file · Web viewThis project is based on assembly language programming. ... The circuit mainly consists of three IC’s 8051, Max232 and an LCD and GSM Modem and a power supply

ARTIFICIAL VOTING MACHINE USING GSM TECHNOLOGYARTIFICIAL VOTING MACHINE USING GSM TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS

Chapter-1 2-6

Project Title Introduction Components List Circuit Diagram

Chapter-2 7-10

Functional block diagram Internal Working Of The Circuit Project Working

Chapter-3 11-35

Introduction to microcontrollers Description of components Explanation Block Diagram and Features Of IC’s used in the circuit

Chapter-4 35-41

Software DescriptionChapter-5 42-43

Result Conclusion

Appendix: 44-48 Advantages Disadvantages Future-Scope Bibliography Data sheets

P.B.SIDDHARTHA COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCE | 1


CHAPTER-1

ARTIFICIAL VOTING MACHINE

USING

GSM TECHNOLOGY



ABSTRACT

India is world’s largest democracy. Fundamental right to vote or simply voting in elections forms the basis of Indian democracy. In India all earlier elections a voter used to cast his vote by using ballot paper. This is a long, time-consuming process and very much prone to errors.

This situation continued till election scene was completely changed by electronic voting machine. No more ballot paper, ballot boxes, stamping, etc. all this condensed into a simple box called ballot unit of the electronic voting machine.

The aim of the project is to implement an Voting machine using GSM technology. GSM (Global system Mobile Communication)based voting machine provides more reliability and restricts the unauthorized person who is trying to miss use his vote. Today GSM fitted Banks, cars; ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed countries.

Cell phone based voting machine is capable of saving considerable printing stationery and transport of large volumes of electoral material. It is easy to transport, store, and maintain. It completely rules out the chance of invalid votes. Its use results in reduction of polling time, resulting in fewer problems in electoral preparations, law and order, candidates' expenditure, etc. and easy and accurate counting without any mischief at the counting centre.

Artificial voting machine is simple and costs less. This system is implemented using an embedded micro controller.

The GSM module is connected with the 8051 microcontroller through serial port. Using ‘AT’ commands the SMS is transferred to the GSM module. The GSM module converts the digital information into airborne signals.

The GSM module consist of Wireless CPU, SIM card holder and power LED. It helps transmit and receive the SMS with UART. Liquid crystal display is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or mono- chrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector.

This project is based on assembly language programming. The software platform used in this project are Keil uVision3

COMPONENTS LIST:



Semiconductors: IC-1 : 8051 micro controller

IC-2 : Max 232

IC-3 : 7805

IC-4 : 7809

Resistors: R1 : 1,10 K ohms

Capacitors:C1 , C2 : 100microfarad

C4, C3 : 33pf

C5 : 10 microfarad

C9, C6, C7, C8 : 1micro farad/10 micro farad

Miscellaneous: XTAL : 11.590592 MHz.

POWER SUPPLY : 9V, 500mA

Push buttons

LCD DISPLAY

GSM Modem

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM







CHAPTER – 2

Block diagram



Internal Working of the Circuit

The circuit mainly consists of three IC’s 8051, Max232 and an LCD and GSM Modem and a power supply.

The Max232 IC is used as a voltage convertor it converts the voltage between the modem and the microcontroller 8051. The pins 11,12 connected to 8051 port-3 pins p-10 and p-11 respectively.

The LCD display is used to display the particular message. The pins of port2 of the microcontroller 8051 are connected to the LCD display.

Port – 1 pins p1.1,p1.2,p1.3,p1.4 are used to check the result or status of the votes. These are connected to ground through a push back switch.

A crystal oscillator of 11.0592MHZ is connected in between the pins 10 and 11 of the 8051 which gives continuous pulses to the micro controller.

13,14 pins of the max 232 IC is connected to serial port where the GSM module is interfaced. The GSM module is connected with the 8051 microcontroller through serial port. Using ‘AT’ commands the SMS is transferred to the GSM module. The GSM module converts the digital information into airborne signals.

Contrast of the testing :Step – 1



Registration: WE HAVE TO INITIALLY REGISTER YOUR MOBILE NUMBER ALONG WITH

THE AADHAR CARD TO YOUR SERVICE PROVIDER.YOUR MOBILE NUMBER WILL BE SAVED WITH YOUR AADHAR ID i.e., the provider will save the details in the data base.

Step - 2CHECK VALIDATION OF REGISTRATION

AFTER REGISTRATION YOUR NUMBER WILL BE SAVED IN THE MICROCONTROLLER ALONG WITH YOUR AADHAR CARD.

HOW TO CHECK VALIDATION

BY SENDING AN SMS TO THE VOTING MACHINE AS < AADHAR ID > IT WILL CHECK YOUR NUMBER VALIDATION WETHER IT IS CONFIRM OR NOT.IF THE NUMBER IS VALID AND REGISTERED ONE THE MC WILL SEND YOU BACK THE MESSAGE THAT YOUR REGISTRATION IS SUCCESSFUL .EVEN IT IS NOT REGISTERED IT WILL SEND BACK MESSAGE THAT YOUR NUMBER IS NOT REGISTERED.

STEP-3

VOTING

ON THE DAY OF ELECTIONS YOU WANT TO DO IS NOTHING JUST SEND A SINGLE SMS TO THE VOTING MACHINE TO WHICH PARTY YOU WANTS TO VOTE

HOW TO SEND SMS

SIMPLY TYPE <PARTY ID> OF THE PARTY YOU WANT TO VOTE AND SEND IT TO THE VOTING MACHINE.

IF THE PARTY ID IS A VALID ID THEN YOU WILL GET A CONFIRMATION MESSAGE

“VOTE IS SUCCEESFULL TO PART ID”

IF IT IS NOT A VALID PARTY ID THEN YOU GET

“VOTE UNSUCCESSFULL PLEASE ENTER VALID ID AND RETRY”

NOTE: ONLY ONE AADHAR ID CAN VOTE TO ONLY ONE PARTY

ACCODING TO THE PROGRAM WRITTEN IN THE VOTING MACHINE THE MESSAGES OF DECODED AND RESPOND TO ITS ACTION.



EVEN IF YOU WANT TO KNOW HOW MANY VOTES THAT EACH PARTY GETS AND THE TOTAL NUMBER OF VOTES WE CAN GET IT BY SIMPLY SENDING A SMS TO VOTING MACHINE

HOW TO SEND

TYPE < TOTAL > TO THE VOTING MACHINE

THE VOTING MACHINE DECODES THE MESSAGE AND SEND RESPECTIVE RESULT BACK TO US.

THE VOTING MACHINE CONTAINS A GSM MODEM WITH A NUMBER.BY SENDING SMS TO GSM MODEM WHICH IS INTERFACED TO MICROCONTROLLER WE CAN GET THE DETAILS AND USE THE PROJECT

IN THIS CIRCUIT WE ARRAGE 4 PUSH ON RESET BUTTONS AT PORT-1 TO PINS P1.0,P1.1,P1.2,P1.3 RESPECTIVELY TO GROUND WICH ARE USED TO KNOW THE RESULT OF HOW MANY VOTES BY RESPECTIVE PARTY’S AND TOTAL NUMBER OF VOTES.HERE WE TAKE 3 PARTIES.

CHAPTER-3

INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER:

Introduction:



A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory, various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip.

If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM, EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of design.

One of the major differences between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application. Intel has introduced a family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51.

Figure: micro controller

Pin Configuration:-



Pin Description:-

VCC - Supply voltage.

GND - Ground.

Port 0 –



Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3



Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the 8051

P3.0-RxD:

It is an Input signal. Through this I/P signal microcontroller receives serial data of serial communication circuit.

P3.1-TxD:

It is O/P signal of serial port. Through this signal data is transmitted.

P3.2- (INT0):

It is external hardware interrupt I/P signal. Through this user, programmer or peripheral interrupts to microcontroller.

P3.3-(INT1):

It is external hardware interrupt I/P signal. Through this user, programmer or peripheral interrupts to microcontroller.

P3.4- T0:

It is I/P signal to internal timer-0 circuit. External clock pulses can connects to timer-0 through this I/P signal.

P3.5-T1:

It is I/P signal to internal timer-1 circuit. External clock pulses can connects to timer-1 through this I/P signal.

P3.6-[WR(bar)]:



It is active low write O/P control signal. During External RAM (Data memory) access it is generated by microcontroller. when [WR(bar)]=0, then performs write operation.

P3.7-[RD(bar)]:

It is active low read O/P control signal. During External RAM (Data memory) access it is generated by microcontroller. when [RD(bar)]=0, then performs read operation from external RAM.

RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. in normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the 8051 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.



EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. Port Pin Alternate Functions

8051 EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.

This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

Architecture of 8051 Microcontroller:

Special Function Registers

A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register (SFR) space is shown in Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and



unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.

Data Memory

The 8051 implements 128 bytes of on-chip RAM. The 128 bytes are accessible via direct and indirect addressing modes. Stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.

Interrupts

The AT8051 has a total of five interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), two timer interrupts (Timers 0 and 1), and the serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once.bit positions IE.6 and IE.5 are unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle.

ACCUMULATOR (ACC):Accumulator is a general-purpose register, which stores runt ime resu lts . Before per forming any operat ion upon an operand , operand has to be stored in the accumulator. Results of arithmetical operations are also stored in the accumulator. When transferring data from one register to another, it has to go through the accumulator.

B R E G I S T E R : This B register provides temporary storage space for the result of multiplication & division operation. Instructions of multiplication and division can be applied only to operands located in registers A and B. Other instructions can use this register as a secondary accumulator (A).



Data Pointer (DPTR) :

T h e D a t a p o i n t e r r e g i s t e r i s m a d e u p o f t w o 8 b i t registers, named DPH (Data Pointer High) and DPL (Data Pointer Low). These reg is ters are used to g ive addresses o f the in terna l o r externa l memory. The DPTR is under the control of program.

DPTR is also manipulated as one 16 bit register; DPH & DPL are each assigned an address. The 8051 microcontroller has additional DPTR. There are two 16-bitDPTR registers that address the external memory, and a single bit called DPS (bit0 in AUXR1) that allows the program code to switch between them.

Serial Port: Serial port is used to provide communication among two

devices. S e r i a l d a t a c o m m u n i c a t i o n h a s b e e n w i d e l y u s e d f o r l o n g d i s t a n c e communication because of the ease and the economy of using only one wire to t r a n s m i t d a t a .

S e r i a l p o r t i s a l s o r e f e r r e d a s R S 2 3 2 p o r t . R S 2 3 2 i s a n asynchronous way of communication. Asynchronous transmission allows data t o b e t r a n s m i t t e d w i t h o u t t h e s e n d e r h a v i n g t o s e n d a c l o c k s i g n a l t o t h e receiver. Instead, the sender and receiver must agree on timing parameters in advance and special bits are added to each word, which are used to synchronize the sending and receiving units.

When a word is given to the UART for Asynchronous transmissions, a bit called the “Start Bit “ I s added to the beg inn ing o f each word that i s to be t ransmi t ted . The Star t B i t i s used to a le r t the rece iver that a word o f data i s about to be sent, and to force the clock in the receiver into synchronization with the clock in the transmitter.

Stack Pointer (SP) : The stack refers to an area of internal RAM that is used in conjunction with

certain opposes to store and retrieve data quickly. The register used to access the stack is called Stack Pointer. The 8 bit stack pointer register is used by the 8051 to hold an internal RAM address that is called then top of the stack.



The stack pointer increments before storing the data on the stack. As retrieved from the stack the SP is decremented by one. The number in Stack Pointer points to the location of the last "valid" address within the Stack. With the beginning of every new routine, Stack Pointer increases by 1; upon return from routine, SP decreases by 1. Upon reset (or turning the power on), the stack pointer contains the value 07h..

Program Status Word (PSW):The Program Status Word (PSW) register is an8 bit register. It is also referred to as the flag register. It contains the math flags, user program flag F0, and the register select bits that identify which of the four general purpose register banks is currently in use by the program.

Program Counter (PC):U s e d t o a c c e s s c o d e m e m o r y . P r o g r a m c o u n t e r always points to the address of the next instruction in memory to be executed. Upon reset (or turning the power on), the program counter resets to the starting location of the programTimers/Counters:• T i m e r s a r e u s u a l l y t h e m o s t c o m p l i c a t e d

p a r t s o f m icrocontro l le r . Phys ica l ly , t imer i s a reg is ter whose va lue i s cont inua l ly i n c r e a s i n g . The 8051 MCU clock employs a quartz c rys ta l . As th i s f requency i s h igh ly s tab le and accurate , i t i s idea l fo r t ime measur ing .

• Since one ins t ruc t ion takes 12 osc i l l a tor cyc les to complete , the Math is easy. 8051 has three Timers/Counters marked as T0, T1 & T2. Their purpose is to measure time and count external occurrences, but can also be used as clock in serial communication purpose called as, Baud Rate.

Oscillator Characteristics:

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figs 6.2.3. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2.4.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.



Fig 6.2.3 Oscillator Connections Fig 6.2.4 External Clock Drive

Description Of components:

GSM Module:BLOCK DIAGRAM:

EXPLANATION:

GSM has been the backbone of the phenomenal success in mobile telecom over the last decade. GSM is an open, non- proprietary system that is constantly evolving. One of its great strengths is the international roaming capability.

This gives consumers seamless and same standardized same number contact ability in more than 212 countries. This has been a vital driver in



growth, with around 300 million GSM subscribers currently in Europe and Asia.

Voice is digitally encoded via a unique encoder, which emulates the characteristics of human speech.

In the Americas, today's 7 million subscribers reset to grow rapidly, with market potential of 500 million in population, due to the introduction of GSM 800, which allows operators using the 800 MHz band to have access to GSM technology too.

This method of transmission permits a very efficient data rate/information content ratio. Cellular mobile communication is based on the concept of frequency reuse.

The propagation environment determines the interference received from neighboring co-channel cells, which in turn governs the reuse distance, that is, the distance allowed between co-channel cells (cells using the same set of frequency channels). The cell size determination is usually based on the local traffic distribution and demand in the area. The smaller the cell has to be sized in order to avail the frequency set to a smaller number of roaming subscribers and thus limit the call blocking probability within the cell.

The smaller the cell is sized, the more equipment will be needed in the system as each cell requires the necessary transceiver and switching equipment, known as the base station subsystem(BSS), through which the mobile users access the network over radio links.

Since digital modulation systems can operate with a smaller signal to noise (i.e., signal to interference) ratio for the same service quality, they, in one respect, would allow smaller reuse distance and thus provide higher spectrum efficiency. This is one advantage the digital cellular provides over the older analogue cellular radio communication systems.

GSM NETWORK

A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and interfaces are specified. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. The Mobile Station is carried by the subscriber



GSM SPECIFICATION

Device Name: Wave com ROM (Flash): 16MbRAM: 2MbOperating Voltage: 3.1 – 4.5 V Receiving Frequency: 925 – 960 MHz

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051:

EXPLANATION : Microcontroller (MC) may be called computer on chip since it has basicfeatures of microprocessor with internal ROM, RAM, Parallel and serialports within single chip. Or we can say microprocessor with memory andports is called as microcontroller. This is widely used in washing machines,vcd player, microwave oven, robotics or in industries.

Microcontroller and Embedded SystemsMicrocontroller can be classified on the basis of their bits processed like8bit MC, 16bit MC.8 bit microcontroller, means it can read, write and process 8 bit data. Ex.



8051 microcontroller. Basically 8 bit specifies the size of data bus. 8 bitmicrocontroller means 8 bit data can travel on the data bus or we can read, write process 8 bit data.

Features of 8051:

8051 Central Processing Unit:

On-chip Flash Program Memory with In-System Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming (IAP) capability.

B o o t R O M c o n t a i n s l o w l e v e l F l a s h p r o g r a m m i n g r o u t i n e s f o r downloading via the UART.

Supports 6-clock/12-clock mode via parallel programmer (default clock mode after Chip Erase is 12-clock).

6-clock/12-clock mode Flash bit erasable and programmable via ISP. 6-clock/12-clock mode programmable “on-the-fly” by SFR bit. Per iphera ls (PCA, t imers , UART) may use e i ther 6-c lock or

12-c lock mode while the CPU is in 6-clock mode. Speed up to 20 MHz with 6-c lock cyc les per machine cyc le

(40 MHz equivalent performance); up to 33 MHz with 12 clocks per machine cycle.

Fully static operation RAM expandable externally to 64 kilo bytes. Four interrupt priority levels. Seven interrupt sources. Four 8-bit I/O ports. Full-duplex enhanced UART.

Automatic address recognition Power control modes Clock can be stopped and resumed Idle mode

Power down mode Programmable clock-out pin Second DPTR register Asynchronous port reset

Low EMI (inhibit ALE)Programmable Counter Array (PCA) PWM Capture/compare

MAX232:

The MAX232 IC is used to convert the TTL/CMOS logic levels to RS232 logic levels during serial communication of microcontrollers with PC. The controller operates at TTL logic level (0-5V) whereas the serial communication in PC



works on RS232 standards (-25 V to + 25V). This makes it difficult to establish a direct link between them to communicate with each other. The intermediate link is provided through MAX232. It is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply RS232 voltage levels from a single 5V supply. Each receiver converts RS232 inputs to 5V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers (R1 & R2) can accept ±30V inputs. The drivers (T1 & T2), also called transmitters, convert the TTL/CMOS input level into RS232 level. The transmitters take input from controller’s serial transmission pin and send the output to RS232’s receiver. The receivers, on the other hand, take input from transmission pin of RS232 serial port and give serial output to microcontroller’s receiver pin. MAX232 needs four external capacitors whose value ranges from 1µF to 22µF. Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:

Pin No Function Name1 Capacitor connection pins Capacitor 1

+2 Capacitor 3

+3 Capacitor 1 -4 Capacitor 2



+5 Capacitor 2 -6 Capacitor 4 -7 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at

RS232 logic level; connected to receiver pin of PC serial port

T2 Out

8 Input pin; receives serially transmitted data at RS 232 logic level; connected to transmitter pin of PC serial port

R2 In

9 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at TTL logic level; connected to receiver pin of controller.

R2 Out

10 Input pins; receive the serial data at TTL logic level; connected to serial transmitter pin of controller.

T2 In11 T1 In12 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at

TTL logic level; connected to receiver pin of controller.

R1 Out

13 Input pin; receives serially transmitted data at RS 232 logic level; connected to transmitter pin of PC serial port

R1 In

14 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at RS232 logic level; connected to receiver pin of PC serial port

T1 Out

15 Ground (0V) Ground16 Supply voltage; 5V (4.5V – 5.5V) Vcc

The MAX232 datasheet specifies that the IC is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-F voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept ±30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels.

FEATURES OF MAX232 IC: Low power consumption, the typical supply current of 5Ma. The internal integration of two RS-232C driver The internal integration of the two RS-232C receivers Only requires a single 5V power supply Chip charge pump with a boost, voltage, polarity reversal ability to

generate 10V and-10V voltage V

PUSH TO ON SWITCH:



A push-button (also spelled pushbutton) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism for controlling some aspect of a machine or aprocess. Buttons are typically made out of hard material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most often biased switches, though even many un-biased buttons (due to their physical nature) require a spring to return to their un-pushed state. Different people use different terms for the "pushing" of the button, such as press, depress, mash, and punch. In this circuit it is used to see the total count of each party and total votes in LCD

Presets:

These are miniature versions of the standard variable resistor. They are designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built. For example to set the frequency of an alarm tone or the sensitivity of a light-sensitive circuit. A small screwdriver or similar tool is required to adjust presets. Presets are much cheaper than standard variable resistors so they are sometimes used in projects where a standard variable resistor would normally be used.

Preset symbol

Multitier presets are used where very precise adjustments must be made. The screw must be turned many times (10+) to move the slider from one end of the track to the other, giving very fine control.



Power Supply: The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains

electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated D.C Power Supply”

For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

Transformer: A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical

power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency. Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little

loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage.

Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary.

There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core.

Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio,



determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

RECTIFIER:

A circuit which is used to convert ac to dc is known as RECTIFIER. The process of conversion ac to dc is called “rectification”.

TYPES OF RECTIFIERS:1. Half wave Rectifier2. Full wave rectifier

Centre tap full wave rectifier. Bridge type full bridge rectifier.

Comparison of rectifier circuits:

Parameter Type of Rectifier

Half wave Full wave Bridge

Number of diodes

1 2 4

PIV of diodes

Vm 2Vm Vm


Turns ratio = Vp/ VS = Np/NSPower Out= Power In

VS X IS=VP X IPVP = primary (input) voltageNP = number of turns on primary coil

Ip = primary (input) current


D.C output voltage V m / 2Vm/ 2Vm/

Vdc,at

no-load

0.318Vm 0.636Vm 0.636Vm

Ripple factor 1.21 0.482 0.482

Ripple

Frequency f 2f 2f

Rectification Efficiency 0.406 0.812 0.812

Transformer Utilization Factor(TUF) 0.287 0.693 0.812

RMS voltage V m Vim/2 Vim/√2 Vim/√2

Full-wave Rectifier: From the above comparison we came to know that full wave bridge rectifier

as more advantages than the other two rectifiers. So, in our project we are using full wave bridge rectifier circuit.

Bridge Rectifier: A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to

achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.

A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement as shown in fig(a) to achieve full-wave rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.



Fig (A)

Operation:

During positive half cycle of secondary, the diodes D2 and D3 are in forward biased while D1 and D4 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(b). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (b) with dotted arrows.

During negative half cycle of secondary voltage, the diodes D1 and D4 are in forward biased while D2 and D3 are in reverse biased as shown in the fig(c). The current flow direction is shown in the fig (c) with dotted arrows.

Regulator: Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V)

variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection').

Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.



A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

78XX:BLOCK DIAGRAM:



EXPLANATION:The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263packages,

FEATURES OF 78XX IC:• Output Current of 1.5A

• Output Voltage Tolerance of 5%

• Internal thermal overload protection

• Internal Short-Circuit Limited

• No External Component

• Output Voltage 5.0V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, 24V

• Offer in plastic TO-252, TO-220 & TO-263

• Direct Replacement for LM78XX

LCD DISPLAY:



LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs.

The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.

Liquid crystal display is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or mono- chrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector.

This is used to display functioning mode of the microcontroller.

Pin description:


http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/display-custom-animations-LCD-AT89C51

http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/8051projects/create-custom-characters-LCD-AT89C51

http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/led

http://www.engineersgarage.com/content/seven-segment-display


Pin. No Function Name

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high

Register Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register

Read/write

6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given

Enable

7

8-bit data pins

DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3

11 DB4

12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

1. Command/Instruction Register- stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing, clearing the screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc.

2. Data Register- stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.



Programming the LCD: 1. Data pin8 (DB7) of the LCD is busy flag and is read when R/W = 1 & RS = 0. When busy flag=1, it means that LCD is not ready to accept data since it is busy with the internal operations. Therefore before passing any data to LCD, its command register should be read and busy flag should be checked.

2. To send data on the LCD, data is first written to the data pins with R/W = 0 (to specify the write operation) and RS = 1 (to select the data register). A high to low pulse is given at EN pin when data is sent. Each write operation is performed on the positive edge of the Enable signal.

3. To send a command on the LCD, a particular command is first specified to the data pins with R/W = 0 (to specify the write operation) and RS = 0 (to select the command register). A high to low pulse is given at EN pin when data is sent.

CHAPTER - 4

SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION:



KEIL COMPILER

INTRODUCTION:

The Real View Microcontroller Development Kit is the complete software development environment for all ARM7, ARM9, Cortex -M1, and Cortex-M3 processor based devices. It combines the industry leading Real View compilation tools (by ARM) with the µVision IDE/Debugger, providing developers with an easy to use, feature-rich environment optimized for ARM Powered devices. The Real View Microcontroller Development Kit (MDK) provides an easy-to-use development interface, with many unique features designed to help you develop your project quickly and easily. Save time by using the Device Database to automatically configure device and project parameters. Benefit from better verification by using the integrated Device Simulator which accurately models more than 260 ARM Powered devices including the ARM instruction set and on-chip peripherals. The Real View MDK is based on the ARM Real View compilation tools, recognized as delivering the tightest, highest performing code for all ARM-Powered devices. In addition, further code size savings can be gained by selecting the new Micro Lib, which has been specifically developed and optimized for embedded systems [9].

DEBUGGER AND DEVICE SIMULATOR:

The µVision Debugger supports complex breakpoints (with conditional or logical expressions) and memory access breakpoints (with read/write access from an address or range).The debugger also displays code coverage and execution profiling information in the editor windows. Additionally, the µVision Debugger simulates a complete ARM Powered microcontroller including the instruction set and on-chip peripherals. These powerful simulation capabilities provide serious benefits and promote rapid, reliable embedded software development and verification.

Simulation allows software testing with no hardware. Improve overall reliability with early software debugging. Simulation allows breakpoints that are not possible with hardware

debuggers. Simulation allows for optimal input signals (hardware debuggers add extra

noise). Signal functions are easily programmed to reproduce complex, real-world

input signals. Single-step through signal processing algorithms. Test failure scenarios that would destroy real hardware.



MAIN WINDOW OF KEIL COMPILER

PROJECT CONFIGURATION: The µVision IDE incorporates a Device Database of supported ARM

Powered microcontrollers. In µVision projects, required options are set automatically when you select the device from the Device Database. µVision displays only those options that are relevant to the selected device and prevents you from selecting incompatible directives. Only a few dialogs are required to completely configure all the tools (assembler, compiler, linker, debugger, and flash download utilities) and memory map for the application.

EDITOR AND SOURCE BROWSER: The µVision Editor includes all the standard features you expect in a

professional editor. Workflow is optimized with intuitive toolbars providing quick access to editor functions, most of which are also available while debugging for easy source code changes. The integrated µVision Source Browser quickly displays information about symbols and variables in your program using the F12 key and the Source Browser Window.

GETTING STAR The µVision IDE is the easiest way for most developers to create

embedded applications using the Kiel development tools. To launch µVision, click on the icon on your desktop or select Kiel µVision3 from the Start Menu.



CREATIG A PROJECT

In the Project Menu:

New Creates a new project.

Open Opens an existing project.

PROJECT MANAGEMENT: File Groups allow you to group associated files together. They may be

used to separate files into functional blocks or to identify engineers in your software team.

Project Targets allow you to create several programs from a single project. You may require one target for testing and another target for a release version of your application. Each target allows individual tool settings within the same project file.

A Project is the collection of all the source files as well as the compiler, assembler, and linker settings required to compile and link a program. µVision includes several robust features that make project management easy.

DEVICE SUPPORT: One of the hardest parts of starting a new project is selecting the right mix

of compiler, assembler, and linker options for the particular chip you use. µVision provides the Device Database which makes this tedious task easy. When you create a new project, you select the chip you will use and µVision sets all the necessary assembler, compiler, and linker options automatically.

TARTUP CODE: Configuring startup code can be one of the most frustrating aspects of

embedded software development. The µVision IDE automatically includes the appropriate startup code (based on the device you select) and provides a known foundation from which to start. The Configuration Wizard helps



you set startup options for your target hardware using familiar dialog controls.

OPTION SETTINGS: µVision lets you set the options for all files in a target, a group, or even a

single source file. Click the Options for Target button on the toolbar to change the project options for the currently selected target. In the Project Workspace, you may right-click the target, group, or source file to open the options dialog specific to that item.

The Options Dialog offers several Tabs where you specify option settings: The Device tab allows you to select the device for this target. The Target tab allows you to specify the memory model and memory

parameters. You may enter the external (or off-chip) memory address ranges under External Memory. When you start a new project, you typically only need to setup the options on this tab.

The Output tab allows you to specify the contents of the output files generated by the assembler, compiler, and linker.

The Listing tab allows you to configure the contents of the listing files. The C/C++, Asm, and Linker tabs allow you to enter tool-specific options

and display the current tool settings. The Debug tab configures the µVision Debugger. The Utilities tab configures Flash memory programming for your target

system.

TARGETS & GROUPS: µVision projects are composed of one or more targets, one or more file

groups, and source files. A target is a collection of all files groups and the development tool

options. While most projects require only one target, you may create as many targets as you like. Each target generates a different target file with different options.

These two targets, Simulator-Real View and Simulator-CARM, create distinct binary files. The Simulator-Real view target uses the Real View compilation tools for ARM while the Simulator-CARM target uses the Kiel compilation tools for ARM.

Each target has its own tool configuration settings. Files and groups may be included or excluded as needed for startup or other target-specific source code[9].

Click the Setup Editor Button to manage the targets maintained in your project. In the Project Components tab, you may configure the Project Targets, Groups, and Files in your project.



Each Target has its own option settings and output file name that you may define. You may create one Target for testing with the simulator and another Target for a release version of your application that will be programmed into Flash ROM.

Within Targets, you may have one or more file Groups which allow you to associate source files together. Groups are useful for grouping files into functional blocks or for identifying engineers in a software team.

Files are simply the source files within a group.

SOURCE FILES: The source files in your µVision project display in a Project Workspace.

Each Project can be configured to generate one or more Targets. Each Target has its own option settings and output file name that you may define. You may create one Target for testing with the simulator and another Target for a release version of your application that will be programmed into Flash ROM. Within a Target, you may have one of more file Groups which allow you to associate source files together. Groups are useful for grouping files into functional blocks or for identifying engineers in a software team.

The Project menu provides access to all dialogs for project management including...

New Project... which creates a new project. Targets, Groups, Files... which add components to a project. The Local

menu in the Project window allows you to add files to the project. Open Project... which opens an existing project.

BUILDING PROJECTS: µVision includes an integrated make facility that compiles, assembles, and

links your program. Click the Build Target button on the toolbar to compile and assemble the source files in your project and link them together into an absolute, executable program.

The assembler and compiler automatically generate file dependencies and add them to the project. File dependency information is used during the make process to build only those files that have changed or that include other files that have changed. As µVision compiles and assembles your source files, status information as well as errors and warnings appear in the Output Window[9].

You may double-click on an error or warning to immediately begin editing the file with the problem--even while µVision continues compiling your source files in the background. The line numbers for errors and warnings are synchronized even after you make changes to the source file(s). To get more information about a particular error message, select the message and press F1 for full



help text. If you enable global optimizations, µVision re-compiles your source files to achieve the most optimal global use of registers.

CHAPTER – 5 Result :



Conclusion : Number of candidates could be increased by using other microcontroller. It could be interfaced with printer to get the hard copy of the result almost

instantly from the machine itself. It could also be interfaced with the personal computer and result could be

stored in the central server and its backup could be taken on the other backend servers.

Again, once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the network to various offices of the election conducting authority. Thus our project could make the result available any corner of the world in a matter of seconds.

AREA OF APPLICATIONS Fast track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like

resident welfare association, “panchayat” level election and other society level elections.



It could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders meeting.

It could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number of candidates are less than or equal to eight in the current situation.

It is used in various TV serials as for public opinion.REFRENCES

Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay. Second edition, “THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED

SYSTEM” K. J. Ayala. Third edition, “The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER” Tutorial on microcontroller:

www.8051projects.net/microcontroller_tutorials/ Tutorial on LCD: www.8051projects.net/lcd-interfacing/

WEBSITES www.atmel.com www.seimens.com www.howstuffworks.com www.alldatasheets.com www.efyprojects.com www.google.com www.eci.gov.in/Audio_VideoClips/presentation/EVM.ppt www.rajasthan.net/election/guide/evm.htm

APPENDIX:

Data sheet:


Documents

file · Web viewThis project is based on assembly language programming. ... The circuit mainly consists of three IC’s 8051, Max232 and an LCD and GSM Modem and a power supply