Name: ___________________________Period: _______BiologyE Week #31Week of: April 6-10

Day Root Words In-Class Homework

4/6: Monday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:

-Notes on Blood Types-Blood Type Problems

4/7: Tuesday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:

- Quiz on Blood Types-Blood Type Lab

4/8: Wednesday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:-Late Arrival!-Quiz on Blood Type Lab-Notes on Pedigrees

4/9: Thursday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:

-Pedigree Problems

4/10: Friday

Word:Definition:

As in:-

Picture:

-Week #31 Quiz-Google Classroom

Need Help? Talk to me in class. I’m available during periods 4, 5 and 8. You can call me at 708-434-3616 or email clundgren@oprfhs.org Also, Mr. Hill is in the Tutoring Center before school on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Be sure to use the website

mrlscience.weebly.com

Blood Type NotesProblem: What are the different blood types?

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Name: ___________________________Period: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence:

Blood Type Genotype

Conclusion: What are the different blood types? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Blood Type PracticeFor all of the following problems make sure to show: 1)Key, 2)Cross, 3)Punnett square and 4)Your answer (written in a complete sentences if possible)

1. Cross an individual with dominant type A blood with an individual with dominant type B blood. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

Key: I A I A∨I A i = A2

Name: ___________________________Period: _______IB IB∨IB i= B IB IB

I A I B = ABi = O

Cross: Type A X Type B I A

I A I A X I B IB I AGenotypic ratio: 4 I A I B

4Phenotypic ratio: 4 AB blood type

42. Cross an individual with heterozygous type A blood with an individual with heterozygous type B blood. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

Key:

Cross: Type A X Type B

Genotypic ratio:

Phenotypic ratio:

3. Cross an individual with type AB blood with an individual with type AB blood. What are the genotypic and phenotypic ratios?

Key:

Cross: Type AB x Type AB

Genotypic ratio:

Phenotypic ratio:4. What would the genotypic and phenotypic ratios be of the offspring from a mother with type O blood and a father with type AB blood.

Key:

Cross: Type O x Type AB

Genotypic ratio:

Phenotypic ratio:

5. A man heterozygous for blood type A marries a woman heterozygous for blood type B. What is the chance that their child will have type O blood?

Key:

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I A I B I A I B

I A I B I A I B

Name: ___________________________Period: _______

Cross: Type A x Type B

Chance that child will have blood type O:

6. A man homozygous for blood type B marries a woman with blood type AB. What is the chance that their child will have type B blood?

Key:

Cross: Type B x Type AB

Chance that child will have blood type B:

The Baby Mix Up!!

Baby A Baby B Baby CIn a hospital three babies were born simultaneously during a thunderstorm. The lights went off for a few seconds, during that time the babies were mixed up. The hospital wants to be sure that it is giving the right baby to the right parents by attempting to match the blood types. Can you help?

Use the following information and complete the Punnett squares to figure out who the parents are.

Parents:- The McBrides = type O and AB- The Gonzales = type AA and BB- The Browns = type AO and O

Children:- Baby A is type AB- Baby B is type O- Baby C is type B

Key:

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______

Cross: Cross: Cross:

McBrides Gonzales

Browns

Who are the parents of baby A? Who are the parents of baby B? Who are the parents of baby C?

Sickle Cell AnemiaSickle cell disease is an inherited disorder in which red blood cells (RBCs) are abnormally shaped. This abnormality can result in painful episodes, serious infections, chronic anemia, and damage to body organs.

These complications can, however, differ from person to person depending on the type of sickle cell disease each has. Some people are relatively healthy and others are hospitalized frequently.

But thanks to advancements in early diagnosis and treatment, most kids born with this disorder grow up to live relatively healthy and productive lives.

1. Do all people who have sickle cell suffer from the same complications? _________

___________________________________________________________________

2. If you are born with sickle cell can you live a normal life? ___________________

A Closer Look at Sickle Cell Disease

The different forms of sickle cell disease are determined by the genes inherited from the person's parents.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______Someone who inherits a sickle cell gene from each parent has hemoglobin SS disease, also called sickle cell anemia.

A person can also inherit a sickle cell gene from one parent and a different kind of abnormal gene from the other and end up with a different form of sickle cell disease, such as hemoglobin SC disease.

Someone who inherits only one sickle cell gene and a normal gene from the other parent will have the sickle cell trait, but not the disease, known as a carrier. A blood test can determine whether someone has a form of sickle cell disease or carries the sickle cell trait.

People with sickle cell trait (carrier) don't have sickle cell disease and usually don't exhibit signs of the disorder, but they can pass the gene for the disease to their children. Many people don't know they have sickle cell trait, but most babies in the United States are now tested as part of their newborn screening. When both parents have the sickle cell trait, there's a 25% chance that a child will have sickle cell disease. But when one parent is carrying the trait and the other actually has the disease, the odds increase to 50% that their child will inherit the disease.

3. How many forms of sickle cell disease are there and why are there more than one form? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How can you inherit the sickle cell gene, but not the disease (be a carrier)? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. If a mother has sickle cell and the dad is a carrier, what is the percentage that their child will inherit the disease? _____________________

Who Is Affected?

In the United States, hemoglobin SS disease (sickle cell anemia) affects mostly African Americans. However, forms of sickle cell disease may occur in people with different ethnic backgrounds, such as those whose ancestors came from Mediterranean countries (including Turkey, Greece, and Italy), East India, or Middle Eastern countries.

6. What types of Americans are most affected by sickle cell disease? ____________

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______Causes of Sickle Cell Disease

Hemoglobin allows red blood cells to carry oxygen. It is made up of alpha chains and beta chains. A child with sickle cell disease has inherited two defective genes for the beta chain of hemoglobin.

The hemoglobin can take on an abnormal shape, distorting the shape of their red blood cells (RBC’s). The cells change from a normal round, doughnut shape to the elongated shape of a sickle, or the shape of the letter "C."

Unlike normal RBCs, which move easily through small blood vessels, sickle cells are stiff and pointed. They have a tendency to get stuck in narrow blood vessels and block the flow of blood. This can cause episodes of pain and can also lead to organ damage because the tissues aren't getting enough oxygen.

Sickle cells have a shorter-than-normal life span, which leads to anemia (low RBC count). A normal red blood cell lives for about 120 days in circulation, whereas a sickle cell lives for only 10 to 20 days.

7. Abnormal hemoglobin takes on what shape? ______________________________8. What happens when sickle cells move through blood vessels?

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9. How long do sickle cells live for? ______________________________

Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of sickle cell disease vary, ranging from mild to severe, and may be less severe or different in kids who have inherited a sickle cell gene from one parent and a different abnormal hemoglobin gene from the other.

Most kids with sickle cell disease have some degree of anemia and might develop one or more of the following conditions and symptoms as part of the disorder:

Acute chest syndrome: Inflammation, infection, and occlusion of small vessels may cause this syndrome. Signs include chest pain, coughing, difficulty breathing, and fever.

Aplastic crisis: This is when the bone marrow temporarily slows its production of RBCs due to infection or another cause, resulting in a serious drop in RBCs and severe anemia. Signs include paleness, fatigue, and rapid pulse.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______ Hand-foot syndrome (also called dactylitis): This painful swelling of the hands

and feet may be the first sign of sickle cell anemia in some infants. Infection: Kids with sickle cell disease are at increased risk for certain

bacterial infections. It's important to watch for fevers of 101°F (38°C) or higher, which could signal an infection. Children with sickle cell disease and fever should be seen by a doctor immediately.

Painful crises: These may occur in any part of the body and may be brought on by cold or dehydration. The pain may last a few hours, a few days, or sometimes much longer. Pain may be so severe that a child needs to be hospitalized.

Splenic sequestration crises: The spleen becomes enlarged by trapping (or "sequestering") the abnormal RBCs. This can lead to a serious and rapid drop in the red cell count (severe anemia). Early signs include paleness, weakness or fatigue, an enlarged spleen, and pain in the abdomen.

Stroke: Impaired blood flow in the brain can occur when the sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels, which may lead to a stroke. Signs can include headache, seizures, weakness of the arms and legs, speech problems, a facial droop, or loss of consciousness.

Other possible complications include leg ulcers, bone or joint damage, gallstones, kidney damage, painful prolonged erections in males (priapism), eye damage, and delayed growth.

10. Describe TWO symptoms of sickle cell? _______________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Treatment

Bone marrow transplant is the only known cure for sickle cell disease. Transplants are complex and risky procedures and currently are an option only for a carefully selected subset of patients with severe complications.

To be eligible, a child would need bone marrow or stem cells from a "matched" donor with a low risk of rejection. Even then, the procedure has significant risks and there's always the chance of rejection of the transplanted marrow.

But even without a cure, kids with sickle cell disease can lead relatively normal lives. Medicines are available to help manage the pain, and immunizations and daily doses of penicillin (an antibiotic) can help prevent infection.

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______Infection used to cause many deaths in infants and young children with sickle cell disease, but thanks to penicillin (or a similar antibiotic, amoxicilin) and appropriate immunizations, kids are much more likely to live longer, healthier lives. Although penicillin isn't a cure, it can help prevent life-threatening infections due to bacteria that cause serious infections in the blood, meningitis, and pneumonia.

In 1998 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the drug hydroxyurea for use in adults with sickle cell disease; while it still has not been officially approved for use in children, it is now commonly used by pediatric specialists in certain circumstances.

11.What is the “cure” for sickle cell disease? ____________________________________________________________________________________________

12.Why do kids require doses of penicillin? ______________________________________________________________________________________________

13.What drug is used for adults with sickle cell? ____________________________

Conclusion: Overall, what is sickle cell anemia, how do you get it, and how will having it change your life? ______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

ABO Blood Typing LabBackground Information:Around 1900 it was discovered there are at least 4 different kinds of human blood. On the surface of the red blood cells there may be one or more proteins, A and B. ANTIBODIES are produced in the blood plasma against these A and B proteins, and continue to be produced throughout a person’s life. Antibodies are substances in the body that identify foreign objects for elimination.

1. How many different kinds of human blood exist? 2. What may be on the surface of blood cells?

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______3. What do antibodies do for the body?

Figure 1 shows an example of blood type A.

Notice the surface proteins and antibodies present in the blood.

A person normally produces antibodies against the proteins that are NOT PRESENT on his or her red blood cells. For example, a person with protein A on his red blood cells will produce B antibodies (blood type A); a person with protein B will produce A antibodies (blood type B); a person with neither A or B proteins will produce both A and B antibodies (blood type O); and, a person with both proteins A and B will not produce any antibodies (blood type AB).

4. Complete Table 1 below based on the information in the paragraph above.

Table 1Blood Type

(protein present on surface) Antibodies producedAB

ABO

Because of the different blood types, certain blood groups can only give or receive blood from other specific blood groups. See Table 2 on the next page.Table 2

Blood Type Surface Proteins Antibodies Can Donate

Blood ToCan Receive Blood From

A A B A, AB A, OB B A B, AB B, O

AB A and B Neither A nor B AB O, A, B, ABO Neither A nor B Both A and B O, A, B, AB O

5. Using Table 2, if you have blood type AB list:Surface Proteins: ____________Antibodies: ____________

Can Donate To: ________Can Receive From: _________

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Figure 1

Name: ___________________________Period: _______

If blood cells are mixed with their antibodies the cells will clump together. This clumping is called AGGLUTINATION. See Figure 2 to the right for an example of agglutination. Notice the clumping of the red blood cells as they stick together. The clumping causes your veins to clog and can cause serious bodily harm, even death. This is why it can be very dangerous if you receive the wrong blood type in a transfusion.

6. What is agglutination?

7. Why is agglutination bad?

Blood typing is performed by mixing a small sample of blood with A and B antibodies and the presence or absence of clumping is determined for each type of antibodies used. If clumping occurs with only A antibodies, then the blood type is A. If clumping occurs only with B antibodies, then the blood type is B. Clumping with both A and B antibodies indicates that the blood type is AB. No clumping at all indicates that you have blood type O.

8. How do they determine blood types?

Table 3

A Antibody Serum B Antibody Serum Blood TypeClumping No clumping A

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Figure 2

Name: ___________________________Period: _______No Clumping Clumping B

Clumping Clumping ABNo Clumping No Clumping O

Objective:To perform ABO blood typing-a procedure used in blood labs-using WARD’s Simulated Blood for safety, to determine the blood types of 4 patients.

Materials:1 Spot plate4 ToothpicksBlood Samples

A antibody SerumB antibody Serum

Scenario:There was a horrible car accident on the Eisenhower expressway this morning. Four patients were rushed to the hospital in critical condition. Each patient has lost a significant amount of blood. Blood typing must be performed to help determine what type of blood transfusion each patient needs.

Procedure:1. Gather the 4 different blood typing trays:

Tray #1: Mr. SmithTray #2: Mr. JonesTray #3: Mr. GreenTray #4: Ms. Brown

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______2. Place 3 drops of Mr. Smith’s blood in each of the A and B wells of Slide #1.

3. Place 3 drops of Mr. Jones’s blood in each of the A and B wells of Slide #2.

4. Place 3 drops of Mr. Green’s blood in each of the A and B wells of Slide #3.

5. Place 3 drops of Ms. Brown’s blood in each of the A and B wells of Slide #4.

6. Place 3 drops of the A antibody serum in each A well on the four slides.

7. Place 3 drops of the B antibody serum in each B well on the four slides.

8. Obtain two toothpicks per blood typing slide. Stir each well with a separate clean toothpick for 30 seconds. To avoid splattering the simulated blood, do not press too hard on the typing tray.

9. Observe each slide and record your observations in Table 4 of the data collection section. To confirm clumping, place your try over your lab and try to read the text. If the blood is murky (cloudy), assume you have clumping.

10.Clean up and return supply when finished!!! All liquids can be washed down the drain.

Data Collection:

Table 4 - *Clumping indicates those antibodies are present. For example, if A antibody serum clumps with the blood, A surface proteins are present and the

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______person has blood type A. Write yes or no if clumping occurs when A or B antibodies are added to the blood sample. No clumping indicates blood type O.

Clumping? A antibodies B antibodies Blood TypeMr. SmithMr. JonesMr. GreenMs. Brown

*Complete Table 5 using Table 4 data & the background info on the previous pages of this lab.

Table 5

Name Blood TypeCan

Receive Blood From

Can Donate

Blood To

Mr. Smith

Mr. Jones

Mr. Green

Ms. Brown

Analysis Questions:8. Mr. Smith should receive what type(s) of blood during his transfusion? _________

9. Mr. Jones should receive what type(s) of blood during his transfusion? _________

10. If we ran out of time and couldn’t do blood typing, what type of blood could we

safely give to each patient? Why?

Pedigrees NotesProblem: What can we use to study how traits pass down through generations?

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Name: ___________________________Period: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Evidence:

- What is a pedigree?

- How do you represent females?

- How do you represent males?

- How do you represent if two individuals have mated?

- How do you represent children?

- How do you represent if someone has the trait?

- How do you represent if someone doesn’t have the trait?

- How do you represent if someone is a carrier of the trait?

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______

Conclusion: What can we use to study how traits pass down through generations? Describe in THREE sentences why a pedigree is useful!!!

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Pedigrees 16

Name: ___________________________Period: _______Introduction: Human traits are often difficult to study for several reasons. Unlike some organisms, which produce large numbers of offspring very quickly, humans reproduce slowly and reproduce few offspring at one time. Thus human traits must be studied through population sampling and pedigree analysis. A pedigree is a diagram that shows the phenotype of a particular genetic trait in a family from one generation to the next. Genotypes for individuals in a pedigree often can be determined with an understanding of inheritance and probability.

In this investigation, you will use pedigree analysis to observe human traits.

1. What shape is used to represent a male? 2. What shape is used to represent a female? 3. Unshaded symbols indicate people who _________ have the trait. 4. Shaded symbols indicate people who the trait. 5. Half shaded symbols indicate people who are _________________ of the trait.6. What does a horizontal line connecting two individuals indicate? 7. What do lines with downward dashes indicate? 8. Where is the oldest child always placed? 9. If I-1 and I-2 are the numbers that indicate the parents, what are the numbers that indicate their children? 10. Of the children how many are boys? 11. Of the children how many are girls? 12. Which number indicates the oldest child? 13. How many generations are there in this family? Study #1: Albinism. Individuals who lack an enzyme needed to form the skin pigment melanin are called albinos. Normal skin pigmentation is dominant and not shaded in. Write the phenotypes and genotypes of the family below. Next answer analysis questions 1 – 6 by circling the correct choice.Use DD to represent the gene for normal skin and dd to represent the genotype for albinism. If an individual is heterozygous they are considered a carrier. They carry the

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______gene for albinism in their genotype but physically look normal (normal phenotype). For carriers represent their genotype as Dd.

Phenotype Genotype

I 1 ________ ________

2 ________ ________

3 ________ ________

4 ________ ________

II 1 ________ ________

2 ________ ________

3 ________ ________

4 _______ ________

5 ________ ________

6 ________ ________

7 ________ ________

III 1 ________ ________

2 ________ ________

Besides being either autosomal or sex-linked, inheritance of traits can be dominant or recessive. This is very similar to the Mendelian genetics already studied. In order for a person to express a recessive inherited trait they must obtain two recessive alleles (homozygous recessive - represented by two lower case letters). In order for a person to express a dominant inherited trait they can have either two dominant alleles or one dominant/one recessive allele (homozygous dominant – represented by two upper case letters OR heterozygous – represented by one upper case allele and one lower case allele).

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Analysis Questions:

1. The individuals I-3 & I-4 are (married/siblings).

2. The individuals II-3 & II-4 are (married/siblings).

3. The individuals II-1 & II-2 are (married/siblings).

4. The individuals I-3 & I-4 are (carriers/albinos).

5. The individuals II-1 & II-2 are (normal/albinos).

6. The individual III-2 is (normal/albino).

Study #1 Pedigree

Name: ___________________________Period: _______1. What type of genotype must a person have to express a recessive trait?

____________________________________________

2. What type of genotype must a person have to express a dominant trait? __________________________________________

Recessive Trait Example: We are looking at a recessive trait. If the person expresses the trait their symbol will be shaded.

1. In the diagram, which individual(s) express the recessive trait? ______________2. If you couldn’t see the parents, how would you know they would have to be at least carriers? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Do the parents exhibit the recessive trait? Explain. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Study # 2: The pedigree shows the inheritance of free earlobes and attached earlobes in five generations of a family. Attached earlobes are shaded in and caused by a recessive allele (ee).

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Name: ___________________________Period: _______

1. Is individual I2 in the figure homozygous or heterozygous for free earlobes? 2. How do you know this? 3. In the figure, how many children of individuals II2 and II3 have attached earlobes? 4. How many children of individuals III3 and III4 have attached earlobes? 5. Write the numbers of the individuals who would be considered descendants of individuals I1 and 12. 6. Are any of these descendants homozygous for free earlobes? 7. What is the genotype of individual V1? 8. How do you know this? 9. What is the phenotype of individual V1?

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