FINAL EXAM REVIEW: GLOBAL 9

5 Themes of Geography

LOCATION – Absolute or relative

PLACE – Physical & human characteristics

HUMAN environment interaction

MOVEMENT – Search for food, jobs, trade, escape persecution, desire to be free.

REGION – Cultural, economic, and physical.

Remember: CULTURE = WAY OF LIFE!!!!!

Early history

PALEOLITHIC ERA (Old Stone Age)(2,500,000 – 10,000 B.C.)

Nomadic lifestyle.

Made tools and weapons from sticks.

Migrated from Africa north and east.

NEOLITHIC ERA (New Stone Age)(10,000 – 3,500 B.C.)

Beginnings of farming.

Domestication of animals.

Food-producing v. food gathering.

Development of civilization.

UNIT 1: Early River Valley Civilizations (3200 – 250 B.C.)

Reasons for development in river valleys:

Silt from floodwaters kept soil fertile. Animals and humans flocked to river to eat and drink. Means for transporting goods and people.

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• River Valley Civilizations

▫ MESOPOTAMIA (3500 – 1750 B.C.)

Located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

Polytheistic – worshipped in Ziggurats.

Writing – cuneiform

Law – Code of Hammurabi: 1st major law code; laws varied by social status.

▫ EGYPT (3100 – 250 B.C.)

Located along Nile River in Northeast Africa.

Cyclical flooding.

Polytheistic and ruled by God-king – Pharaoh

Writing – Hieroglyphics.

▫ INDUS (2500 – 1500 B.C.)

Located along Indus River (Pakistan).

Constructed cities (Mohenjo Daro; Harappa) using grid system & efficient plumbing.

Written records have yet to be deciphered.

▫ HUANG HE (Yellow River)(2000 – 1075 B.C.)

Located around the Yellow River in Northern China.

Cut off from rest of world because of natural barriers (Himalayas, Gobi Desert).

Referred to as the, “Middle Kingdom.”

Developed dynasties – series of rulers from a single family (dynastic cycle).

Mandate of Heaven – right to rule passed down from Heaven.

Oracle bones - used to predict future.

Writing – Chinese characters.

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UNIT 2: MAJOR WORLD RELIGIONS & BELIEF SYSTEMS:

• ANIMISM Earliest form of religion.

▫ Nature worship.

• SHINTOISM ▫ Developed in Japan around 500 B.C.

▫ Known as, “the way of the gods.”

▫ Worshipped kami – spirit found in all living and non-living things.

▫ Deep respect for nature.

• HINDUISM ▫ Located in India and South/Southeast Asia.

▫ Beliefs recorded in the Vedas.

▫ Reincarnation – inner-self reborn in another form.

▫ Moksha – enlightenment; ends reincarnation.

▫ Caste system – social structure where people remain for their lifetime.

Highest to lowest: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisha, Shudra, Untouchables.

▫ Karma – ethical law of cause and effect.

▫ Dharma – duties and obligations to ones caste.

• BUDDHISM ▫ Originated in India; developed in China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia.

▫ Founder – Siddhartha Gautama (aka Buddha).

▫ Major belief – 4 Noble Truths.

▫ Nirvana – enlightenment, becoming one with the universe.

▫ Spread by Asoka via the Silk Road.

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• JUDAISM ▫ Located throughout the world - mostly in Israel.

▫ Holy Book - Torah

▫ Covenant - pact made by Abraham and Yahweh to lead people to Canaan.

▫ Exodus - movement of Jews out of Egypt (1300 - 1200 B.C.)

▫ Ten Commandments

▫ Diaspora

• CHRISTIANITY ▫ 2 billion people (largest in world) - located mostly in Europe and U.S.

▫ Holy book - Bible.

Contains Old Testament (Judaism) and New Testament - teachings of Jesus.

▫ Belief that Jesus was the Messiah.

▫ Major sects: Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant groups.

• ISLAM ▫ Located mostly in the Middle East.

▫ Founder - Muhammad (570 - 632 A.D.)(“Seal of the Prophets”)

▫ Holy book - Koran (Qu’ran).

▫ Ka’aba - holy site for Muslims in the holy city of Mecca.

▫ 5 Pillars of Faith

Confession, Prayer, Alms, Fasting (Ramadan), and Hajj.

▫ Sixth Pillar - Jihad; holy war.

▫ Major sects: Sunni and Shiite

• CONFUCIANISM ▫ Developed in China during “Warring States Era.”

▫ Holy book - Analects.

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▫ Filial Piety - good of the family before the individual; respect for elders.

▫ Five Relationships - people should know how to lead and how to follow.

• TAOISM ▫ Developed in China during the “Warring States Era.”

▫ Observation of nature key to being in touch with divine force.

▫ Harmony in nature - the yin and yang.

UNIT 3: ANCIENT GREECE:

• Geography of Greece

▫ 25% of land ARABLE (FARMABLE) - need for trade.

▫ Barriers led to the development of isolated city-sates known as the POLIS.

• ATHENS ▫ Developed a direct democracy - all citizens allowed to vote.

▫ Citizens educated in reading, grammar, poetry, math, and music.

▫ Limited role for women.

• SPARTA ▫ Developed military state - individual expression discouraged.

▫ Women received military training.

• PERSIAN WARS ▫ Greeks defeated Persians by 470 B.C. - ushers in “golden age.”

▫ Golden Age under PERICLES - ruled Athens from 406-429 BC

Ex. Literature - Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey; glorify Greece.

Ex. Philosophy - Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

• Peloponnesian Wars (“Suicide of Greece”).

▫ ATHENS v. SPARTA5

• Macedonians and Hellenism

▫ ALEXANDER THE GREAT (334 - 323 B.C.)

Established empire that included Macedonia, Egypt, Persia, and India.

Expansion caused birth of HELLINISM -blending of cultures under Alexander’s empire following his death.

UNIT 4: ROME

• Geography

▫ Located in the center of the ITALIAN Peninsula.

• Rome in the Roman Republic (509 – 27 B.C.)

▫ Gov’t where officials are chosen by the people.

Combined monarchial, aristocratic, and democratic types of gov’t.

▫ Social classes

PATRICIANS – landowning upper class.

PLEBEIANS – farmers, merchants, etc.

▫ TWELVE TABLES OF LAW –free citizens had a right to protection under the law.

▫ PUNIC WAR – wars between Rome and Carthage.

▫ First Triumvirate & assassination of JULIUS CAESAR• Roman Empire (27 B.C. – 476 A.D.)

▫ Started under AUGUSTUS CAESAR▫ PAX ROMANA – 200 year peace beginning under Augustus.

Roads built, aqueducts, Colosseum, worldwide trade.

▫ Constantine – legalizes CHRISTIANITY (312 A.D.)

Creates new capital – CONSTANTINOPLE6

▫ Decline

Political – inefficient gov’t; too large to govern effectively.

Economic – 1/3 of population on welfare/unemployed.

Military – loss sense of patriotism.

Social – population became lazy – bread and circuses.

Foreign invasion – overthrown by Huns in 476 A.D. – leads to the DARK AGES

UNIT 5: CHINA & JAPAN

• ZHOU Dynasty (1122 – 256 B.C.)

▫ Developed Mandate of Heaven – ruler chosen by gods to rule.

▫ Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism evolve.

• QIN Dynasty (221 – 206 B.C.)

▫ First dynasty to unify all of China.

▫ Shi Huangdi – “First Emperor”

▫ Began construction of the Great Wall.

• HAN Dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.)

▫ Developed civil service examinations, based on Confucian teachings.

▫ Silk Road – first worldwide trading network; allowed for exchange of goods and ideas from China to Rome.

• SUI Dynasty (581 – 618 A.D.)

▫ Ends period of disorder; establishes Grand Canal.

• TANG & SONG China (“Golden Age”)

▫ Revived trade on the Silk Road.

▫ Revived civil service examinations.

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▫ Tang inventions – porcelain, mechanical clock, block printing, and gun powder.

▫ Song inventions – paper money, moveable type, and magnetic compass.

MONGOL Empire

▫ Ghengis Khan – united all steppe people under one rule and began conquest.

▫ Conquered territory from China to Poland – largest empire in history.

▫ Area divided into 4 KHANATES run by the offspring of Ghengis Khan.

• Khanate of the Great Khan – covered eastern portion of Empire; established Yuan Dynasty of China (1260 – 1368 A.D.) led by Kublai Khan.

• Khanate of Chagatai – area of Central Asia (modern day Turkey).

• Ilkhanate – Persia.

• Khanate of the Golden Horde – Russia.

• Caused Russia to become isolated from rest of Europe.

ANCIENT CHINA

• MING Dynasty (1368 – 1644 A.D.)

▫ Zheng He (1371 – 1453 A.D.) – Chinese Muslim admiral who led voyages out of China in an attempt to display Chinese dominance.

▫ Moved China into isolationism following Zheng He’s seventh voyage (Confucian values).

• QING Dynasty (1644 – 1911 A.D.)

▫ Second era of foreign rule in China – run by the Manchus.

▫ Maintained isolationism – forced those who wanted to trade to kowtow to Emperor.

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ANCIENT JAPAN

• Geography

▫ Japan is an archipelago located on the Ring of Fire.

4 major islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu.

• Early history

▫ Yamato Period (250 – 710 A.D.) – claimed descent from Amaterasu; only emperors of Japan.

▫ Nara Period (710 – 794 A.D.) – height of Chinese influence.

▫ Heian Period (794 – 1185 A.D.) – golden age of Japanese art and learning.

• Japanese Feudalism (1100’s – 1868 A.D.)

▫ Following rule of Heian, military leaders take over Japan, known as the Shogun.

Structure: Emperor, Shogun, Daimyo, Samurai, Peasants, Merchants.

• Tokugawa Shogunate (1603 – 1868 A.D.)

▫ Fearing influence by foreign powers, Japan isolates itself from the rest of the world.

▫ Allows for the development of Japanese culture (ex. Tea ceremony, kabuki, haiku, etc.).

UNIT 6: INDIA & AFRICA

EARLY INDIA:

• MAURYAN Empire (321 – 184 B.C.)

▫ First Empire to unite all of northern India.

▫ Major religion – Buddhism.

▫ Asoka

Snet missionaries to spread Buddhism throughout India and Asia.

• GUPTA Empire (320 – 535 A.D.)

▫ Known as the “Golden Age of India.”9

Ex. Calculated size and shape of Earth, concept of 0, etc.

▫ Returned India to Hinduism.

• MUGHAL Dynasty (1494 – 1707 A.D.)

▫ Era of Muslim influence in India.

▫ Babur (r.1494 – 1527 A.D.) – established Mughal Empire.

▫ Akbar (r.1556 – 1605 A.D.) – encouraged religious toleration; brought dynasty into, “golden age.”

Repealed non-believer tax, created centers for learning, established graduated income tax, and allowed foreigners into political office.

▫ Shah Jahan (r.1628 – 1658 A.D.) – built Taj Mahal for wife; bankrupted empire.

▫ Aurangzeb (r.1658 – 1707 A.D.) – brutally expanded empire; opened European trade.

EARLY AFRICA:

• BANTU Migrations

▫ African group who lived in the savanna region south of the Sahara.

▫ Moved into the southern and eastern regions of Africa 2,000 years ago.

▫ Spread beliefs, ideas, and language to the rest of Africa.

▫ RESULT – Bantu language has evolved into 900 languages across the continent.

East African Empires

▫ KUSH Empire (1200 B.C. – 200 A.D.)

Located in N. Sudan and S. Egypt.

Trade iron, gold, etc. with Middle east, Africa (Egypt), and Mediterranean.

▫ AXUM Empire

Served as center of trade between Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Arabia.

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Defeated Kush.

Home of the Coptic Church.

West African Empires

▫ GHANA (200 – 1076 A.D.)

Area produced high amounts of gold.

Located on trade routes between North and West/Central Africa.

Traded gold for salt.

Developed Swahili

▫ MALI (1235 – 1400 A.D.)

Expanded on area of former Ghana.

Empire built on gold.

Mansa Musa – richest king in world history; known for hajj to Mecca with large quantity of gold.

▫ SONGHAI (1400 – 1600 A.D.)

Largest of the West African empires.

Sunni Ali – reestablished Mali trade routes.

Askia Muhammad – brought Songhai into “golden age.”

Falls to European conquest by 1550 A.D.

• IBN BATTUTA (1304 – 1377 A.D.)

▫ Wrote of his explorations through the Muslim world.

UNIT 7 THE MIDDLE EAST:

• Byzantine Empire = EASTERN Roman Empire.

• Geography

▫ Centered among Asia, Europe, and Africa.11

▫ Capital – CONSTANTINOPLE▫ Location favored Greek traditions because of location on Greek lands.

• Law – JUSTINIAN CODE▫ Reorganization of laws by Byzantine Emperor Justinian.

Based on laws of precedence (previous rulings).

Innocent until proven guilty.

Basis of later laws in Europe.

• Religion

EASTERN ORTHODOX Lack of communication w/Rome allowed development.

Spread into Russia/Eastern Europe.

Leader – Patriarch

▫ GREAT SCHISM (1054 A.D.) – official split between Roman Catholic and Orthodox Church.

• Collapse

▫ Constantinople falls to OTTOMAN TURKS in 1453 A.D.

Rise and spread of Islam

▫ Faith spread quickly under Muhammad and his successors.

▫ By 800’s A.D., spread into Middle East, North Africa, and Spain.

▫ Reasons for success

Brought sense of unity to people of Middle East.

Victories seen as support from Allah.

Jihad – guaranteed place in Heaven.

Tolerance to, “People of the Book.”

Lack of competition (European Dark Ages).

• Division of Islam12

▫ SUNNI – believed that anyone could become Caliph.

▫ SHIITE – only descendants of Ali could become Caliph.

• Muslim dynasties

▫ UMAYYAD – moved to Syria, spread Islam.

▫ ABBASID – moved to Baghdad; brought in golden age.

• Golden Age of Islam

▫ Art – developed calligraphy.

▫ Math – advances in algebra, geometry.

▫ Medicine – established hospitals.

▫ Education – preserved and advanced Greco-Roman and Indian knowledge.

• CollapseBaghdad captured by MONGOLS in the 1200’s A.D.

MONGOLIAN Empire

• Nomadic Muslim Group; Turks, not ARABS

• Leaders called SULTANS

• MEHMED II conquers Constantinople and ends the Byzantine Empire

• Tolerant of other RELIGIONS

• SULEYMAN the Magnificent-ruled over the empire during its strongest period

• JANISSARIES elite military force used by Suleyman

UNIT 8: MIDDLE AGES

• DARK AGES – period in Western Europe from 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D.

• Causes of the Dark Ages13

▫ Defeat of ROME in 476 A.D.

▫ Learning declined and common language lost as people moved from city to country for protection.

• Germanic rule following Rome – the Franks

▫ Early rulers: Clovis, Charles Martel, Pepin the Short.

CHARELEMAGNE (FRANKISH EMPIRE) Expanded Frankish rule through Western Europe.

Defended Christendom – appointed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope (Pope has power).

Following rule – descendants would divide empire. This area becomes the Holy Roman Empire.

• FEUDALISM – system of governing and landholding based on rights and obligations.

▫ Structure: Kings, lords, knights, and serfs.

▫ CODE OF CHIVALRY – knights code of honor.

• MANORIALISM – economic arrangement of the Middle Ages.

▫ Everything a person needed was located on the manor. No towns or cities needed.

The Roman Catholic Church in the Middle Ages

▫ The CHURCH was the strongest and most influential body in the Middle Ages.

• Church structure

▫ Pope, Bishops, Priests, Monks, and Nuns.

• Role of the Church

▫ Served spiritual needs of the people.

▫ TITHE – 10% of one’s income went to Church.

▫ Maintained schools, copied books, and manuscripts.

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▫ Provided stability in feudal Europe.

• Law of the Church (Canon law)

▫ EXCOMMUNICATION – formal banishment from Church, denied a person salvation (doomed)!

▫ Interdict – excommunication of a king and all of those on the king’s lands.

• End of the Middle Ages

▫ CRUSADES – holy wars fought to gain control of the Holy Land (Jerusalem).

Several losses led to loss of papal prestige.

Led to increase in trade, exchange of knowledge between Christians and Muslims.

Allows for towns, ending feudalism.

• BLACK DEATH (1347 – 1351 A.D.) – 1/3 of European population died.

UNIT 9: RENAISSANCE & REFORMATION

• RENAISSANCE – rebirth of learning and arts in Europe.

▫ Used Greco-Roman ideas for inspiration.

▫ Humanism and secularism stressed.

▫ Began in ITALY• Southern Renaissance

▫ Stressed idealism in art and sculpture.

▫ MEDICI – power merchant family; patrons of the arts.

▫ Key artists: MICHAELANGELO, DA VINCI, RAPHAEL

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▫ NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI – wrote book, The Prince.

Instructs rulers that power is everything.

“The ends justifies the means;” “It is greater to be feared than it is to be loved.”

• Northern Renaissance – the rest of Europe

▫ Focus on realism in artwork

▫ Sir Thomas More – wrote Utopia (“ideal place”).

▫ Johannes Gutenberg – inventor of the PRINTING PRESS• Results

▫ Increase in learning and knowledge.

▫ Writing is done in the vernacular.

▫ Increased technology and innovations.

▫ Increased power of the monarchs.

PROTESTANT REFORMATION – religious revival designed to break away and/or reform the Catholic Church.

• Political causes of the Reformation

▫ Babylonian Captivity (1305 – 1417 A.D.) – Pope moved from Rome to Avignon (France).

▫ Great Schism (1378 – 1417 A.D.) – time of two popes; one in Rome; one in Avignon.

• Economic causes of the Reformation

▫ Tithe, usury, Church as largest landowner in Europe (non-taxable).

• MARTIN LUTHER ▫ Delivered 95 Theses to Church in Wittenberg, Saxony.

▫ Complained about the sale of indulgences.

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▫ Justification by faith.

▫ Started the Protestant Reformation.

• Divisions of Protestantism

▫ LUTHERAN – based on the ideas of Martin Luther (justification by faith, Bible as the final word).

▫ Calvinism – developed the theory of predestination and theory of the elect.

▫ Anglicanism – Church of England, created under King Henry VIII.

• Counter (Catholic) Reformation – R.C.C. began to reform itself from within.

▫ Council of Trent (1545 – 1563 A.D.) – reinforced power of the pope; Church ideas.

▫ Began Inquisition (1542 A.D.)

• Result of the Reformation period

▫ Led to several civil wars in Europe as monarchs dealt with religious minorities.

▫ Ex. Peace of Augsburg (1555 A.D.) – splits Holy Roman Empire along religious lines.

UNIT 10: AGE OF EXPLORATION

• Reasons – the three G’s (GOLD, GLORY, GOD)

• Explorers – Dias, Da Gama, Columbus, Cabral, Vespucci, Balboa, Magellan.

• Results of Spanish conquest in the Americas

▫ ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM – system where natives farmed and/or mined for Spanish. Many were abused and millions died from disease.

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▫ TRIANGLE TRADE – manufactured goods from Europe went to Africa, slaves from Africa went to Americas, and raw materials went from Americas to Europe.

▫ ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE – buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas from 1500’s to 1800’s A.D.

MIDDLE PASSAGE – second leg of the triangular trade (20% died en route).

▫ COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during colonization of the Americas.

• Impact of global trade

▫ New wave of business in Europe.

▫ Rise of capitalism and the merchant class.

▫ MERCANTILISM – economic theory that a nation’s power is derived from its wealth.

Wealth measured in silver and gold, along with a favorable balance of trade.

Colonies provide raw materials for European nations, along with a market to sell those goods.

• MAYAS (250 – 900 A.D.)

▫ Located in the Yucatan Peninsula.

▫ Major city – Tikal.

▫ Developed religious and solar calendars.

▫ Used glyphs – most advanced writing of the ancient Americas.

▫ Codex – bark-paper books, recorded history of the Mayas.

▫ Decline – unknown: overpopulation, war, and population growth.

• AZTECS (1200 – 1521 A.D.)

▫ Located in present-day Mexico City.

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▫ Major city – Tenochtitlan.

▫ Used warfare to increase empire.

▫ Performed human sacrifice on a grand scale to honor Huitzilopochtli (sun god).

▫ Decline

Montezuma II – emperor who called for increased sacrifice at time of Cortes arrival.

HERNANDO CORTES – defeated Aztecs with superior technology and disease.

• INCAS (1200 – 1535 A.D.)

▫ Located on western coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile.

▫ Major cities – Cuzco, Machu Picchu

▫ Developed extensive road system (14,000 miles) from capital at Cuzco.

▫ Gov’t regulated production and distribution of goods – similar to socialism.

▫ Decline

Spanish Conquistador Francisco Pizzaro captures and kills ruler Atahualpa.

UNIT 11: ABSOLUTISM

• DIVINE RIGHT of Kings – belief that the king was chosen by God to rule the people.

• Spain and absolutism

▫ Philip II (r.1556 – 1598 A.D.)

Defender of the Catholic faith.

Increased power through wealth gained in colonies (mercantilism).

Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588 A.D.) – reduces power of Spain.

• France and absolutism

▫ KING LOUIS XIV (1642 – 1715 A.D.)19

“I am the state.”

Built PALACE AT VERSAILLES Made France self-sufficient.

Spending on palace, over taxation, and wars lead to massive debt.

• England and Constitutional Monarchy

▫ MAGNA CARTA (1295 A.D.) – protects rights of citizens, forces creation of Parliament.

▫ Petition of Right – established habeas corpus; king must call Parliament to levy taxes.

▫ KING CHARLES I – challenges Parliament – publicly executed by Oliver Cromwell.

▫ Glorious Revolution (1689 A.D.) – James II replaced by William and Mary; bloodless removal.

▫ English BILL OF RIGHTS (1689 A.D.) – gives people rights that cannot be touched by king or Parliament.

• Russia and absolutism

▫ IVAN IV (IVAN THE TERRIBLE) (1530 – 1584 A.D.)

Persecuted boyars (nobles) and forced serfs onto feudal estates.

▫ PETER THE GREAT (1682 – 1725 A.D.)

Looked to westernize Russia. Established St. Petersburg – “Window to the West.” Forced boyars to shave beards, and women to wear French dress. Forced nobility west to learn math and science.

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