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Regents Biology Homework Packet

Unit 13 & 14: Respiration, Gas Exchange, and Excretion

Use your Biology by Miller & Levine textbook to complete and help with the following homework assignments.

(1) Read the assigned pages, (2) Define the vocabulary, and (3) Answer the questions.

Neatness counts. Number the definitions. Write the page and number of the questions. Do your work in ink or even type the homework. Staple the definitions and questions to the HW packet.

The homework assignment is due the day before the test. We will use the HW packet as a test review. The completed and corrected HW packet will be collected on the day of the test. Late homework assignments receive no credit (0). If the assignment is not turned in by the last day of the quarter the zero grade (0) will change to -5.

Chapter 33: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Read pgs. 963 – 971

Vocabularyp. 963 Vocab (6)

p. 969 #1a, 2b, 4a

Regents Reviewpgs. 972 – 975#4 – 7, 21 - 25

Chapter 30: Digestive and Excretory Systems

Read pgs. 882 – 889

Vocabularyp. 882 Vocab (10)

p. 887 #1a, 2a, 3a, 3b

Regents Reviewpgs. 890 – 893#2, 4, 7, 9, 21, 22

TEST DATE: __________

Smoking and Disease

Cigarette smoking continues to be one of America's major health-risk factors. It accounts for about 100 deaths per day. When cigarette smoke is inhaled into the lungs over a period of time, it causes a decrease in the area of the respiratory surface available for the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen. This condition makes it more likely that a person will develop the respiratory disease known as emphysema.

Emphysema is only one of a number of diseases that occurs more often among smokers. Heart disease, stroke, and certain kinds of cancer are others. In this activity, you will explore the relationship between smoking and the likelihood of getting certain kinds of cancer and heart disease.

Study the graphs below.

Note that the horizontal axis of each graph is labeled "Relative Risk after 10 Years or Less of Smoking." "Relative Risk" refers to the likelihood of getting cancer. As an example of what the numbers on the horizontal axis mean, look at the graph that shows the relative risk of getting lung cancer. For people smoking 11 to 20 cigarettes per day, the graph shows that the relative risk is about 24. For those smoking 1 to 10 cigarettes per day, the relative risk is about 12. Since 24 is twice 12, twice the percentage of

people who smoke 11 to 20 cigarettes per day get lung cancer compared to smokers who smoke only 1 to 10 cigarettes per day. Put another way, your risk of getting lung cancer is twice as great if you smoke 11 to 20 cigarettes per day compared to your risk if you smoke 1 to 10 cigarettes per day.

1. What form of cancer has the highest relative risk for smokers?

2. What form of cancer has the lowest relative risk for smokers?

3. A person who smokes l to 10 cigarettes per day is about how many times more likely to get lung cancer than a nonsmoker?

4. The greatest risk of cancer of the larynx comes to the person who regularly smokes how many cigarettes per day?

5. What might be the reason that the risks of cancer of the oral cavity, of the larynx, and of the bladder all drop slightly for people smoking 41 or more cigarettes per day compared to those smoking 31 to 40 cigarettes per day?

Heart disease is another disease you are more likely to get if you smoke. While smoking is not the only risk factor for getting heart disease, it is one of the most dangerous. Other factors include your age, your heredity, your weight, the amount of exercise you get, the amount of cholesterol and fat in your diet, your blood pressure, and whether you are male or female.

Study the chart on the next page. This chart will enable you to arrive at a score that will tell you how high your risk is of getting heart disease. To use the chart, look at the first row, the row for "Age." Find the box that applies to you. For example, if you are16 years of age, the first box contains the range of ages (10 to 20) that includes your age. Encircle the number in parentheses in this box (the number "1"). Continue by encircling the number in parentheses for the appropriate box in each of the remaining seven rows of the chart. The notes given below will help you decide which box is the right box for you.

Heredity: Count parents, brothers, sisters, and grandparents who have had a heart attack or stroke.Tobacco Smoking: lf you usually inhale deeply and smoke a cigarette close to the end, add 1 to the number in the box.Cholesterol or Fat Level: A blood test is the best way to determine your level. If you have not had a blood test done, estimate your level from the foods you usually eat. Foods high in cholesterol and fat are usually of animal origin. They include

beef, lamb, pork, whole milk, butter, lard, cream, and ice cream. If you eat large amounts of a number of these foods, your cholesterol level is likely to be high. The diet of the average American contains about 40 % fat.

DETERMINING YOUR SCORE:To arrive at a score, add up all the numbers you have encircled in the chart. If your score is high you should take steps to cut down your risk, and see your doctor.

6. What is your score?

7. How would you describe your risk of getting heart disease?

Relating Form and FunctionIn most organisms, the form of a structure is related to its function. A good example is the relationship between

the form, or shape, of a bird's bill and the bird's feeding habits. Finches and other seed-eating birds have short, thick bills that can crush hard seeds. Starlings have thin, pointed bills that can probe into the ground for insects. Hawks have sharply hooked bills that can tear apart animal flesh. Herons have long bills that can be used for sudden thrusts at fish, frogs, and snakes. The Brown Pelican has a pouch on the lower portion of its bill. The pouch is widened under water to enclose a fish, and the fish is trapped when the bill is closed.

Respiratory structures in organisms also have forms that relate to their functions. Unicellular organisms such as the ameba and paramecium absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide directly through the body surface-the cell membrane. The structure of these organisms gives them a large surface area relative to their volume, allowing them to exchange respiratory gases in this simple manner.

In general, a key to the successful exchange of respiratory gases is a high ratio of respiratory surface to body volume. The respiratory organs of multicellular organisms have structures with a high surface-to-volume ratio.

The hydra has a double layer of cells, and every cell is in contact with the water from which it obtains oxygen.The earthworm has a thin, moist skin, which serves as a respiratory surface. Oxygen diffuses into the body, and

carbon dioxide diffuses out, through the skin. The inner cells of the earthworm are too far from the skin to exchange gases directly across it. Instead, the gases are transported to and from the skin by the circulatory system. At the skin, gases diffuse into or out of the many capillaries just below the surface.

The grasshopper has evolved a different kind of respiratory system. It consists of a network of tracheal tubes, much like a ventilation system. The fluid-filled ends of the smallest tracheal tubes, which are in direct contact with body cells, constitute the respiratory surface. Gases enter and leave the tracheal tubes through body openings called spiracles.

In the human body the respiratory surface consists of the walls of the alveoli in the lungs. Each of the cup-shaped alveoli has a wall that is only one cell thick. The exchange of gases with the environment occurs across these walls. Oxygen diffuses into the blood capillaries that surround the alveoli, and carbon dioxide diffuses out. The lungs contain about 300 million alveoli, with a total surface area about 40 times that of the skin.

As you study body systems, remember that form and function are usually related and look for examples of this relationship. Examples can be found in both one-celled and many-celled organisms, and they exist at all levels of organization, from cells to organ systems. When you relate form to function, you enhance your understanding of biology.

1. What is the respiratory surface in each of the following organisms?a. Ameba: b. Earthworm:c. Human:

2. Describe two adaptations used by multicellular organisms to permit sufficient gas exchange

3. What principle relating structure and function is followed by every organism with a successful respiratory mechanism or system?

4. How is respiration in the human body similar to that in the ameba?

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HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. In what structure does gas exchange take place? ________________________________________________

2. What is the function of the epiglottis? ________________________________________________________

3. How is the trachea different than the esophagus? ________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is the path of oxygen through the respiratory system? ________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the path of CO2 out of the respiratory system? ___________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the diaphragm? What is its function? ___________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Where are cilia located? What is their function? _________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

Adaptations for Excretion

1. What are the 5 major metabolic wastes and during what process are they formed?

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

2. When are nitrogenous wastes made?

3. What are the 3 major nitrogenous wastes made by organisms?

1)

2)

3)

Locate the contractile vacuole

Human Urinary System1.

What are the functions of the kidneys?

2. Describe the function and structure of a nephron.

3. What materials are filtered out into the Bowman’s Capsule?

4. What materials are returned to the blood? By what process are the materials returned to the blood?

5. Which materials does the collecting duct deliver to the ureter?

6. What materials in the blood do not enter the collecting duct of the nephron?

7. What are the roles of the ureter, bladder, and urethra?

8. What are the three main organs or organs systems used to release wastes in humans?

Know the TermsMatch the terms to the correct definition

a. Adrenal gland b. Alveoli c. Bowman’s Capsule d. Bronchie. Dermis f. Diaphragm g. Epidermis h. Excretioni. Exhalation j. Gill k. Glomerulus l. Kidneym. Larynx n. Lung o. Nephron p. Pleuraq. Respiratory surface r. Sebaceous Gland s. Spiracle t. Trachea u. Urethra v. Ureter w. Urinary bladder x. Urinary System

___ 1. Actual gas exchange location in lungs

___ 2. Tube from larynx to bronchi

___ 3. Gas exchange organ in terrestrial animals

___ 4. Air passageways between trachea and lungs

___ 5. Gas exchange organ in fish

___ 6. Opening in a tracheal respiratory system of a grasshopper

___ 7. Voice box___ 8. Membrane surrounding lung

___ 9. Removal of nitrogenous wastes

___ 10. System composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

___ 11. Capillary bed in Bowman's capsule that removes material from the blood

___ 12. Structure in the nephron of the kidney where material is filtered out of the blood

___ 13. Gland in the skin that produces oily secretions to keep the skin pliable

___ 14. Layer of skin that contains glands, nerves, blood vessels, etc.

___ 15. Outer layer of skin

___ 16. Individual filtering unit of the kidney

___ 17. Muscle that aids in breathing

___ 18. Area of gas exchange in all organisms

___ 19. Breathing out

___ 20. Tube that carries urine out of the body

___ 21. Tube that connects the kidney to the bladder

___ 22. Filtering organ of the urinary system

___ 23. Organ that stores urine

___ 24. Gland located on top of the kidney

Understand the ConceptsAnswer the following questions

1. Distinguish between gas exchange and cellular respiration.

2. How is surface area important to gas exchange?

3. Why must larger animals have an efficient respiratory system?

4. What is the relationship between the respiratory system and the circulatory system in humans?

5. Why don't earthworms need lungs or gills?

6. How do humans regulate their breathing rate?

7. There is more oxygen in air than in water. Why do fish die when taken out of water?

8. How do you "process" the air you breathe before it gets to your lungs?

9. Why does air enter the lungs upon inhalation?

10. Explain where nitrogenous wastes come from in humans.

11. Describe filtration and the importance of reabsorption.

12. Why are the lungs and skin considered excretory organs?

13. Why is it an advantage to have the kidneys directly connected to the aorta and inferior vena cava?

14. What would happen if the kidneys stopped filtering the blood?

Choose the best answer and write it on the blank.

Use the choices for questions 1 – 5.a. asthma b. bronchitis c. emphysema d. pneumonia

___ 1. condition in which the air sacs break down and the lungs lose their elasticity

___ 2. condition in which the bronchial tubes become inflamed

___ 3. condition in which the alveoli become swollen and clogged with mucus

___ 4. condition marked by severe coughing and difficulty in breathing

___ 5. severe allergic reaction in which contraction of the bronchioles makes breathing difficult

Use the diagram to answer questions 6 – 10.

___ 6. Which of the following is the diaphragm?a.11 b. 3 c.7 d.2

___ 7. Which of the following are the alveoli?a.1 b.4 c.6 d.9

___ 8. At which of the following structures does the exchange of gases occur?a.1 b. 3 c.8 d.9

___ 9. Which of the following structures prevents the passage of food from the pharynx into the lungs?a.6 b.7 c.8 d.9

___ 10. Which of the following structures is lined with a ciliated mucous membrane?a.1 b.2 c. 8 d. 10

___ 11. A major difference in the respiration of the grasshopper and that of the earthworm is that the grasshopper does nota. respire aerobically, whereas the earthworm doesb. use blood to transport gases, whereas the earthworm doesc. possess tracheal tubes, whereas the earthworm doesd. release carbon dioxide, whereas the earthworm does

___ 12. The respiratory surface in the paramecium is thea. cell wall b. cell membrane c. trachea d. skin

___ 13. All of the following occur during inhalation EXCEPTa. ribs are pulled up and out b. diaphragm is pulled upwardc. pressure within chest cavity is reduced d. air enters the alveoli

___ 14. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of all respiratory surfaces? a. thin-walled b. dryc. in contact with an environmental source of oxygend. in contact with the system that transports dissolved minerals to and from the cells of the organism

___ 15. Cigarette smoke most directly affects thea. hemoglobin concentration b. contraction of the diaphragm c. carbon dioxide concentration d. cilia of the respiratory tract

___ 16. Hemoglobin transportsa. all of the oxygen and carbon dioxideb. most of the oxygen and some of the carbon dioxidec. most of the oxygen and none of the carbon dioxided. most of the oxygen and most of the carbon dioxide

___ 17. The function of the cartilage around the trachea is toa. prevent the collapse of the organ b. warm the airc. filter out wastes d. allow voice production

___ 18. The exchange of gases between the blood and body cells is calleda. breathing b. external respirationc. internal respiration d. circulation

___ 19. All of the following statements about human lungs are correct EXCEPTa. lungs are muscular b. they are surrounded by pleurac. lungs are elastic d. they are anterior to the diaphragm

___ 20. For the most part, breathing is controlled by the a. brain b. lungs c. diaphragm d. heart

___ 21. All of the following occur during exhalation EXCEPTa. rib cage muscles relax b. diaphragm moves upwardc. air within chest cavity is reduced d. air enters the alveoli

___ 22. Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported a. by hemoglobin b. in the form of bicarbonate ionsc. by the red blood cellsd. in the form of carbohemoglobin

___ 23. Humans and earthworms are similar in that botha. have hemoglobin to transport gasesb. have the same respiratory surfacec. need their respiratory surfaces to be exposed to aird. lack respiratory pigments

___ 24. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of nasal breathing over mouth breathing?a. filtering air b. moistening airc. warming air d. all are advantages

___ 25. Tobacco smokea. accelerates cilia action in the tracheab. decreases mucus concentration in air passagesc. decreases oxygen levels in the bloodd. does not contain carbon monoxide

___ 26. All of the following are functions of the skin EXCEPTa. excretionb. protectionc. glycogen storaged. temperature regulation

___ 27. Which of the following are the excretory organs of grasshoppers and other insects?a. Malpighian tubulesb. collecting ductsc. uretersd. nephridia

___ 28. All of the following are produced by sweat glands EXCEPTa. oil b. NaClc. urea d. water

Use the diagram to answer questions 29 – 35.

___ 29. Through which of the following structures does urine leave the nephron?a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 6

___ 30. Active transport of materials occurs froma. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7

___ 31. Which of the following structures contains blood with the lowest concentration of nitrogenous wastes?a. 1 b. 2 c. 6 d. 7

___ 32. The filtration of blood occurs through which of the following? a. 2 and 4 b. 3 and 4 c. 5 and 6 d. 5 and 7

___ 33. Reabsorption of useful substances into the blood occurs ina. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 2

___ 34. What is the CORRECT order of blood flow?a. 1, 5, 7, 6b. 2, 4, 5, 1c. 6, 5, 4, 2d. 6, 7, 5, 2

___ 35. Which of the following are lined with microvilli that greatly increase the surface area through which reabsorption can occur?a. 1 b. 3 c. 5 d. 7

___ 36. Small organisms, such as protozoa and hydra, rely on which of the following for excretion?a. osmosisb. diffusionc. nephridiad. contractile vacuoles

___ 37. In the kidney, through which sequence of structures do wastes pass?

l. Bowman's capsule ll. collecting duct III. loop of Henle

a. l, ll, lll b. lll, l, llc. l, lll, Il d. lll, ll, I

___ 38. Water is "pumped out" of contractile vacuoles bya. active transportb. osmosisc. diffusiond. defecation

___ 39. Cirrhosis is a disease of thea. kidneyb. skinc. Iiverd. urinary bladder

___ 40. Which of the following statements about the kidneys is INCORRECT?a. They are located on the dorsal side of the body.b. Their inner region is the cortex.c. Their most important task is the filtering of wastes.d. They are shaped liked beans.

___ 41. Which of the following statements about the human kidney is/are TRUE?

l. Nephridia are the functional units. ll. Homeostasis is maintained, in part, by the kidneys.lll. Kidneys remove wastes of cellular metabolism from the blood.

a. I b. lll c. I and lll d. ll and lll

___ 42. Metabolic wastes include all the following EXCEPT a. fecesb. carbon dioxide c. water d. mineral salts

___ 43. The chief nitrogenous waste of all microorganisms isa. urine b. uric acid c. urea d. ammonia

___ 44. Which is NOT a function of the liver? a. detoxification of the blood b. storage of amino acidsc. formation of urea acidsd. excretion of bile

___ 45. Which statement about the nephron is TRUE?a. It is located entirely in the medulla of the kidney. b. It carries nitrogenous wastes to the renal vein.c. It has a glomerulus at both ends.d. It is the site of both filtration and reabsorption.

___ 46. What percent of the filtrate's water is reabsorbed as the filtrate passes through the renal tubules?a. 100% b. 99% c. 50% d. less than 25%

___ 47. Dialysis a. is usually used if a person loses one kidneyb. is a procedure done once a monthc. returns filtered blood to the bodyd. is used for a person suffering from kidney stones