35
EQUIPMENTS USED IN SWITCHYARD 400 KV Switchyard has the following major equipments, (which are installed for the transmission of power from generating station to transmission substation) which are given as below: Main Bus Bars: Bus Bars generally made of conducting material like aluminium or ACSR, used to carry the current from which a no. of circuits or connections made for transmission of generated power. It is designed according to the sum of rated current & the maximum current is to be handled during a small overloading etc. The bus bars used in TATA power plant 400kV switchyard are bare Aluminium conductor. Incoming lines from unit 1 to 5 are connected to this bus bars where as the following out going lines deliver power to the receiving substations. Vadavai-1 Vadavai-2 Limdi-1 Limdi-2 Jetpur-1 Jetpur-2 There are different bus-bar schemes available for switchyards. This switchyard uses one and half breaker bus bar scheme. Rating of bus bar 17

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EQUIPMENTS USED IN SWITCHYARD

400 KV Switchyard has the following major equipments, (which are installed for the

transmission of power from generating station to transmission substation) which are given as

below:

Main Bus Bars:

Bus Bars generally made of conducting material like aluminium or ACSR, used

to carry the current from which a no. of circuits or connections made for transmission of

generated power. It is designed according to the sum of rated current & the maximum

current is to be handled during a small overloading etc.

The bus bars used in TATA power plant 400kV switchyard are bare Aluminium

conductor. Incoming lines from unit 1 to 5 are connected to this bus bars where as the

following out going lines deliver power to the receiving substations.

Vadavai-1

Vadavai-2

Limdi-1

Limdi-2

Jetpur-1

Jetpur-2

There are different bus-bar schemes available for switchyards. This switchyard uses one

and half breaker bus bar scheme.

Rating of bus bar

Type Quad MOOSE type ACSR Conductor (4 wire)

Rated Current 2500A

Maximum Current Capacity 50 kA for 1 sec

Current Capacity 125 kA

Rated Voltage 420 KV

Maximum Withstand Voltage 500 KV (Peak)

17

Fig. Bus Bar

Isolators:

Isolators or Diverter switches are used to isolate the circuits when the current on

the conductor has already interrupted. Hence these isolators are used for the open or close

a circuit when there is no load current on the circuit i.e. for no-load open or close

operation. Isolators also provided with Earth switches to divert the trap voltages of the

line to ground if any, which are used to ensure the safety of working person to avoid the

shock due to any voltage trapped on line.

To prevent Mal-operation, the isolator is provided with inter locking.

Inter locking between three poles for simultaneous operation.

Inter locking with the Circuit Breaker.

Types of Isolators

Vertical break type.

Horizontal break type.

Horizontal Centre break type.

Double break type.

Vertical pantograph type.

In the 400kV switchyard we use the Horizontal centre break type isolator

18

Rating of isolator

Manufacturing Company Siemens limited

Year of mfg 2009

Type HCB

Voltage (kV) up 420

Bil (kV) 1425

Switching imp. (kV) ur 1050/1250

Pf (kV) 520/610

STC KA/sec 50KA/2sec

WT of isolator 1230kg

Motor voltage 415V

Control voltage 220V

Fig. Isolator

Circuit Breakers:

Circuit Breakers are used on any line or circuit to make or break the circuit for

normal on load open or close operation and also used to protect the circuit from damage

due to any fault occurrence on the circuit by opening or tripping its contacts.

As the name suggests, it breaks the circuit. Circuit Breaker are used to protect the circuit

from the faults. Classification of circuit breaker is:

a. Air blast CB

b. Air break

19

c. Vacuum circuit breaker

d. Oil circuit breaker

e. SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride) beaker

SF6 circuit breaker is used in CGPL.

SF6 Circuit breaker:

Sulphur hexafluoride is an inert gas having good dielectric and have extinguishing

properties. The dielectric strength is increased with pressure. In SF6 circuit breaker

sulphur hexafluoride gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The sulphur hexafluoride

is an electronegative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The contacts

of breaker are opened in a high pressure flow of sulphur hexafluoride gas and an arc I

stuck between them. The conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly captured by the

gas from relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc

quickly builds enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc. The SF6 circuit breakers

have been found to be very effective for high power and high voltage service.

Rating of circuit breaker

Year of manufacturing 2009

Rated impulse voltage 1425kV

Rated power frequency voltage 610kV

Frequency 50Hz

Rated normal current 3150 amps

Rated short-circuit breaking current 50k amps

Rated line charging breaking current 600 amps

Rated operating sequence 0-0.3 s CO-3min-CO

Control voltage 220DC

Operating voltage 240AC

Heating Voltage 240AC

Rated voltage 420 kV

Weight of SF6 filling 39kg

Weight including SF6 5400kg

20

Fig. Circuit Breaker

Instrument Transformers:

The Instrument Transformers which are Current Transformers & Potential

Transformers (CT & PT) are used to measure the current & voltage of the circuit up to

metering range and the same also used for the protection of the circuit by measuring the

fault values of current & voltage to initiate the relay to act the protection.

Current transformer

A current transformer (CT) is used for measurement of electric currents. Current

transformer is an instrument transformer. When current in a circuit is too high to directly

apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer produces a reduced current

accurately proportional to the current in the circuit, which can be conveniently connected

to measuring and recording instruments. A current transformer also isolates the

measuring instruments from what may be very high voltage in the monitored circuit.

Current transformers are commonly used in metering and protective relays in the

electrical power industry.

It has two winding primary and secondary. The alternating current flowing in the

primary produces a magnetic field in the core, which then induces a current in the

secondary winding circuit.

21

The most common design of CT consists of a length of wire wrapped many times

around a silicon steel ring passed over the circuit being measured. The CT's primary

circuit therefore consists of a single 'turn' of conductor, with a secondary of many tens or

hundreds of turns. The primary winding may be a permanent part of the current

transformer, with a heavy copper bar to carry current through the magnetic core.

Shapes and sizes can vary depending on the end user or switchgear manufacturer.

High-voltage current transformers are mounted on porcelain bushings to insulate them

from ground. Some CT configurations slip around the bushing of a high-voltage

transformer or circuit breaker, which automatically centers the conductor inside the CT

window.

The primary circuit is largely unaffected by the insertion of the CT. The rated

secondary current is commonly standardized at 1 or 5 amperes. For example, a 4000:5

CT would provide an output current of 5 amperes when the primary was passing 4000

amperes. The secondary winding can be single ratio or multi ratio, with five taps being

common for multi ratio CTs. The load, or burden, of the CT should be of low resistance.

If the voltage time integral area is higher than the core's design rating, the core goes into

saturation towards the end of each cycle, distorting the waveform and affecting accuracy.

Rating of Current Transformer

Manufacturing company Siemens

Type SAS

I (din) 125KAP

Insulation level 1050kV/1425kVp

Rating 2500-1250/1amps

Rated cost. Current 3000 A

SF6 weight 36 kg

22

Fig. Current Transformer

CVT (Capacitive voltage transformer)

A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT), or capacitance coupled voltage

transformer (CCVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high

voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for measurement or to operate a

protective relay. In its most basic form the device consists of three parts: two capacitors

across which the transmission line signal is split, an inductive element to tune the device

to the line frequency, and a transformer to isolate and further step down the voltage for

the instrumentation or protective relay. The tuning of the divider to the line frequency

makes the overall division ratio less sensitive to changes in the burden of the connected

metering or protection devices. [1] The device has at least four terminals: a terminal for

connection to the high voltage signal, a ground terminal, and two secondary terminals

which connect to the instrumentation or protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase

devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred kilovolts where the use of

wound primary voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice, capacitor C1 is

often constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a

large voltage drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2.

The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CVTs in combination with wave traps

are used for filtering high frequency communication signals from power frequency. [2]

23

This forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission network. Single

Phase & single Column type, suitable for running in Hot & Humid areas.

Fig. Internal structure of CVT

Rating of CVT

Rated Voltage 400/ KV

Maximum Withstand Voltage 495 KV (Peak)

Transformation Ratio [400/ ]/ [0.11/ ]/ [0.11/ ]/ [0.11/ ]

Accuracy Level 0.2/0.5

Fig. CVT

Protective Relays:

Protective Relays used to initiate the fault condition & fast action of protection to

avoid the damage to equipment during faulty condition in circuit either external like

lightning or internal like unbalancing/short circuits etc.

24

Fig. Relays Junction

Lightning Arrestors:

Lightning Arrestors are used to protect the circuit, line or equipment from over-

voltages which are generally occurs by the external or internal surges i.e. occurs due to

switching operations or lightning strokes.

Rating of lightning arrester

Rated Operating Voltage 200 KV/ Phase

Rated Frequency 50Hz

Rated discharge Current (Peak) 10 KA

Switching Impulse Current (Peak) 0.3 KA

Lighting Impulse Withstand 950 KV

Fig. Lightning Arrester

25

Carrier Current System:

This system is used in the switchyard or substations for the communication,

relaying, supervisory control or telemetering purpose. This system is connected to the

High Voltage power circuit for the above said purpose.

For example Wave trap is used for this purpose.

Wave trap:

Wave trap is trapping the high frequency communication signals sent on the line

from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in the

substation control room (through coupling capacitor and LMU).

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for

communication among various substations without dependence on the telecom company

network. The signals are primarily teleportation signals and in addition, voice and data

communication signals. Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping

the high frequency communication signals sent on the line from the remote substation

and diverting them to the telecom/teleportation panel in the substation control room

(through coupling capacitor and LMU). This is relevant in Power Line Carrier

Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various substations without

dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily teleportation

signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals.

The Line trap offers high impedance to the high frequency communication signals thus

obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars. If there were not to be

there, then signal loss is more and communication will be ineffective/probably

impossible.

Fig. Wave trap

26

Earth switch:

The earth switches are connected to equipments and networks for the purpose to

ground them. Since the transmission line of around 400kV is near to the equipments,

voltage (about 30kV) is induced in equipment. This is very high voltage so it must be

ground whenever there is any maintenance. Earth switch is shown in the figure of isolator

(rode tilted at some angle). And when the equipments are washing by de mineralized

water

( that’s conductivity is less) earth switch is used.

Fig. Earth switch

Insulator:

Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors

without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap

electrical cables or other equipment is called insulation. The term insulator is also used more

specifically to refer to insulating supports used to attach electric power distribution or

transmission lines to utility poles and transmission towers.

27

Fig. Insulator

EMVT (Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer):

EMVT is same as the PT both are the use for the voltage measuring but

accuracy of the EMVT is high. Means it’s used for metering of supply.

Fig. EMVT

Line/Bus Reactor:

Line Reactor is used to control the Line voltage i.e. it reduces the line voltage in

case it is going to a high value by drawing a high reactive current/ power from circuit to

which it is connected and the bus reactor is used to control the voltage and current of bus

bar. Generally two types of reactors used: Series Reactor & Shunt Reactor.

In general, Reactor is referred as inductor. It used to connect in parallel with the

transmission line to reduce the effect of capacitance of transmission line (ferranti effect). 28

Due the capacitance of the transmission line, at the receiver ends voltage is higher than

the voltage of sending end. To reduce the capacitance, an inductor (reactor) is connected.

Main difference between transformer and reactor is: reactor has only single winding

(primary) and secondary is grounded, but in transformer there are two windings (primary

and secondary).

(Box represents the coil)

Fig. a. bus reactor fig. b. line reactor

The secondary of line reactor is not grounded directly. Since the current in line is

much higher, for controlling the current, the inductor coil is also connected in series

with the neutral point. But the bus reactor can be grounded directly.

Rating of reactor

Manufacturing company Cropton GreavesType Gapped coreRated MVAR 63Rated voltage 420kVRated current 63 ampsLine insulation kVp 1300Neutral insulation kVp 550Switching imp. Voltage 1050 kVpP. F. level 230kVConnection StarFrequency 50HzCooling ONAN

29

Jumping of wire:

When the wire is tapped from any point is called jumping of wire.

Fig. Jumping of wire

Ground wire:

The wire that is used for protection by lightning effect is called ground wire. It is

placed in the top of the light tower and running parallel to the conductor.

Generator:

The electric generator is designed in order to convert movement (mechanical

energy) into electricity (electrical energy) by the electromagnetic induction. The

phenomenon of induction can be summarized as follows: an electric charge experiences

force in the direction perpendicular to both the direction of relative motion and of the

magnetic field lines when the charge has relative motion to the magnetic field either by

displacement or changing the intensity. Acting on the many charges contained in a

conducting material—usually, electrons in a wire—this force becomes an electromotive

force ( EMF) that produces a voltage or potential drop along the wire and thus causes an

electric current (the induced current) to flow. A generator is designed to obtain an

induced current in a as a result of mechanical movement, which is utilized to continually

change a magnetic field near the conductor. The generator thus achieves a conversion of

30

energy of motion into electrical energy— mediated by the magnetic field that exerts

forces on the electric charges.

Generator is the opposite of electric motor which converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy likewise mediated by the magnetic field. As far as the physical

principles are concerned, electric generators and motors are very similar devices; in fact,

an actual generator can be operated as a motor and vice versa.

Rating of generator:

Manufacturing company Toshiba

Phase 3

Type TAKS

Excitation voltage 570kV

Max. ambient air temperature 50 degree C

Inlet coolant temperature 64 degree C

Stator insulation class F

Rotor insulation class F

Stator winding cooling Water

Rotor winding cooling Hydrogen

Stator connection Star

Direction of rotor Counter clockwise

Speed 3000RPM

Output capacity 930 MVA/ 830MW

Armature current 21318 amps

Field current 5250 amps

Armature voltage 26000V

Made in Japan Year-2009

31

Fig. Generator

Transformer

Transformer is an equipment to step up or step down the voltage without affecting the

power transfer. In the switch yard, there are some transformers used in switch yard:

1. Generator transformer

2. Station transformer

Generator transformer:

(Power) is just after the generator. This transformer step up the voltage to reduced the

power losses. In CGPL, there are 3 transformers (single phase) are used for supply from

generator. There are some reasons to used three transformers:

a. size of a single power transformer is very huge compare to 3 single phase

transformer,

b. The overall cost is much less,

c. The maintenance is less,

d. In India, transformer for 830MW power is not available.

Fig. connection (delta to Y) of three single phase transformer

32

Fig. Generator transformer

Rating of Generator transformer

Manufacturing company BHEL

Type of cooling OFAF

Phase 1

Power rating 310MVA

No load voltage At LV side 26kV

At HV side 420/√3kV

Line current At LV side 11923 amps

At HV side 1278

Frequency 50 hz

CONNECTION Ynd1

Insulation At LV side LI/AC, 170/30

At HV side SI/LI/AC, 1050/1300/630

Station transformer:

Station transformers are installed to supply the power needed at power plant itself.

In CGPL, Station transformer has one primary winding and two secondary winding Y-

phases. The ratings of transformers are 26kV/11kV and 26kV/6.6kV. The connection of

instruments and equipment are decided according to the need of instrument and

equipment. There are three transformers are connected to one unit so that the supply to

equipments will not interrupt.

33

Rating of station transformer

Manufacturing company BHEL

Types of cooling ONAF OFAF ONAN

No load voltage

At HV side 26kV

At LV side 11.5kV

Line current

At HV side 1398amps 1119 amps 891 amps

At LV side 1581 amps 1265 amps 948 amps

Phase 3

Connection Dyn11yn11

Unit Transformer:

Unit transformer is directly coupled to the unit itself so when that unit is in running

condition it supplies power to which are coupled to auxiliaries directly or through unit

auxiliary transformer depending upon load. Unit auxiliaries are those which are directly

associated with the generating unit such as ID and FD fans, Boiler feed pumps, coal

mills, fans, circulating water pumps etc.

Fig. Unit Transformer

34

Rating of unit transformer:

Manufacturing company BHEL

Rating of transformer 310 MVA

Types of cooling ONAN

High voltage 11kV

Low voltage 6.3kV

Line current

At HV side 524.86amps

At LV side 836.74 amps

Phase 3

Connection Ynd1

Outgoing Lines:

Outgoing Lines are generally made of conductors same as of Bus Bar conductors

& these are used to transmit the generated power to substation or load centre from

generating station.

CONTROLLING OF SWITCHYARD

The Controlling of switchyard equipments done by SCADA (Supervisory Control

and Data Acquisition) system which is given as below:

To Charge an outgoing line from Generator by using Bus Bars (Refer attached SLD):

First of all charge Main Bus-1 & Main Bus-2 by closing Bus Sectionalizer-1 & 2 i.e.

circuit breaker- GS001 & GS002 respectively with respective Isolators. It is noted before

closing of Isolators the Earth switch of Bus Bars & Sectionalizer Isolators side must be

opened.

When Main Bus- 1 & 2 got charged check the Bus PT ( Potential Transformer) must

show both Bus voltages as it is most necessary requirement of bus voltage at the time of

synchronization of generator from bus bars & then from Grid.

35

Now all the earth switches of all the required isolators must be opened. Now close all the

isolators of GT-5 bay & Bus Coupler bay on no-load condition i.e. generator on no-load

or not synchronized.

Now close the circuit breaker of Bus Coupler bay & Main Bus-2 Side i.e. GS003

respectively & circuit breaker of Main Bus-1 & Tie Breaker must be open to avoid back

charging of generator from Main Bus-1 or 2 i.e. GS002 open respectively.

As synchronizing parameters matched i.e. Line Voltage, Phase Angle & Frequency close

the Tie circuit breaker- GS002 & check the Active & Reactive Power flow on line, as

power is start to export i.e. it start to give LDC or grid close the circuit breaker of Main

Bus-1 side to maintain the generated power flow through both buses.

To Discharge an outgoing line from Generator by using Bus Bars (Refer attached SLD):

In case unit or Generator (GT) is to be taken under shut down first of all circuit breakers

of Tie Breaker & Main Bus-1 side simultaneously opened i.e. GS003 & GS002

respectively to avoid back charging of generator.

Now Open the Circuit Breaker i.e. GS001 of Main Bus-2 Side opened to discharge GT-5

bay.

Now open all the isolators of GT-5 bay on no load condition i.e. after opening of all

circuit breakers of the respective bay & close the earth switches to remove/ ground the

trapped voltages on the circuit.

As Reactor is in charged condition from Main Bus-1 so it is not needed to give shut down

the Buses, these may keep in charged condition otherwise Reactor will be tripped.

PROTECTION OF SWITCHYARD

All switchyard equipments are provided with adequate protections for their safety from

various fault causing conditions, to avoid the damage.For protection here 1 & 1/2 (one and half)

breaker scheme is used, the two sides breakers GS001and GS003 are used for bus bar and the

middle tie breaker GS002 is used for both. Various protections for installed equipments are

discussed as follows:

36

Bus Bars Protection:

Majority of the faults occurs on bus bars are single phase in nature. The clearing of bus fault

requires the opening of all the circuits branching from the faulty bus or bus section. Commonly

used bus protection given as below:

1. Back Up Protection: In principle it is the simplest of all to protect the buses with the aid of

backup protections of the connected supplying elements which should respond to any fault

appearing on the buses. When no separate bus protection is provided but distance is provided

for the feeders connected to the bus. Bus backup protection may also mean that in case the

breaker fails to operate for a fault on the outgoing feeder, then it regarded as bus fault. It

opens all the breakers on that bus. Backup protection with appropriate time delay through a

timer of 3 sec is used.

2. Differential Over Current Protection: This protection is based on simple circulating

current principle that under normal operating conditions or under external fault conditions the

sum of currents entering into bus bar will be equal to the sum of currents leaving the bus bar.

In case the sum of these currents is not zero, it must be due to short-circuit either a ground

fault or phase to phase fault. This protection scheme is used for both types of faults i.e. phase

to phase faults & ground faults. The setting of differential relay for differential protection is

given 1.2 times of rated current.

It is based on the fact that any fault within electrical equipment would cause the current

entering it to be different from the current leaving it.

By comparing the two currents either in magnitude or in phase or in both, fault can be

determined. It is an attractive option if both the ends of the apparatus are located near each

other.

3. Breaker Failure: This scheme protects the bus bars, by isolating the bus bars from faults

generated in the any other bay of switchyard, by which fault may damage other healthy

equipments which are connected from these bus bars.

37

Line Protection: Line Protection is used to protect the transmission lines from internal or

external faults. Some of important line protections given as below:

1. Distance Protection: Distance protection is the name given to the protection, whose action

depends upon the distance of the feeding point to the fault. The time of operation of this

protection is a function of the ratio of voltage & current i.e. impedance. This impedance

between the relay & the fault depends up on the electrical distance between them. It is a non-

unit type protection; the protection zone is not exact. It is the high speed protection & is

simply to apply & can be employed as primary as well as back-up protection to protect a line

from any external fault.

2. Over-current & Earth Fault Protection: Generally a set of two or three over-current relays

employed for protection against phase to phase faults & a separate over-current relay for

single line to ground faults. Separate Earth fault relays are generally preferred because they

can be adjusted to provide faster & more sensitive protection for single line to ground faults

than that can be provided by the phase relays. Setting for Over-current protection is given 1.8

times of full load current of the line.

3. Overvoltage Protection: Overvoltage protection of the line is given to protect the line &

related equipments like CT, PTs from saturation & short circuiting between two phases due

to high corona which depends on line voltage. Setting for Overvoltage protection is given

110% of rated line voltage with a delay of 3 second at first stage & instantaneous tripping of

line 112% of rated line voltage.

Circuit Breaker Protection: Circuit Breaker is very important & costly device, which protects

the equipment from damage, which mostly presents as severe faults. Some circuit breaker

protections are listed as below:

1. Loss of SF6 gas or cooling media: This protection is used to avoid the damage due to arc

production b/w making or breaking contacts from overheating due to loss of cooling media.

2. Pole Discrepancy: This Protection is used to protect the separate phase contacts of circuit

breaker during making or breaking operation, generally not closing of one or more contacts

properly, which may further cause damage to system due to unbalanced circuit loading.

38

3. SF6 Pressure low: This protection trips the breaker if SF6 gas pressure reduces below 0.5

MPa, as at low pressure gas may not have sufficient cooling properties as contacts may

damage.

4. Anti Pumping: This protection protects the breaker & its contacts from instant closing of

breaker after a trip by a number of fast commands issued by DCS or operating personal.

Reactor Protection: Reactor is itself an important & costly device in a protection system & its

protections are listed as below:

1. Overload Protection: An overload relay of setting 1.5 times of rated load is provided to

protect reactor from overloading in cases like more reactive power supply to system.

2. Overvoltage Protection: This Protection is used to protect the reactor core from saturation

due to high voltage by isolating the reactor if bus voltage going 112% of rated bus bar

voltage.

3. Buchholz Protection: This protection protects the reactor from severe faults like winding

short circuits & core faults etc. This is gas based protection, which generally evolves during a

fault.

4. Oil & Winding Temperature Protection: This protection is provided to protect the reactor

core & windings from overheating as winding & oil temperature increases due to any

external fault or atmospheric condition, which may cause a severe damage to core &

windings.

5. Pressure Relief Protection: It is the only mechanical protection provided to reactor to avoid

the damage to core, windings & tank from excessive gas pressures during a fault, by

removing excess pressure to atmosphere & also connected to trip circuit to isolate the reactor.

39

CONCLUSION

Summer training helped me to realize the importance of each and every subject. I realized

that even thought practical knowledge is very necessary; one cannot do without the theory part

which forms the base. I came to know that no matter in which department you are, you need to

knowledge of each and every field & everything should me in balanced manner. This has led me

to give importance to everything in life as everything has its own importance.

This power plant is India’s first Ultra Mega Power Project, based on super critical

technology, Here India’s biggest oil handling plant, coal handling plant, power generation unit,

cooling water arrangement is available.

This training enables me to supplement my study with a practical bias has vital

orientation with industry.

For an electrical engineering student the working at the power plant is must. It was my

pleasure that I got chance to be trained at the Thermal Power Station.

From the Study of Control & Protection of Switchyard we can conclude the following:-

All Bus Voltages and Loading is kept within specified limits by varying the Active &

Reactive Power at Sending End.

In Case of Faults, Relays detects & senses the same & initiates the fast action for the

isolation of equipments to protect them from a severe damage.

All the equipments installed have their own protection schemes which coordinate with

other system also for an effective & reliable operation of switchyard.

I get introduced to whole generation process of electrical power.

I got knowledge of the whole equipment used for the protection system.

I introduced the switchyard and their protection.

I understand about the latest technologies used for the controlling.

I also introduced the latest equipments in the power plant.

40

REFERENCE

Tata Power

http://tatapower.com/aboutus/coastal-gujarat-power-ltd.aspx

L&T Power

http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/common/ui_templates/HtmlContainer.aspx?

res=P_PWR_DSCT

Books

Energy Talk

Anjani Shakti

41