Midterm Review Name: ______________________________

Biology Date: __________________ Period: ______

I. Chapter One - Introduction1. List the eight characteristics that all living things share.

1. Made up of cells 2. Based on a universal genetic code3. Growth and development4. Reproduction

5. Response to environment6. Maintain homeostasis7. Obtain and use energy8. As a group, evolve

2. What is the independent variable? Time (days)

3. What is the dependent variable? Height (cm)

4. Write a conclusion based on the graph above (be specific). Plants in organic fertilizer had more growth over the 10 days then the plants without fertilizer or in chemical fertilizer.

II. Chapter Two – Inorganic ChemistryIn the diagram to the right use dotted lines to draw in the bonds that form

between water molecules.1. What is the name of this type of bond? Hydrogen bonds

2. List two properties of water that result from these bonds. Adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, high specific heat, capillary action, density of solid vs. liquid (expansion of solid), water dissolves many substances

3. Distinguish between cohesion and adhesion and give an example of each property of water. Cohesion is when one water molecule sticks to another water molecule due to hydrogen bonding. Adhesion is when a water molecule sticks to another substance. Surface tension is an example of cohesion. Capillary action, water sticking to glass, plants, spider webs are examples of adhesion.

4. What makes water polar? Oxygen has a higher attraction for the bonding electrons, and it pulls the electron density away from hydrogen. Water’s shared electrons are more likely to be found near oxygen.

5. Is human blood acidic or basic? BASIC How can you tell? pH is 7.4 6. Which substance is the least acidic? Normal rain fall Least basic? Human blood

1

= no fertilizer = chemical fertilizer = organic fertilizer

Change in plant height over time

7. Which of the solutions on the pH scale would have the highest concentration of hydrogen ions? Stomach acid8. A higher concentration of which ion is found in basic substances? Hydroxide (OH - ) Identify the most basic

substance on the pH scale above. Bleach9. How is a covalent bond different from an ionic bond? Covalent bonds share electrons whereas ionic bonds

transfer electrons.

10. Define the following terms:

Enzyme- Proteins that act as biological catalysts to seed up reactions in the cell.

Catalyst- substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy.

Activation energy- the energy that is needed to get the reaction started.

11. Does the energy diagram to the right represent an endergonic or exergonic reaction? How can you tell? Exergonic (exothermic) – the products are lower in energy than the reactants. Energy is released.

12. How would the energy diagram change if a catalyst was added to the reaction? The activation energy would be lowered.

13. Label the enzyme, substrate and active site in the diagram to the right. Describe what is happening in each step of this diagram:

Step 1 –substrates (reactants) going to the enzyme which has a specific shape that matches the substrate.

Step 2 - substrate attaches to the enzyme at the active site. Here bonds are weakened, bonds are broken and/or formed

Step 3 –the products are released from the enzyme, which is unchanged and can be reused

14. True or False: All enzymes are proteins.

15. True or False: All catalysts are enzymes.

16.True or False: Enzymes lower the energy of activation of a reaction by binding the substrate.

17. What three factors affect the function of enzymes? Explain how they affect the enzymes. pH, temperature, concentration of the solute enzymes have a certain pH, temperature and concentration range in which are effective. Outside of those

ranges, the enzyme can denature or change shape. If an enzyme denatures, it is nonfunctional.

III. Chapter Two – Organic Chemistry1. In polymerization, monomers / polymers (circle one) join to form monomers / polymers (circle one).

2. What makes carbon unique as compared to other elements? Carbon has 4 valence electrons and can covalently bond with many other elements. Carbon atoms can also covalently bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains.

3. How many valence electrons does a carbon atom have? 4 4. What kind of bond(s) do carbon atoms readily form? Covalent bonds

2

5. The following diagrams show the process of DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS. This process breaks apart/synthesizes (circle one) larger molecules.

6. The following diagrams show the process of HYDROLYSIS. This process breaks apart/synthesizes (circle one) larger molecules.

7. Explain each of the processes in #5 and #6. In dehydration synthesis, larger molecules are made from smaller molecules or monomers. H and OH are

removed to form a bond and water is released. In hydrolysis, water is needed as well as enzymes to break apart larger molecules. The H and OH from

water attaches to the ends where the lager molecule was broken apart.

8. Complete the following table:Organic

Compound Monomer Function Example

Carbohydrate Monosaccharide(simple sugar) Stores energy Glucose, fructose, sucrose,

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Lipid Fatty Acids and Glycerol

Stores energy; parts of biological membrane (phospholipid bilayer)

Unsaturated and saturated Fats, triglycerides, phospholipids

Protein Amino acid Controls rate of reactions, regulate cell processes, transport, fights disease Catalase/enzymes

Nucleic Acid nucleotide Stores genetic information DNA and RNA

9. Match each class of organic compounds with their appropriate function.A) Carbohydrates B) Proteins C) Lipids D) Nucleic Acids

D - Stores and transmits genetic information

A,C - Stores energy

B - Help fight disease

B - Move substances in and out of cells

A - Quick energy

B - Control the rate of reactions

3

Label each diagram using the following terms (they can be used more than once):monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, glycerol, fatty acid, lipid, amino acid, nucleotide, water

nIV. Chapter Seven – Cells and Transport1. Complete the Venn Diagram comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

2. List four differences between plant and animal cells.Plants: chloroplast, cell wall, large central vacuole, photosynthesis and cell respirationAnimals: centrioles, lysosomes, only cell respiration

3. Use the diagram to complete the table of cellular organelles.

4

No nucleus Unicellular Smaller, simpler No membrane bound

organelles Circular (O) shaped

chromosomes

Nucleus Uni or multicellular

Larger and more complex Contains organelles

X-shaped chromosome

Amino Acid

Amino Acid

Monosaccharide

Polysaccharide

NucleotideFatty acid - saturated

Glycerol

Disaccharide

Lipid-Glycerol - 3 fatty acids

Fatty acid - unsaturated

Water

3 Nucleotides

-Cell membrane-Cytoplasm-Contains DNA-Ribosomes-Cilia/Flagella

4. Identify the function of each of the organelles listed below:Organelle Function

Cytoskeleton Helps maintain cell shape, it is involved with movement

Ribosomes Proteins are assembled on ribosomes

Chloroplast Capture energy from sunlight and convert to chemical energy (glucose)

Cell Membrane Regulates what enter/leaves the cell; protects and supports the cell

Mitochondria Converts chemical energy (glucose) into useable energy the cell can use (ATP)

Golgi Apparatus Modifies, sorts and packages proteins (from ribosome, ER)

Endoplasmic Reticulum Moves molecules from one part of the cell to another (intracellular highway)

Nucleolus Assembly of ribosomes begins/synthesized

Centrioles Used to organize cell division (mitosis); only found in animal cells

5. Trace the correct path of a protein in a cell using all of the organelles listed:nucleolus ribosome ER Golgi apparatus

6. Place the following terms (levels of multicellular organization) in order from least complex to most complex:cells tissues organs organ systems organism

V. Chapter Seven – Cellular Transport

5

H

Structure

A. Ribosomes

B. Cell membrane

C. Mitochondria

D. Centrioles

E. Smooth ER

F. Rough ER

G. Nucleolus

H. Golgi Apparatus

1. How is diffusion different from osmosis? Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration.

2. How does the cell membrane maintain homeostasis? The cell membrane only allows certain substances to pass in/out of the cell.

3. Distinguish between active and passive transport. Active transport requires energy (endo/exocytosis, low to high concentration). Passive transport does not require energy (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion).

4. Complete the table.Types of Transport

Type Description Active/Passive Transport

Endocytosis Takes material into the cell by means of infoldings or pockets of cell membrane ACTIVE

Exocytosis Release large or large amount of material from cell – vesicles fuse to cell membrane ACTIVE

Facilitated Diffusion Molecules diffuse across membrane through special protein channels PASSIVE

Osmosis Diffusion of water PASSIVE

Diffusion Movement of substances from high to low concentration PASSIVE

5. Which class of organic compounds makes up the channels and pumps that help move materials from one side of the cell membrane to the other?

a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Protein d. Nucleic Acids

6. How does facilitated diffusion differ from diffusion? Facilitated diffusion requires a special protein channel to allow particles or substances to move through the cell membrane, whereas diffusion does not require a special protein channel. Particles move freely across the membrane in diffusion (small, nonpolar particles)

7. What is a contractile vacuole and how can it be used to maintain homeostasis? Contractile vacuoles remove excess water from a cell (paramecium).

8. How are proteins transported from the Golgi apparatus during exocytosis? Page 200-201, 213Proteins that are assembled on the ribosomes are carried from the rough ER to the Golgi Apparatus in vesicles. The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, packages proteins in vesicles that are shipped to the rest of the cell or out of the cell through the cell membrane. Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane forcing the contents out of the cell.

6

9. Define the following terms and describe what would happen if you put a red blood cell in each type of solution.a) Hypertonic- the solution that has a HIGHER SOLUTE concentration (or less water) than inside of the cell. The cell SHRINKS because water moves OUT of the cell.

b) Hypotonic- the solution that has a LOWER SOLUTE concentration (or more water) than inside of the cell. The cell will SWELL because water moves INTO the cell.

c) Isotonic- the concentration of solute is the SAME inside and outside of the cell. Water moves equally in BOTH directions to stay in dynamic equilibrium. The cell STAYS the SAME SIZE.

10. The cell in this beaker is bathed in a 2% NaCl solution. The membrane is permeable to water but not to NaCl.

a. What type of solution is this? hypotonic/hypertonic/isotonic

b. In which direction is the net movement of water here? INTO the cell

c. How will this affect the cell? The cell will swell (get bigger)

11. Complete the Venn Diagram to compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis?Endocytosis Exocytosis

VI. Chapter Eight & Nine – Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

1. Write the balanced equation for Photosynthesis:

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

2. Write the balanced equation for Cellular Respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

3. Which organelle converts chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use?

mitochondria

4. What is the chemical energy in #3? glucose

5. What is the name of the energy currency molecule of the cell? ATP7

3.7% NaCl(96.3% water)

2% NaCl(98.0% water)

Takes in materials3 types: PinocytosisPhagocytosisReceptor mediated

Releases materials from the cellLarge molecules

Large amountActive transportInvolves vesicles

6. Complete the table.

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Function Produces food for plants(chemical energy = glucose)

Produces ATP from glucose (chemical energy)

Location Chloroplast Mitochondria

Reactants Water, carbon dioxide, sunlight Oxygen and glucose

Products Oxygen and glucose Water, carbon dioxide, ATP

7. Label each part of the diagram of an ATP molecule below.

VII. Chapter Twelve – DNA1. What do we call the monomers of nucleic acids? nucleotides

2. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid monomer?

a. 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose in DNA)b. Phosophate groupc. Nitrogen base

3. What do we call the process where DNA makes a copy of itself? replication

4. Write the complimentary strand of DNA for the sequence below:

A A T G A C T C T A T A C G T

T T A C T G A G A T A T G C A

5. Circle the DNA strands below that would represent the new DNA molecules that would result from replication.

Original DNA

Replicated DNA

8A B C

adenine ribose 3 phosphate groups