1. What is one of the most difficult problems of the contemporary world? 2. What categories can be divided all solid waste into?3. What disposals of waste are used? 4. What are the consequences of landfills?5. Can paper and food eventually decompose in landfills?6. What is the process of decomposition in landfills?7. How do any countries get rid of its waste?

2.2 Complete the following sentences.

1. One of the most difficult problems of the contemporary world is.....2. All solid waste can be ...into three categories.3. Scientists believed that.... but that was not so.4. Many landfills are packed to ... and closed.5. Landfills release large amounts of ... into the atmosphere.

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2.3 Agree or disagree with the statements below. Begin your sentence with one of the following:

I fully agree; I quite agree here; I suppose so; I am afraid so; I disagree; I don not think so; On the contrary; It is not so; Far from it.

1. The majority of rubbish is disposed of in landfills.2. There would always be a hole wide enough and deep enough to take care of

all our trash.3. Landfills are absolutely harmless to nature.4. Landfills contain paper, construction- wood, organic waste and plastic.5. All waste in landfills will finally decompose.6. In the process of decomposition a great deal of methane is produced.

2.4 Match the synonyms:1) waste a) rubbish tips2) trash b) poisonous waste3) to get rid of c) to treat the waste4) dumb d) decay5) to recycle e) to throw away6) decomposition f) rubbish7) hazardous waste g) garbage

2.5 Explain the meaning of the following:

1) "throwaway society"2) "garbolo-gists"3) Third World cities

2.6 Fill up the table.

household (municipal) waste

hazardous waste industrial waste

2.7 What waste disposals are there in the text?

2.8 Translate it into English.1) Многие люди на Западе иронично называют свое «общество

предметов разового пользования». 2) Объём мусора сейчас так огромен, что во многих странах иссякли

места для его размещения.

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3) Учёные полагали, что бумага и пищевые отходы разложились бы, в конце концов, на свалках, но это было не так.

4) Свалки выделяют большое количество метана в атмосферу, что способствует глобальному потеплению.

5) Некоторые страны, где иссякли места, чтобы разместить свалки мусора, пытаются вывозить мусор в менее развитые страны.

2.ТНЕ THROW-AWAY SOCIETY

1. Warm up.1. What does the term “throw-away society” stand for?2. What is the method of waste disposal employed in your neighbor-

hood? Do you approve of it?

1.1Read and learn the following new words:

can packaging domestic rubbish

банка упаковка бытовой мусор

1.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian.

Data-FileТhе average person in Los Angeles throws away 7 kilos of rubbish every

day.Тhе average person in the Third World throws away only 1 kilo of rubbish

every day. Britain throws away 7 million tonnes of paper every year. Тhаt's the same

аs 80 million trees.One year а European family with two children throws away: 50 kilos of

paper(that's 6 trees ); 60 kilos of metal; 45 kilos; of plastic.In one year the average person throws away 71 food cans. 34 cans of pet

food and 68 drinks cans.Britain produces 8.5 billion cans per year. Half are for food, and half for

drinks. That's enough to go to the moon and back and halfway to the moon again. England and Wales produce 5000 tons of rubbish every year. This costs $600 million to collect and bury.

PackagingAlmost all supermarket food today comes in plastic containers. Some of

this packaging is necessary. It keeps the food clean and fresh. It also makes it last longer. But some packaging isn't necessary at all. It's just there to make the food look better.

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Did yоu know...?In Britain, over 75000 people work in packaging factories.Тhе UK packaging industry sells 4 billion pound of plastic containers ev-

ery year.28% of domestic rubbish is packaging.5% of all Britain's energy goes into making packaging.

COMPREHENSION

2.1: Answer the following questions:

1. What facts stress an environmental disaster of rubbish?2. What are advantages and disadvantages of packaging?

2.2 Complete the following sentences:1.Тhе average person in Los Angeles throws away ... every day.2.Тhе average person in the Third World throws away only ... every day.3. Britain throws away ... every year.4.Britain produces ... billion cans per year.5.England and Wales produce ... every year.6.In Britain ...% of domestic rubbish is packaging.7....% of all Britain's energy goes into making packaging.

2 .3 Fill in the table from the text.

Los Angelesthe Third WorldBritainEurope

2.4 Find the facts in the text and discuss them:.....million tonnes of paper (rubbish) = 80 million trees .... billion cans = to go to the moon and back and halfway to the moon again

2.5 Match the containers.

1) can a) spaghetti2) tin b) apples3) box c) toothpaste4) jar d) juice5) tub e) oil6) packet f) beer 7) bottle g) ice cream 8) tube h) matches 9) carton i) marmalade, coffee

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10) bag j) soup

2.6 Agree or disagree with the statements below. Begin your sentence with one of the following:I fully agree; I quite agree here; I suppose so; I am afraid so; I disagree; I don not think so; On the contrary; It is not so; Far from it.

1. The British don’t’ throw away any paper at all.2. An average European family throws away twice as much plastic as paper

and no metal.3. In the UK people buy drink cans, not nearly as often as food cans for

pets.4. Packaging is necessary to keep food fresh and clean, but it cannot make

it last longer.5. Making packaging saves a lot of energy and, as a result, costs almost

nothing.

2.7 Join these split sentences and translate them.

1. Тhе average person in Los An-geles throws

2. Тhе average person in the Third World throws

3. Britain throws away 7 million4. One year а European family

with two children throws away:5. England and Wales produce

5000 tons6. Britain produces7. 28% of domestic rubbish is8. 5% of all Britain's energy goes

a)of rubbish every year.

b)into making packaging.

c)50 kilos of paper (that's 6 trees); 60 ki-los of metal; 45 d)8.5 billion cans per year.e)away 7 kilos of rubbish every day.

f) away only 1 kilo of rubbish every day.g) tonnes of paper every year. h) packaging.

2.8 Using the information from the text, try to make up a short report.Persuade everybody, that the problem of rubbish is a very sore point

nowadays.

3.ТНЕ GREEN ANSWERS1.Warm up.

How do you dispose of your domestic rubbish?1.1Read and learn the following new words:

fossil fuel recycle

органическое топливо перерабатывать

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1.2 Read the text and translate it into Russian.Here are three ways to beat the throw-away society. All of them are

cleaner and cheaper than burying rubbish.1. Throw аwау less rubbish.In Denmark, it's illegal to sell drinks in cans. And it's not just govern-

ments which cаn produce less rubbish. It's ordinary people, too. Anyone cаn de-cide to buу products with as little packaging as possible; use and throw away fewer carrier bags; waste less paper.

2. Turn rubbish into energy.How? Вy burning it. This is а good idea because it saves fossil fuels;

means burying less rubbish; cuts pollution. At the moment most countries only turn between 5% and 10 % of their rubbish into energy.

3. Use rubbish again.A lot of what we throw away is still useful. It's possible to recycle 80%

cosmetic rubbish.This includes most kinds of paper, glass, metal and plastic. But there's а

problem. Recycling is expensive. That’s why we onlу rеcусlе about 15% of glass, 20% of plastic, 30%. of paper. But it's getting easier and cheaper to recy-cle аll the time. One reason for this is the growing number of recycling centres, bottle banks. Also some countries now have recycling laws. These mean that suреrmаrkеts pау customers to return tins and bottles. Recycling saves trees, saves energy,. sаves money, cuts pollution.

4. Buy reusable products.5. Select products with the least wasteful packaging.6. Buy, sell or donate used goods such as clothes, furniture and appli-

ances.7. Be creative-look for opportunities to reduce trash!

2.1 Fill in the table.

Verb Noun -ingto bury

to burn

to grow

packaging

recycling

2.2 Fill in the table from the text.

ways of waste dis-posal

advantages disadvantages

1. Throw аwау less

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rubbish.2. Turn rubbish into energy.3. Use rubbish again.

2.3 What is an effective way of waste disposal and why? Use the following ex-pressions: On the one hand/ On the other hand; From practical point of view; Unfortunately.

2.4 Agree or disagree with the statements below. Begin your sentence with one of the following:I fully agree; I quite agree here; I suppose so; I am afraid so; I disagree; I don not think so; On the contrary; It is not so; Far from it.

1. In Denmark, it's legal to sell drinks in cans. 2. Anyone cаn decide to buу products with as little packaging as pos-

sible.3. At the moment most countries only turn between 5% and 10 % of

their rubbish into energy.4. Recycling saves trees, saves energy, sаves money, cuts pollution.5. It's possible to recycle 40% cosmetic rubbish.6. In Denmark, it's legal to sell drinks in cans. 7. Anyone cаn decide to buу products with as little packaging as pos-

sible.8. At the moment most countries only turn between 5% and 10 % of

their rubbish into energy.9. Recycling saves trees, saves energy, money, and cuts pollution.10.It's possible to recycle 40% cosmetic rubbish.

2.5 Complete the following sentences.

1. In Denmark, it's ... to sell drinks in cans.2. Anyone cаn decide to buу products with as little ... as possible.3. To turn rubbish into energy means burying less ...; cuts....4. But it's getting easier and cheaper to ... аll the time.5. Also some countries now have ... laws.6. These mean that suреrmаrkеts ... customers to return tins and bottles.

2.6 Resume the text, using the following expression:

The text is about... ....is devoted to.... …gives a detailed analysis of… As a title implies the text describes … The text is of great help to… The text is of interest to…

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I finally agree (disagree) with the fact that... In my opinion...

4.INCINERATIONWarm up.What ways of waste disposal do you know?

Waste60

incineration recycling reuse decomposition

1.Read and learn the following new words:

incineration get rid of dioxin sulfur dioxide damage liver digestive tract cancer ash contaminate species outstrip absorb reuse recycling

сжигание мусора избавиться диоксин сернистый ангидрит наносить вред печень пищеварительный тракт рак зола, пепел загрязнять, заражать вид (виды) опережать, обгонять поглощать вторично использовать переработка

2. Read the text and translate it into Russian

1) The alternative to landfills is the incineration of the waste. In many countries the amount of the incinerated waste is growing and-new incinerators are planned to be built. Some people say that these plants will not only help to get rid of the waste, but will produce energy. But the amount of energy pro-duced by the incinerators is rather small and the air pollution is very large.

2) Air pollution from waste incinerators includes dioxins, heavy metals (such as lead and mercury) and sulfur dioxide. Dioxines are extremely toxic compounds. They fall on fields over the wide area beyond the incinerator, where domestic, animals eat plants contaminated by them. The dioxines stick firmly to animal fat, particularly to the milk fat and to the fatty parts of the meat. Since these toxic compounds do not break down, the animals act as dioxine concentra-tors. Their fat and milk are the major sources of dioxines for humans. Dioxine damages the immune and nervous systems, especially in children, liver and di-gestive tract. It also causes birth defects and cancer.

3) But toxic air pollution is not the only problem. Incineration reduces 90 percent of solid waste volume, but 10 percent remains as ash which is extremely toxic. It is much more hazardous than the larger volume of waste before the incin-eration. The burning concentrates some of the most toxic ingredients, such as heavy metals. Most of the ash is landfilled and toxic compounds released from it contaminate the soil and. water supply.

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4)In nature all species produce waste, but the waste of one species be-comes useful raw material for another. Because the humans have grown both in number and in their power to modify the world, they have begun to create waste that far outstrips the capacity of the nature to absorb or reuse it. As a re -sult people have to find effective ways to recycle their own waste. But recy-cling alone will not solve the problem- humankind must drastically reduce the amount of waste it produces.

COMPREHENSION2.1 Answer the following questions.

1. What is the opinion of any people about the incineration of the waste?2. What contains air pollution from waste incinerators? 3. What are the consequences of the incineration of the waste?4. What substance remains after the incineration?5. Is it harmless?6. Is the incineration an effective way to recycle the waste?

2.2 Pick out from the text:1. the names of the air pollutants;2. the names of the diseases that might be caused by air pollution.

2.3 Complete the following sentences.1. The alternative to landfills is ... of the waste.2. ..... are extremely toxic compounds.3. ..... damages the immune and nervous systems, especially in children, liver

and digestive tract.4. Incineration ... 90 percent of solid waste volume.5. 10 percent remains as ... which is extremely toxic.

2.4 Match these words from the text with their meanings:

1) incinerator a) the process of treating the waste2) sulfur dioxide b) faults from birth3) dioxin c) poisonous and harmful substances4) toxic ingredients d) a poisonous gas with a strong smell5) recycling e) a poisonous chemical for killing plants6) birth defects f) a machine that destroys waste by burning it

2.5 Agree or disagree with the statements below. Begin your sentence with one of the following:

I fully agree; I quite agree here; I suppose so; I am afraid so; I disagree; I don not think so; On the contrary; It is not so; Far from it.

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1. The alternative to landfills is the incineration of the waste.2. Some people say that the incinerators will help to get rid of the waste.3. The amount of energy produced by the incinerators is rather large and the

air pollution is very small.4. Incineration produces dioxins, which contaminate the air.5. Dioxins are extremely toxic compounds.6. Incineration reduces 50 percent of solid waste volume.7. The waste volume is less hazardous than before the incineration.8. Toxic compounds released from ash contaminate the soil and water sup-

ply.9. Recycling will help solve the problem of waste accumulation.

2.6 Join the words to combinations used in the text. Use them in the sen-tences.

2.7 Enumerate all advantages and disadvantages of incineration, using the following expressions: On the one hand/ On the other hand; From practi-cal point of view; Unfortunately.

UNIT IXINDOOR POLLUTION

WARM UP

1. the incineration of2. help to 3. air 4. toxic5. dioxine6. to find

a) effective waysb) compoundsc) wasted) concentratorse) pollutionf) get rid of the waste

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Have you ever heard the expression “indoor pollution”? How do you un-derstand it?

1.Don’t miss your chance to enrich your vocabulary.1.1.Read and learn the following new words:

to be aware-быть осведомленным

devastating effect- разрушительное воздействие

large-scale-широкомасштабный to squander-расточать,

проматывать jungle-джунгли high media exposure-

повышенное внимание масс-медиа к ч-л

spillage-слив crude oil-сырая нефть harbor-порт, гавань foreshore-береговая полоса,

затопляемая приливом to hang over-нависать a full-time-постоянный to inhale-вдыхать to keep away-держаться в

отдалении hazardous-опасный to be concerned about-быть

обеспокоенным to unload-разгружать amid-среди, посреди ,между

target-цель, мишень to conduct-вести dishwasher-

посудомоечная машина

to extract-извлекать water supply-

водоснабжение, водопровод

beneficial-благотворный, целебный, полезный

chlorination-обработка хлором

shower head- душевая насадка

shower stall- душевая tap-кран stripping-

десорбция( удаление из жидкостей или твердых тел веществ, поглощенных при абсорбции)

to splash-брызгать crockery-посуда cutlery-столовые

приборы

2. Read and translate the text1. Since the early eighties we have been only too aware of the devastating

effects of large-scale environmental pollution. Such pollution is generally the re-sult of poor government planning in many developing nations or the short-sighted, selfish policies of the already industrialized countries which encourage a minority of the world's population to squander the majority of its natural re-sources.

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2. While events such as the deforestation of the Amazon jungle or the nu-clear disaster in Chernobyl continue to receive high media exposure, as do acts of environmental sabotage, it must be remembered that not all pollution is on this grand scale. A large proportion of the world's pollution has its source much closer to home. The recent spillage of crude oil from an oil tanker accidentally discharging its cargo straight into Sydney Harbor not only caused serious dam-age to the harbor foreshores but also created severely toxic fumes which hung over the suburbs for days and left the angry residents wondering how such a dis-aster could have been allowed to happen

3. Avoiding pollution can be a full-time job. Try not to inhale traffic fumes; keep away from chemical plants and building sites, wear a mask when cycling. It's enough to make you want to stay at home. But that, according to a growing body of scientific evidence, would also be a bad idea. Research shows that levels of pollutants such as hazardous gases, particulate matter and other chemical “nasties” are usually higher indoors than out, even in the most polluted cities. Since the average American spends 18 hours indoors for every hour out-side, it looks as though many environmentalists may be attacking the wrong tar-get.

4.The latest study, conducted by two environmental engineers, Richard Corsi and Cynthia Howard-Reed, of the University of Texas in Austin, and pub-lished in Environmental Science and Technology, suggests that it is the process of keeping clean that may be making, indoor pollution worse. The researchers found that baths, showers, dishwashers and washing machines can all be signifi-cant sources of indoor pollution, because they extract trace amounts of chemi-cals from the water that they use and transfer them to the air.

5.Nearly all public water supplies contain very low concentrations of toxic chemicals, most of them left over from the otherwise beneficial process of Chlorination. Dr Corsi wondered whether they stay there when water is used or whether they end up in the air that people breathe. The team conducted a series of experiments in which known quantities of five such chemicals were mixed with water and passed through a dishwasher, a washing machine, a shower head inside a shower stall or a tap in a bath, all inside a specially designed chamber. The levels of chemicals in the effluent water and in the air extracted from the chamber were then measured to see how much of each chemical had been trans-ferred from the water into the air.

6.The degree to which the most volatile elements could be removed from the water, a process known as chemical stripping, depended on a wide range of factors, including the volatility of the chemical, the temperature of the water and the surface area available for transfer. Dishwashers were found to be particularly effective: the high-temperature spray, splashing against the crockery and cutlery, results in a nasty plume of toxic chemicals that escapes when the door is opened at the end of the cycle.

7. In fact, in many cases, the degree of exposure to toxic chemicals in tap water by inhalation is comparable to the exposure that would result from drink-ing the stuff. This is significant because many people are so concerned about

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water-borne pollutants that they drink only bottled water, world-wide sales of which are forecast to reach $ 72 billion by next year. D. Corsi's results suggest that they are being exposed to such pollutants anyway simply by breathing at home.

8. The aim of such research is not, however, to encourage the use of gas masks when unloading the washing. Instead, it is to bring a sense of perspective to the debate about pollution. According to Dr Corsi, disproportionate effort is wasted campaigning against certain forms of outdoor pollution, when there is as much or more cause for concern indoors, right under people's noses.

9 Using gas cookers or burning candles, for example, both result in in-door levels of carbon monoxide and particulate matter that are just as high as those to be found outside, amid heavy traffic. Overcrowded classrooms whose ventilation systems were designed for smaller numbers of children frequently contain levels of carbon dioxide that would be regarded as unacceptable on board a submarine. ''New car smell" is the result of high levels of toxic chemi-cals, not cleanliness. Laser printers, computers, carpets and paints all contribute to the noxious indoor mix.

10.The implications of indoor pollution for health are unclear. But before worrying about the problems caused by large-scale industry, it makes sense to consider the small-scale pollution at home and welcome international debate about this. Scientists investigating indoor pollution will gather next month in Edinburgh at the Indoor Air conference to discuss the problem. Perhaps un-wisely, the meeting is being held indoors.

COMPREHENSION1. Answer the following questions:1. What is the reason of large scale environmental pollution? 2. Numerate the results of the accident into Sydney Harbor?3. How can people avoid the consequences of the environmental pollution?4. Why is it sometimes more dangerous to slay at home, than to be out?5. Is it really possible that the process of keeping clean may cause the indoor pollution?6. How can you explain the presence of toxic chemicals in water?7. Can you describe the process of chemical stripping?8. Why do many people drink only bottled water?9. What else contributes to the noxious indoor mix?

2. Find in the text sentences containing the words: a) pollution b) water c) mask

3. Translate into English:1. Сегодня средства массовой информации очень много говорят о широкомасштабном загрязнении окружающей среды.

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1. Источниками значительной части загрязнений являются места, расположенные вблизи жилищ.

2. Время от времени мы узнаем из новостей об утечках (сливах) сырой нефти с нефтяных танкеров.

3. Уровень содержания вредных веществ внутри жилища, как правило, выше, чем за его пределами

4. Исследования показали, что посудомоечные и стиральные машины могут являться источниками нарушения экологии жилища

5. Анализ (the test) указывает на наличие хлора в воде6. Каждый раз, когда я открываю дверку посудомоечной машины,

оттуда выходит пар, и я уверен, что этот пар содержит токсичные вещества

7. Здание нашего Университета построено 40 лет назад. Аудитории были спроектированы таким образом, чтобы вмешать небольшое количество студентов. Поэтому в настоящее время переполненные учебные помещения содержат большое количество СО2.

8. Мы не можем открыть магазин т.к. у нас не работает (to be out of or-der) вентиляционная система.

9. Человечество должно быть обеспокоено не только проблемами, вызванными широкомасштабным загрязнением окружающей среды, но и проблемами загрязнения меньших масштабов, проблемами экологии жилища.

4. Imagine that you have some health problems: you suffer from allergy, you sneeze, your eyes are watering. You have to find out what happened, so you decide to consult an allergist. In his turn, the allergist asks you some questions, explains the causes of your allergy and gives you some advises. Please, make up your own dialogue. 'I'ry to use the words from the text and the following expressions:

to cause allergy(sneezing...)-вызвать аллергию, чихание household chemical goods-бытовая химия to suffer from- страдать ч.-л. to wash- стирать washing-powder-стиральный порошок to avoid-избегать to choose-выбирать to air-проветривать to check up the content-проверять содержание

symptoms: burning pain-жжение sneezing-чиханье cough-кашель redness, red spot-краснота rash eruption-сыпь(the rash broke out-показалась сыпь) labored breathing-затрудненное дыхание

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to itch-чесаться(об ощущении)(his nose itсhes-его нос чешется)

5. Using the information from the text, try to make up a short report.Persuade everybody, that the problem of indoor pollution is a very sore point nowadays.

UNIT XWILDLIFE AND ANIMALS PROTECTION

WARM UPHave you ever heard about the Red Book? What are the functions of it?

1. HUGE WILDLIFE RESCUE OPERATION LAUNCHED

Geoffrey Lean details of far-reaching plans to save over 100 species

1.1.Study the vocabulary:

wildlife живая природа

launch запускать

endangered подверж.опасности

to hail приветствовать

set targets ставить цель

otters выдра

water voles полевка(мышь)

skylark жаворонок

song thrush дрозд

medicinal leeches пиявки

slipper orchid домашняя орхидея

crested newt тритон

dormouse соня

river mussel мидия

habitats среда обитания

become extinct вымирать

mouse-eared bat летучая мышь

beetle жук

2.Read and translate the text:

Unprecedented plans to save more than 100 of Britain's most endangered ani-mals and plants are to be launched by the Government, with the backing of the Prince of Wales.

The plans, which are being hailed as the most important step ever taken to protect our wildlife, set targets for a nationwide rescue campaign that will cost

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tens of millions of pounds a year and is believed to be the first of its kind any-where.

They aim to restore otters and water voles to their former abundance, to dou-ble the number of brown hares within the next 15 years, to hall the decline in skylarks, song thrushes and porpoises, and to create new ponds to encourage the spread of medicinal leeches. Other species targeted by rescue plans include the lady's slipper orchid, the red squirrel, the great crested newt, the black-backed meadow ant, the dormouse and the depressed river mussel.

Drawn up by a 37-member committee representing six government depart-ments, conservation groups, fanners, landowners and academics, the plans will be published in a special 300-page report on Wednesday to fulfill a pledge made by the Prime Minister after the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. The Prince will back them in a speech on Tuesday evening.

Britain's 47 local Wildlife Trusts decided last week to give top priority to im-plementing the plans. Their newly appointed director-general, Simon Lyster said: «This is the most important single development ever to have taken place for Britain's wildlife. Never before have clear targets been laid down for the pro-tection of our most important species and habitats,»

The report, the Biodiversity Action Plan, says more than 100 species have be-come extinct in Britain so far this century. These include the mouse-eared bat (which disappeared in 1990 after the destruction of its nursery sites), the barbot (a fish lost in 1972 through river pollution), summer lady's tresses (a plant that died out in 1959 when the bogs in which lived were drained) and a beetle that became extinct in 1986 when its last refuge was turned into a golf course.

«Species which have evolved over many thousands of years may be lost very quickly and cannot be recreated.» the report warns.«We should hand over to the next generation an environment no less rich than the one we ourselves inherited.»

There are detailed action plans for 116 animals and plants and 14 endangered habitats which it estimates will cost 16.7 m pounds to implement in 1997, rising to 39.6 m in 2010 The programmes include:

Otters effectively lost from most оf England over the past 30 to 40 years, to be restored to their 1960 abundance by 2010;

Water voles, which have declined by 94 per cent this century, to be re-turned to 1970 levels, also by 2010;

Spring-time populations of brown hares, which have “substantially de-clined», to be doubled by 2010;

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Tlie dormouse, lost from up to seven counties over the past century, to be reestablished in at least five;

Medicinal leeches, now down to just 20 isolated populations, to be helped by safeguarding present sites and creating new ponds;

Tlie decline of song thrushes, whose numbers have been halved in 25 years, to be halted by 2000;

The decline of skylarks in lowland farmland (by more than half since 1969) to be reversed;

Helping red squirrels with hoppers “designed to be selective in poison-ing grey squirrels but not red ones”

Measures to revive depressed river mussels named after their shape rather than their response to being seriously threatened;The Worldwide Fund for Nature will announce that it will accelerate its programmes for saving British wildlife in response to the report. But its director-general, Robin Pellew, said, the plans were “only the beginning of a long process’.

WORD STUDYI. Explain what the following proper names mean:

Wildlife TrustThe Worldwide Fund for NatureThe Biodiversity Action PlanThe Earth Summit

II. Match the names of species and their habitats:

Mouse-eared bat nursery siteBarbot forestLady’s tress pondVole lowland farmland

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Medicinal leech bogMussel marshSkylark waterRed squirrel river

III. Make up a list of phrases used in the text to say:1. What can happen to species or habitat. E.g. to become extinct. etc.2. That is to be done to save them. E.g. to halt the decline in. etc.3. What can be done to a plan before it is implemented. E.g. to be

drawn up by smd., etc.

IV. a) Explain in English \ translate:to be targeted for recoverytargets have been laid downto set targetstarget datelive target

b) Differentiating synonyms:to implement, embody, realize, fulfill, execute, effectuate, materialize, ex-ercise.

COMPREHENSIONI. Answer the question:

1. Why are some of the animal and plant species in Britain targeted for recovery?

2. Why is it crucial to restore them?3. Why are the rescue plans called unprecedented?4. Under what conditions will they work?5. What steps are to be taken to revive the endangered species?6. What habitats should be restored?

II. Discuss in small groups:1. What species are threatened with extinction in other parts of

the world?2. What animals and plants are on the rescue list in your country\re-

gion?

Text 2. Animals disappearing from the face of the Earth.

Study the vocabulary:a)

shy пугливый, робкий

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flightless kiwi to head towards to endanger conservationist secure discreet nocturnal mammal predator extinct

b) bald eagle mascot to remove affection to ban insecticide

нелетающийкиви, бескрыл(нелетающая птица)приближаться кподвергать опасностислужащий заповедникабезопасныйосторожныйночноймлекопитающее животноехищниквымерший

лысый, лишённый перьеворёлталисманудалятьпривязанностьзапрещатьсредство от насекомых

Read the following passages:A)

The shy, flightless kiwi, which is New Zealand’s national symbol, is heading gradually towards extinction. Sadly all three species of Kiwi will go on the endangered species list. A recent survey shows that kiwis are disappearing rapidly from the forests where they have lived for thousands of years.

Ten years ago conservationists thought that kiwi’s future are secure. But today they warn that if the government does not act immediately, the kiwi may disappear in less than ten years.

Dogs, cats and Australian possums are rapidly reducing the numbers of this discreet, nocturnal bird. Human introduced these animals into New Zealand where no mammals lived until modern times. In the past there were probably millions of kiwis living in the vast forests. Their only predator was the large New Zealand eagle which itself became extinct thousands of years ago.

Zoos in New Zealand have several birds and these are only ones which most humans are ever likely to see. It would be extremely unfortunate if the na-tional emblem of the country would go the same way as the great eagle.

B) The majestic bald eagle has made an astonishing recovery. America’s pa-

triotic mascot was close to extinction (1)…..(when). The government will (2)…..(how) remove it from the country’s list of endangered species.

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The government declared the bald eagle to be the national symbol in 1782. But farmers felt little affection for the predator and they killed thousands of birds at the beginning of the last century.

The eagle was once a common sight (3)….(where). But chemical pesti-cides, deforestation a ns hunters reduced the number of birds to just 400 pairs in the early 1960s. the bald eagle became so rare that most Americans have only ever seen their national symbol in zoos or on the back of dollar bills.

In the 1960s the government banned the insecticide DDT and it became illegal to hunt the bird. The number of eagles increased (4)….(how). Today more than 8000 bald eagles live (5)….(where) in US.

COMPREHENSIONI. By reading passage B decide where these adverbs and adverbial phrases can go:

a) in the wildb) 30 years agoc) all over the United Statesd) officiallye) rapidly

II Read the passage A again and underline all the adverbs and adverbial phrases .

III. Find out what the two species are what they have in common. Tick the correct statements.

They are both birds. They are both in danger of extinction. They disappeared from the face of the Earth. They are both national symbols. They are both rare because humans have hunted them. Most people have only seen them in the zoo.

IV. Which animal or bird would you choose as the national symbol of your country? Why?

3.Read the texts and put the words from the boxes. You may have to make some small changes.

1.Operation tiger

create left remain save

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Seventy years ago there were 100 000 tigers in the wild. Today there are not more than 8000… . In 1972 the World Wildlife Fund launched “Operation Tiger” to … the tigers that … . 18 tiger reserves have been… in India and 3 in Nepal.

2. The last thirty oryx

almost hunter natural rare survive wildlife zoo(twice)

By the 1970s…had killed…all of the Arabian oryx. The WWF helped to capture the last thirty …oryx and send them to Phoenix… in Arizona where a herd of these…animals has been built up. Other… and…parks have helped, and the oryx has been reintroduced into its…surroundings in Oman, Jordan and Saudi Arabia.

3. The last thousand polar bears.

arctic alive fewer hunting increase live successfully

Thirty years ago…than 1000 polar bears were left …in the wild in Nor-way, Greenland and the former USSR. WWF persuaded the five… nations of Canada, the USA, Denmark, the former USSR and Norway to agree to control… and promote scientific study. Now the “ice bears” are…and breeding… once again, and those 1000 bears have… their numbers to about 5000.

4. The tropical forests

Dam destroy encourage flood in danger international medicine protect supply

Tropical forests have…us with many sorts of plant for food,…and indus-try. They could probably supply many more. They also reduce …and droughts, keep water clean, and slow down the Greenhouse Effect. But the tropical forests are being… to make room for things like farms, ranches, mines and hydroelec-tric… . About 20 million hectares are lost each year – an area more than twice the size of Austria. WWF is working to… and save the forests that are…; to plant new trees for fuel wood and to slow down the Greenhouse Effect; and to … governments to think about the forests and their importance when… giving…aid.

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Group workWork in groups of 3 or 4. Imagine that you are the executive commit-

tee of a wildlife conservation organization in the year 2500.You have enough money to save several but not all of the following

from extinction:the lionthe rabbitthe sheepthe catthe dogthe horsethe golden eaglethe beethe cobrathe rose.

Draw up a list of priorities: 3 things that you will certainly save, 3 more that you will save if you have enough money left over, and 4 that you will not try to save.

Design a poster or write a letter to be sent to all the members of your organization persuading people that your 3 priority species must be saved.

Did you know? In 1961 the World Wildlife Fund was founded – a small group of people who wanted to raise money to save animals and plants from extinction. Now called the World Wide Fund for Nature, WWF is a large interna-tional organization working to stop the destruction of the earth’s natural resources. It has raised over 230 million pounds for conservation projects over the last ten years, and has created or given support to National Parks in five continents. It has helped 30 mammals and birds – including the tiger – to survive. Perhaps this is not much, but it is a start. If more people gibe more money – and if more governments wake up to what is happening – perhaps the World Wide Fund of Nature will be able to help us to avoid the disaster that threat-ens the natural world, and all of us with it.

Read the following text and make a resume of it:

I saw my first tiger in a national park in India. It was a young male and he was drinking at a waterhole. He raised his head slowly and stared at us for a minute. Then he turned his back on us and disappeared quickly into the jungle.

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Twenty years ago the tiger was in trouble. In India its numbers were around 1800. Then the Indian government launched Project Tiger, which set up national parks all over the country. Poaches still hunt the tiger illegally but at least it is no longer in ganger of extinction.

In Africa the most important species is the elephant, the world’s largest living mammal. In 1979 there were 1,3 million elephants there. Ten years later numbers were down to fewer than 600 000 and still falling. Conservationists warned that the species could be extinct soon.

But slowly the situation changed. In July 1989 Kenya’s President Moi publicly burnt his country’s stock of ivory, and towards the end of 1989 the world agreed to ban the ivory trade completely. Since then the demand for ivory has fallen sharply and elephant numbers in Kenya and Tanzania are increasing rapidly. In Kenya’s vast Tsavo national park breeding herds of elephants is a common sight, the new babies hurrying to keep up with their mothers.

Africa has also lost 99 per cent of its black rhinos last century. About twenty years ago there were only 11 rhinos left in Kenya’s Masai Mara national reserve. Today numbers have tripled.

On the other side of the world the grey whales of Baja California nearly disappeared last century. Fortunately the US Marine Mammals Protection Act of 1972 saved them. The same year Mexico created the world’s first whale sanctu-ary on the west coast of Baja. The grey whales recovered quickly. Today there are perhaps 20 000 and these gentle giants are now worth far more alive than dead. The reason is whale-watching, an American craze for tourists.

All over the world other rare species continue to receive protection; giant tortoises in the Galapagos, pink pigeons in Mauritius. In America you can hear the song of the timber wolf, and see the mountain lion in the canyons and high forests.

Suddenly wildlife is good for the tourists trade. And tourism – provided it takes only pictures and leaves only footprints – is good for the national parks. If wildlife can be seen to be paying its way, then its chance of survival will be much greater.

First printed in British Airways High Life magazine.

Notes:1. to launch начинать, запускать2. poacher браконьер3. stock запас4. ivory слоновая кость5. to breed (bred,bred) разводить6. herd стадо7. rhino носорог8.whale кит9. sanctuary убежище

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10. tortoise черепаха(сухопутная)11. pigeon голубь

Match the following words with the definitions:

1..tiger2. elephant3.rhino4. whale5. tortoise6. pigeon7. wolf8.lion

f) large, strong flesh-eating animal found in Africa and S.Asia called “the King of Beasts” because of its fine appearance and courage.

g) kinds of large sea- animal some of which are hunted for their oil. h) Large, fierce animal of the cat family, yellow-skinned, with black

stripes, found in Asia.i) Bird, wild or tame, of the dove family.j) Slow-moving, four-legged land (and fresh-water) varieties of turtle

with hard shell.k) Thick-skinned, heavily built animal of Africa and Asia with one or

two horns on the snout.l) Largest four-footed animal now living, with curved ivory tusks and

a long trunk.m) Wild, flesh-eating animal of the dog family, hunting in packs.

Imagine that you are a conservationist. Make a report. Try to pay our attention to the problems of forests, forest reserves and na-

tional parks and the way people can solve them.

UNIT XIENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

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WARM UPDo you think that our environment needs to be protected? Why?

Text 1 Read the text:

Ecological problems should be solved together Two main problems: lack of water and growth of the world' s population

causes the development of the third problem - the problem of pollution. Annu-ally more than 450 billion cubic meters of household and industrial wastes are thrown into the rivers of the world. Many rivers are polluted all the way along their lengths. In the developing countries the unprocessed wastes are thrown into almost every large river. In Russia check-ups of the water showed that 8 out of 10 samples contained dangerously high levels of viruses and bacteria. In the de-veloped countries the wastes are not thrown directly into the rivers and under-ground waters, but still the water is often polluted by poisons fertilizers. Almost every country having access to an open sea throws unprocessed wastes not far from the seashore, which causes the beaches to be polluted.

Scientists and specialists from various countries, now accompanied by governments and communities have understood that it is not possible to solve ecological problems in one separated country. The developed countries are dif-ferent from the rest of the world because they use more modern technology and that they have accumulated some knowledge of solving ecological problems. But, living in the same house, is it possible to consider one room as being "clean" while tens of others around it are "dirty". The problems of environmen-tal pollution in general and pollution by solid wastes in particular are "hot" all over the world. Industrial wastes are often thrown without being processed. They may be thrown into rivers or other streams of water, polluting them, or they may be thrown into seas or underground waters. The harm caused by these wastes is non-proportional to their volume. Many of the modern chemical sub-stances have such а strong effect that as а result of leftover pollution large quan-tities of water become unusable without being specially processed. As а result of using unclean water one-third of the humanity suffers from diseases and has poor health conditions, the other third faces the threat posed by chemicals, thrown into the water, the effects of which can be identified only in the future.

Find the English equivalents in the text: Необработанные отходы Ядовитые удобрения Твёрдые отходы Остаточное загрязнение Треть человечества Сталкиваться с угрозой

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2. We build every process plant with consideration for these plants

Read the arti-cle:

Foster Wheeler

As one of the world’s largest engineering and construction firms, Foster Wheeler knows how to build new process plants and upgrade existing ones to meet today’s tough environmental standards.

Whether it is a petroleum refinery, chemical, petrochemical or industrial plant; every facet of design, engineering, construction, management and operation re-quires sensitivity to any potential environmental im-pact.

Foster Wheeler is dedicated to employing the latest environmental engi-neering technologies in every project including environmental sampling, audits and permits; wastewater treatment, air and ground pollution control, hazardous waste minimization and remediation. We use integrated programs of source con-trol, recycling and treatment, as well as toxic wastes removal.

Every project we complete complies with all environmental and safety standards. And all this expertise is found “in-house” with Foster Wheeler peo-ple. This allows us to monitor every phase of your project with a uniform quality measurement process incorporating Total Quality Management.

Awareness of the environment is part of everything we do – worldwide. In approaching your next project – no matter what location, no matter what size – as environmental questions arise, consider Foster Wheeler to resolve those challenges. It just might be one of the most important considerations you make.

Text 3The chips are down for fast-food wrappers

Do you often pay attention to the wrapper of product? What kind of wrap-per do you like?

1. Don’t miss your chance to enrich your vocabulary:

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cuisine-кухня to wrap- упаковывать delicacy—деликатес, лакомство to face smth.-сталкиваться take-away-на вынос(еда из

ресторана кафе сети “fast food” и др.) french fries-картошка «фри» conventional- обычный,

традиционный to claim- утверждать, заявлять edible- съедобный, годный в пищу to be able to do smth.-быть

способным сделать ч.л discarded- выброшенный

cone-стаканчик(например, для мороженного) to point out- указывать,

обращать внимание powdered-порошкообразный to coat on the inside- вывернуть

на изнанку impervious-непроницаемый vinegar-уксус to stock- pile-накапливать,

делать запасы reception-прием, восприятие humble- простой, скромный

2. Read and translate the text:

That international symbol of British cuisine fish and chips wrapped in paper – may never be the same again. The industry associated with the national delicacy is facing increasing pressure to reduce the environmental pollution caused by its discarded packaging.

An estimated 3.6 billion containers for take away British chips and their continental cousins, French fries and pomfrites; are thrown away each year. Apart from conventional paper wrapping, it is estimated that almost one billion plastic and cardboard plates are dumped each year in Britain after fish and chip lovers have had them.

Later a new product will be launched which will help reduce the 22,000 tons of European paper waste associated with the food. The new product, an edible chip cone, is biodegradable and, say its makers, even tastes like a chip. Fast food shops will now be able to serve portions in the new cone, which can be eaten itself after its contents have been consumed, therefore leaving no lit-ter. The Ditch manufactures point out that if people prefer not to eat the prod-uct they can throw it in a litter bin where it will decompose naturally within a few days. The new cone – at approximately 10 inches high, the right size for a medium portion of chips – is made from powdered potato, vegetable oil and salt. A secret coating on the inside makes it impervious to vinegar and sauces. The cones, already launched successfully in Holland and Germany, are now being stock-piled in their millions for their British launch.

Customers gave the cone a mixed reception. Some claimed it tasted like “Salted paper”, while others said that they “wouldn’t eat it” but their “dog might”. Some said the product was “a good idea” and that they “would cer-tainly eat it to save the environment”.

COMPREHENSION3. Find words in the text that mean:

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1 food speciality2. thrown away3. traditional away4. introduced5. which you can eat6. it decomposes naturally7. quantity of food8. eaten9.waste paper10. liquids cannot pass through it11. a condition12. look again13. changed

4. Underline these things in the text:

1. four ways of serving chips2. where the new packaging is made3. what it is made from4. where it has been tried in the UK5. What needs to be changed for the British market

5. Choose the right variant:1. Why do fish and chips cause environmental pollution?

A.. People buy more than they can eat.B. People prefer to use plastic plates.C. People are careless with the wrapping.D. The plates and wrapping are not used again.

2. How will the new product solve the problem?A.. It can be used again.B. It is a different shape.C. People can eat it.

3. What is the new product made of?

A.. Paper that tastes of salt B. Things usually eaten with chips.C. Mostly natural ingredients.D. It is a secret.A.. will be larger than those served abroad.B. will taste better than those served in plastic.C. will cost more than those served in paper.D. will be easier to eat than other chips.

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6.Talk to your partner.

What environmental problems can be caused by fast-food restaurants?What solutions would you suggest to these problems? Think about:

position of litter bins making new laws redesigning the restaurants changing the packaging educating the public training the staff

Facts, facts, facts…

Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless manufacturing processes employed by some industries and lack of con-sumer demand for environmentally safe products have contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to dispose of.

However, today, more and more consumers are choosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy are safe for the environment. Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these: ”Will this hair-spray damage the ozone layer?” “Is the packaging biodegradable?” “Will it break down in a trash dump?” “Can this metal container be recycled or can it only be used once?”

A recent survey showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it. This means that companies must now change the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are “green”, that is, friendly to the environment.

Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.

The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making compa-nies rethink how they do business. No longer will the public accept the old attitude of “Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it.” The public pres-sure is on, and gradually business is cleaning up its act.Text 4.

A first step in solving the planet’s pollution problems.

Warm up.

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Chris Baines, a writer, said in his magazine article: "It 's you and I who are to blame for the state of the earth. No question about it. It's our life-style that is threatening life on Earth, so we must make the changes. The good news is that many of those changes are really quite simple - even enjoyable- but for every cautious step we take as individuals, we must press government and industry to take a giant leap on our behalf. And we must start now: tomorrow is too late. "

What do you think about all this? Do you agree with the words of Chris Baines?

1. Don't miss your chance to enrich your vocabulary:

to rush toward progress- идти по пути развития процесса

purpose- намерение, цель regardless- не обращая внимания aquifer- водоносный слой cleanup procedure- процесс очистки halfway- на пол пути problem of immediate concern- проблема,требующая незамед

лительного вмешательства, решения to reveal открывать, обнаруживать former- бывший volatile-(хим.) летучий, быстро

улетучивающийся to recover- выздоравливать, поправляться global distillation -глобальная дистилляция, effluent (зд.)сток, перегонка overpopulation- перенаселенность impact -влияние, воздействие arsenic- мышьяк Iron Curtain- Железный занавес to exceed- превышать to discharge- спускать, выливать output- выпуск, производительность gold mining- золотодобыча mercury ртуть impoverishment- обеднение, обнищание extraction- добывание amalgam- амальгама, смесь bound- готовый fume- дым, испарение to injure- повредить to settle on- оседать на

2. Read the text and translate it into Russian

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Pollution of the planet, practically speaking, begins and ends with peo-ple. Pollution is produced not only by the industrialized nations, but also by de-veloping countries rushing toward progress and its rewards. In fact, some of the worst environmental problems begin in developing countries and then may af-fect their neighbors and even distant nations. Regardless of how well one coun-try may deal with its own sources of pollution, environmental problems may remain until a neighbor institutes effective cleanup procedures as well. Profes-sional diplomats, as well as others, often must deal with the question, How do I get my neighbor to do unto me as I have done for myself?

Toxic chemicals used for agricultural purposes wash into rivers that may cross national boundaries. The poisoning of aquifers may affect more than one nation. Atmospheric pollutants such as sulfur dioxide may be carried halfway around the world before descending in rain water to pollute lakes and kill trees. Depletion of the ozone layer by hydrofluorocabons is an international problem of immediate concern. Volatile chemicals such as benzene hexachloride may be carried from warmer to colder regions of the world through a process called global distillation. Clearly, pollution is an international problem and needs to be addressed from an international perspective.

The earth can absorb the environmental impact of humans to a degree, but not indefinitely. We may have reached a limit where changes begin to in-fluence climate and destruction of the environment could become permanent. With. the lifting of the Iron Curtain, enormous degradation has been revealed in Russia and other former Soviet bloc countries. Exploitation of natural re-sources has occurred without regard for the environment or for the people whose lives were affected by the development of those resources. Slovakia, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Russia will take many years to recover from the pollution of rivers and lakes. In Poland, poor air quality, contaminated drinking water, and absence of treatment of industrial and municipal wastes are of major concern. As much as 30% of the effluent is discharged directly into the rivers and eventually into the sea. In Brazil, gold mining has resulted in massive contamination of the en-vironment with mercury, which is used in extraction of gold, especially around the Serra Pelada mine in the State of Para. The burning of mercury –gold amal-gam to release the bound gold releases mercury fumes, which then injure work-ers and settle on vegetation, where it is eventually washed by the rain into the soil and into rivers. Studies of reservoirs downstream of gold mining demon-strate mercury contamination of soil, water, and fish.

China is a rapidly developing country with over 1.2 billion people. Envi-ronmental problems have arisen from overpopulation and rapid industrializa-tion and overuse of natural resources. Air pollution is a major problem. Much of China’s surface water is contaminated with heavy metals including lead, cadmium, and arsenic from industrial pollution.

The magazine EHP (Environmental Health Perspectives) focuses on the world and their role in both degrading and protecting the environment. The

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world’s population in the next 50 years may exceed 9 billion while the global economic output is estimated to increase possibly by about 5-fold. Clearly, re-newable resources in the future may become severely strained or depleted. Destruction of the economic leads to cultural and economic impoverishment and as environmental problems become more severe, they may trigger civil and international strife. It is extremely important that we begin to address the issues. Somehow we have to build a future that is sustainable, that does not destroy the environment.

A hope for the permanent resolution of pollution problems around the world lies in the education of its people. Pollution occurs because of the activ-ities of people, and those activities may continue until those who engage in polluting the environment fully understand the consequences of their actions. Government legislation and policing is necessary, but information and educa-tion can influence the choices that people make.

Quite often those who are in greatest need of education are those that can least afford to invest. That’s why NIEHS (National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences) offers subscription to EHP, free of charge, to any educational or research institution in any developing nation. Our only condition is that the journal reside in a library and be freely available to all who have need of its in-formation. In this way, we at NIEHS try to contribute to and influence environ-mental health programs around the world.

Kenneth OldenDirector, National Institute of

Environmental Health Sciences

3 Answer the following questions.Where does the pollution originate in?Does the pollution have a nationality?What does the "global distillation" mean?What are the consequences of gold mining?How is the pollution connected with overpopulation?What role in saving our environment does the education play?

4.Complete the word combinations and translate.Industrialized...., toxic...., former Soviet...., ....metals, economic.... .

5. Imagine that you are a journalist of a prestige magazine. Your task is to write a short article that consists of three parts:

5. FRIENDS OF THE EARTH

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Pre-readingI. Discuss with your partner: What environmental pressure organizations do you know? What do they campaign for / against? Would you like to join any of them?

Friends of the Earth is one of the leading environmental pressure organi-zations in the UK, and a major force behind today's growing green movement.

Our message is a simple one: it is only in protecting the earth that we -:can protect ourselves - against pollution, the destruction of our urban and rural envi-ronment, mass unemployment and the horrors of global famine and war.

This is a message which - at last - is beginning to be taken seriously by politicians and economists. Their concern is genuine. But their readiness to act is still very limited.

And that's where Friends of the Earth comes into it. It is our role to put the pressure on politicians and decision-makers at every level. Changes in the law and public opinion are testimony to our successes.

Such pressure is vital if we are ever to learn to live in harmony with the earth, and thus to improve standards of living and the real quality of lives everywhere. Organisation

Friends of the Earth is a national campaigning organisation (Friends of the Earth Ltd) established in Britain in 1971, with a network of 250 local groups. Each group is financially independent and decides its own policies and priorities. In prac-tice, groups support national campaigns, organised by Friends of the Earth Ltd, and also initiate campaigns on local issues.

In 1981 Friends of the Earth Trust was set up as a charity to do non-political and-research work. Friends of the Earth Ltd. has a Board of Directors the major-ity of whom are elected by local groups, which is responsible for the overall running of the organisation. The staff run the campaigns and handle the finances and administration. In addition, there are a number of consultants with specialist knowledge and a team of enthusiastic volunteers who provide invaluable sup-port. Hundreds of people are employed by locale groups on environmental com-munity projects funded by the Manpower Services Commission and the Inner City Partnership programme.

There are Friends of the Earth groups in thirty-five countries in. four conti-nents, all linked under the umbrella of: Friends of the Earth International. A small secretariat is based in the Netherlands.

Finance

There are about 50,000 registered Friends of the Earth supporters who pro-vide about 40 per cent of the annual income. Special fundraising events raise 25

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per cent and another-15 per cent is received as donations. Campaign appeals and trading operations each contribute about 10 per cent.

Campaign Methods

Friends of the Earth first hit the headlines in 1971 by dumping 1500 throw-away bottles on the doorstep of Schweppes, the soft drinks people. With no money or public support Friends of the Earth had hit on one of the best ways of reaching a wide audience. Since then they used various of methods to get the environmental message across and to influence decision makers. Thousands of people have partici-pated in consumer pressure campaigns, protest against acid rain, direct action to stop the destruction of irreplaceable wildlife sites, public meetings to stop nuclear waste dumps, cycle rallies and other events. Friends of the Earth has published re-ports, promoted legislation in Parliament and participated in public inquiries.

Friends of the Earth staff and groups are constantly addressing public meet-ings; giving radio, TV and newspaper interviews. They are politically impartial and work with all political parties and other organiza-tions wherever there are areas of agreement.

Recently, we have: revealed secret plans to import American nu-

clear waste into the UK. helped to pass no fewer than 5 Acts of parlia-

ment helped to stop over 250 unnecessary new

trunks road projects exposed Britain’s biggest industrial polluters pressured Government to introduce plans for

a tough new wildlife bill and persuaded supermarkets to ban GM ingredi-

ents from their own-brand products

The Guardian

WORD STUDYI. What is the English for “компания» and «кампания» ? Explain

the difference.II. Explain the following:

Urban and rural environment Fundraising events Throwaway bottles

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Irreplaceable wildlife sites Cycle rally Global famine GM ingredients Pressure group

III. Join the words to make combinations used in the article. Use them in the sentences of your own.

To hit green measures to insulate GM ingredientsto reverse a planto force a polluterto reveal the headlinesto expose homesto put a delayto ban the trend

COMPREHENSION

I. Answer the questions1.What is Friends the Earth? Specify the message and the role. What are the methods to get this message across? 2.What testifies to the success of Friends of the Earth? 3.Describe its structure: how is it organized, elected, directed and financed?4. What are the activities / events / campaigns / protests organized by its volun-teers?5. How can you campaign for the concerns of Friends of the Earth?6. what do you know about other Nature Organisations? Read the leaflet about Greenpeace and tell about its concern.

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FOLLOW-UP

I. Discuss with a partner/partners (make up dialogues):1. A volunteer from Friends of the Earth is interviewed by a newspaper corre-

spondent about the structure and campaign methods of this organization. 2. A young man is asking a Friend, of the Earth activist how to join the group.

3. One of you wants to join Friends of the Earth, the other is really skep-tical.

III. You are members of Friends of the Earth. Organize a campaign the purpose of which make more people environmental-minded.

Did you know?

Greenpeace It is an international organization which campaigns against threats to environment.It calls for volunteers.

Greenpeace exists to defend the environment; Tries to come up with solutions to environmental prob-

lems; Will always do everything it can to protect our world

and the creatures we share with us.Think about it for a moment!If Greenpeace can’t take action to protect our world, who do you think will do it? You can’t do it on your own no matter how much you care about the environment. But we can do nothing without people like you. That’s why we need you to join us today!

Contact us for more information:GreenpeaceCanohbury Villas, London, N 1 2 PN

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Environmental projects for Russia(Investment cycle, about 10 years)

1. Creation and maintenance of specially protected territories in Russia (preservation zones, national parks) 400 million $

2. Protection of Russian forests (including against fires) 1 billion $

3. Implementation of integrated programs to protect rare and disappearing species (tiger, Amur leopard, snow leopard etc.) 70 million$

4. Monitoring and control over the use the marine bio-resources 800 million

5. Enhancing energy efficiency and introduction of renewable energy sources 500 million $

6. Fighting environmental pollution by industrial enterprises 500 million $

7. A set of projects designed to protect especially important ecological regions(the southern part of the Far East, 300 million $ Altai-Sayany, the Caucasus) per region

7. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION - NATIONWIDE CONCERN

As a highly industrialized state Britain cannot ignore the problem of envi-ronmental protection. The practical results of the state policy in environmental protection include the development of technology to control atmospheric (air) and water pollution, agricultural pollution control, the study of man's influence on the climate, the forecasting of earthquakes and tsunamis, the biological and genetic 'consequences of pollution, protection of rare and vanishing plants and animals as well as a whole lot more.

The Control of Pollution Act 1974, which applies to England, Scotland and Wales, sets out a wide range of powers and duties for local and water au-thorities, including control over wastes, air and water pollution and noise, and contains important provisions on the release of information to the public on en-vironmental conditions.

The main risks of land pollution lie in the indiscriminate dumping of ma-terials on land, careless disposal of pesticides and chemicals, fall-out of materi-als from the atmosphere and the deposition of materials from flood-water. The

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use of sewage sludge on farms, too, involves risks as well as benefits to the land. The Government encourages the reclamation and recycling of waste materials wherever this is practicable and economic in order to reduce imports and to help to conserve natural resources. Industry already makes considerable use of re-claimed waste materials such as metals, paper and textiles. In an increasing number of areas there are "bottlebanks" where the public can deposit used glass containers.

There has been a steady and significant improvement in water quality: the level of pollution in the tidal Thames has been reduced to a quarter of the 1950s level and 100 different kinds of fish have been identified there since 1964. Dis-charges of polluting matter into rivers, lakes, estuaries and some coastal waters are already controlled by law.

Control of marine pollution from ships is based largely, on international conventions drawn up under the auspices of the International Maritime Organi-zation, United Nations agency with headquarters in London. In dealing with spillages of oil or chemicals at sea the main treatment method is to spray disper-sant from aircraft or surface vessels, and emergency cargo transfer equipment is available to remove oil from a damaged tanker.

Considerable progress has been made towards the achievement of cleaner air and a better environment, especially in the last 20 years or so. Total emis-sions and average concentration of smoke in the air have fallen by 80 per cent since 1960. London no longer, has the dense smoke-laden "smogs" of the 1950s' and in central London winter sunshine has been increasing since the 1940s when average hours a day were about 40 per cent less than at Kew in outer London; the levels are now virtually the same.

Transport is one of the main offenders in noise pollution, and control mea-sures are aimed at reducing noise at source, through requirements limiting the noise that aircraft and motor vehicles may make, and by protecting people from its effects.

In Britain radiation resulting from industrial and other processes repre-sents only a small fraction of that to which the population is exposed from the natural environment. Nevertheless, that fraction is subject to stringent control because, of possible effects on health or longer-term genetic effects.

Various methods are used-to store radioactive wastes, depending primar-ily upon their physical form and radioactivity. Wastes of sufficiently low ra-dioactivity are dispersed safely direct to the environment. For those of higher ra-dioactivity a comprehensive, international research programme is being carried out with government assistance and with the participation of the nuclear industry into methods of treatment, storage, transport and disposal.

WORD STUDYI. Use the dictionary to check the pronunciation of the following words:atmospheric tsunami estuary pesticide auspices

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II. Match each word, from group 1 with a word from group 2 to form colloca-tions:sewage materials waste offenderoil method noise sludgetreatment measures control spillage

Form derivatives to the words in the table

Adjective Noun Verb

wastedispose

deposit

Discharging

disperse spilling emitting

releasereclamation

conserve pollute

IV. Match the words from the first column with the words from the second one:

VanishingForecastDumpSprayDepositStoreConserveRemove natural

earthquakes and tsunamismaterials on landplants and animalsused glass containersradioactive wastesoildispersantresources

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Using the combinations make up phrases, which have to do with environmental issues

V. Write the correct combination of the verb and the particle. Insert par-ticles and prepositions where necessary.

1) The control of. Pollution Act sets _ a wide range of powers and duties for local and water authorities.

2) The main risk of land pollution lies in the indiscriminate dumping of mate-rials _ land.

3) The level of pollution in the tidal Thames has been reduced _quarter of the 1950s level

4) Control of marine pollution from ships is based _ international conventions drawn _ auspices of the International Maritime Organization.

5) In Britain radiation is subject _ stringent control because of possible ef-fects on health.

COMPREHENSIONI. Explain the meaning of the following: 1) bottlebank 4) smog 2) fall-out 5) under the auspices 3) Pollution Control Act 6) to be subject to stringent control

II. Answer the following questions: 1) What are the major environmental problems confronting Britain today?2) What powers and duties for control authorities are set out by the Control of

Pollution Act 1974? 3) What measures are taken to fight land pollution? 4) What are the main treatment methods applied to reduce water pollution? 5) What facts prove that a certain progress has been made towards cleaner air? 6) What operational measures have been introduced to reduce noise distur-

bance? 7) What operational measures have been introduced to store radioactive

wastes? 8) Why do you think people should be concerned about protecting environ-

ment arid the' destruction of natural resources?

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Work in pairs

How green are you?

Read the interview with John Baines, an educational consultant who writes books about environment. He talks about how he tries to be “green”, that is to be friendly to the environment. After reading put the tick (√)next to the things in the pictures that he talks about.

Interview

I = InterviewerJ =John Baines

I: John, I know that you’re interested in all things to do the environment and the need to protect it…J: Right.I: Can you tell me some of the things you’ve changed in your lifestyle to become a “green” person?J: Oh, yes. I could think of one or two things that I’ve tried to do over the last couple of years. I think it’s a couple of years since I got my bicycle out of the garage and repaired it, and now I use it as much as possible. I use my car less. I try to do 10 per cent fewer miles every year, so last year I drove 11 000 miles and this year I’m going to try to do only 10 000.I: So does this mean that you travel less?J: This doesn’t mean I travel less, this means I walk more often. When I do my shopping, I always walk now. I use public transport when I can, usually going by train.I: I’m sure your car runs on unleaded petrol.J: Yes, it does. It’s cheaper, and it keeps the air cleaner.I: So, that’s transport. What about the home? What’s different in the kitchen?J: Well, I save as much as I can. I don’t throw it away. I have different bags for different things. One bag has all the cans going into it, from the cat food to the beer. The second bag has all the bags going into it, and the third bag has bottles, from er… olive oil bottles to wine or lemonade bottles. But the milk bottles still go on the doorstep so that they can be re-used.I: And what do you do with these bags?J: I take them to places where they can be recycled. There’s a place in the vil-lage where you can take them.I: And have you changed any of the things you buy?J: Yes, I get washing-up liquid and washing powder that doesn’t harm the envi-ronment…I: But does it get your clothes as white?J: I don’t think my washing was ever… very white, actually. No, it’s fine.

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I: We were talking about food. I know you’ve become a vegetarian. Is this part of being “green», or something totally different?J: Hm, … yes and no. Looking after animals, I think, is as important as looking after the environment. I mean, they’re part of it. So I prefer not to kill animals to eat them. Animals eat food that people could eat. But if people want to eat meat, that’s their decision.I: Mm, I think it’s true that people all over the world are becoming more aware of the need to look after the planet. If we don’t look after it, what will happen…do you think?J: If we don’t become more friendly to the environment, then the environment will make it more difficult for us, so that our life will not be as comfortable. I think we’ll survive…I: Oh, good!J: … but these are very important times.

Comprehension check1. What are some of the things he talk about that are not in the pictures?2. What are some of the things he does more of and some of the things he does less of?3. Complete the following sentences:a. John uses his bicycle more because…b. He’s going to try to use less petrol by…c. He uses unleaded petrol because…d. When the bags in his kitchen are full,…e. He’s a vegetarian because…f. John thinks that if we don’t look after…

What do you think?1.How “green” are you? What do you do to be more friendly to the environment?

2.John thinks that people should try to change their lifestyle little by little, not all at once. How could you be come more “green’? For example: I could walk more.

TestHow green are you?

a)Take this quiz and find out how green you are and compare your answers and the score with your partners:

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1 Do you buy only glass(not plastic) bottles? yes no sometimes

2 Do you avoid throwing out plastic bottles?3 Do you buy white tissues rather than coloured

ones?4 Do you buy rechargeable batteries?5 Do you buy chlorofluorocarbon-free body-

sprays?6 Do you use cosmetics, soap and shampoo not

tested on animals?7 Do you try to save energy at home?8 Do you avoid using chemicals to kill insects?

9 Do you eat only organic vegetables (grown with-out using fertilizers)

10 Do you blame people who throw litter in the street?

11 Do you re-use plastic carrier bags?

12 Do you ride a bicycle rather than use public transport?

13 Do you grow home plants?

14 Do you like to plant trees?

15 Do you keep your room in order?

Score: one point for every “yes”

More than 10 points: You obviously care about the environment ant try to preserve it. You can be an active member of Greenpeace of friends of earth organizations. Try to persuade your friends to follow your way of life. How do you understand the saying: «What a man can be, is born with him, what he becomes, is a result of his environment”?

From 5 to 10 points: You begin to show more interest in the environment. You should subscribe to some ecological magazine and read interesting articles on “green” issues. They are usually perfectly illustrated. It is not fashionable to be ecologically illiterate now. Remember the words by Jose Ortega Casset: “I am plus my surroundings: and if I do not preserve the latter, I do not pre-serve myself”.

Less than 5 points: You don’t seem very interested in being “green”. You are just a “criminal” but you should know the proverb: “As you sow, you will reap”. Agree or disagree to the words of F.D. Roosevelt:” The notion that de-stroys its habitat destroys itself”

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b) Discuss which of the ways of being “green” listed in the quiz you think are the most important and the most difficult. Give your reasons.

Model: The most important \difficult thing to be ‘green’ is…Recycling isn’t popular in our country because…It’s impossible to avoid using chemicals because…

Learn to solve problems

1. Analyze the scheme. Think about the measures suitable for each kind of pollution:

a)Environmental pollution, its reasons and consequences

Forms of pollu-tion

Reasons Consequences Measures

1. Air pollution Industrial, chemical, nu-clear waste

Massive deforestation

Smog Greenhouse effectOzone depletionAcid rainsGlobal warming

2. Waterpollution

Communal wasteIndustrial, nuclear waste,Chemical fertilizers and pesticides, weeds

Dead rivers, seas, lakes, oceans

Poisoned water3. Land pollu-

tionTraffic Garbage

DiseasesSpoiled views of the streets of the cities

4. Nuclearpollution

Destruction of the rain- forests

Nuclear power station us-ing uraniumNuclear tests

Species in danger of extinction

IrradiationMutations by people and animals

Hunting The destruction of a healthy biological habitat

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The growth of population Diseases, overpopu-lation

b)Measures: Modern technology Pollution control systems City’s clean air programmes Green zones Environmentalist movement International cooperation in the field of environmental protection Strict local and international laws Special ecological education Production of ecologically clean goods ???

c)Where does pollution come from?- Pollution comes from…- A great number of…pollute….- Traffic jams pollute…- Waste of…- Poisonous substances…- Cutting down the forests… (destroys)…- Man’s careless interaction…(causes, leads to…)

d)What must we stop? Why?

1. We must stop polluting air now; if we don’t there will be an ecological disaster.2. We must stop polluting water; if we don’t…3. We must stop…4. If we don’t change our attitude, there will be…5. If we don’t stop polluting land territories…6. If we don’t use energy more carefully,…

there will be desertsthere will be an ecological crisisthere will be dead lakes, seas, oceans

e) Read the headlines of the articles and try to guess about their contents:“A lot of little litter makes big problems”“Natural sights protected by the state”“Baikal’s Health”“Clean air for the cities”

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“For a global system of ecological Security”

f) Think of the solutions for the following problems.Give your variants and exchange ideas:

I. The problem of water pollutionTo solve this problem people must\ mustn’t:1. build more sewage-treatment plants; 2. ???3. ???

II The problem of air pollutionTo reduce air pollution people must\ mustn’t:1. use lead free petrol;2. ???3. ???

III. The problem of noise pollution To eliminate noise pollution people must\ mustn’t:1. Build airports far from the towns;2. ???3. ???

II. a)Discuss the problems in groups:

1. Man’s survival depends on the way he treats his environment.2. Harmful effects of civilization on nature lead to the ecological disaster.3. Environmental programmes will save our cities.4. A broad and active involvement of all states must prevent the ecological disaster.

b) Work in two teamsTeam A

Geologists and oilmen want to cut down a beautiful forest near your place to discover a new oil field. Oil is so necessary for the needs of the country. A lot of trees are going to be cut down and new industrial facilities are going to be constructed. A new town is going to be built.

Team B

Local people are against it. They do not want high-tech achievements to dis-turb their life. They want to preserve the forest where they can pick up berries and mushrooms, fish and hunt there.

Both teams should think and discuss the problems related to a new oil field construction and give the solutions to the problems. Come to a mutual agreement.

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Harm of smoking.Noise pollution.The world is getting warmer.Some species of animals become extinct.What food we eat?Water contamination.Environmental Organizations. Their ideas and goals.Ecological situation in your town. (Tyumen: the main sources of water pollution in the Tyumen region, major air pollutant, oil and gas production)

Project: Join our conference

a) Choose an acute topic for presentation at the ecological conference from the list below:

b) Make your reports argumentative and informative. Use additional sources of information such as magazines and newspapers or the Internet. Take photos if possible.

c) Try to conduct a poll among 10 people on your topic. Use the results of the poll in your report at the conference.

d) Design a T-short with a message corresponding to the environmen-tal problems

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e) Write an essay “ How to make our planet greener?”

Useful vocabulary

To make suggestion To present results and conse-quences

A useful suggestion would be… This would…

Steps should be taken on order to solve…

Then…

Another way to… By doing this, you\we\would…

The situation can be improved if\ by…

If… the results would be…

It would be a good idea if\ to… The effect\result of…would be…

It would help of you \we \etc In this way…

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UNIT XIIINDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

Industrial Ecology: A Coming of Age Story1. Warm up.What does Industrial Ecology mean?1.1Read and learn the following new words:

mutual web piled and diffused into larger, more

widespread threats lighten zero emission from leaky to looped systems

обоюдный связь собранная в большую и

распространенную угрозу облегчить нулевой уровень выделения из текущих систем в закрытые

1.1 Read the text and translate it into Russian.

1.Ecology is the branch of biology which deals with the mutual relations between organisms and their environment. Ecology implies more the webs of natural forces and organisms, their competition and cooperation. Industry, ac-cording to the Oxford English Dictionary, is "intelligent or clever working" as well as the particular branches of productive labor.

2.Industry, quantitatively, had essentially solved the problem of produc-tion. Factories could readily and cheaply make masses of shoes the world might want and stamp out masses of cars like tin ducks. But the massive productions are also generated massive by-production. And the by-products and the products are consumed material and piled and diffused into larger, more widespread threat "Waste".

3.In nature, webs connect organisms living together and consuming each other and each other's waste. The webs have developed so that communities of living organisms lose little or nothing that contains available energy or useful material. Organisms develop that make a living from any waste product with available energy or useful material.

4.Industrial ecology asks industry to go ways much further both in mini-mizing harmful waste and in maximizing the economical use of waste and also of products at the ends of their lives.

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5.The aim of industrial ecology is to lighten the environmental impact per person and the role of industrial ecology is to find the opportunities for consider-able improvement from practical effort.

There are several means, including: Zero emission: chances and ways to move from leaky to looped systems, es-

pecially for energy. Materials substitution: opportunities for changes in material properties to re-

duce environmental burdens and for improved or new materials to occupy markets.

Dematerialization: trends in delivering equal or more services with less quan-tity of material.

Decarburization: evolution of the energy system for more service while burn-ing less carbon, through more low-carbon fuel (natural gas) or no-carbon fuel (hydrogen) and through more efficient generation, distribution and use.

Functional economy: changing industries anew as satisfying wants (e.g., floor coverings) rather than selling goods (e.g., carpets).

2.1: Answer the following questions:1) What is Ecology?2) What is Industry?3) What is the aim of industrial ecology?4) What means are there for reducing the environmental impact?

2.2 Complete the following sentences:1) Ecology is ... of biology which deals with the mutual relations between

organisms and their environment.2) Industry had essentially solved ... of production.3) Industrial ecology asks... to go ways much further both in minimizing

harmful waste and in maximizing the economical use of waste.4) The aim of industrial ecology is to ... the environmental impact per

person.

2 .3 Match the synonyms:

1) branch2) web3) threat4) waste 5) harmful6) lighten7) use8) aim9) property 10) environmental burdens

a) connectionb) purposec) rubbishd) featuree) environmental problems f) fieldg) dangerh) poisonousi) easej) utilization

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2.4 Fill in the table and translate.

Noun ............Verbrelationcompetition cooperationsolutiondevelopment improvement emissionsubstitutionreduction...occupation evolution

2.5 Match the word expressions:

1. mutual 2. natural 3. more widespread 4. available5. useful 6. harmful 7. economical8. environmental 9. considerable 10.zero11.environmental 12.functional 13.materials

a) threat "Waste"b) impactc) relationsd) improvemente) forces and organismsf) substitutiong) burdensh) emissioni) economyj) materialk) wastel) usem) energy

2.6 Explain the meaning of the following:1) Industrial ecology 2) Zero emission3) Dematerialization4) Materials substitution5) Decarburization6) Functional economy

2.7 Make up a short report about industrial ecology and means of environ-mental burdens reduction.

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Industrial Ecology and the Building Environment1.Warm up.What do Industrial Ecology and the Building Environment mean?What is the connection between Industrial Ecology and the Building Environ-ment?

1.1 Read the text and translate it into Russian.

1. In its short history, Industrial Ecology achieves environmental quality by analyzing the human resource use and environmental problems and by use of

environmental quality

consistent approaches

requirements structure analytic tools comprehensive environmental site assessment

impact parcel Full Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) Expanding Environmental Impact

Statements Instituting local building codes with

higher efficiency standards for lighting-, thermal insulation sys-tems

Establishing clear limits for busi-nesses to measure environmental characterization

application

качество, относящееся к окружающей среде последовательные подходы

требования строение, здание аналитические средства обширный, всесторонний оценка строительного

участка в плане окружающей среды

влияние участок земли Теория жизненного цикла расширение изложений о

влиянии окружающей среды учреждение местных

строительных норм с высоко эффективными стандартами для систем освещения и теплоизоляции

установление чётких показателей для предприятий по характеристике окружающей среды

применение

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an analogy with natural ecosystems. The application of this principle to the Building Environment presents new requirements. Industrial Ecology must de-velop consistent approaches to building design and construction as well as the utilization of land for structures. Industrial Ecology should consider the Building Environment, as its own ecology or as part of a one.

2. Industrial ecology should provide analytic tools, design principles, and perspectives for improving the environmental character of structures. The Build-ing Environment aims to improve the value of industrial ecology by applying it.

3. Industrial ecology also describes materials and manufactured compo-nents used in the Building Environment as they influence the operation of build-ing systems for plumbing, electricity, and climate control and the use of natural resources over the lifetime of a structure.

4. The actual range of landscapes, climates, ecosystems, and available construction materials form the Building Environment. It requires industrial ecology to develop analytic tools and perspectives. These include more compre-hensive measures of resource use and methods for materials management, im-proved environmental site assessment and planning, and design principles. The principles must respect the human need for housing and take into account the in-fluence of the evolution of the Building Environment.

5.Historical analysis of the Building Environment offers measures for technological innovations and government policies. The analysis shows the pos-sible results from more efficient material utilization and suggests methods for improving materials management and using industrial wastes for construction materials. LCA studies in the Building Environment focus attention on 1) the re-duction of environmental impact from the manufacture of building components;2) resource use over the lifetime; 3)the reduction of used energy; 4)the improvement of recyclability;5) frequently replaced building components.

6. Industrial Ecology of land use should offer planners how to disturb less land. Using the same parcel of the land surface for multiple functions is one of the principles in the Building Environment. Designing structures should be adapted to local materials, climate, and landscapes.

7. System change in the construction of the Building Environment de-mands the structural measures. Examples of structural measures include: 1) De-veloping technologically advanced material systems 2) Improving the economic climate for materials through market and mechanisms 3) Expanding Environ-mental Impact Statements 4) Instituting local building codes with higher effi-ciency standards for lighting, thermal insulation systems 5) Providing roadmaps for environmentally responsible practice to architects and building contractors 6) Establishing clear limits for businesses to measure environmental characteriza-tion. Improvements in all of these basic items will allow responsible practices for application in the economy.

2.1 Translate the following word expressions:human resource useutilization of land for structures

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materials and manufactured componentsresource usefrequently replaced building components advanced material systemsEnvironmental Impact Statementslocal building codeshigher efficiency standards thermal insulation systemsenvironmentally responsible practicemeasure environmental characterizationmaterials management2.2 Find the word expressions with the word environmental in the text and translate them.

2.3 Join these split sentences and translate them:

1. Industrial Ecology achieves environmental quality by 2. Industrial Ecology must de-velop 3. Industrial Ecology should consider the Building Environ-ment, 4. The Building Environment aims 5. The actual range of land-scapes, climates, ecosystems, and available construction materials

a) as its own ecology or as part of a one.b) form the Building Environ-ment.

c) consistent approaches to building design and construction as well as the utilization of land for structures.d) analyzing the human resource use and environmental problems and by use of an analogy with natural ecosystems.e) to improve the value of indus-trial ecology by applying it.

2.4 Resume the sentences from the text:1. Industrial Ecology must develop consistent approaches to building design and construction as well as the utilization of land for structures. 2. Industrial ecology should provide analytic tools, design principles, and perspectives for improving the environmental character of structures.3. Industrial ecology also describes materials and manufactured com-ponents used in the Building Environment.

Functions of Industrial Ecology are 1)development of... 2) provision of....

3) description of...1. The Building Environment aims to improve the value of industrial ecology by applying it.

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2. the Building Environment offers measures for technological inno-vations and government policies.

The aim of Building Environment is 1) improvement of...2) offering of…

TEXTS FOR SUPPLEMENTARY READINGI

1. Degradation of the ozone layer

Production of CFCs is being phased out because they damage the earth’s stratospheric ozone layer, which prevents much of the sun’s ultraviolet light from reaching the earth. Degradation of this layer can cause an increase in skin cancer and a reduction of crop yields. As CFCs escape from junked or faulty compressors and hoses, or when used as solvents, they rise to the stratosphere. There they are transformed by ultraviolet radiation into chlorine atoms, which play a role in catalytic ozone depletion.

Scientists estimate that since the late 1950s, the ozone layer over Europe and North America has decreased by 10%. And the United Nations World Mete-orological Organization announced that the largest hole ever measured in the earth’s ozone layer – a 3.86 million square mile gap – existed over Antarctica. As negative ozone figures kept coming in, developed countries agreed to elimi-nate the production of CFCs, except for a few essential uses. The “essential” ex-ceptions allow for the production of CFCs for use as propellants in aerosol sprays for use by asthmatics, and for the use of small quantities in laboratories.

To accelerate tje switch to new equipment that can use alternative re-frigerants, the United States levied a hefty, annually graduated excise tax on all new and imported CFCs, beginning in 1990.

CFCs are mélange of chemicals compounds. Their designations were de-veloped by DuPont in the 1930s as an esoteric code intended to keep competi-tors from knowing the product’s chemical makeup. That code has long since been revealed and is used by the entire industry. The most widely used com-pound is CFCs-12, also known as R-12, which carries the DuPont trade name Freon. Its primary use is a refrigerant in residential refrigerators and mobile air conditioners. The automotive industry used about half the worldwide produc-tion of CFCs-12, or some 125 million pounds per year. Other CFCs , such as 12,113, 114 and 115, are used in the production of foam rubber and rigid insu-lating foam for appliances and construction, and as solvents, especially in the electronics industry. All of these CFCs are being replaced with an equally number of hydrofluorocarbons or hydrochlorofluorocarbons, known as HFCs and HCFCs, respectively.

Yet these replacements for CFCs are no panacea. It is known, for ex-ample, that HCFCs can also deplete the earth’s ozone layer at a considerably slower rate than do CFCs. To address this problem, the 1992 meeting in Copenhagen also adopted a complex phaseout schedule for HCFCs. The agreement calls for the reduction of HCFCs in five stages beginning in 2004,

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with a total phaseout by 2030. And, although HCFCs have not been associ-ated with ozone depletion, both they and HCFCs have recently been cited as possible acid rain culprits.

2.Oil and Fish(1)The Far Eastern and North Pacific shelves, with their severe climatic con-

ditions present the great risk of contingencies with the worst of imaginable con-sequences. We should pay our attention to the latent anomalies existing in the region. For instance, in the locations of prospecting drills, changes in the marine ecosystem were observed resulting from mineral mixture released in the sea wa-ter. Another group of adverse factors: alienation of fishing areas, laying of pipe-lines without flushing with the sea bottom, covering of the sealed wells openings with special armature (4.5 m high, 3-4 sq. m), dumping of drilling platform de-bris, anchors, wires, tractors, etc. on sea bottom.

This given concept considers allocation of protected zones where oil prospecting and drilling will be prohibited under all conditions, as well as zones requiring additional environmental studies and limitations to avoid negative con-sequences. For the purposes of legal support, it will be necessary to alter the ex-isting decision-making procedures for oil and gas prospecting on the marine shelf, which no longer comply with the environmental protection requirements.

At the same time, we should not exaggerate the risks of oil and gas prospecting projects. Thus, for instance. according to American scientists, oil drilling does not present too much danger. Risk of pollution resulting from an oil spill at а drilling site is а mere 2%, while that resulting from transportation reaches 50%.

Sea water dissolves about 5% of oil products, or even more. Released in sea water, the oil undergoes physical, chemical and biochemical changes. The volatile components, making from 20% to 50% of the crude oil, evaporate very intensively at the very beginning, than less so throughout the whole period of their presence in the sea water. Generally, the crude oil releases about 50% of its components into the atmosphere. Due to the evaporation. Very active is self-re-moval of the light gasoline and kerosene fractions, diesel fuel and other low-molecular compounds. However, this cannot be considered as self- purification of the sea environment, as it was thought sometimes.

3. Oil and Fish (2)The Sea of Okhotsk is exclusively productive in terms of marine re-

sources, which is а very important factor for local fishing industry. Any oil and gas extraction projects, with concurrent transportation and construction develop-ments will have an irrevocable negative consequences, unless necessary preven-tive measures are taken to protect the environment. Any oil and gas prospecting

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schedules should evaluate, in the first place, the possible impact on the ecosys-tems of the shelf.

Any such projects will undoubtedly take effect on the environment, this way or the other. Therefore our objective will be to evaluate not only the poten-tial pluses of the projects, but the negative consequences. The gist of the prob-lem is that potential oil and gas bearing areas coincide with the areas of active fisheries and habitats of the most valuable fish species and endangered sea mam-mals. Therefore, on the initial stage it would make the best sense to pinpoint the areas where such projects would be prohibited under all conditions (е.g.: natural reserves); areas, where the works would be permitted if only certain conditions were met (е.g.: seasonal works); and finally, the areas where the works would be possible without limitations.

During seismic surveys, explosions (drastic changes of pressure) create conditions for lethal impact on hydrobionts, especially on the early stages of their development. During drilling works, each stationary oil-rig on the shelf be-comes а source of multi-component and continuous pollution, including: drilling solutions. ground waters, hard particles, drilling wastes with high content of oil products, barite. lubricants, heavy metals, radionuclides, emulsifiers, biocides, and other toxins. Average daily waste output of one stationary oil-rig off Sakhalin East Coast, based on materials of an oil field development project, may approximate 60,000 cubic meters of drilling solution, 15,000 cubic meters of hard particles, and 640 cubic meters of ground waters spreading for 3 to 12 kilo-meters around the drilling site.

4. How weeds clean waterFanciers of tropical-fish use marine vegetation to help keep the water in

their aquariums clean and the same or similar plants are used in many reservoirs to aid the process of water purification. Now engineers are using the same ap-proach to help purify sewage and industrial water wastes.

The "living-filters", which include a number of reeds, rushes and irises cleanse water in a variety of interrelated ways. They absorb inorganic pollu-tants such as nitrates, phosphates and metals and toxic organic compounds such as phenol. Their roots trap small particles of insoluble pollutants. The plants reduce the-number of' pathogenic bacteria in water, possibly by produc-ing chemicals that destroy the bugs. They add oxygen to dirty water and act as hosts for-various bacteria, insects and small fish that also clean up pollutants.

Sudanese tribesmen have long used green plants to I make the murky waters of the Blue Nile potable and I palatable, but the large-scale use of this natural treatment is a recent innovation. The most advanced-process of this kind is a system used to purify water from the befouled Rhine River for the German town of Krefeld. The Rhine water, containing huge amounts . o f municipal and industrial sewage, is first subjected to chemical treatment which removes the bulk of the pollutants, and then sprayed into a lagoon planted with

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bulrushes. The spraying increases the amount of oxygen in the water, and the rushes remove almost all of the remaining pollutants, including toxic organic chemicals and coliform bacteria. This water infiltrates the soil below the la-goon —: which purifies it further —- and is then pumped off, through wells dug close to the lagoon into Krefeld’s water system.

Other schemes using green plants are on a somewhat smaller scale. In Hol-land’s Zuider Zee region, long waterfilled trenches planted with reeds have suc-cess-fully cleaned up sewage from summer camp sites, at about a quarter of the cost of conventional plants. Researchers are testing the use of natural and artifi-cial marches to treat municipal effluents and experimenting with lagoons full of water hyacinths for the same purpose.

Experts recognize that the method is not a panacea f or water-treatment problems. The plants require a lot of space, are vulnerable to pollutants that kill plants and cannot work year-round in areas where ponds freeze. Nevertheless green plants could provide-clean water for small communities that cannot afford full-scale purification systems. And in com-bination with conventional techniques, biological treatment offers relatively cheap way to remove the last traces of the pollutants that now end up in the drinking water of most large cities.

5. Clean water – can it be clean entirely?“Clean water”, “pure water”, “clear water” are some of the terms we use

in describing water of good quality. But what do they mean? Pure water, two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen, is great in a laboratory but not for plants and animals. Scientists have found, in fact, that the water from most streams in their natural state contains the proportions of dissolved minerals necessary for human health.

As we’ve mentioned, water is never entirely pure in nature. Water picks up a broad range of elements as it moves through its cycle of evaporation, con-densation, precipitation, and percolation on its way back to stream, lake, or sea. From the air, water picks up dissolved oxygen and other gases. As water passes over and through the rocks and soil, minerals are dissolved into it. Some materi-als are filtered out, but others remain in solution and are carried along with the water wherever it goes. Generally the deeper the water sinks into the ground the more minerals and other materials it contains.

Large areas of phosphate rock and minerals such as coal, can result in natural water pollution bad enough to effect long stretches of a stream. In addi-tion, natural occurrences, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and land-slides, can cause severe pollution of lakes and streams. Large populations of wild animals can also contribute to high levels of bacteria in a stream, under cer-tain conditions.

Add to the natural sources of pollution the activities of people and truly hazardous conditions that can arise. Just about everything that people cause some pollution. There is no way to avoid this entirely. There always seems to be something left over that can not be used, and that becomes waste. When fuels

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are burned, they produce smoke and gases of various kinds. These gases and smoke eventually come back to earth and find their way into the water some-where. There are also ashes or other residues from the burning process that be-come waste and can contaminate water supplies.

6.The radioactive wastes of the mining industry

Specialists consider that the situation with the radioactive wastes of the mining industry can not be viewed as favorable. There are nо radiation security services capable of monitoring the wastes. Radioactive wastes can be found among other wastes or under water. This problem was first faced in the Soviet Union in 1990s, when radioactive wastes started to appear at the oil wells. Spe-cialists noticed the fact that oil pipelines started to "light". In some cases such tubes were used for household purposes (for example, for construction of water supply systems).

Ministry of ecology and biological resources of the Republic of Kaza-khstan together with the Ministry of health саге and Nuclear energy Agency of-ten raised the question of the importance of liquidation of the difficult situation with the production leftovers remaining after the end of work, done by mining companies. However, this issue remains unsolved. The majority of the mining industry wastes are not monitored. Under the influence of atmospheric precipita-tion radioactive substances migrate into the ground and into the underground waters. Sometimes. people use the mining industry wastes to construct roads and houses. The influence of radioactive leftovers of the mining industry on the en-vironment has not been researched. The current situation existing at the places of mining industry wastes accumulation is potentially dangerous for the health of the people.

Currently in the Republic there are more than 200 plants using about 80000 sources of ionizing radiation (total activity of more than 250 thousand curie). Out of the total number about 20000 sources (activity of 80 thousand curie) must be written off and buried.

In Kazakhstan there is no special storage place for the capsule sources. The temporary storage place for capsule sources works at the Semipalatinsk testing range. The Republic lacks the state system of monitoring and control of the capsule sources. As а result the unregistered sources are used, there are cases of losses of the capsule sources. For example, on November 11, 1995 а neutron source disappeared from the water measuring device located at the Joint-stock company "Nodfos" in Jambyl region and the source still has not been found.

7. How to Make Man Environment-Conscious?

Ecological problems are now much in the limelight in the mass media. Man, the Homo sapiens, has taxed the potential of the biosphere to the limit – in fact, it

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can no longer cater to his consumerist drive. It makes no sense to engage in recrimi-nation. The old poignant question - Who is to blame? – has lost its sting. Another one is to be done? An emotionally charged question, sure! All kinds of suggestions come thick and fast: purification technologies, environmental monitoring, consump-tion within reasonable bounds, and what not!.. Yet such remedies are for the most part costly, laborious and impracticable. Is there a way out? The idea of universal ecological education, of making all and everyone feel responsible for the state of the environment has now gained wide currency. This has been the subject of many panel discussions.

The need of ecological education is quite obvious. But scientists are yet to develop a conceptual premise for that what in particular is to be taught and how. Environmentalists define some of the postulates which could underlie ecoeduca-tion today.

Russia is joining the global movement for “substandable development”. The idea implies a goal-oriented “designing” of the future. Man should harmo-nize socioeconomic and ecological processes also with an eye to the generations to come, their interests. For this purpose we must reappraise many values – say, even change our customary life styles. Also, such important factors as the world economy and demographic policy will have to be modified. One of the essential conditions for a transition of society to “substandable development” amounts to changing the substance and goals of education as a social institution. Ecological education should come first. We can define the strategic objective of ecoeduca-tion only if we know the root causes of the present crisis. These causes should be sought in man’s subjective relationships with the ambient world – just an ob-ject designed to cater to his wants as “the king of nature”. Regrettably, our con-temporaries are being less and less concerned with problems of making the world better, their “supreme values” are picking more of the material dross. A harmoniously developed individual is one who has a broad mind and is free of certain inhibitions and preconceived notions. This implies a degree of indepen-dence in his thoughts, words and deeds. Such an individual builds his relation-ships with the natural and social environment as an objective whole, but not on the basis of the man/world antithesis. Instilling such mentality is the purpose of ecological education.

Society cannot do without a guiding idea. With many conventional values being on the way out, it should adopt ecology as a pivotal fulcrum, that is, adopt a new, ecological philosophy. A philosophy based on a sound, reasonable ap-proach to the surrounding world, society and one’s own self. In this context we can name three fundamental aspects, and these are the laws of nature, the laws of societal development and, last, the physical and psychic development of man, the Homo sapiens. Clear, we cannot meddle with these laws...

Now, we know that the substance of any field of knowledge and what is taught at school do not concur. The school offers just a minimum of this or that discipline essential for one’s intellectual moulding. Ecology is still young as a science – it is merely a hundred years old, and the range of its specific subjects has not been defined yet. But adopting the idea of ecological philosophy, we

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could identify the main areas of specialized education: classical (biological) ecology, social ecology and the ecology of man. A school or college graduate should have an idea about the world he lives in, his place in it, and about man/society/nature relationships. Ecological education should rely, first and fore-most, on general scientific principles. First, this is an understanding of the fun-damental stages in the evolution of the global system, say, bearing on the “Cos-mos/Earth” and the “biosphere/noosphere” relationship. Such an approach may help form a global outlook in pupils.

8.The NetherlandsDespite limited natural resources and vulnerability to flooding, Holland

has become a highly successful agricultural and industrial nation thanks to a so-phisticated system of dikes, pumping, and draining. However, with half of the country below sea level and a rapidly growing population, Holland is also rapidly growing population, Holland is also heavily polluted. One sign of this environmental decline: the otter, whose presence indicates water quality and healthy riparian ecosystems, is now extinct in Holland

Holland in particular has the problem of post-war industrial development and pollutants taking decades to percolate through to the groundwater. This is causing a lot of worries in Holland – sort of like a bomb ticking away. And once you’ve contaminated the groundwater source, it’s almost impossible to clean. Being located on lowlands makes the Dutch rely heavily on groundwater, but it also means the water is even more vulnerable to contamination.

Flowing from eastern Switzerland through Germany to its North Sea delta in Holland, the Rhine River deposits industrial pollutants along its banks and into the sea. In recent years the EU has been working to “depollute” the North Sea as one of its many transnational projects. And the best news is that fish are now coming back to live in the Rhine.

Nearly half of Holland borders the North Sea, making it an area of partic-ular concern. Persistent organochlorines are draining into the North Sea , not just from Holland but from Eastern Europe and the United Kingdom. Studies have shown a buildup of the organochlorine toxaphene in mackerel, dolphins, and porpoises in the North Sea, especially around Ireland and Scotland. But toxaphene has never been used in Europe. It is believed the chemical may have traveled for years from the United States or the Caribbean, where it was once used in cotton production. Toxaphene was banned in the United States in 1982.

In response to environmental degradation, the Dutch have developed a National Environmental Policy Plan (NEPP) that is rapidly attracting interna-tional interest. In presenting the plan in 1989, the Dutch government announced that “unless we set a different course quickly and resolutely, we are heading for an environmental catastrophe.

Therefore, the NEPP initially deals with environmental hazards caused by traffic, curbing carbon dioxide emissions, taking remedial action in cases of soil contamination, tackling acidification, and gaining better control of the entire waste chain.” For example, the NEPP “seeks a fertilizer balance” to handle

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problems caused by agriculture and industry. Under NEPP guidelines, ground-water must meet standards similar to those of drinking water; no more phosphate and nitrate may enter water and soil than can be absorbed through natural pro-cesses.

With its concentration of petrochemical industries, the shipping city of Rotterdam, considered the largest port in the world, is also the most polluted city in Holland. Amsterdam is moderately is moderately polluted in part because of chips travelling through the canals and sediments discharged from several sites. However, it’s not very clear what the exact sources of pollution are in the canals. There are also pesticides from agricultural uses, and although the insecticide DDT is banned, there are still traces detectable in the environment.

Inland lakes are also subject to pollution, which migrates along streams, and through underground leaching.

9.Cleaning up Canada

Canada, the second largest nation in the world, extends across almost 4 mil-lion square miles from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the rocky shores of the Pa-cific Ocean and from borders shared with the United States in the south 3,000 miles north to the frigid waters of the Arctic Ocean. The country’s coastline, the longest in the world, spans more than 150,000 miles. Between costs, Canada is rich in lakes, rivers, forests, and barren rocks that not only shape the landscape but also mold the economy. Pulp and paper production, agriculture, and mining are major industries. Unfortunately, emissions and runoff from these industries, from hydroelectric plants, and from fossil fuel combustion have polluted the once pristine air and wa-ter. For years, pulp and paper mills were accused of discharging effluent with high concentrations of organochlorines into adjacent rivers. Impaired reproduction in fish suggested that something in the effluent was affecting fish metabolism. Dioxins have been shown to alter thyroid function in laboratory animals and to exert estro-genlike activity, and scientists suggest that these changes may apply to humans as well. Persistent toxic compounds such as dioxins, DDT and heavy metals have been polluting the Great Lakes, shares between the United States and Canada for more than 60 years . All these contaminants are taking their toll directly or indirectly on the lives of Canada’s 28 million residents, two-thirds of whom live close to the northern United States. Environment Canada is responsible for environmental con-cerns of national and interprovincial waters and interprovincial transport of sub-stances. Environment Canada does not make declarations on human health. That is the mandate of Health Canada. Health Canada concentrates only on human health issues. However, Health Canada and Environment Canada jointly assess substances to determine if they are toxic. When, for example, fish are collected for study, a de-partment of Environment Canada does the laboratory work, but Health Canada de-termines the risk to human health and issues the warnings.

Five years ago. The Canadian government committed $3 billion to a five-year environmental cleanup program called the Green Plan. The Green Plan is

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the Health and Environmental Action Plan, under which human health hazards from acid rain, airborne toxins, and ground level-ozone, and drinking water safety , and waste management practices are assessed.

10. Mllitary space installation’s pollution

"А strong source of pollution is represented by Military-space complex installations - "Baikonur" space center and testing ranges "Sary Shagan", "Emba", Flaying-testing range, Semipalatinsk range, and Kapustin Yar. Four large testing ranges and one flying center occupy 13,8 million hectares of land. Greece, which has given the world the antique culture and the foundations of democracy, is situated on the same amount of sapce. In Kazakhstan more than 500 explosions were carried out over and underground. These 13,8 million hectares cover the territories of six regions- Aktubinsk, Atyrau, 3ambyl, Zhezkazgan, Western-Kazakhstan and Kyzyl-Orda. Until recently populations of these regions did not know all the truth about consequences of the tests,

Неге is information gathered by the staff of Ministry of есо1оду and bio-logical resources and presented using objective scientific language: "pollution of the biosphere by rocket fuel is continued. The most dangerous of аП fuels is non-symmetric dimethylhydrozyne {NDMG) - а highly-toxic, explosive sub-stance, which has cancerougenous, mutogenous and therratogenous properties. If we translate these terms into regular human language, this will mean that this poisonous substance may become the reason for cancer or birth of children with abnormalities. "In the environrrten? NDMG appears, while it is produced, trans-ported, poured into the tanks and used at the tests of military and space missiles, when the heads of the rockets are separated and are falling on the ground, NDMG is carried by wind and later by water, wild and domestic animals, peo-ple, vehicles. It is concentrated in underground waters, soil, plants, organisms of wild animals and people. All types of manufactured products and raw materials {used for medical and other purposes), gathered from polluted territories are dangerous for the health of people. Rocket stages falling on the ground, objects returning from space, various targets fill the territory with scrap metal, which of-ten needs to be cleaned from toxic substances.

There have been 5 thousand objects which have been launched only into space and only from "Baikonur" space center. Mr. Yakovlev writes in his papers that there are more than 20 thousand tons of military and space scrap metal laying only in Zhezkazgan region.

11. The Ecological problems in the Galapagos Islands(Equador)

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In 1959 the Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Islands was es-tablished under the auspices1 of UNESCO. A field research station was set up in the following years in the Galapagos.

The main objective of this project consists in assisting the Government of Equador by promoting conservation measures in the island, particularly in rela-tion to the establishment of a National Park. Important survey of the status of a National Park and its fauna and flora were carried through.

Two components of direct human pressure threaten Galapagos wildlife: the growth of the colonist population and tourism.

The vast majority of the settlers now living in the four colonization areas came to the Galapagos after the Second World War. Their number has roughly dou-bled in the past ten years to a total of 5,000. Cattle raising and farming are possible forms of land use in the highlands of these islands, where there is same adequate soil and sufficient precipitation. The same areas are of highest interest because of their unique fauna and flora. Settlers in the coastal villages live from fishing, trade and tourism.

The limits between a National Park and the colonization area were finally surveyed and drawn in 1971.

Potential pressure on all wildlife is created by projects which are aimed at the big-scale exploitation of marine turtles, lobster, black coral and salt deposits, or is caused by the local need for sand, gravel, wood and salt. No marine areas are protected yet.

Tourism started in the Galapagos in an organized way in 1969 and now represents by far the most important Galapagos’ export product’ of the country. A study on tourism influences is in progress. There is good evidence that this in-terference is caused primarily by small groups traveling on private boats and by large groups that visit this island without guides. This problem can be solved if obligatory paths in critical areas are established.

Render the texts in Russian:II.

1In the North-Kazakhstan region uranium measuring devices with two non-

registered sources of ionizing radiation were found on the territory of an elevator in Smirnovo village. They were placed into a secure storage place. Each kind of wastes requires a special kind of disposal procedures. For example, wastes of ore extracting and processing industries containing radioactive materials are buried in firm thick rocks, layers of salt and clay. Wastes of the uranium industry are stored in mines. The largest location of radioactive wastes is concentrated at uranium extract-ing and uranium processing plants which are located in Mangystau (Joint-stock company “Kaskor”), Kokshetau, Jambul, Kyzyl-Orda and other regions.

There is a lack of appropriate storage facilities on the territory of the Repub-lic. The appropriate plants have their own storage places serving only their needs. In

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accordance with the information provided by the specialists, there are about 100 temporary storage places in the Republic. But the amount of low radioactive wastes is about 230 million tons. Currently many plants are transferred to foreign manage-ment. The new owners openly state that they will not solve the problems remaining from the old owners. Kazakhstani plants because of their economic difficulties do not have funds to solve the problem of radioactive wastes burial. It is not possible to rely on anyone; the state has to take care of the radioactive wastes.

2.In accordance with the analysis of ecological problems of the Mediterranean

Sea, primary processing of industrial wastes will cost 10-20 % of the cost associated with full processing, but it will neutralize from 50 to 90 % of the most dangerous toxic substances. Drastic decrease in the amount of industrial wastes using the pri-mary processing mentioned above will probably ensure stronger ecological effect than the persistent attempts to achieve complete processing and cleaning of the much smaller quantity of municipal wastes. The question is not whether there is not enough water , but the question is that having enough water it is distributed irra-tionally and non-proportionally.

The quality of water resources is also decreasing. Together with being pol-luted by city and industrial wastes they are also significantly polluted by drained water from the fields. The situation with the city sewage system is much worse than with the water supply systems. Many of those who have access to these services use water closets or other non-hygienic devices which often do not work because of un-stable water supply. However, even in those places where these devices do not cause any troubles for their owners, they are dangerous for the environment since the wastes are thrown without being processed.

3.Aluminium recycling is possible

Aluminium cans were the first products which were recycled on a large-scale in the USA and they still remain as one of the leading recyclable products. In 1990 88 billion cans were produced and 55 billion cans were recycled, which constitutes 62% of the total amount. And this number continues to grow thanks to educational programs for the people and to state laws regarding the use of special containers. Within last 20 years serious achievements were made in the sphere of aluminium recycling which can be explained by the influence of market economy. In the begin-ning of 1070s producers of steel cans widely advertised the fact that steel cans, un-like aluminium ones, can be biologically disintegrated. At that time garbage collect-ing campaigns were popular and aluminium cans producers were afraid of losing their market shares, so they decided to unfold an unprecedented network of alu-minium cans collection. Currently this network supported by endless public rela-tions campaigns serves as a foundation for recycling of half of the produced, sold and used cans within 2 months from the moment of their production. Based on this system aluminium won the largest share of the market and 85 % of the cans are

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made from aluminium. Now other producers are entering the fight creating the in-frastructure for collection of their own products. Steel industry has set a goal to achieve 65 % recycling level for its products.

4Development of the ecologically clean production program represents the

main goal in the sphere of environmental protection management at the plants. The priorities have been defined and the shortened list of them includes: Installation of dust consumption systems and filters at non-ferrous metallurgy

plants (lead, copper, zinc, aluminium) situated in the distance of 5 km from the cities;

Installation of the equipment reducing levels of steam, dust, ashes and carbon oxides thrown by ferrous metallurgy plants;

Replacement of coal by gas or non-smoke solid fuel for Heat Power Plants, for commercial plants and households in the cities where the average level of con-centration of aerosols exceeds ISO mg/cubic meter;

Installation of preventing processing devices for sewage of small and medium size plants such as galvanic and metal processing, working in the areas where heavy metal pollution represents a significant problem;

Assistance to the proper placement of locally-produced septic tanks and proper clearing of manure from intensive animal growing installations of the agricul-tural sector, where the level nitrates in the water of wells exceeds 10 mg/liter;

Monitoring of disposal of dangerous wastes and control over the leakage from storage places especially in those places where the risks of drinking water pollu-tion exists.

So, ecologically clean production is not an utopia. And the reglamentation of eco-logically clean production is not only the concern of the tops but also the test of our creativity, our group generation of ideas and suggestions. But do not forget that there 10 obstacles on the way to creation:1) the fear of making mistakes, 2) the fear of being considered a fool, 3) the fear of

being criticized, 4) the fear of being misunderstood, 5) the fear of being alone, 6) the fear of breaking tradition and introducing changes, 7) the fear of agreement with setting bans, 8) the fear of everything new, 9) the fear of losing group sup-port, 10) the fear to remain the individual.

We have nothing to be afraid of because we are losing our planet.

5.ScandinaviaIn 1971, Denmark became the first industrialized European country to

establish a ministry that exclusively on environmental matters. In 1988, the Danish government established a set of stringent policies to combat the greenhous effect by lowering carbon dioxide emmissions. One highlight of that plan is the Rube Biogas plant, located in the flat marshlanndx of southwest Denmark, which converts farm fertilizer and other wastes into expand their use of windpower and other alternative energy forms. With 70% of their land

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covered by thousands of lakes and thick forests, most Finns live in the southern part of the country. Finland shares much of its astern border with a heavily polluted region of Russia as well as its shoreline with the Baltis Sea , contaminated in part by industrial development in the former Soviet Baltic republics, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. To help prevent further problems , the Finnish government has developed a program to work with Eastern European countries on environmental protection measures, especially on airborne and waterborne pollutants carried by the Baltic. Among the countries of Europe, Sweden is often considered the most environmentally conscious of all. Attempts to remedy problems cross all sectors. Sweden‘s environmental laws are very strong and in fact much stronger than any other country. And now that they have voted to join the Union (in fall 1994), they may try to raise the level of environmental laws in other European countries.

6.Underground waters in Kazakhstan

Underground waters are widely used in the Republic of Kazakhstan as sources of drinking water for cities, villages as suppliers of water for industrial instillations, for watering crop lands and pastures and for other purposes. Natu-ral underground water resources are formed by infiltration of atmospheric pre-cipitation, filtration of river water losses. The Republic of Kazakhstan has sig-nificant underground water resources, the annual exploitation volume of which is estimated to be at the level of 41,6 cubic kilometers.As а result of continuing technical pollution the conditions of water supply have worsened in Karaganda, Shymkent, Almaty, Aktubinsk. Intensive exploitation of underground waters by large water consumers has led to decrease in the levels of underground waters and to development of subsiding soil effects. Underground water resources are strongly affected by pollution originated as а result of human activities. 456 clusters of polluted underground waters have been identified in the Republic. Out of this number 103 objects have been taken under constant control. The squares of these territories vary from several square kilometers to tens and hun-dreds of square kilometers. The substances polluting underground waters are dominated by sulphur containing combinations, nitrogen containing combina-tions, phenols, heavy metals. On the territories where metallurgical plants are lo-cated, the underground waters contain selenium, mercury. Note:To subside – понижать, проседать(о почве)

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CHECK YOURSELF

Grammar

1.Analyze the –ing- forms in the sentences. State Gerund and Partici-ples.

1.The people have upset the nature’s equilibrium releasing harmful sub-stances into the air, polluting rivers and oceans with industrial waste. 2. Clouds cov-ering the earth and their shadows can be observed very well. 3. The injection of in-creasing amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by burning industrial fuels can lead to global warming and glacier retreat. 4. On the other hand, the accumula-tion of solid pollutants in the upper atmosphere could have the opposite effect, de-creasing the world temperature by reducing the amount of incoming radiant energy. 5. Because of air pollution breathing the air in Cairo is life threatening - equivalent to smoking 2 packs of cigarette a day. 6. People are beginning to realize that envi-ronmental problems are of great concern and they should be solved by people them-selves.7. Man adds to the pollutants by burning coal, oil, gas, gasoline and many other things. 8. Nuclear power stations produce a special kind of waste giving off radiation. 9. One of the most alarming forms of air pollution is acid rain.

2.Read the speech of an ecologist at Nature Protection Conference and try to complete the sentences with the modal verbs must, have to, mustn’t, needn’t, should\ought to, can.

I…(1) raise my voice against all destructive forces which are turning our land onto a desert of concrete and stone. Big industrial monopolies are polluting air and poisoning water in rivers. They have created a lot of machines. Their noise is maddening. So people and animals…(2) to breathe dirty air and drink poi-soned water. What…(3) we do? We …(4) do a lot. We..(5) stop destructing our land. People…(6) to take urgent measures and stop the environmental pollution. We deserve better life and we…(7) provide our descendants with pure air and clear water.. Choose life before it’s too late!

3.Complete the text using the modal verbs from the box:

How to be a friend of Earth.

Should(4) can(3) ought(1) have(1) need(1)121

There are many simple things we(1)… all do to stop the destruction of the environment. First of all we (2)… not dump our rubbish without thinking which things such as bottles and paper, (30… be recycled. We(4)… put objects that we (5)… recycle in recycling bins. Secondly, instead of taking our car wherever we go, we (6)… to leave it at home whenever possible, and go on foot or by public transport. If there is something wrong with our car exhaust pipe, we (7)… get it fixed immediately. When we (8)… to drive to the supermarket to do the shop-ping, we (9)… always remember to take our own bags, so that we don’t (100… to use the supermarket’s bags.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense form. Some of the verbs should be in the active and some in the passive.

Animals on the roadMore cars and lorries (1)…(drive) on our roads every year and sadly, as a

result of this, more wild animals(2)…(kill) by vehicles. While migrating, breed-ing or feeding animals (3)…(take) the routes which (4)… cross be the roads. Ev-ery spring, many thousands of toads(5)…(kill) as they (6)… (make) their way to the traditional breeding ponds. All over the world, animals are victims of the road and their dead remains can (7)…(often see) lying on the roadside. Many badgers and hedgehogs (8)… (hit) by cars at night as they (9)… (move around) in search of food. Rabbits sometimes seem to (10)…(hypnotize) by the head-lights of cars and (11)… (not move) quickly out of the way. Birds (12)… (some-times hit) too as they (13)…(fly) low over the road. Can anything (14)…(do) to protect these animals from the dangers of the road?

Lexics

1.Fill in the missing information about the problem or its description or give definitions to some words:

1. Recycling is The activity of re-using things that have already been used.

2. Deforestation ?

3. ? The process of making water or land impure, bad, dirty

4. ? Rain which contains harmful quantities of acid as a result of industrial pollution.

5. Pesticides ?

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6. Fertilizers A natural or chemical substance that is put on the land to make crops grow better.

7. ? The gradual slight warming of the air surrounding the earth because heat cannot escape through its upper layer.

8. Air Pollution ?

9. ? A place of dropping nuclear waste.

10. ? An escape of low-level radiation from the nuclear power plant.

11. The ozone layer ?

12. ? An increase in world temperature caused by an in-crease in carbon dioxide.

2. Which word is correct?1. Global warming\layer means that the earth is slowly getting hotter.2. We should cut down fewer trees from rain\plant forests.3. Scientists say the ozone fumes\layer is getting thinner.4. We should try aerosol cans\bottles less.5. We should try to leave the car at home to reduce pollution\polluting.6. The government should stop people dumping\recycling rubbish ev-

erywhere.7. The government should ban\close the hunting of wild animals.8. There should be laws to protect endangered\dangerous species.9. The government should close\cut factories that pollute the environ-

ment.10.We mustn’t waste water. We should try to protect\save it.

3.Read the text and decide which answer a, b, c or d best fits each space:

The doomed planet

One only has to (1)… at the newspapers to realize that environment(2)… are not going to go away. (3)… warming is getting worse and the air we (4)… and the water we drink are getting dirtier. However, the problems(5)… as the hole in the ozone layer and (6)…rain often seem unimportant to us. It (7)… be difficult to get upset about tropical (8)… on the other side of the planet.

1. a read b see c glance d study2. a troubles b disaster c crises d campaign3. a Global b Earth c Planet d Ground4. a breath b breathe c smell d take

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5. a such b so c like d how6. a dirty b bitter c burning d acid7. a should b may c will d can8. a woods b jungles c forests d trees

4. Fill in the blanks in the text using a word given above the text:

Save it!

In recent years, the number of (1)…problems has increased danger-ously. One of the most serious problems is changes to the (2)…which has led to the (3)…effect, this is making most climates warmer. It is already affecting several areas of the world with unusual(4)… causing droughts or heavy storms. Cutting down on (5)… fumes from vehicles would help solve the problem. Natural(6)… such as oil and coal are not endless, so using other forms of (7)… such as wind, sun, water, and even sea waves would help preserve our planet. Very soon we will be able to drive cars in cities that run(8)… electricity – a much cleaner(9)… than petrol. And we can also help reserve finite resources by (10)… things made of glass, alu-minium, plastic and paper.

Word-building

1. Ecological nounsa) Study the word-building chart. Use different suffixes to form

“ecological “ nouns from the verbs in the left column.A verb -ment -tion\sion -age ?to accumulate accumulation

to extinct

greenhouse

fuel atmosphere

energy on

recycling

environment

resources

exhaust

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weather

to prevent

to contaminate

to short

to concentrate

to develop

to emit

to organize

to leak

Which suffix is the most popular with ecological nouns?

b) Now complete these sentences using appropriate forms of the nouns in ex. 1a

1. Greenpeace is an_____________that fights to protect the environment.2. Water_________is a very urgent problem in our region.3. A lot of fish species suffer from oil__________during its transforma-

tion.4. There is_________of drinking water in the steppes of the Crimea.5. ________of carbon dioxide leads to global warming.6. The human race is threatened with complete_________.7. The __________of forest fires is an important environmental issue.8. The___________of pollutants in the air reached a dangerous levels.9. Can we reduce auto ____________?10.Special TV programmes could be a good step in development of eco-

logical education of population.

2. Read the stories. Use the word given in the right column in the right form in the same line.

a) What can we do?1. What can we do to reduce the … of the atmosphere?2. The change in the climate has produced…floods.3. Many rare species are threatened with…4. Many of the gases produced by factories are… to the health5. Exhaust fumes have… effect on the environment.6. Protection of the environment is essential to our…7. The… of the environment is everybody’s responsibility.8. While some countries get richer, the… in other get worse.

POLLUTEDISASTEREXTINCTHARM

DAMAGESURVIVEPROTECTPOOR

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9. Millions of people in the world are threatened with…10. When I read this article about… pollution it makes me feel upset

b) Pollution is a dirty word.The Earth is our home. We must take care of it. For our-selves and for the next(1)… . This means preserving of the quality of our environment. The (2)… of this task is stressed by scientists who study the(3)… of people to na-ture. These scientists are called(4)… from the Greek word oikos which means home. Ecologists are(5)…for keeping the land, air and water clean. Pollution is bad for our health,happiness and our(6)…Today the (7)… relationship is threatened by slow poison-ing the environment. Air pollution is the most (8)…type of poisoning among several that attack the most(9)… life functions.Can you do anything? The (10)… is up to you.

c) Slick to deathOil pollution is like a a nightmare. Sea birds, covered in a thick black oil coating are(1)…to fly or feed themselves. Cleaning them is a painstaking(2).. and it takes volunteers 40 minutes to clean one bird. All members of the local(3)… groups usually rush to the area of the crush as soon as the hear the (4)… news. According to Chris Mead, Britain’s (5)… ornithologist, it is not (6)… to clean the birds and release them. He told re-porters: “I can understand the desperate feelings of the (7)… that they should do something to help the birds but (8)… it may be kinder to put them to sleep(9)… . Surely, the best way to solve the problem is to (10)… such accidents.

STARVEENVIRONMENT

GENERATEIMPORTANTRELATEECOLOGYRESPONSE

CIVILIZEHARMONYDANGERBASE

CHOOSE

ABLEBUSY

ENVIRONMENTPLEASANTLEAD

EFFECTRESCUEREALISTIC

IMMEEDIATEPREVENTION

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