Vimala bhasma rs-bel

A COMPARATIVE PHARMACEUTICO ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VIMALA BHASMA PREPARED BY

CLASSICAL PUTA METHOD AND ELECTRICAL HORIZONTAL MUFFLE FURNACE

By

Dr. SHWETA.S.NAYAK

Dissertation submitted to the

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE.

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE)

In

RASASHASTRA

Under The Guidance of

Dr. M.S.DODDAMANI, M.D. (Ayu) Professor & HOD T.G.A.M.C., Bellary.

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASASHASTRA

TARANATH GOVT. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, BELLARY – 583 101

(KARNATAKA) 2010

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE.

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE

PHARMACEUTICO ANALYTICAL STUDY OF VIMALA BHASMA

PREPARED BY CLASSICAL PUTA METHOD AND ELECTRIC MUFFLE

FURNACE” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the

guidance of DR.M.S.DODDAMANI M.D. (Ayu), Professor & HOD, Dept. of P.G.

Studies, in Rasashastra, T.G.A.M.C, Bellary.

Date : Signature of the candidate

Place : DR. SHWETA S NAYAK


CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE



FURNACE” is a bonafide research work done by DR.SHWETA S NAYAK in

partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Ayurveda Vachaspati, Doctor

of Medicine (Ayurveda).

Date : DR.M.S.DODDAMANI M.D. (Ayu),

Professor & HOD

Place: Dept. of Post graduate studies in Rasashastra

T.G.A.M.C., Bellary.


ENDORSEMENT BY THE HOD, PRINCIPAL

/ HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “A COMPARATIVE



FURNACE” is a bonafide research work done by DR.SHWETA S NAYAK under

the guidance of DR.M.S.DODDAMANI M.D. (Ayu), Professor & HOD, Dept. of

P.G. Studies, in Rasashastra, T.G.A.M.C, Bellary.

DR. M.S DODDAMANI M.D. (Ayu) DR. G.R.VASTRADM.D. (Ayu)

H.O.D. Principal

Dept., of P.G. studies in Rasashastra T.G.A.M.C Bellary

T.G.A.M.C Bellary

Date : Date :

Place : Place :


DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Science,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve use and disseminate this dissertation in

print or electronic format for academic / research purpose.

Date : Signature of the candidate

Place : DR.SHWETA .S. NAYAK

AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEEMMEENNTT

I pray and bow before almighty for having given me this unique opportunity.

I express my deep sense of gratitude with profound respect to my benevolent guide

Dr.M.S.DODDAMANI M.D.(AYU), Professor & HOD, Department of Post graduate Studies in

Rasashastra, T.G.A.M.C, Bellary, for his valuable guidance, constant inspiration and

encouragement and for giving me considerable impetus and kind co-operation throughout my

study.

It is very difficult to find a vocabulary to appraise my sincere and hearty gratitude to our

honorable and respected Principal Dr.G.R.Vastrad M.D. (Ayu) for his kindly suggestions and timely

guidance benefited me in completing this thesis work.

It is my privilege for me to express my recondite sense of indebtedness to

Dr. Shobha G Hiremath. PhD (BHU), Dr. Shankar Gowda, M.D.(Ayu),

Dr. Surekha.S.Medikeri M.D. (Ayu) and Dr. Ravi Chavan M.D.(Ayu), for their precious supervision,

pinpoint suggestion and constant help.

I feel great pleasure in expressing my deep and profound sense of gratitude to my

reverend teachers, Dr. V.L. Yadahalli, Dr.Madhava Diggavi, Dr.Srivatsa, Dr.Rajashekhar

Ganigar, Dr. L.N. Kundargi, Dr.H.Saraswathi, ,Dr. Shashikala.C. Biradar, Dr.Saraladevi,

Dr.Rajesh, Dr.Sampatkumar, Dr.A.S.Patil, Dr.Kendadmath, Dr.Lalita, Dr.Vishwanatha,

Dr.Faridashaik, Dr.Suryakant.Gule, Dr.Navale, of our college.

I wish to express my respect & thanks to my senior friends Dr.R.V.Gudi, Dr.Pallavi.K,

Dr.Revati Huddar, Dr.Naveen.k., Dr.Saritarani, Dr.SanjeevGouda Patil, Dr. Manjula C.V,

Dr.Sandeep Sarode, Dr.Chintamani Joshi, Dr.Srimukunda, Dr.Anil, Dr.Abdul Kareem,

Dr.Lajana, Dr.Sunita.S, Dr.Brahmanand Kurane, Dr.Shrikant Patil, Dr.Rohit Gokarna,

Dr.Poornima Bhatt, Dr.Prajnami, Dr.Manjunath Yadav. I am extremely thankful to my juniors,

Dr.Shashikala Gudageri, Dr.Vaishali, Dr.Basavaraj.B.mali patil, Dr.Suresh, Dr.Swarupa,

Dr. Vani, Dr. Nagaraj Sajjan, Dr. Sanjeev, Dr. Shivanand, Dr. Ganesh, Dr. Anuradha,

Dr.Shivaprasad, Dr.Praveen for their valuable support throughout my work.

I could not forget to thank my ever enthusiastic friends Dr.Sunitha M.L., Dr.Sunita G.S.,

Dr.Shrinidhi.R, Dr. Kishore Kumar.B.V, Dr.Manjunath.S.P., Dr.Ajay Kumar.K.A., for their

help, cooperation and support in dissertation work.

I am very much thankful to Dr.Muralidhar R. (General Manager, SDM Phrmacy Udupi.)

for their kind help in providing of raw material.

I take this opportunity to thank Dr.Surendranathan (HOD), Prof. Rajendra udupa,

Assi.prof. Uday Bhatt, Dept of Metallurgy and Material Sciences Engineering, NITK, Surathkal

for XRD scan and SEM-EDX.

I am thankful to, Dr.Shivshanker, MIT, Manipal for conducting particle size analysis.

I am thankful to, Mr. Vamana Rao Aanlytical Chemist, Kalyani steels, Hospet, for their

valuable suggestions

I am thankful to Dr.Sanjay.K.S. for helping in organoleptic analysis

A.L.N.Rao.Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa

I am thankful to Dr. Prashanth jha Quality control lab, A.L.N.Rao.Ayurvedic Medical

college, Koppa for conducting the analysis as requested.

I wish to express my Sincere thanks to, Mr.Umapathi, Mr. Linganna, for their help in the

practical work.

I am sincerely thankful to all teaching staffs, Physicians, Staff nurses and non-teaching

staffs of T.G.A.M.C Hospital, Bellary for their generous and kind help for making this work

success.

I am very grateful to say my deepest gratitude to Dr.Nagereddy, proprietor chaitanya

Pharmaceuticals, Bellary for his needful help.

I am very much thankful to Mr. Girish of Guruvadiraja Network, Bellary, for neat and timely

printing of this thesis.

With lots of love and regards I respect the boundless encouragement of my father

Sadanand D Nayak, mother Shantala.S.Nayak, Dr.Prakash my brothers, sister, Veena, Dinesh,

and all other family members for rejuvenating support, love and affection towards me, which

kept me always going on.

In short and as a whole, I thank each and every one who helped me directly or indirectly

in completing this dissertation work.

DR. SHWETA .S. NAYAK

ABBREVIATIONS

A.K. Ananda kanda

A.P. Ayurveda Prakasha

B.P. Bhava Prakasha

B.R.R.S Brihat Rasaraja Sundara

B.R. Bhaishajya Ratnavali

B.Y.T. Brahat Yoga Tarangini

D.N. Dhanvantari Nighantu

E.H.M.F. Electrical Horizontal Muffle Furnace

NPST Namburi Phased Spot Test

Q.S. Quantity Sufficient

R.H.T Rasa Hridaya tantra

R.J.N. Rasa Jala Nidhi

R.R.S Rasa Ratna Samucchaya

R.S.S. Rasendra Sara Sangraha

R.K.D. Rasakamadhenu

R.D.P. Rasa Darpana

R.K. Rasa Kaumudhi

R.Chu. Rasendra Chudamani

R.P.S. Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara

R. chi. Rasendra chintamani

R.T. Rasa Tarangini

R.C. Rasa Chandamshu

R Rasamruta

R.N. Raja nighantu

R.Ni Rasopanishat

R.S Rasendra Sambhava

R.M Rasa Manjari

R.P. Rasa Paddati

Sh.S. Sharngadhara Samhita

ASV Ashodhita Vimala

SV Shodhita Vimala

V.B.(Classical) Vimala Bhasma

V.B.(EHMF) Vimala Bhasma(Electrical Horizontal Muffle furnace)

EHMF Electrical Horizontal Muffle furnace

XRD X-Ray Diffraction

KS Kushmanda swarasa

SEM-EDX Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Analysis Conducted by Means Of Selective Electron Microscopy.

Y.R. Yogaratnakara

ABSTRACT

Title: “A Comparative Pharmaceutico-analytical study of Vimala Bhasma

prepared by Classical puta method and Electrical Horizontal Muffle Furnace”.

Background:

Vimala is one among the Maharasas with its clinical indications as a Rasayana,

in the form of Bhasmas, though it is not commonly available in the market. It has

given very much importance in both Dhatuvada and Dehavada. Use of Bhasmas as

therapeutics in Ayurveda has enormous clinical importance.

Vimala Bhasma is one such Rare, Unique Mineral preparation mentioned

in Rasa Texts which is prepared by Putapaka method. Due to the technological

development in the current scenario, electrical horizontal muffle furnace is used for

the preparation of Bhasmas. To save the manual labour, prevention of pollution, bulk

production and ultimately for the better result, the modern devices are the need of the

time. So that, Title was selected for pharmaceutical study and to see the analytical

changes the drugs were subjected to various analytical procedures before and after

Marana.

Objectives:

To do Shodhana of Vimala, Haratala and Gandhaka.

To do Marana of Vimala by classical Puta method.

To do Marana of Vimala by using Electrical Horizontal Muffle Furnace.

Physico-chemical Analysis of both Vimala Bhasma prepared by classical Puta

and Electrical Horizontal Muffle Furnace.

Methodology:

Pharmaceutical Study:

Grahya Vimala was subjected to Shodhana in Nimbu Swarasa by Bharjana

Method.

Haratala was subjected to Swedana in Kushmanda Swarasa for 1 yama and

further in Churnodaka for 1 yama.

Gandhaka was subjected to Koorma Puta Method.

In the preparation of Vimala Bhasma, Maraka dravyas Haratala & Gandhaka

were taken 1/8th part of Vimala. Bhavana given with Jambeera swarasa for

3times & Subjected to Gaja puta. Vimala Bhasma(Classical) attained Bhasma

siddhi lakshana after 20 GajaPuta .

Vimala bhasma(EHMF) is prepared by adopting the temperature duration and

methodology as that of the Vimala Bhasma (Classical). The statistical mean

peak temperature of 20 putas of vimala bhasma (Classical) i.e. 7930C is

applied in EHMF. When peak temperature reaches 7930C, is applied for next

one hour and then allow the device for self cooling. Vimala Bhasma(EHMF)

attained Bhasma siddhi lakshana after 20 GajaPuta.

Analytical study:

Analytical study of Vimala Bhasma (Classical), Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) was

carried out with classical and modern parameters. XRD was conducted at NITK,

Suratkal. Laser Diffraction Study of particle size determination was done at MIT,

Manipal. Physical & Chemical tests were carried out at Quality control Lab,

A.L.N.Rao Ayurvedic Medical College, Koppa.

Results: Pharmaceutical results:

The yield of Shodhita Vimala 87.5%, yield of Vimala Bhasma (Classical) &

63.6% and Vimala Bhasma 70%.

Analytical results

XRD Results: The raw vimala can be considerd as(Iron Pyrite) FeS2. The

crystal structure was found to be cubic. Shodhita vimala can be considerd as

Ferric Oxide (Fe3O4 ) . The crystal structure was found to be Cubic.Both

Vimala Bhasma prepared by Classical puta method & EHMF can be

considerd as Ferrous Sulphide & Ferric Oxide .The crystal structure was found

to be Hexagonal & Cubic.

EDX SEM- Results:

Ashoditha Vimala showed S 31.53%, Fe 28.53%, Co 15.96%,Ni 14.87%,Cu

0.655%,As 0.44%,Au 0.63%,Ti 1.133%.

Shoditha Vimala showed C 4.16%,O 20.14%,Na 0.345,Si 1.93%, P 0.13%,S

11.76%, K 0.54%,Fe 52.82%,C0 0.625,Cu 0.08,As 0.29%,Ag 0.06%.

Vimala bhasma (classical) showed C 1.755%,O 21.605%,Si 3.76%,P 0.03%,S

0.275%,K 0.43%, Fe 64.11%,Co 0.52%,Cu 0.49%, Ag 0.3%.

Vimala bhasma (EHMF) showed C 1.365%,O 30.045%,Si 1.285%,S 0.505%,K

0.77%,Fe 64.07%,Ni 0.385%,Cu 0.385%,As 0.36%,Ag 0.525%, P 0.01%

Particle Size: Mean particle size of Vimala Bhasma(classical) is 2.13 µm, Vimala

Bhasma (EHMF) 1.78 µm.

Discussion and conclusion:

Shodhana of the Vimala was done by Bharjana method in Nimbu Swarasa,

which leads increase the % of Iron. Vimala Bhasma(classical) was obtained in

20 Gajaputas. Mean Temperature of 20 Puta was taken statistically. Mean

Peak range temperature 7930C was set to Horizontal Muffle Furnace,

maintained it for 1 hour may be considered as standard heating pattern for

vimala Bhasma. Vimala Bhasma(EHMF) was obtained in 14 puta. In the

Bhasmas due to the Bhavana and Puta, there is considerable reduction in

particle size. Particle size of Vimala Bhasma(EHMF) is(1.78 µm) lesser than

Vimala Bhasma (classical) 2.13 µm. This is because getting adequate

temperature in Furnace.

As per XRD data the Vimala Bhasma (Classical) and Vimala Bhasma

(EHMF) are in the form of Ferric Oxide & Ferrous Sulphide. In this Ferric

Oxide is in Cubic structure and Ferrous Sulphide in Hexagonal structure.

In EDX-SEM of ASV was 28.53%, SV was 52.82%, VB (Classical)

64.11%, VB (EHMF) 64.07%. It revealed that there was increase % of Iron

Compare to that of SV & AV which is therapeutically effective.

In the present entitled study, Vimala Bhasma(EHMF) is Pharmaceutically

very convenient to prepare and Shows good Analytical results compare to

V.B.(Classical).

Key Words: Grahya Vimala, Shodhita Vimala, Maraka dravya, Gajaputa,Electrical

Horizontal Muffle Furnace, XRD SEM-EDX, NPST.

CONTENTS

Sl. No Contents Page No.

I. Introduction 1-3

II. Aims & Objectives 4

III. Review of Literature

• Drug Review 5-47

• Pharmaceutical Review 48 -68

• Analytical Review 69 -78

IV. Materials and Methods

• Pharmaceutical Study 79 – 160

• Analytical Study 161 -175

V. Results 176 – 180

VI. Discussion 181 – 204

VII. Conclusion 205 -206

VIII. Summary 207 -209

IX. Limitations 210

X. Scope for further study 211

XI. Bibliography 212 -238

LIST OF TABLES

Sl.

No

List of Tables Page No

1. Classification of Vimala according to different authours. 7

2. Synonyms of Vimala mentioned by different authors 7

3. Grahya lakshana of Vimala 9

4. Shodhana of Vimala 10-11

5. Materials used for Shodhana of Vimala 12

6. Marana of Vimala 13

7. Pharamacological and therapeutic properties of vimala 14

8. Satwapatana of Vimala according to different author 16

9. Synonyms of Haratala according to different authors 25

10. Differences of Patra and Pinda Haratala 26

11. Materials used for Shodhana of Haratala 27-28

12. Pharmacological Properties of Haratala 29

13. Therapeutic Indication of Haratala 29

14. Synonyms of Gandhaka 33

15. Classification of Gandhaka 34

16. Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics 34

17. Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses 34

18. Toxic effect of Ashodhitha Gandhaka 35

19. Rogaghnata of Shodhita Gandhaka 36

20. Constituents of milk 45

21. Analysis of citrus acid varieties 47

22. Time and quantity of Swarasa added during Haratala shodhana 82

23. Results of Haratala Shodhana In Kushmanda Swarasa batch-1 83

24. Time and quantity of Swarasa added during Haratala shodhana 83

25. Results of Haratala Shodhana In Kushmanda Swarasa batch -2 84

26. Time and quantity of Choornodaka added during Haratala shodhana 85

27. Results of Haratala Shodhana in Churnodaka batch -1 85

28. Time and quantity of Choornodaka added during Haratala shodhana 86 29. Showing the Results of Haratala Shodhana in Churnodaka batch -2 87

30. Showing observation during Gandhaka Shodhana 88

31. Showing observation of before and after Gandhaka Shodhana 88 32. Showing result of Gandhaka Shodhana 88 33. Time and quantity of Nimbu swarasa added during Vimala

Shodhana. 90

34. Showing result of Vimala Shodhana 90 35. Observation during Bhavana for Bhasma Vimala 1st Puta 91

36. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after First Gajaputa 93 37. Showing Temperature record during 1st Gaja puta 93-94

38. Descriptive data \ statistics of Vimala Bhasma 1st puta 94 39. Showing result of Vimala Bhasma 1st Puta 94 40. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 2nd and 3rd puta 95 41. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 2nd & 3rd Puta 95

42. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 2nd & 3rd Gajaputa 96 43. Showing result of Vimala Bhasma 2nd and 3rd Puta 96 44. Showing Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma-2nd Gaja puta 96

45. Showing Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma -3rd Gaja puta 97 46. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 2nd and 3rdGaja puta 98 47. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 4th and 5th Gajaputa 98-99 48. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 4th & 5th GajaPuta 99 49. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 4th & 5th Gajaputa 99 50. Showing result of Vimala Bhasma 4th and 5th Gaja Puta 99 51. Showing Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 4th Gaja puta 99-100

52. Showing Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 5th Gaja puta 100 53. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 4th and 5th puta 101 54. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 6th and 7th puta 101-102 55. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 6th & 7th GajaPuta 102

56. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 6th & 7th Gajaputa 102 57. Result of Vimala Bhasma 6th and 7th Gaja Puta

102

58. Showing Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 6th Gaja puta 102-103 59. Showing Temperature record during 7th Gaja puta 103 60. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 6th and 7th puta 104 61. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 8th and 9th puta 104-105 62. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 8th & 9th Puta 105

63. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 8th & 9th Gajaputa 105 64. Result of Vimala Bhasma 8th and 9th Puta 106 65. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 8th Gaja puta 106 66. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 9th Gaja puta 106-107 67. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 8th and 9th puta 107 68. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 10th and 11th puta 107-108 69. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma10th&11thputa 108 70. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after Vimala Bhasma 10th & 11th puta 109 71. Result of Vimala Bhasma 10th and 11th Puta 109 72. Showing Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 10th Gaja puta 109 73. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 11th Gajaputa 110 74. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 10th and 11th puta 111 75. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 12th & 13th Puta 111-112 76. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 12th&13th puta 112 77. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 12th & 13th Gajaputa 112 78. Result of Vimala Bhasma 12th and 13th Puta 112 79. Showing Temperature record during Vimala bhasma12th Gajaputa 113 80. Showing Temperature record during Vimala bhasma13th Gajaputa 113 81. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala bhasma 12th and 13th puta 114 82. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 14th and 15th puta 114-115 83. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 14th & 15th Puta 115 84. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 14th & 15th Gajaputa 115 85. Result of Vimala Bhasma 12th and 13th puta 115 86. Showing Temperature record during 14th Gaja puta 116

87. Showing Temperature record during 15th Gaja puta 116

88. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 14th and 15th puta 117 89. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 16th and 17th puta 117-118 90. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 16th & 17th Puta 118 91. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 16th & 17th Gajaputa 118 92. Showing the Results of Vimala Bhasma 16th & 17th Puta. 119 93. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 16th Gaja puta. 119

94. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 17th Gaja puta. 119-120 95. Descriptive data / statistics of 16th and 17th puta 120 96. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 18th and 19th puta 120-121 97. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 18th & 19th Puta 121 98. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 18th & 19th Gajaputa 121 99. Showing the Results of Vimala Bhasma 18th & 19th Puta. 122 100. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 18th Gaja puta. 122

101. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 19th Gaja puta. 122-123

102. Descriptive data / statistics of 18th and 19th puta 123 103. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 20th puta 124 104. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 20th Puta 124 105. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 20th Gajaputa 124 106. Showing the Results of Vimala Bhasma 20th Puta. 125 107. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 20th puta. 125 108. Descriptive data / statistics of 20th puta 126 109. Observation during Bhavana for Bhasma Vimala 1st Puta(E.H.M.F.) 127

110. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after First puta 128 111. Showing Temperature record during 1st puta in E.H.M.F 129

112. Descriptive data \ statistics of Vimala Bhasma 1st puta 130 113. Showing result of Vimala Bhasma 1st Puta (E.H.M.F.) 130 114. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 2nd and 3rd puta 130-131 115. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 2nd & 3rd Puta 131

116. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 2nd & 3rd puta 131 117. Showing result of Vimala Bhasma 2nd and 3rd Puta 131 118. Showing Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma-2nd puta in

E.H.M.F

131-132

119. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma -3rd puta E.H.M.F 133 120. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 2nd and 3rd puta

E.H.M.F 134

121. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 4th and 5th puta( E.H.M.F) 135 122. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 4th & 5th Puta 135 123. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 4th & 5th puta( E.H.M.F) 136 124. Showing result of Vimala Bhasma 4th and 5th Puta ( E.H.M.F) 136 125. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 4th puta ( E.H.M.F) 136-137

126. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 5th puta ( E.H.M.F) 137 127. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 4th and 5thputa 138 128. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 6th and 7th puta( E.H.M.F) 139 129. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 6th & 7th Puta 139

130. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 6th& 7th puta in (E.H.M.F.) 139 131. Result of Vimala Bhasma 6th and 7th Puta in (E.H.M.F.) 140 132. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 6th puta (E.H.M.F.) 140 133. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 7th puta(E.H.M.F.) 141 134. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 6th and 7th puta

(E.H.M.F.) 142

135. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 8th and 9th puta(E.H.M.F.) 143 136. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 8th & 9th Puta 143 137. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 8th & 9thputa ( E.H.M.F) 143

138. Result of Vimala Bhasma 8th and 9th Puta (E.H.M.F.) 144 139. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 8th puta (E.H.M.F.) 144 140. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 9th puta (E.H.M.F.) 145 141. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 8th and 9th puta 146 142. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 10th and 11th puta(E.H.M.F.) 147 143. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma10th&11thputa 147 144. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after Vimala Bhasma 10th & 11th

puta ( E.H.M.F) 147

145. Result of Vimala Bhasma 10th and 11th Puta (E.H.M.F.) 148 146. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 10th puta(E.H.M.F.) 148 147. Temperature record during Vimala Bhasma 11th puta(E.H.M.F.) 149 148. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala Bhasma 10th & 11thputa 150 149. Brief description of Vimala Bhasma 12th & 13th Puta (E.H.M.F.) 151 150. Observation during Bhavana for Vimala Bhasma 12th &13th puta 151 151. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 12th & 13th puta( E.H.M.F) 151 152. Result of Vimala Bhasma 12th and 13th Puta (E.H.M.F.) 152 153. Temperature record during Vimala bhasma12th puta(E.H.M.F.) 152 154. Temperature record during Vimala bhasma13th puta(E.H.M.F.) 153 155. Descriptive data / statistics of Vimala bhasma 12th and 13th puta 154 156. Observation during Bhavana for V. B. 14th puta(E.H.M.F.) 155 157. Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after 14th puta(E.H.M.F.) 155 158. Showing Temperature record during 14th puta(E.H.M.F.) 155

159. Showing Temperature record during 14th puta(E.H.M.F.) 155

160. Showing Temperature record during 14th puta(E.H.M.F.) 155

161. Descriptive data / statistics of 14thputa of V.B. (H.E.M.F.) 157

162. Showing Results of Pharmaceutical analysis of V. B.(Classical) 159

163. Showing Results of Pharmaceutical analysis of V.B.(EHMF) 160

164. Showing classical Parameters for analysis of V.B.(Classical)& V.B.(EHMF)

162

165. Showing results of qualitative & quantitative comparative analytical study of ASV,SV,V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) Parameters for analysis of V.B.(Classical)& V.B.(EHMF)

164

166. Showing XRD report of Ashoditha Vimala 167

167. Showing XRD report of Shoditha Vimala matching with Standard 1 168

168. Showing XRD report of Shoditha Vimala matching with Standard 2 168

169. Showing XRD report of Vimala bhasma (classical)with Standard 1 169

170. Showing XRD report of Vimala bhasma (classical) with Standard 2 169

171. Showing XRD report of Vimala bhasma(EHMF) with Standard 1 170

172. Showing XRD report of Vimala bhasma(EHMF) with Standard 2 171

173. Showing EDX of Ashodhita Vimala 172 174. Showing EDX of Shodhita Vimala 172 175. Showing EDX of Vimala Bhasma –Classical 173 176. Showing EDX of Vimala Bhasma –E.H.M.F. 173 177. Showing Particle size of V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) 174 178. Showing NPST results of V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) 175 179. Showing the results of Shodhana of Vimala by Bharjana method 176 180. Showing Results of Haratala Shodhana in Kushmanda Swarasa(b1) 176 181. Showing Results of Haratala Shodhana in Kushmanda Swarasa(b2) 176 182. Showing the Results of HaratalaShodhana in Churnodaka(b1) 176 183. Showing the Results of HaratalaShodhana in Churnodaka(b2) 176 184. Showing result of Gandhaka Shodhana 177 185. Brief description of VB (Classical) & VB (E.H.M.F.) 177 186. Showing Results of Consecutive Putas of VB(Classical) &VB

(E.H.M.F.) 178

187. Showing classical parameters for Analysis of V.B(classical) & V.B.(E.H.M.F.)

178

188. Showing Results of qualitative and quantitative comparative analytical study of Ashodhita Vimala, Shodhita Vimala, V.B(classical) & V.B.(E.H.M.F.)

179

189. Showing comparative EDX Results of Ashoditha & Shoditha Vimala

179

190. Showing comparative EDX Results of V.B.(classical) &V.B.(EHMF)

180

191. Showing comparative Particle Size of V.B.(classical)&V.B(EHMF) 180 192. Showing NPST results of V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) 180

LIST OF GRAPHS Sl.No Graphs P. No

1. Graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)1st puta 94 2. The graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)2nd puta 97 3. The graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)3rdputa 97 4. The graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)4th puta 100 5. The graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)5th puta 100 6. The graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)6thputa 104 7. The graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)7th puta 104 8. The graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)8th puta 107 9. The graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)9th puta 107 10. The graph showing the Time & Temp during VB(Cl)10th puta 110 11. The graph showing the Time & Temp during VB(Cl)11th puta 110 12. The graph showing the Time &Temp during VB(Cl)12th puta 114 13. The graph showing the Time & Temp during VB(Cl)13th puta 114 14. The graph showing the Time &Temp during V.B.(cl)14th puta 117 15. The graph showing the Time &Temp during V.B.(cl)15th puta 117 16. The graph showing the Time &Temp during V.B.(cl)16th puta 120 17. The graph showing the Time &Temp during V.B.(cl)17th puta 120 18. The graph showing the Time &Temp during V.B.(cl)18th puta 123 19. The graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(cl)19thputa 123 20. The graph showing theTime &Temp during V.B.(cl) 20thputa 125 21. Graph showing the Time &Temp duringV..B(EHMF) 1st puta 130 22. Graph showing theTime &Temp during V.B(EHMF) 2nd puta 134 23. Graph showing theTime &Temp during V.B.(EHMF) 3rdputa 134 24. Graph showing theTime &Temp during V.B.(EHMF) 4th puta 138 25. Graph showing the Time &Temp during V.B.(EHMF) 5thputa 138 26. Graph showing the Time & Temp during V.B.(EHMF)6thputa 142 27. Graph showing theTime &Temp during V.B.(EHMF) 7th puta 142 28. Graph showing theTime &Temp during V.B.(EHMF) 8th puta 146 29. Graph showing theTime &Temp during V.B.(EHMF) 9th puta 146 30. Graph showing the Time &Temp duringV.B.(EHMF)10thputa 150 31. Graph showing theTime &Temp during V.B.(EHMF)11thputa 150 32. Graph showing theTime &Temp during V.B(EHMF) 12thputa 154 33. Graph showing the Time Temp during V.B(EHMF) 13th puta 154 34. Graph showing the Time &Temp during V.B(EHMF)14thputa 156 35. Graph Showing Time & Temp. during Heating Curve V.B(Cl) 156 36. Graph Showing Time & Temp. during Heating Curve V.B(EHMF) 157 37. Graph Showing Time &Temp.during Cooling CurveV.B(Cl). 158 38. Graph Showing Time & Temp. during Cooling Curve V.B(EHMF). 158

LIST OF FIGURES

Sl.No Name of the figures 1. Raw Vimala

2. Before Shodhana 3. Nimbu 4. Bharjana in Nimbu Swarasa 5. Bharjana Method 6. Shoditha Vimala 7. Raw Haratala 8. Kushmanda 9. Kushmanda Swarasa 10. Shodhana in kushmand swarasa 11. Churna 12. Churnodaka 13. Shodhana in Churnodaka 14. Shodhita Haratala 15. Raw Gandhaka 16. Milk in gruta liptamritpatra 17. Gandhaka placed on vastra 18. Kurmaputa 19. Shoditha Gandhaka 20. Addition of Haratala 21. Addition of Gandhaka 22. Jambeera 23. Bhavana with Jambeera swarasa 24. Chakrika 25. Gajaputa 26. Puta Ignited 27. V.B.(Cl) After 1st Puta 28. V.B. (Cl) After 3rd Puta 29. V.B. (Cl) After 5th Puta 30. V.B. (Cl) After 7th Puta 31. V.B. (Cl) After 9th Puta 32. V.B. (Cl) After 11th Puta 33. V.B. (Cl) After 13th Puta 34. V.B. (Cl) After 15th Puta 35. V.B. (Cl) After 17th Puta 36. V.B. (Cl) After 19th Puta 37. V.B. (Cl) After 20 Puta 38. EHMF

39. Chamber of EHMF 40. Sharava Kept in Chamber 41. After 1st Puta V.B. (EHMF) 42. After 3rd Puta V.B. (EHMF) 43. After 5th puta V.B. (EHMF) 44. After 7th Puta V.B. (EHMF) 45. After 9th puta V.B. (EHMF) 46. After 11th puta V.B. (EHMF) 47. After 13th puta V.B. (EHMF) 48. After 14th puta V.B. (EHMF) 49. Rekhapurnata Positive 50. (VB-Cl)Varaitara +ve 51. (VB-Cl)Uttama test+ve 52. (VB-EHMF) Varaitara +ve 53. (VB-EHMF) Uttama +ve 54. Nirdhuma 55. Niruttha(Silver+VimalaBhasma) 56. No Change in silver Weight 57. SEM –EDX 58. XRD 59. Particle Size Analyzer 60. pH meter 61. Pyrometer 62. NPST- Vimala Bhasma (Classical) after 5min. 63. Vimala Bhasma (Classical) after 20min. 64. Vimala Bhasma (Classical) after 20hr 65. Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) after 5min. 66. Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) after 20min 67. Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) after 20hr

Sl.No ANNEXURE

1 Physicio-chemical and organoleptic characters of Ashodhita vimala, Shodhita Vimala, V.B.(Classical) and V.B.(EHMF)

2 XRD report of Ashoditha Vimala 3 XRD report of Shodhita Vimala

4 XRD report of Vimala Bhasma (Classical) 5 XRD report of Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) 6 SEM-EDX report of Ashodhita Vimala reading 1 7 SEM -EDX report of Ashodhita Vimala reading 2

8 SEM -EDX report of Ashodhita Vimala reading 3 9 EDX report of Shodhita Vimala reading 1 10 EDX report of Shodhita Vimala reading 2 11 EDX report of Shodhita Vimala reading 3 12 EDX report of Vimala Bhasma (Classical) reading 1 13 EDX report of Vimala Bhasma (Classical) reading 2 14 EDX report of Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) reading 1 15 EDX report of Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) reading 1 16 Particle size analysis report of Vimala Bhasma (Classical) 17 Particle size analysis report of Vimala Bhasma (EHMF)

Introduction

“A Comparative Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Vimala Bhasma by Classical Puta Method and Horizontal Muffle Furnace” 1

INTRODUCTION Ayurveda is a highly evolved and codified system of life and health science

based on its own unique original concepts and fundamental principles. The Ayurvedic

drugs may be categorized in three groups viz. 1) herbal 2) animal 3) mineral, metals,

gems, precious stones.

Historically, though the drugs are mineral origin are in the use since ancient

times in the therapeutics but during that period their numbers were very much limited,

probably due to their non-conversion to suitable pharmaceutical form i.e. these are

used in the form of fine powder which was made by treating those to red hot state and

quenching into some of the herbal extractives. Acharya Sushruta has used the term

“Ayaskriti” for such metallic preparations.

In about 8th to 9th century A.D. and onwards, when the beginning of

Rasashastra had taken place in the field of Ayurveda many new pharmaceutical

processing techniques along with many equipments and drugs were evolved and

developed which have revolutionized Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical technology to such

an extent that by using as metals could be converted to such a form which is

considered most suitable for their internal use. Rasashastra started with Dhatuvada

(metallic transformation) and subsequently progress to place in the form of Dehavada

(Metabolic transformation).

Rasashastra has laid much more stress on ‘Rasayana’ concept of

Ayurveda. This concept was found during the time of Samhita and number of Herbs

were possessing Rasayana properties. But, in the period of Nagarjuna, number of

metals, minerals, gems, few poisons drugs were recognized to possess these

properties.

In the current kinetic era, Rasaushadhies have given Ayurveda a complete

novel health care look. Mercurial preparations like Kupi Pakva Rasayana and Pottali

Kalpana are mainly used for Rejuvenation and in critical illness as an emergency

drug, due to their miraculous efficacy. The innate qualities like quick action, lesser

dose, tastelessness, prolonged self life, better palatability of Rasausadhies have helped

them to conquer the demand of patients as well as pharmaceutical proprietors.

On the other hand, amalgamation of the two purposes i.e. Rejuvenation

and disease cure, gave rise to the non-mercurial preparations like Ayaskrti, Pisti,

Bhasma etc. But in the due course of time Bhasma Kalpana get developed in both the

Introduction


aspects i.e. with and without the use of Mercury in Bhasma preparation. Further

progress of the concept of Ayaskriti led to the well developed form of Bhasma

Kalpana.

Initially, Bhasma Kalpana in revolved only around metals but later it was

applied to minerals too. It got popular day by day due to its unique assimilatory

organometallic constitution.

By keeping in mind, all the related factors, it has been decided to work on Vimala

Bhasma. It is rare, unique mineral preparation prepared by Puta method. It is used as

substitutes of Makshika. The product obtained by this process is having the main

action of Rasayana as well as Vajeekarana. It is indicated especially in Pandu,

Kamala, Yakshma, Grahani, Dhatugata jwara etc. and also it is having the action of

Sarvarogahara with specific Anupana.

Due to the technological development in the current scenario, electrical

horizontal muffle furnace is used for the preparation of Bhasmas. Electric Muffle

Furnace found comfortable owing to various aspects like no labor, easy operation,

well regulated apparatus etc.

Hence to know the number of the Putas, Temperature Pattern, Yield, a

comparative Pharmaceutical study of Vimala Bhasma is undertaken by Classical Puta

Method and Electrical Horizontal Muffle Furnace.

Research is a scientific and unbiased study, investigation or experimentation

in order to establish facts and analyze their significance. Analytical research is one of

the advanced fields in research by which the drugs which are prepared can be

understood well and vividly interpreted in the light of technology.

Instrumentation and application in this analytical area have developed

extensively in recent years, especially for studies on materials and pharmaceutical

products. Qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis is done to check the quality

of the final product.

Thus the present study entitled “A Pharmaceutico - analytical study of Vimala

Bhasma prepared by Classical Puta method and Electrical Horizontal Muffle

Furnace” has been undertaken and envisaged under following captions.

1. Introduction: Deals with general Introduction of Rasa Shastra and the need

of the present study.

Introduction


2. Review of Literature – This presents review on Vimala Bhasma detailed

classical, Ayurvedic literature and relevant modern Updation regarding Vimala,

Haratala, Gandhaka, and other associated drugs, Pharmaceutical process and

Analytical methods adopted.

3. Methodology:

Pharmaceutical Study: Shodhana of Vimala, Shodhana of Haratala & Gandhaka.

Haratala & Gandhaka used as media in preparation of Vimala Bhasma by

Classical Puta method & EHMF, along with observations are incorporated. Analytical study: It was carried out by Ayurvedic (Organoleptic), Physico-

Chemical Analysis, N.P.S.T and Instrumental analysis -X-ray diffraction, Particle

size by Laser diffraction, SEM-EDX analysis.

4. Results :

Comparative-Pharmaceutico Analytical Results of A S V, S V, V.B.(classical) and

V.B.(EHMF) were presented.

5. Discussion: Has been tried to found out possible logical scientific

explanations for observations, findings and results of various studies.

6. Conclusion & Summary: Summary of the whole study along with

conclusion drawn is presented.

7. Bibliographical references: List of references from classical, modern texts

and websites.

Aims and Objectives

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Aim:

“A Comparative Pharmaceutico-analytical study of Vimala Bhasma prepared

by Classical puta method and Electrical Horizontal Muffle Furnace”.

Objectives:

Up to date review of Vimala Bhasma.

Preparation of Vimala bhasma by Classical Puta method & Electrical

Horizontal Muffle Furnace.

Physico-chemical analysis of Ashodhita Vimala, Shoditha Vimala,

Vimala Bhasma (Classical) and Vimala Bhasma (Electrical Horizontal

muffle Furnace)

To compare Pharmaceutico-analytical results of Ashodhita Vimala,

Shoditha Vimala, Vimala Bhasma (Classical) and Vimala Bhasma

(Electrical Horizontal muffle Furnace).

“Preparation of Rajata Bhasma and Rajata Sindura and their Comparative Analytical Study 3

Drug Review


REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In the present study review is carried under following headings.

♦ Drug review

♦ Pharmaceutical review

♦ Analytical review

Drug Review

Under this heading, the main drug vimala, vamala Bhasma and other drugs used for

the purification, incineration and bhasma preparation of vimala are reviewed.

Vimala: Nirukti :

“Rakta prabhayukto pakshee vimalo kathyate budhai | 1”

Makshika with red tints is called Vimala.

Derivation:

Vigato Malo Yasmat | Tara Hema dwidhatukrutam | 2

Vigato Malo Yasmat | Swacche nirmale amarah | 3

Swabhava shuddha Sphatikadivacanam Vimala shabda samanartha

mityarthah | 4

S E D – Clean, Pure, Bright. 5

Which is devoid of mala called as Vimala. Historical Review: There is no description of Vimala in Vedas and samhita kala.

But in Samhita kala,

Tapyadijatumutra ayomalaha pancapalah pruthak |6

Evam ca Makshikam dhatu Tapijammrutopam| 7

Here, Acharya mentioned Tapijam which means, Makshika was found on the bank of

Tapati River and also he quoted types of makshika.i.e. Kancanabhasa and Rajata

sannibha.

Tapi kirata chineshu yavaneshu ca nirmitah |

Tapyamsuryamshusantaptomadhavemasidrushyate|| 8

Drug Review


Acharya quoted the availability of makshika in Tapi river, Kirata,Yavana desha

China.

This suggests that during the period of Samhita, Makshika was known by Maksika

and Tapya. By considering above reference Ayurveda Prakasha commentator gives

his opinion that, in samhita kala Vimala may be considerd as a variety of Makshika or

on that period Vimala was called by names Tapya or Tapija. 9

But, after the development of Rasa shastra, Makshika and Vimala mentioned

under types of Tapija.Their characteristics and the type of metal extraction also

mentioned.

In Rasashastra, types of Makshikas are quoted.

“tapijam dwirudaharanti vimalamakshika bhedadiha”| 10 Tapija are 2 types. 1) Vimala 2) Makshika

Makshikam trividham proktam peetam shuklam lohitam |

Peetam suvarna makshikam raktabham vimalakhyam || 11

Maksika has three varities.

Peeta variety called as Suvarna makshika.

Shukla Variety called as Rajata Makshika.

Lohita variety called as Vimala.

Vimala which is reddish has round shape like Kadamba flower.

For the first time, Rasarnavakara mentioned description of Vimala in 10th Cent.

A.D. Afterwards all Rasagranthas quoted about Vimala.

The Therapeutic use of Vimala started from here onwards (10th cent.)

Vimala is one of the Maharasa, but some authors included it under the group of

Rasa, Uparasa etc.

Drug Review


Table No.1 : Showing Classification of Vimala acc. to different authors:

Table No-2: Showing the synonyms of Vimala mentioned by different authors

In some Rasagranthas mentioned that, both vimala & Rajata Maksika are same. So

synonyms of Rajata Makshika can be considered for Vimala. 31, 32, 33

Roupy makshika, Taraja, Taramakshika, Vimala, Shweta Makshika, Rajata Maksika.31

Vernacular names: Sanskrit- Vimala

Hindi - Vimala

Chemical Formula - Fe2S3

English – cubic sulphide of Iron, Fool’s Gold

Geological Name – Iron Pyrite 34

Trade Name - Marcasite

REFERANCE VARGA R

a12

R.N

i3

RN

14

RC

hu15 R

P S16

RR

S1

7

RP18

AP19

R

HT

20

RM

21

RJN

2

2

ShS23

R24

AK

25

RT

26

RSS

2

7B

RR

S28

Rasa -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Maharasa +

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Uparasa - - - - - - - -

- +

+

- - - - + -

Loha -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

Upadhatu -

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

+

-

-

+

-

+

Uparatna - -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

Swarnadi and Mishrakadi

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Synonyms A.K.29, R.N.30 Vimala + Nirmala + Swaccha + Amala + Swaccha dhatuka +

Drug Review


Chemical Name - Iron Sulphide 35

Drug Review


Types of Vimala:

On the basis of its shining, Vimala divided into three types. 36, 37, 38

Swarna Vimala

Kansya Vimala

Rajata Vimala

Vimala has Three Verities.39, 40 , 41, 42, 43

Hema Vimala

Tara Vimala

Kamsya Vimala

On the basis of colour, is divided into three types.44

Shukla

Peeta

Lohita

Vimala has two varities. 45

Tara Vimala

Hema Vimala

The relevant information about individual variety can be considered as below 46,47,48

Swarna Vimala - Golden like shining - Used in operations leading to the

transformations of base metals into gold.

Tara Vimala - Silver like shining - Used in operations leading to the

transformations of base metals into silver.

Kamsya Vimal - Bronze like shining – Used only in Medicines.

Yellow Variety of Vimala may be considered as Hema Vimala or Kamsya Vimala,

while whitish variety may be as Roupya vimala and is rare. 49

Approval: Ancient texts have mentioned that Kansya Vimala is best one for Medicinal

preparations. But, in Quality, the Swarna Vimala is superior to Tara Vimala and Tara

Vimala is better than the Kamsya Vimala. 50,51, 52

Any variety can be used for medicinal purpose as all of them contain only iron and

sulphur as basic elements. 53

Drug Review


Table No:3 Showing Grahya lakshana of Vimala

REFERENCES S N

LAKSHANAS

A.K

54

R. C

h.55

RPS

56

RR

S57

BR

RS58

RJ.

N59

A.P

60

R.P

61

R62

1 Vartula + + + + + + + + +

2 Kona + + + + +

3 Shat kona +

4 Snigdha + + + + + +

5 Phalaka + + + + + +

6 Chatu, Tri phalaka + + +

7 Asra + + +

The modern Scholar late.Vaman Ganesh Desai describes that, The iron pyrite

is an Iron and Sulphur mineral and known as Vimala.The another variety of Vimala

associated with lines is known as Makshika.The Variety which has Magnetic property

is known as Magnetic Iron Pyrite. 63

Vimala Pareeksha and Lakshana: 64

Vimala when rubbed on touching stone it leaves blackish white line.

If it is heated in open air produces Sulphur smell. Its Sulphur content is

evaporated as SO2 leaving reddish powder of Ferric Oxide.

It is not affected by air and remains always yellow.

It has a neutral reaction.

White Variety is unstable and reacts to air and turns into ferrous sulphate

(Kasisa) and Sulphuric acid. It possesses Amla rasa(acidic in reaction).

Occurance:

Vimala is found in the hills at the vicinity of Tapati river banks. 65

But now a day in India, it is available in Simhabhoomi in Bihar dist., Hajaribhag dist.

In Assam, M.P., Bengal, A.P., Tamil nadu, Orrissa, Mysore.

Drug Review


Vimala Shodhana Table No:4 Showing Shodhana of Vimala

Sl No

Reference

Procedure

Drug used

Method

Duration

1 R.Chu. 66 B.R.R.S.67

Swedana Aataroosha (vasa) jala

Dolayantra

2 B.R.R.S.68 R.J.N.69

Swedana Ajashrungi rasa / Jambeera rasa

Dolayantra

3 R.P.S.70/ R.C.71

Bhavana Vasa swarasa Bhavana

4 R.C72 R.R.S.73/ R.J.N.74

Swedana Aataroosha (vasa)jala/Jambeera rasa /Meshashrungi Rasa

Dolayantra

5 R.P.75/ A.P.76

Swedana Vasa swarasa / Ajashrungi Rasa/Jambeera rasa

Dolayantra

1 day

6 R 77 Swedana Triphalakwatha/Vasa swarasa

Dolayantra

7 R.R.78 Swedana Kept in Punarnava Kalka and boiled with Kulattha Kwatha / Saindhva with Beejapura rasa

Dolayantra

1 day

8 B.Y.T.79/ Sha.Sm 80/ AK 81

Bhavana in Teevra Atapa

KarkataShrungi / Jambeera rasa /Meshashrungi Rasa

Bhavana

1 day

9 R.J.N.82 Bhavana in Teevra Atapa

KarkataShrungi / Jambeerarasa /MeshashrungiRasa

Bhavana

1 day

10 AK 83 Swedana Ataroosha jala / Kadalikanda toya

Dolayantra

11

R.T.84 Pacana in Lohapatra with liquid tillarunotpala varna.

Nimbu rasa Pacana in Lohapatra

Till redness

12 R.T.85 Swedana Vrusha patra rasa Dolayantra 2yama

13 R.T.86 Pacana Meshashrungi Rasa Dolayantra

14 R.J.N.87 Pacana Rambha Toya Dolayantra

Drug Review


16 R.J.N.88 / AK 89

Pacana Rambha Toya,/Amlavetasa/ dhanyamla/ Meshimootra

Dolayantra

4Yama

17 R.S.S.90 / R.J.N.91 / Ra 92

Swedana Kept inside the tuber of Surana kanda and boiled in Mootra, Aranala,Taila, Godugdha,Kadali rasa,Kulathha kwatha, Kodrava kwatha, 3times in each liquid.Then rubbed with Kshara,Amla,Salt,Oil,Ghee and rubbed with Kshara,Amla,Salt,Oil,Gheee and Subjected to putam for three times

Dolayantra

18 BRRS 93 Swedana Kadali kanda rasa/ Karkotika kanda rasa

Dolayantra 2 Ghatiaka

19 BRRS 94 Swedana RubuTaila / Matulunga rasa

Dolayantra 1Yama

According Rasamruta, Vimala may be purified by the purification method mentioned

for Makshika.95

Vimala is First of all to be put inside the tuber of a Suranam and then boiled

with each of following- Cow’s urine, Aranala, Oil, Cow’s Milk,Banana plant

juice,Decoction Kulattha and Decoction of Kodrava. Boiling

is done for 3 times in each liquid.It is then to be rubbed with

Kshara,Amla,Salt,Oil,Gheee and Subjected to putam for three times.This is

how it is purified.

Vimala is purified, if boiled with the decoction of Vasa / Ajashrungi rasa /

Jambeera rasa / Triphala Kwatha, Banana plant juice.

Three Kinds of Vimala are purified, if rubbed with the juice of amlavetasa and

ewe’s urine, Rambha Toya and boiled in Dola yantra for 12 hours.

Vimala is purified, if subjected to Bhavana in intense heat of Sun with

decoctions of Karkatashringi, Meshashringi, Lime juice.

Vimala are purified if boiled with Rubu taila, Matulunga swarasa in Dola

yantra for 1 yama.

Drug Review


Vimala are purified if boiled with Kadali kanda rasa or Karkotaka rasa in Dola

yantra for 2 ghatika.

Vimala is purified, if rubbed with the decoction of Vasa swarasa.

Vimala is purified, if rubbed in Teevra atapa with Karkata shrungi

rasa,Jambeera rasa,Meshashrungi rasa for 1 day.

Vimala is First of all to be put kept inside Punarnava Kalka and boiled with

Kulattha Kwatha / Saindhva with Beejapura swarasa for 1 day.

Vimala churna was taken in an iron vessel , Then this vessel was kept on a

gas stove for heating ,Then Nimbu swarasa added to it, mixed properly.The

mixture was stirred with the help of small darvi continuously. During the

procedure Nimbu Swarasa was added continuosly as and when required. The

stirring is continued till the swarasa evaporated completely and Vimala churna

became Raktotpala Varana then heating stopped and allowed to self cooling.

Table No.5:- Showing the Materials used for Shodhana of Vimala and Number of References against them.

Sl.No.

Number of the materials

No.of References

1 Vasa Swarasa 10 2 Kadali kanda Rasa 7 3 Meshashrungi Rasa 10 4 Karkatashrungi Rasa 4

5 Jambeera Rasa 10 6 Kulattha Kwatha 2 7 Saindava with Beejapura 1 8 Mootra,Godugdha,Taila,Kodrava Kwatha 1 9 Meshi Mootra 1 10 Amlavetasa 1 11 Dhanyamla 2 12 Triphala 2

The above said liquids are mostly used for swedana but Karkatashrungi, Ajashrungi,

Jambeera, Vasa, are used for Bhavana also.

Rasa tarangni mentioned Jambeera rasa for Bharjana.

Vimala Marana:

Marana is a process by which, raw materials like metals, minerals, and gems

etc. are converted in to a micro fine, tasteless, non-hazardous, acceptable, &

absorbable form with the help of heat, which can be used as a medicine.

Drug Review


Table No. 6: Showing Marana of Vimala SN

Reference

Procedure

Drug used

Appratus Used

Type & number of puta used

Bhasma varna

1

R 96 Bharjna Castor oil with cows ghee/ Matulunga

Strong earthen lid

Dhatu sannibha

2

R.P.97 / A.P.98/

Bhavana & Putapaka

Haratala, Gandhaka, Jambeera rasa

Sharava Samputa

10 Gajaputas

3

B.R.R.S 99 R.S.S 100 / R.R.S. 101 / R.J.N.102

Bhavana & Putapaka

Gandhaka, Lakucha Swarasa

Sharava Samputa

10 Gajaputas

4 R.Chu.103 Bhavana & Putapaka


Sharava Samputa

10 Gajaputas / Varaha Puta

5 R.J.N.104 Bhavana & Putapaka

Gandhaka, Matulunga rasa

Sharava Samputa

3 Gajaputa

6 R.P.S.105 Bhavana & Putapaka

Gandhaka, Nimbu Swarasa

Sharava Samputa

Gajaputa

7 R.T.106 Bhavana & Putapaka


Sharava Samputa

7 Gajaputas

8

B.R.R.S107 Bhavana & Putapaka

Gandhaka, Matulunga Swarasa.

Sharava Samputa

3 KoormaPuta

Shodhita Vimala is incinerated by being rubbed with Sulphur and Juice of

Lakucha and then subjected to Puta for 10 times.

Vimala is incinerated, if it is subjected to Gajaputa for 3 times, after having

been rubbed each time with Sulphur which is purified by Kurma puta method

and Juice of Matulunga.

For incineration Vimala should be put in a very strong earthen lid either mixed

with Castor oil and Cow`s ghee or mixed with Matulunga rasa and fried in a

strong heat, gets converted into red colour like that of Dhatu.

Purified Vimala mixed with Shuddha Haratala and Shuddha Gandhaka is to

be taken 1/8th part of Vimala each and rubbed with juice of Jambeera and

made as chakrikas. Then it is to be subjected to Gajaputa for 10 times.

Drug Review


According to commentator of Ayurveda Prakasha,

Jambeera rasa bhavana should be given for 3 times to each puta.

“ jambambhasa trivaram bhavita dashputairna jeevet mriyate |

Pute ca pratyekam bhavana deya || “

Shodhita Vimala is incinerated by being rubbed with Sulphur and Juice of

Nimbu and then subjected to Puta.

1) Shodhita Vimala is incinerated by being rubbed with Gandhaka is to be

taken 1/4th part of Vimala, rubbed with Juice of Lakucha and Chakrikas

prepared. Then it is subjected to Puta for 7 times.

2) Vimala incenerated by the inceneration method mentioned for Swarna

makshika. Because usage of vimala is less as compare to Swarna makshika.

“Swarnamaksikavajneyam taramakshika maranam |” 108

Both Taramakshika and Vimala are same. So, marana methods are same as

that of swarna makshika.

According to Bhasma Vijnana,109

♦ Vimala is triturated with Kulattha kwatha or Eranda taila or Eranda taila and

Vaji mootra and chakrikas prepared.Then subjected to Puta.

♦ Vimala powder is triturated with Triphala kwatha for 3 times and kept for

dried. Again bhavana given with Ghruta.Then it is fried in earthen vessel till

the ghruta has burnt.When it gets converted to Red colour again add Grutha.

This procedure is repeated for 3 times.

Table.No. 7: PHARAMACOLOGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC PROPERTIES

OF VIMALA

Rasa Katu, Tikta R.N.110, R.111 Guna Ushna R.N 110 Veerya Ushna R. 111 Dosha Prabhava

Marut Pittahara R.Chu112,R.J.N.113, R.R.S.114, A.P.115,B.R.R.S.116, R.P.S.117, A.K. 118

Karma Vrishya, Atirasayana A.K. 118, R.Chu112, R.J.N.113,R.R.S.114, A.P115., R.P.S. 117

Vyadhi Prabhava

Twak roga, Vrana,Dhatugata Jwara,Shotha,Pandu,Prameha,aruci,Arsha,Grahani,Shula,Yakshma,Kamala,

R.N. 110, R. 111,

Bhagandhara, Kasthasadhya Roga A.P. 115

Drug Review


“ Vimalasya gunaha kinchin nyoona Kanakamakshikam |” 119

Vimala is bit inferior in quality to SwarnaMakshika.

“ Swarnamakshika vajneya Vimalsya gunaha budhai |120,121

The qualities of Vimala is similar to Swarnamaksika.

Its Qualities (Rasa, Veerya etc) similar to Swarna and Rajata. But, in Vedha

karya its Veerya get differs. 122

Colour of Vimala Bhasma:

Reddish colour 123

Brownish red or Reddish. 124

Matra:

“Swarna maksikavagjneya vimalasya gunaha budhai | Matram camayikam yogam tathaiva parilakshayet ||”

Bhasma Qualities, matra and indications are also as that of Swarnamakshika . 125

1 – 2 Ratti. 126

Anupana:

Vyosha, Ajya 127

Honey 128

Vimala Bhasma Sevana Vikara Shanti: Antidote for Vikaras manifested due to consumption of Ashuddha Vimala,

Meshashringi Choorna and Sugar administered for 3 days. 129, 130

Kulattha kwatha or Dadima twak kwatha administered. 131

Special qualities of Vimala: 132

Like Parada, Vimala is one of Special Divya Mani which shines like gold.

It gives colour / Complexion to other dhatus.

It has a good potency like Vaikranta.

It may be used as substitutes of Makshika, when makshika is not available and

viceversa. Because it has similar qualities of Makshika.

Loha marana can be done by Vimala.

Drug Review


Vimala Satwapatana: Satvapatana is the process of extraction of essence from a ore or mineral.

Table No 8: Showing Satwapatana of Vimala, according to different author

S.NO.

REFERENCES

1st METHOD

2nd METHOD

1 Rasamruta 133 _ +

2 R.Chu. 134 + +

3 R.J.N. 135 + +

4 Rasarnava 136 _ +

5 B.R.R.S. 137 + +

6 R.P.S. 138 + _

7 A.K. 139 _ +

8 RRS 140 + +

1st Method:

The inner surface of crucible is to be coated all over with Vimala, previously

rubbed well with Tankana, decoction of Lakucha and ashes of Meshashrungi. The

crucible then to be dried, closed hermetically and heated by means of 6 prastha of

charcoal with result that Vimala discharges an essence resembling lead. Mercury,

combined with this essence, and which is a very good rasayana.

2nd Method:

Vimala is to be mixed with Kankshi, kaseesa, Tankana with Soorana, Kshara of

mokshaka tree and subjected to bhavana with Juices of Shigru and Banana plant. It is

then to be put inside a blind crucible and heated and satwa is extracted resembling”

Chandrarka sankasham”.

According to Yadavaji view, Chandrarka is an alloy made of 16 parts of Silver and

12 parts of Copper mixed together by melting.

The author of Rasamruta thinks that, Vimala should be purified with Shigru juice first

and then it is mixed with other drugs mentioned in the text and then bhavana should

be given with Kadali mula juice.

Extraction of Vimala satwa should fallow the extraction method mentioned for

Makshika. 141 ,142

Drug Review


Vimala Rasayana: Vimala satwa is used in the form of Rasayana prepared out of vimala

Pisti is prepared by grinding the fine powder of Vimala satwa and shuddha

parada. Then equal quantity of Gandhaka is added and jarana is done. To this

3 parts of purified Haratala, 5 parts of Manashila are added and is triturated.

Then it is kept in a Valuka yantra and heated. After swangasheetha the glass

bottle is taken away from the yantra and the resultant substance is added with

1/10 of Rajatha bhasma and same amount of Vaikrantha bhasma and mixed

well. Then it is stained through a cloth and collected and grind well. 143,144,145

♦ Heat should be given for 8 yama.144

Pisti is prepared by grinding the fine powder of Vimala satwa and shuddha

parada. Gandhaka is added to pisthi and kajjali is prepared. Add 3 parts of

purified Haratala, 5 parts of Manashila, 1/10 of Rajatha bhasma and same

amount of Vaikrantha bhasma to kajjali and is triturated. This mixture is filled

in nalika yantra and it is kept in a Valukayantra and heated. After self cooling,

nalika is taken out and product is collected. 146

PROPERTIES OF VIMALA SATWA:

Matra and Anupana:

1 valla, give along with Vyosha and Madhu.

Uses – Bala Roga, jwara Pandu, Prameha, Grahani, Kamala,

Shoola,Mandagni, Kshaya, Pittaja Vyadhis. 147

Vimala Rasayana if taken with Trikatu, Triphala, and Ghee it cures the

following diseases.Senility which causes unhappiness, shwayatu, Pandu,

Prameha, Aruchi,Grahani, Shoola, Yakshma, Kamala, Pittaja vyadhis, Vataja

vyadhis. 148

VIMALA JEERNA PARADA BHAKSHANA PHALA: 149

Samaguna Vimala Jeerna Parada Bhakshana – one can live for 10,000 yrs

Dwiguna Vimala Jeerna Parada Bhakshana – one can live for 10,00,000 yrs

Triguna Vimala Jeerna Parada Bhakshana – one can live for 10,00,00,000 yrs

Chaturguna Vimala Jeerna Parada Bhakshana – becomes Khecarata

Pancaguna Vimala Jeerna Parada Bhakshana – becomes Sparsha vedhi.

Drug Review


IMPORTANT YOGAS:

• Kshayakesari Rasa 150 • Kshaya Samhara Rasa 151

• Madana Sanjivini Rasa152

• Rasendra Chudamani Rasa 153

• Shegra Prabhava Rasa.154

• Navaratna Raja Mriganka Rasa 155

MODERN VIEW IRON PYRITE:

The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, is an iron sulfide. This mineral's metallic luster

and pale-to-normal, brass-yellow hue has earned it the nickname fool's gold due to its

resemblance to gold. The name pyrite is derived from the Greek puritēs - “of fire” or

"in fire”, from pur - “fire”. This name is likely due to the sparks that result when

pyrite is struck against steel.

Pyrite is usually found associated with other sulfides or oxides in quartz,

sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, coal beds, & as a replacement mineral in

fossils. Gold & arsenic occur as a coupled substitution in the pyrite structure. 156

FACTS & HISTORY:

Name & Origin: 157

Greek - pyrite's lithos meaning "stone which strikes fire" in reference to the

spark produced when iron is struck with a piece of pyrite.

During WW II, the demand for sulfur kept increasing while the amount of

native sulfur mined in North America kept decreasing, making pyrite an attractive

alternative economically. One large deposit near Duck town, Tennessee began mining

pyrite, pyrrohite & pentlandite exclusively for their sulfur contents.

Pyrite was first used to make sulfuric acid around 1000 AD, used in industries.

Appearance:

Pyrite is crystallized, most frequently in striated cubes, less commonly in octahedrons

or pyritohedrons - a dodecahedron with pentagonal faces. Massive pyrite is common.

Drug Review


Crystal Habits include the cube, octahedron & pyritohedron. Found commonly in

nodules. A flattened nodular variety called "Pyrite Suns" or "Pyrite Dollars" is

popular.

It also has a beautiful luster and interesting crystals. These are other shiny brassy

yellow minerals that might be mistaken for gold.

Fine specimens have been found throughout the world. Some of the more well know

locations are Leadville, Colorado.

Well developed crystal groups were found at Park City, Utah. Misshapen octahedral

crystals containing 0.2% arsenic were found at French Creek, Pennsylvania

FORMAL OXIDATION STATES FOR PYRITE:

Through inorganic chemistry (assigning oxidation states to each atom), pyrite is best

described as Fe2+ S22−. This recognizes that the sulfur atoms in pyrite occur in pairs

with clear S–S bonds. These persulfide units are derived from hydrogen persulfide,

H2S2. Thus pyrite would be more descriptively called iron persulfide, not iron

disulfide. 158

Mineralogically speaking, Pyrite has the same chemical formula as Marcasite, but

crystallizes in a different crystal system, therefore being a separate mineral. 159

Localities:

Other USA locations include Illinois & Missouri. Complex, perfect crystals come

from Elba, Italy. Falun, Sweden - yielded pyrite rich in cobalt.

Many specimens today are coming from Peru. Other famous localities include

Germany, Russia, Spain, & South Africa.

COMPOSITION: Iron sulphide - 46.6% Fe 53.4% S Bravoite is the name given to a nickel-rich iron sulfide. It is closely related to pyrite but contains up to 20% nickel.

Category

General Sulfide mineral

Chemical formula iron disulfide (FeS2)

Strunz classification II/D.17-30

Dana classification 2.12.1.1

Crystal symmetry 2/m3

Drug Review


Unit cell a = 5.417 Å, Z=4

Drug Review


Color

Identfication Pale brass-yellow, tarnishes darker and iridescent

Crystal habit Cubic, faces may be striated, but also frequently octahedral and pyritohedron. Often inter-grown, massive, radiated, granular, globular and stalactitic.

Crystal system Isometric Diploidal, Space group Pa3

Twinning Penetration and contact twinning

Cleavage Indistinct on {001}; partings on {011} and {111}

Fracture Very uneven, sometimes conchoidal

Tenacity Brittle

Mohs scale hardness

6–6.5

Luster Metallic, glistening

Streak Greenish-black to brownish-black; smells of sulfur

Diaphaneity Opaque

Specific gravity 4.95–5.10

Fusibility 2.5–3 to a magnetic globule

Solubility Insoluble in water

Other characteristics

paramagnetic

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS:

Chalcopyrite - Softer (3½ - 4), more intense yellow

Cobaltite - Lacks the yellow color of Pyrite, softer (3½)

Marcasite - Crystallizes in different crystal system (orthorhombic)

Pyrrhotite - Softer (3½ - 4½), darker color

Small, gold colored, massive or flaky Pyrite may be confused with Gold, but is

easily distinguished by Pyrite's black streak and Gold's yellow streak (and by Gold's

low hardness of 2½ - 3)

Drug Review


CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Iron-pyrite FeS2 represents the prototype compound of the crystallographic pyrite structure. The structure is simple cubic and was among the first crystal structures solved by X-ray diffraction. It belongs to the crystallographic space group Pa3 and is denoted by the Strukturbericht notation C2. Under thermodynamic standard conditions the lattice constant a of stoichiometric iron pyrite FeS2 amounts to 541.87 pm. The unit cell is composed of a Fe face-centered cubic sub lattice into which the S ions are embedded. The pyrite structure is also taken by other compounds MX2 of transition metals M and chalcogens X = O, S, Se and Te. Also certain dipnictides with X standing for P, As and Sb etc. are known to adopt the pyrite structure.

In the first bonding sphere, Fe ions are surrounded by six S nearest neighbors, while S

ions have bonds with three Fe and one S ion.

The structure of FeS2 Crystals is similar to that of CaC2. However, S2 units in FeS2 are

not aligned in parallels as C2 units are aligned in CaC2 Crystal. 160

TESTS: 161

Fuses easily. Becomes magnetic and gives off SO2 fumes.

Insoluble in HCl, but a fine powder will dissolve in concentrated HNO 3.

In the borax bead it shows Yellow in the oxidizing flame and bottle green in

the reducing flame.(ruttlys buk)

Heated on charcoal with Sodium Carbonate, Pyrite gives a magnetic residue.

A black stain is produced in the Silver coin test.

Drug Review


Drug Review


PYRITE’S CHEMICAL REACTION: 162

• Pyrite + water + oxygen Iron hydroxide + acidity + sulphate

FeS2 + H2O + 1O2 Fe (OH)3 + H+ + SO4-

Pyrite reaction is a 3 step process:

1) Pyrite reacts with water and oxygen forming, dissolved ferrous iron

acidity and sulfate

4 FeS2(s) + 14 O2(g) + 4 H2O(i) 4Fe2+(aq) + 8SO4 2-(aq) + 8H+(aq)

Often, this is the only reaction that has occurred as an AMD discharge emerges from

underground (if underground oxygen is limited)

2) Ferrous iron is oxidized to ferric iron

4 Fe2 + (aq) + O2 (g) + 4H+(aq) 4Fe3 +(aq) + 2 H2O(i)

Constructed sedimentation ponds and aerobic wetlands promote this reaction

3) Ferric iron is hydrolyzed to insoluble iron hydroxide (yellow boy)

4Fe3+ (aq) + 12 H2O (i) 4Fe (OH)3(s) + 12H+(aq)

This reaction happens very quickly after (2). Sedimentation ponds & aerobic

Wetlands provide space for the solid iron hydroxide to be collected.

_______________________________________________

4) Net reaction

4FeS2(s) + 15 O2 (g) + 14 H2O (i) 4Fe (OH)3(s) + 8SO42- (aq)+ 16H+(aq)

Pyrite + Oxygen + Water yellow boy + Sulphate + Acid

Reactions on heating:

When Sulphide Ores are roasted in air 2 possible reactions may occur

• Conversion of material to oxide form (as a preliminary to metal extraction.

• Formation of water soluble sulphates which can then be used in

hydrometallurgical process.

In industrial practices SO2 is obtained by burning natural sulphides (Pyrites). 163

FeS2 + O2 Fe2O3 + SO2

Drug Review


4 FeS2 + 11 O2 2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2

Reactions with Acids: 164

• It is the Sulphide of Iron which is most stable in the air.

• It is not attacked by dilute acids, but concentrated HCl slowly converted it into

Ferrous Chloride and Sulphur.

• It is reduced by hydrogen to Ferrous Sulphide.

Solubility: 165

Solubilities of Sulphide are done for the purpose of identifying the metallic elements

and of separating mixtures containing several such elements. Ferrous sulphide is

slightly soluble in water since heavy metal sulphides are least soluble compounds.

Numerous poly sulphides are yellow at room temperature turn dark red on being

heated and may be thought of as salts of the polysulfanes. They have low melting

points.

Metal Sulphide can be prepared in laboratory or in industrial scale by following

methods.

• Direct combination of the elements.

• Reduction of Sulphate with Carbon.

• Ferric sulphide may be made by fusing together the free elements and also

obtained as precipitation by addition of ammonium sulphide to ferric chloride

solution.

HARATALA

Haratala Nirukti: 166

“Haritam tadvarnam aalatiti peetavarna dhatu visheshaha sa tu hareviryam”

Haratala is a yellow coloured dhatu, which is considered as Hariviraya.

Haritala Utpatti:

The demon Hiranya Kasipu was killed by Lord Narasimha in evening. The vomit of

the demon became Haratala which came out from axillary fossa.167

Drug Review


Mythlogically Haratala is considered as Haribijam and some has opined as the

seminal energy of lord Vishnu.168

HISTORICAL REVIEW:

In Vedic Period

In Rigveda period, Haritala was applied on a sharp end of an arrow called

“Ruru”(prepared with the Horn of deer) which was used to bring rain to earth. Such

type of arrow is to be released in the sky; the very good rain can be obtained with its

influence. Moreover, the front part of this arrow is made of iron and is prepared with

different chemical procedures. However, here there is no any reference of medicinal

application of orpiment in this incantation.

In Samitha Period:

Charaka Samhita:

Haratala is grouped under Parthiva dravya. 169

It was used to treat various diseases in different forms as listed below

Fourteen references of Haritala in different places with different aspects are

available.

Out of fourteen, five references can be seen in Sutra Sthana, such as in

counting of Parthiva Dravyas, an external application in various skin

disorders170,171,172 and in the subject of Shirovirecana as an ingredient of

Dhumapana.173

In Chikitsa Sthana also, Haritala used in Kanaka taila for Kusta 174,apart from

useful in Unmada Chikitsa for Anjanartha Varti 175, in Hikka andShwasa as

Dhoomavarti Prayoga 176,Manashiladi Dhoomavarti prayoga in Kasa 177 and in

Visa Chikitsa for Mahagandha hastinamaagada178, in Arsha chikitsa for

Haritaladi lepa 179 ,in kanta and mukha roga as Peetaka Choorna 180etc.

Sushruta Samhita:

Haratala has been counted in Sthavara Visas. Moreover, he has described

Gauripashana and Haratala as two Dhatuvisas. 181

Haratala is quoted for various points of views as follows.

In Sutra Sthana only two references are there which are in the subject of Vrana

shodhana Dravyas used in the form of Varti and Kalka.182,183

Drug Review


In Chikitsa Sthana, in the subject of Vrana Sodhana for vruna shodana

dravya,Vruna savarnikarana lepa 184,185, in Arsha for Arshashatanartha lepa 186, in

Twaka roga for Kustahara lepa, shwitrahara lepa, vajra taila, 187,188,189, Granthi for

lepa and taila 190,191 Upadamsa, Visarpa 192,193, Arumshika chikitsa for lepa 194

Ahiputana chikitsa 195and as a hair remover in different Yogas.

In Kalpasthana two references are available in the counting of Dhatuvisas196 and

Lutadansha Chikitsa 197.

In Uttara Tantram, references are available in the subject of in the treatment of

balaroga. putana prtisheda taila mardana 198, Shakuni pratisheda bali

chikitsa199,Andaputana pratisheda taila mardana 200, Mahaamandanika

pratishedabali karma 201, and Mustadi varti Dhumapana in Kasa 202 etc.

Asthanga Samgraha kala,

In the age of Sangraha Granthas, Vagbhata has applied Haritala on Nasa Rogas,

Kustanashaka Choorna 203, Kustanashaka lepa 204 in the treatment of Kustha,in

switra for savarnikarana 205, in Vruschikadamsha for Lepana 206 and so on.

In Rasashastra:

Almost all texts have described about Haratala in detail including its origin, synonyms, types,

guna karma, shodhana, marana, satvapatana, matra, anupana and pathyaapathya in detail.

SYNONYMS:

Table No 9:- Showing the synonyms of Haratala according to different authors.

Synonym RRS20

7 RT20

8 RDP2

09 RJN21

0 RSS21

1 AP21

2 RKD2

13 DNi21

4

Haritalam + + + + + + + + Talam - + + + + + + - Alam - + + - + - - + Talakam + + - + - + - - Mallagandham - + - + - - - - Pinjaram - + - + + - + - Peetanakh - + - + - - - - Shaileshu Bhooshanam

- + + - + - - -

Romaharam - - + + + - + - Vidalakam - + - + - - - - Chitragandham - + - + - - - - Vamshapatram - + - - - - + -

Drug Review


Natabhushanam - + - + - - - + Natamandanam - + - - - - + - Dalam - - - - - + - - Mallam - - - + + - - - Peetam - - - - + - - + Pinchak - - - + - + - - Vidalam - - - - - - + - Godantam - - - - - - + + Vangari - - - - - - + - Kharjuram - - - - - - + - Indian languages: 215

Hindi – haritala

Marathi – haratala

Mujarathi – haratala

Bengali – haratala, hatel, vasaputi haratala, hatilvarki

Udiya – haritala

Tamil – arridrama, yelli kuda pasanandam

Telugu – paddi pasanam

Kannada – haridala, haratala, aradala

Assami – haritala

Punjabi – haratala, vansapatri haratala,

English – yellow arsenic, orpiment yellow arsenic sulphide

Latin – auripigmentum

OCCURANCE: The chief source is Iran and it is also found in Burma and China. In India it is found in

Uttarpradesh. 216

The countries like Italy, China, and Sisiley have the mines of both orpiment and

realgar.217

Presently, Haratala is at most prepared artifically218 and it is useful for medicinal

purpose.

VARIETIES: 219,220,221,222,223,224,225 ,226

1.Patra Haratala, 2. Pinda Haratala.

Table No.10 : Showing the Differences of Patra and Pinda Haratala

PATRA HARATALA227 PINDAHARATALA228 Golden Colour Yellow Colour

Drug Review


Lustrous No Lustre Thin Layered No Layers Heavy Less Heavy Beautiful Not good in appearance Smooth Rough Qualitatively Better Lesser quality Rasayana Stripuspaharna Tridoshaghna Svalpasatva

Marana yogya Haratala 229 1. Patra Haratala – Best one

2. Pinda Haratala – Varjya

3. Godanta Haratala – Galat Kushta

4. Vakadala Haratala – Leucoderma

Ashuddha Haratala Dosha:

Haratala if used without proper purification causes diseases of Kapha and Vata, as

well as prameha. It is responsible for santapa in the body, sphota (boils) and snayu

sankocha.230 Daha, Kampa, Toda, Kshobha, Pida, Raktadusti, Kushta, Malinikaroti

Gatram, Mrityusankara. Pida231

Treatment: 232,233

Sharkara + Jiraka- for 3 days.

Jiraka + Madhu + Kushmanda Swarasa - thrice in a day.

The Evil effects of consuming Haratala are removed by taking the juice of one of

these three Viz, Javasa, Kushmanda, and Rajahamsa.

Alternatievly following treatment can also be followed 234

1) Equal quantities of Jiraka + Mishri - 3 masha of this mixture with madhu for 7 days

2) Kushmanda swarasa and 2 tolas of Mishri – twice a day

Haratala Shodhana (Purification of Orpiment):

Haratala Shodhana is performed by subjecting it to Bhavana as well as Svedana and

sometimes both.

According to the present compilation from 18 texts of Rasashastra 16 materials are

used for this purpose. Their names are arranged as per the number of references using

each material.235

Table No.11:- Showing the Materials used for Shodhana of Haratala and Number of References against them.

Sl.No. Name of materials No. of References 1 Kushmanda Swarasa 15 2 Kanjika 10

Drug Review


The above said liquids are mostly used for swedana but Churnodoka and Kanji are

used for Bhavana also.

PURIFICATION PROCEDURES: 1. Haratalam is purified, if boiled in a Dola yantra with juice of Kushmanda for 1

yama and Swedana was continued in lime water or Triphala Kashaya or Jala for 1

yama.236

2. Haratala, broken into pieces and combined with one tenth its weight of tankanam,

is to be dissolved with lime juice and then with Kanji. It is then to be combined in

a piece of cloth made four - fold and boiled by Dola Yantram for a day. It is next

to be boiled similarly for one day with aaranala, dissolved with lime, and then

again boiled similarly for one day with juice of Kushmanda or with the juice of

shalmali bark.237

3. Patra Haratala is purified, if subjected to bhavana for seven times with lime

water.238

4. Cleaned Haratala patras are to be broken into small pieces wrapped up in a piece

of cloth and boiled for six hours in the juice of lime Fruit, by means of Dola

Yantra. When cooled on itself, the bundle is to be again boiled in the same way in

each of the following, urine of she-buffalo, juice of kanya, solution of lime, juice

of ripe lime mixed with water, and juice of sugar cane boiled steadily by charcoal.

Thus boiled, Haratala become purified.239

5. Haratala is to be rubbed with urine of buffalo and subjected to bhavana for three

times with the juice of the root of the brahma tree, made as dense as honey. It is

then to be confined in crucible and heated for twelve times by means of fire made

3 Tilataila 09 4 Triphala Kwatha 08 5 Churnodaka 08 6 Nimbu Swarasa 06 7 Tila Kshara Jala 04 8 Shalmali Moola Kwatha 04 9 Palashamula jala 02 10 Gruha dhuma Jala 01 11 Snuhi Kshira 01 12 Katuka alaburasa 01 13 Mahishi Mutra 01 14 Hamsaraja 01 15 Balamula Kwatha 01

Drug Review


of ten pieces of cow dung cakes, each time. Haratala thus, purified, may be used

for all purposes.240

6. Haratala is purified by 7 bhavanas with churnodaka.241 7. Haratala is purified, if it is boiled by Dola Yantra for three hours each with 242

Drug Review


1. Kanji mixed with lime and Tankana

2. Juice of kushmanda

3. Til oil and

4. Decoction of triphala

Table No 12:- Showing Pharmacological Properties of Haratala According to Various Authors.

SN

Propertis RRS2

43 RC24

4 RK2

45 RSS24

6 RT24

7 RJN2

48 AP24

9 Rch25

0

1 Katu + + + + - + + + 2 Kashaya - - + + - - - - 3 Tikta - - + - - - - - 4 Snigdha + + + + + + - + 5 Ushna + + + - - + + + 6 Guru - - - - - - - - 7 Angadeepti

(Varnadeepti) - + - - + - - _

8 Vishaharana + - + - - - - -

Table No 13:- Showing the Therapeutic Indication of Haratala According to

Various Classics.

S N

Indication RRS24

3 RC244 RK24

5 RSS246 RT247 RJN248 AP249 Rch250

1 Kushta + + + + + + + + 2 Vatarakta - - - - + - - - 3 Kandu - - + - - - - - 4 Visarpa - - - - + - - - 5 Vicharchika - - + - + - - - 6 Phiranga - - - - + - - - 7 Vishamajwara + - - - + - - - 8 Bhagandhara - - - - + - - -

ORPIMENT: Orpiment i.e. Arsenic trisulphide is a compound of Arsenic, which is in trivalent form and

Sulphur is in bivalent form.

Drug Review


Orpiment though abundant than realgar, is not a common mineral. It is usually found

in foliated or columnor masses with a bright yellow colour. The pure mineral contains

39% Sulphur and 61% Arsenic, corresponding to Formula-As2S3 .It thus contains 9%

more Sulphur than Realgar.

The name “Arsenikon” given by Greeks to Orpioment Arsenous Sulphide means the potent

substance. This probably refers to the poisnous property of the substance.

Arsenic is a chemical element that has the symbol As and atomic number 33.

Arsenic was discovered by Albertus Magnus (Germany) in 1250.

Its Atomic Mass is 74.92. Its Ionic Charge is (3-) Its position in the periodic table is shown at

right.

Orpiment crystallizes in monoclinic system and sometimes 'pseudo' -orthorhombic

crystals are small, rarely distinct usually in foliated or columnar masses sometimes

with reniform surface. 251

Physical properties : 252

Crystal structure : Monoclinic

Form and habit : Crystals rare, usually occurring foliaceous or massive

Cleavage : Prismatic (010) perfect in crystal forms.

Hardness : 1.5 - 2

Specific gravity : 3.4 -3.5

Luster : Pearly to brilliant on cleavage faces, elsewhere resinous or

dull

Colour : Lemon yellow of several shades

Streak : Yellow

Transparency : Sub transparent to sub translucent

Tenacity : Sectile, laminae are flexible but not elastic.

Melting point : 3100C

Boiling point : 7070C

Density : 3460 Kg m-3

Molecular weight : 246.00

Chemical Properties:-

♦ Sulphide form of Arsenic

♦ Insoluble in water and in acids but soluble in alkalies forming respective

Thioarsenate and Arsenites.

The mineral is non- conductor of electricity.

Drug Review


Associated Minerals are realgar, calcite, stibnite, barite and gypsum.

Other Characteristics: orpiment is unstable in light; specimens should be

stored in complete darkness. Also usually has a distinct odor similar to

sulfur, but is due to the arsenic.

Best Field Indicators are crystal habit, cleavage, odor and color. Notable Occurrences: Romania, Peru, Japan, Mercer, Utah, USA and Australia.

Optical properties : In thin section orpiment is yellow to greenish yellow

with Extreme relief ( R.I. =3.0) and strong dispersion. 2V large (70 –80) but sign

indeterminable.

Tests:

1. Heated in closed tube, orpiment gives reddish yellow sublimate

2. Heated on charcoal, it emits sulphurous and garlic fumes and forms a white

sublimate far from the assay.

3. Heated in open tube, a white volatile sublimate and garlic fumes is

observed.253

ARTIFICIAL PREPARATION : 254

It is found in nature and prepared artificially also by the treatment of arsenic acid with

H2S under high pressure.

Extraction of Arsenic:

Arsenic is generally extracted from Arseno pyrites.

Arseno pyrites on roasting yield the volatile As2O3 which condenses as a

white solid.

4FeAsS + 3O2 = 4FeS + 2As2O3

Arsenic is obtained by heating As2O3 and charcoal together in a crucible.

As2O3 + 3C = 2As + 3Co

Arsenic collects as a sublimate while Carbon Monoxide escapes

When heated in air it oxidizes to arsenic trioxide; the fumes from this reaction

have an odor resembling garlic.

During the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, a number of arsenic compounds

have been used as medicines, including arsphenamine (by Paul Ehrlich) and

arsenic trioxide (by Thomas Fowler).

Arsphenamine as well as Neosalvarsan was indicated for syphilis and

trypanosomiasis, but has been superseded by modern antibiotics.

Drug Review


Arsenic trioxide has been used in a variety of ways over the past 200 years,

but most commonly in the treatment of cancer.

The Food and Drug Administration in 2000 approved this compound for the

treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia . It was also used as

Fowler's solution in psoriasis.

Toxicity:

Once absorbed, arsenic rapidly combines with the globin portion of haemoglobin and

therefore localises in the blood. There is minimal penetration of the blood-brain

barrier, and within 24 hours arsenic redistributes itself to the liver, kidney, spleen,

lung and GI tract, with lesser accumulation in muscle and nervous tissue

The mechanism of toxicity of all arsenic-containing compounds is the same. Once in

the tissues, arsenic exerts its toxic effect through several mechanisms, the most

significant of which is the reversible combination with sulfhydryl groups. There are

sulfhydryl groups on dihydrolipoate, part of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,

and arsenic binds to these and prevents the oxidation of dihydrolipoate to lipoate.

Lipoate is needed in the formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate and in the formation

of succinyl-CoA from alpha-ketoglutarate. Therefore, arsenic blocks the Krebs cycle

and interrupts oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in a marked depletion of cellular

ATP and eventually death of the metabolising cell.

GANDHAKA Introduction:

Gandhaka stands next to Parada in importance, it is also considered as an essential

substance for Murchana and Marana. The Rasadravyas are classified as Sagandha

Murchana and Nirgandha Murchana on the basis of presence of Gandhaka.

Parada or Shambu Beeja becomes Mrityu Nashaka (Vital) and Deha Dharaka only

when this is combined with Shivangeeraja (Gandhaka). With the presence of

Gandhaka, Parada becomes extremely therapeutic.

Gandhaka is used to reduce the toxicity of Parada, in addition to make Parada

therapeutically use full. Gandhaka is also having its importance in making Bandhana

of Parada like Kajjala Bandha.

Drug Review


Sulphur is a Latin term for ‘Brimstone’. Brimstone is yellow non metallic element

occurs in sedimentary and volcanic deposits and exists in several different forms

Sulphur, which is having capacity to catch fire.

Drug Review


History:

No reference regarding Gandhaka is found in vedic period. Use in Gandhaka for

therapeutic purpose can be found from Samhita period. Its detailed description is

found in Rasahastra texts. It holds an important place in Rasa Sastra as can be

observed from its wide use.

MYTHOLOGICAL ORIGIN: 255

1. Gandhaka, considered to be originated from the Goddess Parvathi as Gouri beeja.

2. During Samudra Manthana of Ksheera Sagara, there evolved a substance with

smell and called as Gandhaka.

3. During Samudra Manthana, churning with Vasuki Sarpa, it produced flame from its

mouth, because of its hotness Vasa of Lord Bali melted in to the Samudra and that

had smell was called as Gandhaka.

Vyutpatti –

Teevra gandam iti gandhakam | 256

The substance with strong smell.

Table.No. 14: SYNONYMS OF GANDHAKA 257 Property Synonyms Swarupa Vacaka Navanita, Gandhapasana, Gandhopala Gandha Vacaka Gandhaka, Kruragandha, Divyagandha, Putigandha Karma vacaka Kitaghna, Kitari, Lekhi, Kitanasana

Rogaghnata vacaka Kusthari, Pamari Utpati vacaka Gauripuspodbhavah, Gauribija, lalitaka Bali Dhatukarma Vacaka Sulvari Sulvaripu, RasaGandhaka, Sutasatru, Dhatumari Varna Vacaka Sukapichakya, Sukapuccha, Sukapicchasamacchayo, Pita

gandhaka Vernacular names: 258

Assami : Kiburit

Bengali : Gandhaka

English : Sulphur

Gujarathi : Gandhaka

Hindi : Gandhaka

Kannada : Gandhaka

Telugu : Gandhakamu

Drug Review


Tamil : Gandhakam

Sanskrit : Gandhaka

Table.No. 15: CLASSIFICATION OF GANDHAKA

Name of Text Category Raja Nighantu 259 Suvarnadi varga Dhanvantari Nighantu 260 Mishrakadi varga, Uparasa Bhava Prakash 261 Dhatu varga, Uparasa All Rasa sastra texts Uparasa varga

Table No 16 : Types of Gandhaka according to Rasa Classics.

Sl No Types RRS262 RA263 AP264 YR265 RPS266 R.Chu267

1. Shukapichchanibha (Pita) + + + + + + 2. Sukla (Shweta) + + + + + + 3. Shukachunchanibha

Shukatunda (Rakta) + + + + + +

4. Krishna (Black) + - + + + + Rasarnava explained three types of Gandhaka and remaining others explained four types. Table No .17: Types of Gandhaka, their qualities and uses: 268

Sl. No. Types Quality Uses 1. Shukachunchanibham Sreshta Dhatuvada 2. Shukapichchanibham Madhyama Rasayana Karma 3. Shukla Adhama Loha Marana 4. Krishna Jara Mrutyu Nashana

Grahya Lakshana of Gandhaka 269

The colour of genuine Gandhaka should resemble that of Shukapiccha (tail of

parrot i.e.greenish yellow). Masruna (Smooth), Kathina (Hard),Snigdha( Unctuous).

It should be having the luster of Kapikacchu beeja and Navanita (soft to touch). For

Rasayanartha and Loha Vadartha, Amalasara Gandhaka is used (it should be

translucent like the fruits of Amalaki).

Pharmaco-therapeutic properties : 270

Rasa : Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.

Guna : Sara.

Veerya : Ushna.

Vipaka : Katu, Madhura. 271

Karma :Deepana, Pachana, Shoshana, Krimihara, Rasayana,

Vishaghna, Bala- veerya vardhaka, Sootendra veerya prada.

Doshaghnata : Kaphavatahara.

Drug Review


Rogaghnata : Kandu, Kushta, Twakdosha, Aamadosha, Krimidosha, Pleeharoga,

Kshaya, Jwara, Netraroga etc

Table No. 18 : Toxic effect of Ashodhitha Gandhaka 272,273,274,275,276,277,278

Diseases BP RSS YR BR BRRS RJN RT Tapa + + + + + + + Kusta + + + + + + - Bhrama - + + + + + + Pitta disorders - + - + + + - Ropa hani, Balahani, Viryahani

+ + + + + + +

Raktaja vyadi - - - - - - + Prabha hani - - - - - - +

SHODHANA

Different Acharyas have mentioned different procedures of Gandhaka Shodhana.

GANDHAKA SHODHANA

There are number of different procedures for Gandhaka Shodana. Few are as follows.

1) Ghee is taken in an iron vessel and heated. Equal quantity of powdered Gandhaka

is added to it. When it melts, it is poured in to the milk. Then this Gandhaka is taken

out and used in all kinds of diseases279

2)The pot which contains Gandhaka and milk is subjected to Swedana for one Ghati.

Gandhaka is taken out from the milk and washed thoroughly in hot water to remove

the fatty substances280.

It is very simplified process, and is advised to pour melted Gandhaka in the milk

through cloth.

3) A vessel containing adequate amount of milk (So that all the Gandhaka can be

immersed in it) is taken and white thin cloth is covered on its mouth and tied. In an

iron ladle or a vessel equal amount of ghee is added to it and heated on mild fire.

When Ghee melts, powdered Gandhaka is added. When Gandhaka melts, it is poured

in a vessel containing milk through cloth281.

4) Sarshapa, Tila or Kusmanda taila is taken in a vessel and heated. Then equal to tail

Gandhaka powder is added and heated on mild fire. When Gandhaka melts it is

poured in a vessel containing milk. After self cooling, Gandhaka is removed and

washed with hot water282

Drug Review


5) Four Pala Gandhaka powder is kept in Damaru yantra. Then it is heated on

moderate fire for 4 Prahara. After self cooling, yantra is opened, Gandhaka collected

in the upper pot is separated and stored283.

6) A vessel containing milk and small quantity of ghee is taken. The mouth of the

vessel is covered with a cloth and tied. The powdered Gandhaka is then spread over

this cloth and covered with an earthen Sharava; and sealed air tight. This vessel, then

kept inside a pit (up to neck) in the earth. Cow dung cakes are spread over the Sharava

and ignited. Gandhaka liquefies and collects in the vessel containing milk. This

purified Gandhaka is used for various preparations284

Here in all procedures, in place of Godugdha, Bringaraja swarasa can also be taken.

Effects of Shodhana on Gandhaka 285

1. Physical impurities like grains of stone, sand, mud etc remains on the cloth.

2. Toxins of chemical impurities which are fat soluble will be neutralized by

Ghee and milk.

Table No.19 : Rogaghnata of Sodhita Gandhaka

Diesease RRS286 RSS 287 BR288 BRRS 289 RJN290 RT 291 Kusta + + + + + + Jwara - + + - - - Agnivardaka + + + + + + Verya vardaka + + + + + + Mrutyunashaka - + + - - - Kandu + - - + + - Visarpa + - - + + - Dadru + - - + + + Pachaka + - - + + + Amanasha + - - + + - Vishahara + - - + + + Krimihara + - - + + +

Dose of Gandhaka292 =1-8 Ratti.

Pathya Apathya: 293

Pathya- Jangala Prani mamsa rasa and Aja mamsa.

Apathya- Lavana,amla, shaka, dhanya, sthree sevana,vruksharohana and yana.

Kshara, Amla, oil, fermented liquids, fried and roasted food stuff and pulses of all

kinds294.

Ashuddha Gandhaka Bhakshana Vikara Shanti295.

Drug Review


This can be done by taking ksheera with ghee.

Drug Review


Gandhaka yogas296

Kajjali Rasa Sindoora Rasa Parpati

Loha Parpati Samira Pannaga Rasa Grahani Kapata Rasa.

Gandhaka Vati Mahajvarankusha Rasa. Makardwaja

SULPHUR

The name Sulphur is derived from the Sanskrit word “Sulveret” through the

Latin “Sulphurium”. Sulphur is a non metal which exists as a yellow solid at ordinary

temperatures. It is estimated as 9th most abundant element. . The Bible refers to be as

“Brimstone” meaning “Burvaing Stone”. Antony lavoiser placed it among the

elements in 1777, which was regarded as “principle” of fire”.

Sulphur crystals are common but also available in granular, fibrous, earthy , powdery

or stalactitic masses.

Practically pure sulphur may contain traces of Solanium, Tellurium and Arsenic,

Sometimes mixed with Bitumin and Clay.

Sulphur occurs in nature as a lemon coloured powder, as spherical or globular masses

and in crystals.Its colour varies from yellow to yellowish brown, greenish, grey etc.

According to character and amount of impurities it contains.297

Occurrence: 298

It occurs in the Free State and in combined state.

1. In free state: Large deposits of sulphur occur native in volcanic regions of Sicily,

Texas, Japan and Russia

2. In the combined state: Sulphur occurs as sulphides and sulphates of metals. Coal

and crude petroleum contain traces of sulphur.

Lrage deposits occur in sedimentary rocks and are generally the result of the reduction

of sulphate minerals notably Gypsum.

Natural sources are:-

♦ Zinc blende : ZnS

♦ Galena : PbS

♦ Copper pyrites : CuFeS2

♦ Iron pyrites : FeS2

♦ Gypsum : CaSO4. 2H2O

Drug Review


Details about Sulphur

Name, symbol, number : Sulfur, S, 16

Element category : Nonmetals

Group, Period, Block : 16, 3, p

Appearance : Lemon yellow crystals.

Standard atomic weight : 32.065(5)g·mol−1

Physical properties:-

Phase : solid

Liquid density at m.p. : 1.819 g·cm−3

Melting point : 388.36 K (115.21 °C, 239.38 °F)

Boiling point : 717.8 K (444.6 °C, 832.3 °F)

Atomic properties: -

Crystal structure : Orthorhombic

Oxidation states : 6, 4, 2, 1 [1], -2 (Strongly acidic oxide)

Physical properties :

It is yellow solid with no taste & odour it is freely soluble in carbon disulphide (CS2).

- Insoluble in water & sparingly soluble in Alcohol & ether.

- Burns with Blue flame.

- It is non conductor of heat.

Chemical properties :

1) Burns in oxygen giving Sulphur dioxide

S + O2 SO2

2) Combines directly with carbon, Phosphorus, Arsenic and many metals at

high temperature giving Corresponding sulphides.

C + 2S CS2

P4 + 10S 2 P2S5

Fe + S Fes.

3) Reacts with steam when passed though boiling sulphur.

3S + 2H2O 2 H2S + SO2

Therapeutic use299: When taken orally, Sulphur is converted in the small intestine in

to alkali sulphides, thereby they attain irritant action and produce a mild laxative

effect in 10-12 hours.

Drug Review


• It stimulates secreting organs like skin, bronchial mucus membrane.

• In larger doses it acts as purgative.

• Externally it is used in the treatment of various parasitic skin diseases such as

Scabies, Ringworm and pediculosis

Biological importance of Sulphur: 300

♦ Sulphur makes up 0.25% of our body weight, meaning that an average adult

human body contains around 170gms of sulphur, of which most occurs in the

amino acids, cytokine, cystine, and methionine.

♦ Sulphur is involved in the formation of bile acids, which are essential for fat

digestion and absorption. It also helps to keep skin, hair and nails healthy.

♦ Deficiency of sulphur is linked to the skin disorder eczema and also imperfect

development of hairs and nails.

♦ Sulphur when taken internally it converts into alkali sulphides in small intestine.

Which by their irritant action produce a mild laxative effect.Sulphur containing

foods are vegetables Radishes, Carrots, Cabbage, Milk,Products (Cheese),

seafood and meat protein

REVIEW OF ASSOCIATE DRUGS

Kooshmanda, Choornodaka, Jambeera, Nimbu, Godugdha are used for the purpose of

Shodhana and Bhavana in Present study. Hence reviewed vide infra.

KOOSHMANDA

Kushmanda Swarasa was used for the Shodhana of Haratala in present study.

Derivation: 301

Kunasti ushma beejeshu yasya sa.

Means seeds are not of ushna veerya (not in hot potency)

Latin Name : Benincasa hispida, Gava

Family : Cucurbitaceae

Range : Tropical Asia

Common name: Wax gourd, ash gourd

Synonym:

Pushpaphala: Ovary is inferior or plant under vanaspatya301

Peetapushpa: Flowers are Yellow 302

Brihat phala: Fruits are big in size301

Drug Review


Somaka : Fruits are of sheeta veerya

Sthira phala: Fruits last for long period. 302

Valliphala: Fruits of creeper nature

Distribution: 301

It is distributed all over India

Description: 303

Leaves are large 4-6 inch diameter, flowers are monoecious or dioecious,

yellow or white solitary paniculate or racemose, fruit is large, cylindrical 1-1 ½ feet

long, broad, not ribbed, hairy, ultimately covered with waxy bloom, having white

pericarp and mesocarp (Phala Majja). Seeds are flat and white coloured. Annual

growing is up to 6m.The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils.

Parts used: 304 Seeds, fruits and fruit juice

Types:

According to different author it is of two types:

Kushmandi

2. Kushmanda 305

Kushmanda (bala)

2. Sheerna vrintha Kushmanda( samyak pakwa) 306

Rasataranginikara mentions about Kushmandadi gana. It consists of Tulasi,

Shatapushpa, Lavanga, Vatsanabha, Tanduliya, Mulaka, laksha wherein it is used to

pacify the doshas occurred in amurchita parada.307

Chemical Composition :

Fruit contains cucurbitine alkali, an acrid resin, proteids, myosin, vitellin and

4% sugar. Seeds contain fixed oil, resinous substance, phytostearin and salicylic acid,

fatty oils and sterols.308

Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties 309

Rasa : Madhura

Guna : Laghu, Snigdha

Virya : Sheeta(bala), ushna (pakwa)

Vipaka : Madhura

Prabhava : Medhya

Karma : Hridya, Brimhana, Vrushya, deepana, Basti shodhaka.

Doshaghnata : Pittaghna (bala), pittakara(pakwa)

Drug Review


Qualities and actions of Kushmanda differ according to its ripening.

Action:

Fruits are nutritive, Tonic, Diuretic and styptic. 310

Dose311:

Fruit pulp: 10-20gms

Fruit juice: 50-100ml

Beeja churna: 3-6gms

Taila: 5-10ml

Fresh fruit composition: (per 100gm of fruit) 312

13calories/100gm , Water-96.1%, Protein-0.4, Fat-0.2gm, Carbohydrate- 3gm, Ash-

0.3gm, Fibre-0.5gm.

Minerals (per 100gms of fruit)

Calcium-19mg, Phosphorous-19mg, Iron-0.4mg, Sodium-6mg, Potassium-

111mg, Magnesium-0mg, Zinc- 0mg.

Vitamins-

B1-4mg, B2-0.11, Niacin-0.4mg, C-13mg.

Uses:

Fresh fruit juice is administered in haemoptysis and seeds are good

taeneacides. Fruit and fruit juice used in Avaleha preparation. Sharangadhara

explains Kushmanda swarasa as an antidote for kodrava mada. Fruit, seeds, seed oil is

used in mental disorders, dysuria, urinary calculi, debility, tuberculosis, fever, burning

sensation, psychosis, cough, abdominal disorders313.

Recent research showed that fruit contains anti-cancer terpenes, anti-

histamines, anti cholinergic effects. Also the fruit juice is said to be anti-ulcerogenic.

A chronic toxicity study carried out for about three months has revealed that no

deleterious effect of fresh juice of benincasa hispida on various bio chemical

parameters studied. (AIMS, Delhi) 314

Isolated constituents of Benincasa hispida reported are triterpenes, sterols and

glycoside and volatile oils. Methanol extract is one of the most important among

them, which has been shown to exert mast cell stabilizing effect, nephro protective

activity against mercury poisoning. (Indian journal of pharmacology) 315

Drug Review


CHOORNODAKA Churna comes under the Shuklavargeeya dravyas.

Synomyns - Choorna,Choornakachoorna, Sudha, Soudhavilepana, Shilakshara316.

English Name- Lime Water317

Hind - Cuna.

Preparation:

The filtrate obtained by mixing 2 ratti (250mg) of choorna or sudha with 5

tola (60 ml) water, kept for 3 yama (9 hrs) is called as Choornodaka or sudhodaka318.

Preservation319:

• It should be preserved in green glass bottle, because kshaya of guna & aushada

in choornodaka takes place on exposure to sunrays.

• Lime water prepared by adding two ounces (56.68 gms) of slaked lime to a

gallon of water & decanting off the supernatant clear fluid after the whole

mixture has been allowed to stand for a time.

Properties: Krimihara, Atisarahara, Amlapitta shamaka, dugdhapachaka,Udarashula

and Grahani.

Dose: For 1 year baby : 30drops-60 drops

For adults : 2 tola

Therapeutic Uses:

As an external application in scorpion bite with Navasagara.

As an antidote for malla visha.

CHOORNODAKA MODERN VIEW

Calcii Hydroxidum Calc. Hydrox Ca(OH)2320

Source : Freshly prepared by the action of water on lime.

Character: A soft, white alkaline, slightly bitter.

Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.

Incompatibles: Minerals Acids and Metallic Salts

Preparation:Liquor calcii Hydroxidi (Lime water) 0.15% W/V of calcium hydroxide.

Absorbs CO2 from the air and forms a film of calcium carbonate on the surface.

Pharmacology:

Externally – Caustic, astringent & sedative.

Internally - Good Antacid & antidote for mineral acids poisoning.

Drug Review


Nimbuka: 321, 322

It is an important dravya of amla varga. In Rasa classics, it is explained for shodhana

and Marana of various metals and minerals.

Gana: Kula: Jambira Kula

Charak: Phalavarga, Amla varga

Sushrutha: Phalavarga

Family: Rutaceae

Vagbhata: Phalavarga

Botanical name: Citrus Acida

Vernacular names:

Sanskrit – Nimbuka English – Lime

Hindi – Nimbu Kannada – Limbay

Telugu – Nimmapandu, Tamil – Elumichhai

Marathi - Limbu

Synonyms:

Amlajambira Dantaghna

Jantumari Shodhana

Amlasara Jambira

Nimbuka Rochana

Habit: Medium sized bushy shrub or tree

Leaves: Leaflets oblong, elliptic, racemes short

Flowers: Small, petals usually four.

Fruit: Usually small. Globose or ovoid, rind thick or thin, Pulp pale, very acidic

Habitat: It is available throughout India

Useful part: Fruit, Twak, and Patra

Pharmaco- therapeutic properties:

Guna –Laghu, Tikshna

Rasa – Amla

Vipaka- Madhura

Veerya – Ushna

Doshaghnata - Kaphavatashamaka, Pittavardhaka

Drug Review


Karma- Deepana, Rochaka, Anulomana, Pachaka, Krimighna

Rogaghnata- Agnimandya, Trishna, Udarashoola, Chardi, Aruchi, Vibandha, Kasa,

Shwasa, Krimi.

Chemical Composition:

Lemon juice contains citric acid 7-10%, Phosphoric and malic acids. Citrates of

potassium and other bases. Sugar, Mucilage, and Ashes. Cellulose, Vitamin –A,

Vitamin-C, Citrine 76%, Citrol 7-8% and Sulphuric acid.

GODUGDHA 323

In the present study, Gandhaka shodhana is done with cow’s milk, hence the review

of the same is done vide infra.

Godugdha is included under gorasa varga.

Properties:

Rasa : Madhura

Guna : Guru, Mridu, Snigdha, Bahala, Picchila, Shlakshna,

Manda, Prasanna.

Veerya : Sheeta,

Karma : Jeevaneeya, Brumhaneeya, Rasayana, Ojo Vriddhikara,

sVrushya, Balya

Rogaghnatha : Pandu, Gulma, Shosha, Udara, Shwasa, Kasa etc.

Pharmacological properties:

Milk is generally Medhya, Rasayana, Vrishya, Vata Pittaghna, Dhatu

vardhaka, Balya, Shramahara, Jeevana.

It is indicated in Rakthapitta, Trishna, Kshata, Ksheena, Shwasa, Kasa,

Panduroga, Gulma, Udara, Athisara, Jwara, Daha, Shotha, Yonirogas,

Bhrama, useful in Gudavikaras.

It is considered as shreshta pathya and useful in nasya, alepa, avagaha,

vamana, asthapana, virechana and snehanartha.

MODERN VIEW:

Cow’s milk is an opaque, white or yellowish white emulsive, faintly alkaline fluid, a

little more viscous than water with specific gravity in between 1.027 to 1.037324.

Drug Review


Physical properties: Cows milk is an opaque, white or yellowish white, emulsive,

faintly alkaline fluid, a little more viscous than water; taste is sweet and bland, odour

faint and peculiar; kept for a long time it ferments. Specific gravity is between 1.027-

1.034 and the milk with the higher fat content having a lower specific gravity. The

yellowish white color of the milk is due to the suspended fat globules325.

Constituents326- Milk contains Vitamins which are Nature’s antidote to rickets,

scurvy and other results of defective nutrition. It contains a large proportion of

Calcium phosphate, important salts required for the formation of bone and also for the

proper coagulibility of the blood. The other mineral constituents of the cow’s milk are

Potassium and Magnesium phosphates, Sodium chloride and trace of phosphate of

iron. And mineral salts as compounds of calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus,

iron, Sulphur and chlorine. The composition of the milk especially fat and some

extent of protein content vary from time to time.

In cows milk protein is present in the form of casein in combination with the

calcium and is in the form of colloidal particles which can be seen with the ultra-

microscope. The other protein constituents are Lactalbumin and lactoglobulin.

Table No. 20: Constituents of milk

Action: - Milk is generally considered as cooling, nutritive, strengthening and

vitalizing, also demulcent and emollient. Milk is the vital fluid food of the class of the

animal of which it is the product.

In Ayurveda, properties of the cow’s milk according to the colour of the skin are

mentioned as follows-1) Milk of black cow- very wholesome and good in ‘Vata’

vikaras. 2) Milk of yellow cow- good in ‘Vata’ and ‘Pitta’ vikara. 3) Milk of white

cow- Heavy of digestion and deranges ‘Kapha’. 4) Milk of red or speckled cows-

Good in ‘Vata’ vikara. 5) Milk of small hill cows - more snigdha and heavy of

Components Breast milk Cows milk Buffalo’s milk Salt 0.1 0.5 0.7 Fat 3 3.5 6.0 Not fat 8 8.0 10.5 Casein 0.4 2.8 _ Lactalbumin 1.1 0.7 _ Sugar 6.5 4.5 _ Total solids 11.1 12 17.2 Water 88.9 88 82.8

Drug Review


digestion. 6) Milk of scanty eater cows – heavy, increases ‘Kapha’, is rasayana.7)

Milk of cows calves – good 8) Milk of cows without calves – Not good.9) Milk of

cows calved long ago – Rasayana and ‘Tridoshaghna’.

JAMBIRA

It is an important Dravya of Amla Varga. In Rasa Classics, it is explained for

Shodhana and Marana of various Metals and Minerals.

Latin Name: Citrus lemon, citrus acida or medica Family: Rutaceae

Vernacular name327,328:

Samskrit- Jambira English- Acid lime, Sour lime of India

Hindi- Jambir, Nimbu Panjabi and Gujarati- Limbu

Telagu- Nimmapandu Tamil- Elumicchai.

Kannada - Nimbe

Classical categorization329 Phala Varga, Amla Varga.

Introduction- The term Nimbuka was not traceable in the Vedic literature as well as

in the Samhitas. However Jambira is mentioned in the Atharva Parishistha. Among

the Brihatrayi, Sushruta only denoted the synonym Jambira under Phala Varga.

Dantashata is the common name used by Brihatrayi. It is more described in the

Rasa Shastra texts and in the Nighantus.

Habitate- cultivated or grown in U.P. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.

Found wild in the north-west regions of India up to 1300 m.

Synonyms:

Amla Jambira Jantumari Amalasara Nimbuka Dantaghna

Rochana Jambira Shodhana Dantashata

Description- A straggling, bushy, small tree, 3-4 m. high, with thorny branches.

Leaves- Ovate, petiole marinated or winged. Flowers- small, white or pinkish, sweet-

scented. Fruit- oblong or ovoid usually with a nippy shaped extremely, bright yellow,

rind thick; pulp acid, pale yellow.

Constituents- Lemon juice contains citric acid 7-10 p.c, phosphoric and malic acids,

also citrates of potassium and other bases, sugar, mucilage and acids.

Drug Review


The mineral contents of 100ml of lemon juice contains,Calcium-7 mg,

Magnesium-6mg, Phosphorus-6mg, Potassium-124mg, Zinc -0.05mg, Copper-

0.029mg, Iron-0.03mg, Manganese-0.008mg, Sodium-1mg,Selenium-0.1microg.

Effect of Temperature on Citric acid:

In chemical structure, citric acid shares the properties of other carboxylic acids. When

heated above 175°C, it decomposes through the loss of carbon dioxide and water.

Citric acid leaves a white crystalline precipitate.

Table No. 21: Analysis of citrus acida varieties328:

Kagdi lemon p.c

Sour lime p.c

Sind lime p.c

Long lime p.c

Moisture 77.50 76.00 86.05 84.57 Juice 57.60 56.80 39.73 51.82 On juice Reducing sugars 0.20 0.18 0.86 Traces Non- reducing 0.24 0.18 0.52 Nil Total sugars 0.49 0.36 1.38 Acidity( in gms citric acid and in gms sulphuric acid)

7.50 & 5.25 7.74 & 5.42

10.70 &7.50

10.88 & 7.62

Action- Fruit is refrigerant, its juice is antiscorbutic, due to the presence of citric acid;

pulp is acid and bitter. Juice taken internally enters the blood as alkaline citrate,

potassium salt phosphoric acid. Citrates are partly oxidized in to carbonic acid and

water. Potassium salts and phosphoric acid act up on the red corpuscles.

Useful parts Phala, Twak and Patra.

Pharmacological and Therapeutic Properties

Rasa : Amla

Guna : Guru, Tikshna

Virya : Ushna

Vipaka : Amla

Karma : Deepana, Rochaka, Anulomana, Pachaka, Krimighna

Dosha : Kapha Vata shamaka, Pittavardhaka

Vyadhi Prabhava : Agni Mandya, Trishna, Udarashoola, Chardi,

Aruchi, Vibandha, Kasa, Shwasa and Krimi roga.

Phrmaceutical Review


PHARMACEUTICAL REVIEW SHODHANA 330:

“Shodhayati iti” (Shudh +nich+pluth)

That which purifies, cleanses and makes Pure.

Need for Shodhana 331:

Just like a cloth that cannot be coloured until it is washed or cleansed. In the same

way the process of purification is a must in case of raw drugs.

Shodhana 332,333,334

is the pharmaceutical procedure in which all the drugs of origin from

metals,minerals, animals and herbs are subjected, before subjecting them to Marana.

The literal meaning of shodhana is purification. But in Rasashastra, shodhana

is not merely purification, but is a samskara, which essentially brings out

modifications or alterations in properties along with purification.

Historical Background:

Bruhathrayis do not mention about the special methods of shodhana of metals

and minerals. It is only in the golden era of Rasashastra and Nighantu period dealt

elaborate description of shodhana of minerals and metals as well as herbal drugs

specifically.

Most of the raw materials in Rasashastra are native from earth. But,now a day

some of the Rasadravyas are artificiall prepared. So shodhana is indicated to eliminate

all such toxic qualities, induce and enhance certain special qualities which are

essential for the easy assimilation of the material in the living body.

Definition:

“Shodhanam karma vijneyam dravya dosha nivaaranam”

The process which eliminates the blemishes is called shodhana 335.

“Uddhishtairoushadhaihi saardham kriyate peshanaadikam

Mala vichchittaye yattu shodhanam thadihochyate”

When a substance is subjected to trituration etc with required medicine for

removal of unwanted materials or impurities is known as shodhana. 336



Objectives of Shodhana:

♦ To make metallic substances suitable for Marana.

♦ To remove Physical and Chemical impurities & Regulation of

Physicochemical attributes.

♦ Separation of admixtures & Elimination of harmful matters from the drug.

♦ Metals are made free from blemishes.

♦ Reduce or minimize toxic effect.

♦ Make metal or mineral soft and brittle.

♦ Reduction in particle size.

♦ Transformation of attributes or imbue organic qualities to inorganic

Substances.

♦ Conversion of some of the characteristics of the drug to different stage.

♦ Enhancement of therapeutic action.

♦ Conversion of drugs from heterogeneous state to homogenous state.

Types of shodhana:

1. Samanya shodhana. 2. Vishesha shodhana.

Samanya shodhana:

This process eliminates general impurities of metals and minerals and converts them

into powder, which is essential for further process.

Ex: Samanya shodhana of dhatus by repeatedly quenching in various liquid media.

Vishesha shodhana:

It is done specifically for a particular drug with the view of purifying it with the help

of particular or specific shodhana material as well as procedure.

Ex: Swedana of Haratala in Kushmanda Swarasa by Dolayantra method

Various methods of Shodhana:

Various methods of shodhana are mentioned in Rasa classics. Viz 1) Swedana. 8) Galana.

2) Mardana. 9) Prakshalana

3) Murchana. 10) Bhavana

4) Patana. 11) Shoshana



5) Avapa. 12) Bharjana

6) Nirvapa. 13) Samyoga.

7) Dhalana. 14) Vibhaga.

The concept: The raw drugs generally possess lot of impurities which are visible or invisible of

toxic substances in nature and with heterogeneous qualities which are unwanted in

therapeutic use.

So many Rasagranthas suggest the process of purification of metals and minerals

before administration in the therapeutic use for alchemical purpose.

The meanings of shodhana can be 337

To Clean To Dehydrate To Distil To Polish To Purify

To Peel To De husk To Clarify To Filter To Wash

SWEDANA:

Definition:,

“Gharmodhgama roopa upakramam” 338

“Samskaram mala shithila aapaadanaarthanam” 339

The word ‘Swedana’ literally means causing to perspire, the act of sweating or

perspiring.

Boiling the drug by suspending in liquids (bathing) i.e. acids or alkalis or any

medicines, decoctions with the help of Dolayantra (a special apparatus for boiling) is

known as Swedana.340

“Kshaaramlairoushadhairvaapi dola yantre sthitasya hi

Pachanam swedanaakhyam syanmalashaithilyakarakam”

Uses:

♦ Impurities soluble in acid or alkali are eliminated.

♦ Mala shaithilyata.

Applied aspect:

According to media used for Swedana, acidic, alkaline, volatile impurities get

eliminated. During the process of heating, chemical reactions may take place and the

principal material may get converted into certain compound form..



BHARJANA:

There is no direct or indirect definition of Bharjana found in Rasa texts

Nirukti –

The word Bharjana has derived from Bhruj dhatu and Lyut pratyaya which means

Bhrusta which has got the meaning jala prasekam vina pakwah(cooked without using

any liquid media) 341

Bharjana is refered to roasting, burning, or the act of frying. Pacanah pachyte anena

iti.(0ne which cooks) 342

Paka : Pach + ghanch = pacanam, pacha, randhanam.(0ne which cooks)

BHAVANA:

In the present study, Bhavana method is adopted in the preparation of Vimala

bhasma before subjecting them to further putas.

Literally, the word ‘Bhavana’ denotes saturating any powder with fluid “Steeping”,

“infusion”, “Feathering”, “Promoting”343

Bhavana is defined as the process by which drugs which has to undergo Bhavana is

powdered and triturated with suitable liquids like Kashaya, Swarasa etc., till it gets

dried up.344

The quantity of Drava dravya should be sufficient to mix the powder to be

triturated.345

Bhavana has various definitions throughout the texts, varying on the amount of liquid

used and the time required to be allocated for the same. They are as follows:

On the Amount of Liquid :

♦ Volumetrically or gravimetrically equal to the amount of solid to be levigated.

♦ Volumetrically so much so that the solid material can be immersed

completely.

♦ Volumetrically so much so that the solid material can be looses enough to the

consistency of dough.



♦ In case where the liquid is supposed to be the decoction of some herb, the

amount of that dry herb is equal to the amount of material to be levigated,

eight parts water added to it and reduced to one eighth by boiling. The whole

of this liquid is then to be digested in the material by levigation.

♦ Till the whole of the liquid is digested, and the dough can be turned into

Chakrika.

On the Subjective Signs

♦ Till the whole of the liquid is digested and the material gains back its

powdered state.

On the Period Consumed

♦ Adding the liquid to the solid material and allowing it to stay the whole day

and the whole night this being continued for whole seven days and seven

nights. During the period if the liquid evaporates, it is indicated that it be

added in the same way as earlier.

CONCEPT OF MARANA :

Derivation: Marana – Root ‘MRN’ – means Himsayam, to kill 346

According to Shabdakalpadrum it means - Marayate, Nasyate, Bhasmikriyate.

i.e. Killing, Ruining and converting into ashes.

The reason may be by the process of marana the metal or non-metal or

compound that is processed dies i.e. burnt to ashes called bhasma and from the ashes,

the parent substance cannot be reformed at any costs. This marana word was used in

tantrika practice to the rituals performed to kill someone. This non – reduction ability

of a bhasma to its parent substance is a mandatory and essential condition to call

anything a bhasma.

Historical Review:

We don’t find the word ‘ Marana’ in samhita period but the process similarity

is available. Acharya Susruta in chikitsasthana says the use of ‘Ayaskriti’347. Astang

sangrahakara used the powders of metals and mentions andhamusha (closed crucible)

for the preparation of Anjana (Collyrium)348.



Definition:

Yadavj Trikamji acharya in dravya guna vignayan – Paribhasha prakarana says ‘The

process by which conversion of purified metals and minerals into bhasma after

subjecting them to triturating with juice and then heat is called Marana’.

Lohanam Maranam Shrestam Sarvesham Rasabhasamana

Mulibhi madyam praha kanistam gandhakdibhihi | 349

Rasa ratna sammuchayakara quotes opinion for gradation of process of marana

which clear cut indicates regarding the influence of media in the preparation of

bhasma.

Significance of Marana process:

♦ Hard substances are converted into powder form.

♦ Use of reducing agents for final product to be assimeble form.

♦ Elimination of unwanted substances with high temperatures.

♦ Uses as catalyst agents for therapeutic value.

♦ Conversion of qualities of nirindriya dravya to sendriya dravyas.

♦ Achievement of qualities like laghuta etc., to final product & achieving

rasibhava (Absorbable) form.

CONCEPT OF PUTA:

The name denotes that material is to be heated in a “Puta” i.e. Sharava Smputa.

When the materials triturated in a juice or decoction of various plants, are given

different degrees of heat with the fire of cowdung cakes, it is called puta. This process

of puta paka (heating) produces extraordinary qualities of marana (incineration).

To get samyak pakwa bhasma wiyhout nyoona or adhika paka of different drugs

different kinds of putas have been explained. 350

Eg. : Niruthatwa (non – returning into original metal state), Varitaratwa (floating on

water), Deepana (appetizing) etc., on the materials.



The amount of heat to be given was defined in ancient texts by means of

specific design arrangement of cowdung cakes on the surface of earth or in the pit

(specially constructed for burning dried cowdung cakes).

Various puta’s are described as Mahaputa, Gajaputa, Varaha puta, Kukkuta puta,

lawaka puta, kapota puta,this gradation gives specific quantum of heat to the

substances so that they become more finer & finer.

Purpose behind puta process:

Putat gravno laghutwam ca Sheegra vyaptischa deepanam | 351

- Achieves chemical nature of the material changes.

- Colour changes

- Virtues like easy digestion, quick absorption & assimilation, in human body, stimulating digestive power (deepana) gets developed.

In the present study Vimala Marana is done with Gajaputa. so Gajaputa is

discussed below.

Gajaputa: It is most commonly used in the preparation of different

Bhasmas. This is the second biggest among all the putas, it is smaller than

Mahaputa.

Synonyms of Gajaputa: Dhruda puta, Kunjara puta and Mahisha puta.

Size and shape: As per the Vagbhatacharya of Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya,

prepare a square pit having a length, breadth and depth of one Raja hasta

pramana352. (30 Angulas) Rasa Tarangni has mentioned the size of Gajaputa as

Nrupakara hasta 353 in place of Rajahasta. i.e., (30 Angulas). As per Rasa

Prakasha Sudhakara the size of Gajaputa should be 1¼ hasta, of length,

breadth and depth and the number of Vanopalas to be used are 1000.

According to some expertise personalities of Rasashastra, One Gaja means

Sapada hasta.

As per the text of Rasarnava the measurement of Gaja puta’s pit should be one

Gaja pramana. 354



According to the Ayurvedic formulary of India, the size of Gaja puta should

be 90 cms. 355

But in the present study, the measurement of Gaja puta pit was taken as per the

classical reference of “Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya” i.e. One Raj hasta pramana

(30 Angulas = 58.5 cms).

Fuel:

There is no specific indication about the number of Vanopalas to be used in

Gaja puta in any of the authentic texts of Rasashastra. But only one reference

is found in “Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara” that 1000 Vanopalas are to be used in

Gaja Puta. 356

Acharya Dattatreya Anatha Kulakarni commentator of Rasa Ratna

Samuchhaya has mentioned that the Vanopalas should be filled up to the

Kantha Bhaga and then sharava samputa is kept over it and remaining part

is filled with half the number of the previously placed Vanopalas.

Rest of the Acharyas told that the pit should be

filled with cow dung cakes up to its Kantha bhaga / neck or 2/3rd of pit,

sharava is kept over it and 1/3rd of the cowdungs should be filled to cover

the sharava.

Achievements from Puta 357 1. Apunarbhava - Inability to attain original form

2. Gunadhikya - Potentiation

3. Agrata - Followed by many other qualities

4. Anapsu Majjanam - Unsinkable in water

5. Rekhaparnata - Occupying the inter ridge spaces of the finger pad skin

6. Laghuta - Lighteness

7. Sighravyapti - Spreading and occupying very rapidly

8. Dipanam - Increasing the appetite

9. Loha exposed to Puta is even more potent than Jarita Parada.

10. Curnatva - by penetration of external heat into the metal and breaking the

metal to a powdered state.



CONCEPT OF BHASMA:

The word ‘Bhasma is formed from the words ‘bhas’ which means shine or

luster. The suffix ‘Sma’ 358 indicates past tense. So the entire term ‘bhasma’ means

‘Shining in the past’ or “one which has loosen the luster”.

The prime aim of converting minerals or metals into suitable form for their

effective absorption is due to the fact that pre – requisite for eliciting any

pharmacodynamic response by any substance on the human system, is its absorption

in the system. After the marana process metals or minerals elements get transformed

into organometalic compounds which are easily assimable in the biological system.

Purpose behind this preparation of Bhasma.

To make metals and other mineral substances useful for mankind

therapeutically.

To reduce or destroy their toxic effect if any.

To convert them into organo – metallic compounds which are acceptable by

the body.

The fineness of final product ensures easy absorption.

To plot or enhance required virtues in the substance, in the specific action on

human system

To make stabilized form of the material.

Properties of bhasma :

Very fine therefore easy for absorption & assimilation.

Thus giving quick action.

This fact reduces the amount of dose to be administered.

Properties of curing many diseases are developed when this prakriya is done in

combination with mercury.



Unlikely taste of the material is lost during the process so appreciated by the

patients.

Parameters for assessment of Bhasma: The Bhasmas are mainly examined in terms of physical test and chemical test.

The tests mentioned below are applicable totally or partially to the Bhasmas of

different drugs. All the tests are not applicable to all Bhasmas; selected tests

are applicable to particular Bhasmas. In the present study Vimala bhasma are

subjected to tests Viz Rekha purnatva, BhasmaVarna, Mrudutva and

Slakshanatva tests reviewed vide infra.

Rekha purnatva: When the Bhasma is rubbed between index finger and

thumb, particles of Bhasma enters into the skin furrows, signifies fineness.359

Bhasma Varna: If the colour of prepared Bhasma coincides with that of

textual description it can be considered as one of the signs of properly

prepared Bhasma. The colour of the Bhasmas of the same drug may vary

according to the media used, so this test can be taken as supportive one.

Gata Rasatvam / Niswadu : The properly processed Bhasma attains tasteless

or decrease in taste of basic material. The presence of taste in Bhasma

indicates the imperfectness of Bhasma. This may be due to less heat and the

presence of inorganic substances. 360

Slakshnatvam and Mrudutva: The hard materials convert to soft and smooth

ash form on subjecting to marana process. These qualities can be felt by

simple touch with fingertips.

Varitara - That substance which is Mrta, when floats on water is called

varitara. 361

Uttama - When spread on water and placed on that layer is a comparatively

heavier object, and the object floats like Hamsa, the Mrta substances

Uttama.362

Niruttha - When exposed to heat (equivalent to heat of preparation) along

with silver, it does not 'stick' to silver, meaning does not increase the weight of

silver, the Mruta substance is then Niruttha.363



Nirdhooma - the Bhasma on sprinkling on red hot coal, it does not emit

smoke then it can considered as genuine Bhasma. The emission of smoke

indicates presence of some inorganic substance 364

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Some digital controllers allow RS232 interface and permit the operator to

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The term muffle furnace may also be used to describe another oven

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iron.

2. Insulation (Refractory) Bricks 367 –

Interior chamber constructed from high quality lightweight refractory

(Insulation) bricks, with high alumina content with no asbestos or iron oxide.

Low weight, high solidity and low heat conductivity are the special features of

insulation bricks. The bricks are obtained by a mix of selected clays and

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Features368 – Temperature range - 2000C – 1750

- Excellent Insulating properties

- High mechanical strength

- Structural and dimensional stability

- Minimal creep in compression

- Very light weight.

3. Ceramic fibre blanket 369-



Are flexible, Hi-Alpha Alumina fiber insulation materials, mainly composed

of Al2O3, SiO2, organics and other trace elements. Mainly used in heated furnace

lining. The blanket is 100% fibers with the addition of organic fiber reinforcement.

Both forms have useful properties up to 1600°C. These polycrystalline fiber blankets

offer higher temperature capability, less shrinkage and greater chemical resistance.

Features 370 – Temperature range - 2000C - 16000C

- Low weight,

- High tensile strength

- Low thermal conductivity

- Low shrinkage

- Excellent hot strength.

- Low heat storage.

4. Kanthal A-1 Coils 371–

Kanthal is an alloy of mainly iron, chromium (20–30 %) and aluminium

(4–7.5 %). Kanthal was developed by Hans von Kantzow in Hallstahammar, Sweden.

Its name is derived from Kantzow and Hallstahammar. The alloy is known for its

ability to withstand high temperatures and having intermediate electric resistance. As

such, it is frequently used in heating elements. For heating, resistance wire must be

stable in air when hot. Kanthal wire forms a protective layer of aluminum oxide

(alumina). Aluminium oxide is an electrical insulator but has a relatively high thermal

conductivity; special techniques may be required to make good electrical connections.

Ordinary Kanthal has a melting point of 1,200 °C (2,190 °F). Special grades have a

melting point as high as 1,425 °C (2,597 °F). Kanthal is the name not only of the

alloy, but also of the company manufacturing it. AB Kanthal was founded in 1931 and

is now a part of the Sandvik group.

4. Sharava Samputa

5. Power Switch – Turns main power on and off to furnace.

6. Digital Display – Displays the operating and programmed temperatures, Times

and status condition.

7. Power Light – Illuminate when power is on.



8. Set temperature – The muffle temperature is regulated by adjusting the power

controller to the required power level, necessary to achieve the desired

temperature.

9. Heater switch - Turns the Kanthal A-1coils on and off to furnace. Serves as

an ON/ OFF switch and a proportional electrical power controller. It controls

the power applied to the coils and muffle temperature. When the desire

temperature level raises it automatically switched off. When it comes down it

automatically switched on.

10. Heater Light - Illuminate when Heater is on.

11. Thermocouple – Pyrometer consists of K-type inconel thermocouple or

sensor K-type with inconel S/S sheath; compensating cable or extension wire .

Temperature – Displays the currently programmed temperature and gives the

operator to access and programme the desired value. The temperature LED’S

alternately flash each time when SET TEMP adjusted. When the corresponding

LED is flashing the indicated TEMP can be reviewed and programmed.

Accessories –

Crucible tongs372 – With thermally protected plastic coated handles, with bow curved

tips.

Thermal Gloves – For use with the temperature upto 8000C, made from seamless

terry knit, with double face fibres, high level protection against heat and flame.

Length 36 cm, universally fit.

SPECIFICATIONS –

ELECTRICAL373: Power requirements in watts at nominal line voltage

9 KWatts

Nominal current line voltage 440 V/ Three phase

Maximum Temperature 11000C

Mode of Heating Thru’ Kanthal A1 Heating Element

Mode of Control Insulation Thru’ Digital Temp. Controller

Insulation High Temp. HFK Bricks & Ceramic Fiber Blanket



Door Pull Open Type with Ceramic Rope Batch No. 0963 / 08-09 Year 2009

MECHANICAL:

Furnace : Width (M.S.Body) Length Height

35 inch 35 inch 38 inch

Insulation Chamber with Bricks : Width Length Height

17 inch 17 inch 13 1/2 inch

OPERATIONAL – TEMPERATURE CONTROL374

Temperature Variation (Time) +/- 0 C 0-5 0 C

Temperature Deviation (spatial ) +/- 0 C 0-5 0 C

Readability / Set ability 0 C 10 C

Temperature Range 0 C 26 0 C - 11000 C

Sensor Thermocouple

Controller Solid state digital controller

Display LED

Adjustable alarm Optional

Operating the furnace:

• Manual controller

Set the power controller dial to the desired setting, after allowing the furnace to

heat, observe the temperature indicator, if the desired peak temperature is turn off the

controller and allow for Self-cooling.

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS375 –



The safety precautions listed below. These are intended for safety and the

safe operation of the equipment.



Caution –

⊗ Never operate the furnace with combustible materials above, on top of, or in

close proximity of the furnace.

⊗ Do not use the tongs or other tools to operate the controls.

⊗ Keep the door closed position while not in use.

⊗ Do not use solvents or liquid cleaners on the control panel.

⊗ Do not place hot items removed from the furnace on the top or in front of the

furnace.

⊗ Always turn off the power and remove the line cord from the wall outlet after

its use.

⊗ Always verify that the furnace control is displaying door before attempting to

load, unload or reach into the furnace chamber with any tools or instruments.

Warning –

⊗ This furnace is not designed for hazardous (Class 1, 2 or 3) locations as

defined by the National Electric Code.

⊗ For personal safety the furnace must be grounded. The furnace power cord is

equipped with a three-prong (grounding) plug for use with wall receptacles to

minimize the possibility of electric shock hazard from the furnace.

⊗ The wall receptacles and circuit should be checked by a qualified electrician to

make sure the receptacle is properly grounded.

⊗ The furnace must be connected to a properly sized power circuit with the

correct overcurrent protection for safe and reliable operation.

⊗ As a routine working precaution, always wear safety glasses and protective

gloves when operating, loading and unloading the furnace. In addition, wear

respiratory protection when operating the furnace.

INSTALLATION

1. Immediately on unpacking, tally the supply with the packing list provided, and

also visually check all supply for any signs of damage in transit. Any short supply or

damage should be immediately reported for prompt attention.



2. The equipment should be properly leveled on the resting surface, and proper fixing

and grouting is to be ensured wherever required.

3. Proper 440 Volts power supply is to be ensured for the equipment, as specified.

Proper earthing of the equipment is a must.

4. This way, the heat switch should be adjusted to ensure that the equipment is kept

ON for just enough time such that the attained temperature follows the set

temperature accurately.

5. By operating the PID Controller the temperature can be set to the desired level.

MAINTENANCE

1. Ensure that all the electrical contacts are tight at all times. Take care that water

from anywhere does not enter the electrical components of the system.

2. Ensure that earthling is proper at all times.

3. The Furnace should be preferable wiped clean with a dry cloth. If wet cleaning is

required, wipe with a wet cloth using a soap solution if required, and then wipe

everything dry. Care should be taken that no water enters the heating or other

electrical system.

Review of Other Yantras used in the present study:

Different Yantras have been used for shodhana procedures and associated

works in the present study. They are ,

1) Dola yantra: Dolayantra is used in the present study for Haratala Shodana.

Definition: It is a type of yantra used for the purpose of Swedana, where the pottali

(bundle) containing drug is suspended in a vessel containing liquid like a Dola, hence

the name Dolayantra. .

The Material which has to be subjected for Swedana is wrapped with a piece of cloth,

forming the pottali and this pottali should be hanged through a string from a stick or

rod kept over a pot in such a way that no part of the cloth should touch either the sides

or the bottom of the container. Then the pot should be filled up with the liquid

prescribed for the purpose till it reaches up to half of the level of the pottali. Thus the

lower half of the pottali remains immersed in the liquid. This is called Dolayantra.376





Applied aspect:

The advantage of applying Swedana by the method of Dolayantra is the interaction

takes place between the boiling liquid and the drug material in the pouch, which may

help the drugs softened first and then allowing their soluble impurities to be dissolved

in to the boiling liquids used, so that making the drug free from some of its impurities.

2) Khalva Yantra: Khalva literally means “a mill or stone for grinding drugs” . In

the present study, Khalva yantra is used in pounding the raw drugs, for the Bhavana

of Vimala Bhasmas after one puta, before subjecting them into further puta.

Definition: That which is round shaped, hard and which is made by good quality, that

stone vessel is called as Khalva Yantra.377

Khalvas are of different shapes and sizes, depending upon its utilization. On the basis

of shape, it is of 2 types viz., round and oblong. Depending on the materials used, 4

varieties of Khalvas are there viz. Mrunmaya, Loha, Pashana and Ayaskanta, among

which Ayaskanta is considered as best for Rasakarmas.378 The mortar is commonly

prepared from the stone. The stone should be black or bluish in colour, heavy, hard

and lustous370. That which is made up of iron & kept over fire is called Tapta Khalva

Yantra.

Applied aspect: Pestle and mortar are very commonly used in processing mercury

and other metals. It is the essential yantra used in the preparations of Khalvi

Rasayana’s. It is commonly used for rubbing and pounding the substance to prepare a

powder, as they are made up of inert stone which will not affect the drug substances.

Also used for rubbing, this will help in reduction of particle size and proper mixture

of components of compound drug.

Samputa: In the present study Sharava Samputa is used in marana procedure.

Definition: Samputa is done prior to a puta in which the pellets/ chakrikas are placed

inside the vessels, which are prepared out of different metals, minerals etc., and the

two vessels are sealed with 7 layers of Gopichandana smeared cloth, after drying,

subjecting it to puta.379



Different varieties of Samputas are , Sharava Samputa, Tamra Samputa, Kamsya

Samputa, Kantha Samputa, Loha Samputa, Abhraka patra Samputa, Sutra Samputa,

Lavana Samputa, Surana – Kanda Samputa and Sthali Samputa.380

Applied aspect: Dravya placed inside the Sharava Samputa will undergo incineration

within the closed chamber with minimum or no supply of oxygen. As sharava is made

up of mud, it remains inert and does not react with the dravya inside, even after

heating up to high temperature.

Pyrometer 381: In the present study, pyrometer is used for recording the temperature

of Gajaputa during Marana. Pyrometer consists of K-type inconel thermocouple or sensor

K-type with inconel S/S sheath; compensating cable or extension wire and digital

temperature indicator.

Thermo couples are most commonly used thermometers in practical situations. It is made

up of different combinations of metals and alloys. It consists of a pair of dissimilar electrical

conductors joined at two junctions. One junction is maintained at a reference temperature,

while the other is maintained at the unknown temperature (t). The temperature difference

produces a thermal emf (Electro motive force) which is measured by a potentiometer,

precise digital voltmeter or indicator digital / analog which converts emf to temperature.

Extension wires are made from material having nearly the same thermal emf properties as

the original thermocouple. Digital temperature Indicator is basically an electric device

used to display the temperature by getting emf signal from a thermocouple.

Koorma puta 382

It is explained for Gandhaka shodana, where Gandhaka is kept on cloth covering the

mouth of pot containing milk. It should be covered by sharava and vanopalas kept on

it and ignited. Shodhita Gandhaka is collected from milk in the pot.

Analytical Review


ANALYTICAL REVIEW As it is the era of globalization everything should be explained in universal

language. Though Ayurveda explained much about analysis in its unique fashion, in

present days there is a necessity of understanding a drug based on modern technology

of analysis too. knowledge of these adopted technologies helps in better

understanding and interpretation of the drug. So the Analytical methods adopted in

the present Study and their applications are reviewed as below. So the review of

analytical procedures is carried out vide infra in two major headings.

Conventional Chemical analysis by

♦ Volumetric Methods

♦ Gravimetric methods

Instrumental Methods of Analysis by using

♦ Analytical Instrumentation

The analytical study of Vimala bhasma prepared by Classical puta method and

Horizontal Muffle Furnace is carried out in three steps i.e. physical test, chemical test,

Particle size analysis.

PHYSICAL TESTS

Determination of pH value :383

The pH value of a liquid is determined by means of a glass electrode and a pH

meter. Suitable glass electrode and pH meter of both potentiometer and deflection

type are available.

The pH meter is an electronic digital voltmeter, scaled to read pH directly, and

may range from a comparatively simple hand held instrument, suitable for use is

the filed, to more elaborate bench models, often provided with a scale expansion

facility, with a resolution of 0.001 pH unit and an accuracy of + 0.001 unit.

Mode of operation:

♦ The general procedure adopted for operating pH meter is-Switch on and allow the

instrument to warm up.

♦ If the instrument is equipped with a manual temperature control, take the

temperature of the solutions & set the control to this value. Insert the electrode

Analytical Review


assembly into the same beaker, and if available, set the selector switch of the

instrument and read pH.

♦ Adjust the “Set buffer” control until the meter reading agrees with the known pH

of the buffer solution.

♦ Remove the electrode assembly, rinse in distilled water and place into a small

beaker containing a little of the second buffer solution. If the meter reading

doesn’t agree exactly with the known pH, adjust the slope control with the

required reading is obtained.

♦ Remove the electrode assembly rinse in distilled water, place in the first buffer

solution and confirm that the correct pH reading is shown on the meter.

Application: Determination of total quantity of acid or base in same substances.

PH measurement of blood.

PH measurement of in-aqueous solvents.

Determination of Ash value 384,385

♦ Definition of Ash:

The residue remaining of incineration is the ash content of the drug. It Measures

the amount of carbon-free ash present in a prepared sample which represents the

inorganic salts naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added

to it as a form of adulteration.

♦ Method:

Total ash is designed to measure the total amount of material produced after

complete incineration of the ground drug at as low temperature as possible (about

4500C) to remove all the carbons. 2 to 3gms of the air dried crude drug has to be

accurately weighed in the tared platinum or Silica dish and incinerate at a

temperature not exceeding 4500 C until free from carbon, cool and weigh. If a

carbon free ash cannot be obtained exhaust the charged mass with hot water,

residue to be collected on ash less fitter paper, incinerate the residue and filter

paper until the ash is white or nearly so percentage of ash to be calculated with

reference to the air-dried drug.

♦ Applied aspect:

Controlled incineration of crude results in an ash residue consisting of inorganic

material. The total ash usually consists of carbonates, phosphates, silicates and

Analytical Review


silica. This test can give an indication of the quality and purity of a product, as all

organic material will burn off leaving dirt, silica, etc.

Determination of Acid insoluble ash 384,385:

♦ Definition:

Acid insoluble ash is a part of total ash insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.

♦ Method: The ash has to be boiled with 25 ml of dil. Hydrochloric acid for

5minutes, the insoluble matter to be collected in a Gooch crucible or an ash less

filter paper, wash with hot water and ignite to constant weight. Calculate the

percentage of acid insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.

♦ Applied aspect:

A high value of acid insoluble ash suggests the presence of sand, dust, dirt, stones,

etc. that get mixed during processing or are present in the parent material as

contamination. The higher value indicates inferior quality and low hygiene

standards in the production process.

Determination of Water soluble ash:385

Method:

Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of water; collect the insoluble matter in a

Gooch crucible or on ashless filter paper; wash with hot water, and ignite for 15

minutes at a temperature not exceeding 4500C. Substract the weight of the

insoluble matter from the weight of the ash; the difference in the weight represents

the water soluble ash. Calculate the percentage of water soluble ash with reference

to the air dried drug.

♦ Applied aspect: This acid insoluble ash particularly indicates absorbable

percentage of any drug,

Determination of Loss on drying at 1100C: 386

♦ Method:

Weigh accurately about 2gm of drug in a nickel or silica crucible and dry in an air

over at 1100 till a constant weight is obtained. The difference is the two weighing

gives loss on drying calculate the % of loss on drying.

♦ Applied aspect:

This method is used to measure the amount of water content and other volatile

material in a sample upon drying or heat treatment.

Analytical Review


VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS387:

Definition: Volumetric method is an analysis which consists of determination of

volume of solution of accurately known concentration required to react completely

with the solution of substance to be determined.

Steps in quantitative analysis by volumetric method:

In volumetric method the steps involved in quantitative analysis are selection

of method of analysis, sampling, preparation of Sample solution, eliminating

Interferences, calibration, measurement calculation of results, evaluation of results

and their reliability.

Classification of Volumetric Methods:

Volumetric methods involve the chemical reaction depending upon the type of

reaction involved. Volumetric methods have been classified as follows:

1. Neutralization reactions or acidimetry and alklimetry.

2. Complex formation reactions.

3. Precipitation reactions.

4. Oxidation-reduction reactions.

Applied aspect: Volumetric methods of Analysis are very Susceptible to high

accuracy and found to be a convenient means of qualitative and quantitative

estimation of the elements.

GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS388 Definition:

Gravimetric analysis by precipitation is the chemical analysis in which the

constituents of the substances in solution are determined by the measurement of

weight of the corresponding precipitate.

It is one among the branches of qualitative analysis and involves the separation

of a substance from the solution of the weighed sample composition. This analysis

may be carried out by precipitation electrode position and volatilization.

Principle:

♦ Gravimetric analysis is concerned ultimately with the weighing of a substance

that has been either precipitated from the solution or volatilized and absorbed.

Analytical Review


♦ Traditional gravimetric determinations have been concerned with the

transformation of the element, ion or radical to be determined into a pure

another chemical form that can be readily qualified.

♦ The mass of the element, ion or radical in the original substance can then be

readily calculated from knowledge of the formula of the compound and the

relative atomic masses of the constituent elements.

Steps involved in Gravimetric analysis:

The various steps in obtaining a pure sample by precipitation are:

Precipitation of the desired constituent

Filtration

Drying

Weight of the precipitate

Applications:

♦ Analysis of the standards which has to be used for the testing or calibration of

instrumental techniques.

♦ Analysis requiring high occurrence, although the time – consuming nature of

gravimetry limits this application to small numbers of determinations.

In the present study Gravimetric method is adopted for Sulphide estimation.

TURBIDIMETRY389

Definition: Turbidimetry is based on the scattering of light by non-transparent

particles suspended in a solution.

Principle: Measurement of the intensity of the transmitted light as a function of the

concentration of the suspended particles forms the basis of Turbidimetry analysis.

Instrumentation:

1. Sources: It is necessary to use sources providing high intensity monochromatic

radiation of wherever possible short wavelengths are used to increase the

efficiency of Rayleigh scattering.

2. Detectors: In turbid meters, ordinary detectors such as photo tubes may be used.

3. Cells: Although we can use cylindrical cells, they must have flat faces where the

entering and exiting beams are to be passed.

Analytical Review


4. Turbidimeters: Turbidimeter used is due Pont model 430 which is more sensitive

to low concentrations of suspended particles than an ordinary Turbidimeter.

Technique: The beam of light obtained from the lamp is allowed to pass through the

primary polarizer. This causes the incident beam to be plane polarized. Thus the plane

polarized light is passed through the sample. After passing through sample the beam

gets splitted up into two parts and the half silvered mirror and then detected with two

separate photocells. "A" shows maximum response, where as photocell be shows

minimum or zero response for the sample solutions having suspended particles. The

ratio of signal "θ" to signal "A" is considered to be a measure of the concentration of

suspended particles with the increase in the concentration of suspended particles in

the sample. The response of photocell "B" increases, while that of "A" decreases.

Thus the ration of two signals is a sensitive measure of turbidity.

Du pont model 430 turbidimeter is advantageous to use because it involves the double

beam arrangement which minimizes the problem of absorption by the particles of the

solution.

Applications of Turbidimetry: 1. In Inorganic analysis.

2. Bio-chemical analysis.

3. Turbidimetirc titrations.

4. Phase titrations.

In the present study Turbidimetry method is adopted for Sulphate

estimation.

X-ray Diffraction Method. 390

Definition: X-ray diffraction is a technique through which the special arrangement of

structural units of a substance in the crystalline state is known.

Principle: The distance between each set of atomic planes (i.e inter atomic space‘d’) is

determined with the help of wave length (λ) of x-ray beam and angle of diffraction

(θ).by applying Bragg’s Law (n λ= 2d sin θ).

No two substances have absolutely identical diffraction patterns. The‘d’

spacings of the ten most intense reflecting planes of atoms are calculated and results

are compared with the data of x-ray powder data file and identification of the sample

is done.

Analytical Review


Method: Different methods available for x-ray diffraction are Lane photographic

method, Bragg x- ray spectrometer method, Rotating crystal method, and powder

method. In the present study, powder method of diffraction has been adopted.

Sample preparation:

The samples are ground to a fine, homogenous powder then placed in sample

holder or the specimen maybe mixed with a suitable non-crystalline binder and

moulded into a suitable shape.

As a result large number of small crystallites are oriented in all possible

directions and when x-ray beam traverses the material a significant number of

particles are expected to be oriented in such a manner that Bragg’s a equation for

reflection from every possible inter planar spacing becomes satisfied.

Advantages: Rapid and accurate method for identifying the crystal structure.

Ease of sample preparation

Large library of known crystalline structure.

It is a non destructive method.

Limitations: XRD cannot help in the case of amorphous solids.

Trace element detection is often difficult. Applications:

Characterizing the crystallographic structure and characterizing heterogenous solid

mixtures (such as our kupi pakwa rasayanas and bhasmas). Determining relative

abundance and actual state of chemical combination. Only method available for

determining polymorphs of a substance. The effect of polymorphism on solubility is

particularly important from pharmaceutical point of view. Differentiation among

various oxides. For e.g. difference between FeO, Fe2O3 & Fe3O4 can be identified.

SEM-EDX: Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy Analysis Conducted By

Means Of Selective Electron Microscopy 391

Principle

An SEM is essentially a high magnification microscope, which uses a focussed

scanned electron beam to produce images of the sample, both top-down and, with the

necessary sample preparation, cross-sections. The primary electron beam interacts

with the sample in a number of key ways:-

Analytical Review


Primary electrons generate low energy secondary

electrons, which tend to emphasise the topographic nature of the specimen

Primary electrons can be backscattered which produces

images with a high degree of atomic number (Z) contrast

Ionized atoms can relax by electron shell-to-shell

transitions, which lead to either X-ray emission or Auger electron ejection.

The X-rays emitted are characteristic of the elements in the top few μm of the

sample.

Applications

The SEM instrument has many applications across different industry sectors. The

extremely high magnification images together with localised chemical information

means the instrument is capable of solving a great deal of common industrial issues

such as particle analysis, defect identification materials and metallurgical problems.

LPD Lab Services has extensive experience in using SEM/EDX in the following

industrial sectors; electronics and semiconductor, pharmaceutical, petrochemicals,

plastics and polymers and many others.

Range of materials:-

Metals, Glass and Ceramics

Semiconductors

Plastics

Powders and Dust

Fibers (Textile, glass, asbestos, natural)

Range of applications:-

Classification of materials

Failure and defect analysis

Examination of surface morphology (including stereo

imaging)

Analysis and identification of surface and airborne

contamination

Powder morphology, particle size and analysis

Cleaning problems and chemical etching

Welding and joining technology

Paints and coating failures

Identification and elimination of corrosion and oxidization problems

Analytical Review


Analytical Review


Partical Size AnalysisS (By Laser Diffraction Method)392

Introduction: Many different techniques have been devised for determining particle size

distribution, but for a wide range of industries laser diffraction has become the

preferred choice. Laser diffraction, can be used for the non-destructive analysis of wet

or dry samples, with particles in the size range 0.02 to 2000 micron.

Principle:

Laser diffraction based particle size analysis relies on the fact that particles

passing through a laser beam will scatter light at an angle that is directly related to

their size. As particle size decreases, the observed scattering angle increases

logarithmically. Large particles therefore scatter light at narrow angles with high

intensity whereas small particles scatter at wider angles but with low intensity.

Instrumentation:

A typical system consists of a laser, to provide a source of coherent, intense

light of fixed wavelength; a series of detectors to measure the light pattern produced

over a wide range of angles; and some kind of sample presentation system to ensure

that material under test passes through the laser beam as a homogeneous stream of

particles in a known, reproducible state of dispersion. The smaller wavelength of light

(e.g. blue light sources) provides improved sensitivity to sub-micron particles.

Particle Size Calculations:

In laser diffraction, particle size distributions are calculated by comparing a

sample’s scattering pattern with an appropriate optical model. Traditionally two

different models are used: the Fraunhofer Approximation and Mie Theory. Mie

Theory is considered to be superior.

Advantages of Laser diffraction technique:

It is a non-destructive, non-intrusive method.

It measure particles in the range from 0.02 micron to a few millimetres

The technique is equally applicable to dry or wet samples, sprays, dry powders,

suspensions and emulsions,

Rapid data acquisition – a single measurement across the entire dynamic range can be

made in 0.4 milliseconds.

Analytical Review


Namburi Phased Spot Test (N.P.S.T.)393

In the year 1970 Namburi Hamumantha Rao from Andhra Pradesh perfected a

new technique called Namburi Phased Spot test for the analysis of coded Bhasma and

Sindoora.

Principle:

The basic idea of the spot test analysis seems similar to spot test or

chromatography described in modern pharmaceutical chemistry, but Namburi Phased

Spot test differs in measuring changes of colour and pattern at different time intervals.

Procedure:

Whatman paper No.1 should be impregnated with a suitable reagent and dried

carefully on a clean glass sheet. About 0.25 gm of the sample (to be tested) should be

taken in a test tube and suitable reagent was added. The solution was slightly heated

for a minute and allowed to settle down for 24 hours shaking vigorously at frequent

intervals. A drop of this suppressant solution should be carefully put with the help of

dropper on the impregnated whatman paper. As the drop comes in contact with the

paper on instantaneous characteristic spot begins to develop and changes with the

time. The change of colours and the pattern of the spot at 3 different phases at 3

different time intervals i.e.,0 minutes, 5 minutes 20 minutes are to be recorded.

Application:

In Namburi Phased Spot test sensitivity of reactions at different time intervals

is measured unlike the chromatography of chemistry.

The continual chemical reactions taking place gradually between 2 chemical

substances on static media at fraction of second are easily detected by their distinct

colour changes the pattern of spot which is specific to each rasa formulation, as the

standard.

Pharmaceutical Study


PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY

The study related to manufacture of medicinal drug is called pharmaceutical study. 394

The purpose of this branch is to produce standardized, reproducible clinically

effective medicine.

AIM:

To prepare Vimala Bhasma by 2 different pharmaceutical procedures in P.G.

department of Rasashastra T.G.A.M.C, Bellary.

OBJECTIVES:

• Collection of Raw materials.

• Shodana of Vimala, Haratala, Gandhaka.

• Preparation of Vimala bhasma by 2 different pharmaceutical procedures. i.e.

Classical puta method and Elecrtic Horizontal muffle furnace.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

The materials and methods used based on Rasashastra literature and depending

on the practical experience.

MATERIALS:

This includes

1. Major raw material.

2. Other raw materials.

3. Yantras and other associated yantras.

1. Major raw materials:

The major raw materials of the present study are

Vimala

Haratala

Gandhaka

2. Other raw materials:

The major raw materials of the present study are

Nimbu swarasa, Kusmanda swarasa, Choornodaka, Godugdha, Jambeera Swarasa

3. Yantras:

Bharjana patra, Khalwa yantra, Dola yantra, Cowdung cakes, Pyrometer, Gajaputa

Pit, Elecrtical Horizontal muffle furnace, Sharavas, gas stove.



Associated equipments:

Associated yantrs are earthen pot, spoon, juice extractor, knife, utensils, gopi

chandana, kora cloth, measuring beaker, match stick, camphor etc.

Methods:

Nimbu Swarasa was used in Bharjana for shodhana of Vimala.

Kushmanda swarasa, Choornodaka was used in Swedana for shodhana of

Haratala.

Godugdha was used for shodhana of Gandhaka.

Jambeera swarasa was used in Bhavana for 3 times in each puta.

Then,Vimala ia subjected for incineration by using Gajaputa and Electric

Horzontal Muffle Furnace.

Pharmaceutical study of Vimala Bhasma is designed as below:

1. Collection of raw drugs for the preparation of Vimala Bhasma.

2. Vimala shodhana with nimbu rasa.

3. Haratala Shodhana with Kushmanda swarasa and Choornodaka.

4. Gandhaka shodhana with Godugdha.

5. Preparation of Vimala Bhasma by using Gajaputa and Elecrtic Horzontal

Muffle Furnace.

PRACTICAL. NO. 1- Collection and selection of raw material.

PRACTICAL. NO. 1 A- To collect genuine Vimala. 57

2 samples of Vimala were selected from authentic raw drug selling shops from Udupi

and Belgum. Finally sample from SDM Pharmcay,Udupi,Karnataka was selected as

it was having all grahya lakshanas told in the classics and XRF analysis carriedout in

IIT Mumbai.

Observation:

Colour – colour selected for Vimala was Brassy (yellow in colour)

Surface – 6 Phalaka

Touch - Smooth

Angles - 8 angles

XRF Analysis: Iron% - 40.3%

Copper – 0.009%

Sulphur – 14.6%



PRACTICAL NO. 1 B - Collection of raw Haratala from market

Observed grahya Lakshana of Haratala227

Colour: The colour selected for haratala was golden yellow, which resembles to

Suvarna varna as per classics

Surface: Surface of the collected sample was very uneven.

Luster: The collected Haratala was having more lusters which resembles to

“mahojwalam”, “tanupatrachitam” of classics.

Shape: Large sample was collected which is elongated and conical shape.

PRACTICAL NO. 1 C

Collection of raw Gandhaka 269

Colour: Yellow,

Shape: Crystalline

Surface: Smooth surface

Odour: Strong, Irritant odour.

PRACTICAL NO. 2

Shodhana of Haratala with Kooshmanda swarasa and Choornodaka.236

PRACTICAL NO. 2 A-

Shodhana of Haratala with Kooshmanda swarasa (batch 1)

Date of commencement: 23.11.2009

Date of completion: 23.11.2009

Materials and Method:

Material:

Haratala: Pot 1 – 255 gm & Pot 2 – 250 gm.

Kooshmanda swarasa: Pot 1 – 4350ml & Pot 2 – 4litr.

Equipments:

Ghatas (Pot) – 02, Danda (Stick) –02, Cloth to make Pottali –02,Thread,Stove, Juicer,

Measuring glass, Pyrometer.

Method:

Swedana in Kooshmanda swarasa.

Duration: Three hours: 10.40 am to 1.40pm - Pot 1

3.45 pm to 6.45pm - Pot 2



Procedure:

After removing the skin of kooshmanda, it was cut into small pieces and paste

was prepared with the help of juicer. Paste was squeezed to get swarasa. Total

swarasa obtained from 16 kg Kooshmanda was 8 lit.350ml. Patra Haratala of 255 gms

in pot- 1 and 250 gms in pot-2 were taken in clean square shaped four folded cloths

respectively and two Pottali were prepared with the help of strong jute threads. These

pottalis were then suspended with the help of wooden stick and thread in earthen pots.

To these pots kooshmanda swarasa was poured till the pottalis were got

immersed.Thus, made Dolayantras were kept on gas stove and mridvagni was given

for 3hrs. During the procedure kooshmanda swarasa was added as and when required.

After 3hrs of swedana pottalis were removed and swedita haratala was washed with

hot water and dried under shade.

Table No. 22: Time and quantity of Swarasa added during haratala shodhana

Pottali 1 Pottali 2 Quantity of

Swarasa added. Time Quantity of

Swarasa added. Time

2750 ml 10.40am 2500 ml 3.45pm 250 ml 10.05 pm 250 ml 5.00 pm 250 ml 12.00 pm 250 ml 5.30 pm 275ml 12.30 pm 350 ml 5.50 pm 275ml 12.50 pm 250 ml 5.30 pm 275 ml 1.15 pm 250 ml 5.50 pm 275 ml 1.40 pm 100 ml 6.40 pm

Total 4350 ml 3hours Total 4000 ml 3hours Observations:

• pH of Kooshmanda swarasa before shodhana: 04 , After shodhana : 04

Smell of kooshmanda swarasa was perceived during the initial stage of

procedure.

Strong arsenic odour started after 25 min.

Sometimes froth was coming up as that in milk.

Blackish brown coloured scum started appearing at the end of 1hr.

After the procedure (blackish brown scum was found over the pottali) it was

washed with hot / cold water.

The shining of Haratala was decreased after shodhana.

Haratala became yellow colour,bit smooth, so that the layers can be separated

easily.



Precautions:

1. The level of kooshmanda swarasa in the pot was maintained to immerse the

Pottali throughout the procedure.

2. The Pottali was not allowed to touch the bottom of pot.

Table No.23: Showing the Results of Haratala Shodhana In K.S. - batch 1

Haratala –batch 1(K.S.) Pot 1 Pot 2

Weight before shodhana 255 gms 250 gms

Weight after shodhana 253gms 247gms

Loss weight 2gms 3gms

PRACTICAL NO. 2 B

Shodhana of Haratala with Kooshmanda swarasa (batch 2)



Materials

Haratala: Pot 1 – 255 gm & Pot 2 – 261 gm.

Kooshmanda swarasa: Pot 1 – 4050ml & Pot 2 – 4 litr

Duration: Three hours: 11.50 am to 2.50pm

Procedure: As done in 1st batch

Table No.24 : Time and quantity of Swarasa added during haratala shodhana

Pottali 1 Pottalli 2

Observation:

• pH of Kooshmanda swarasa before shodhana: 04 , After shodhana : 04

Smell of kooshmanda swarasa was perceived during the initial stage of

procedure.

Quantity of Swarasa added.

Time Quantity of Swarasa added.

Time

2500 ml 11.50am 2500 ml 11.50pm 250 ml 12.35 pm 250 ml 12.20 pm 250 ml 1.00 pm 250 ml 12.50 pm 250ml 1.20 pm 250 ml 1.15 pm 250ml 1.45 pm 250 ml 1.40 pm 275ml 2.15 pm 250 ml 2.15 pm 275 ml 2.30 pm 250ml 6.35 pm

Total 4050 ml 3hours Total 4000 ml 3hours



Sometimes froth was coming up as that in milk.

Blackish brown coloured scum started appearing at the end of 1hr.

After the procedure (blackish brown scum was found over the pottali) it was

washed with hot / cold water.

The shining of Haratala was decreased after shodhana.

Haratala became yellow colour, bit smooth, so that the layers can be separated

easily.

Table No 25 : Showing the Results of Haratala Shodhana In K. S.- batch 2.

Haratala batch 2(K.S) Pot 1 Pot 2

Weight before shodhana 255gms 261 gms



PRACTICAL NO. 2 C

Preparation of choornodaka 318



Materials: Choornashila. : 50 Gms

Water: 10 Lts

Procedure: Choornashila was taken in a mud pot to this 10 Lts of water was added

stirred well and kept overnight. Next day only the supernatant water was collected,

filtered and stored in green glass bottle.

PRACTICAL NO. 2 D

Shodhana of Haratala with choornodaka- batch 1



Materials:

Kooshmanda shodhita Haratala: 253gms in 1st Pot & 247 gm in 2nd Pot

Choornodaka: 3.5 lit- 1st Pot & 3250ml in 2nd Pot

Equipments:

Mud pot – 02, wooden stick –02, Kora Cloth , Thread, Stove, Juicer, Measuring glass,

Pyrometer

Method: Swedana in Choornodaka

Duration: Three hours: 10.55am to 1.55 pm



Procedure: - Patra Haratala 253gms in 1st Pot & 247 gm in 2nd Pot were taken in two

clean square shaped four folded cloths respectively and two Pottalis were prepared

with the help of strong jute threads. These pottalis were then suspended with the help

of wooden stick and thread in earthen pots. To these pots Choornodaka was poured

till the pottalis were got immersed. Thus made Dolayantras were kept on gas stove

and mridvagni was given for 3hrs. During the procedure Choornodaka was added as

and when required. After 3hrs of swedana pottalis were removed and swedita haratala

was washed with hot water and dried under shade.

Table.no.26 : Time and quantity of Choornodaka added during haratala shodhana

Pottali 1 Pottali 2

Quantity of Curnodaka added.

Time Quantity of Churnodaka added.

Time

2500 ml 10.55 am 2500 ml 10.55 am 250 ml 12.15 pm 125 ml 12.20 pm 250ml 1.00 pm 200ml 12.40 250 ml 01.20 pm 300 ml 01.05 pm 250ml 1.45pm 125ml 1.35pm

Total 3500 ml 3hours Total 3250 ml 3hours Observations:

1. Arsenic odor was less compared to earlier shodhana with kooshmanda swarasa.

2. Blackish brown layer was found over pottali but it was not as thick as previous

one.

3. Choornodaka used for whole procedure was 6.750ml

4. pH of Choornodaka before and after shodhana : 14

5. After the shodhana the colour of haratala was yellow with slight reddish tinge

Precautions:

1. Pottali was not allowed to touch the bottom of the pot.

2. Pottali was immersed in the Choornodaka throughout the procedure.

3. Inhalation of arsenic fumes was avoided by wearing the masks.

Table no 27: Showing the Results of Haratala Shodhana in Churnodaka- batch 1

Haratala batch 1 Pot 1 Pot 2






PRACTICAL NO. 2 E

Preparation of choornodaka 318



Materials: Choornashila. : 50 Gms

Water: 10 Lts

Procedure: Choornashila was taken in a mud pot to this 10 Lts of water was added

stirred well and kept overnight. Next day only the supernatant water was collected,

filtered and stored in green glass bottle.

PRACTICAL NO. 2 F

Shodhana of Haratala with choornodaka



Materials:

Kooshmanda shodhita Haratala: 250gms in 1st Pot & 259gm in 2nd Pot

Choornodaka: 4 litr- 1st Pot & 4 litr. in 2nd Pot

Method: Swedana in Choornodaka

Duration: Three hours: 10.40am to 1.40 pm

Procedure: - As done in batch 1

Table.no.28 :Time and quantity of Choornodaka added during haratala shodhana

Pottali 1 Pottali 2


Time Quantity of Swarasa added.

Time

2500 ml 10.40 am 2500 ml 10.40 am 500 ml 11.50 pm 500 ml 11.25 pm 250ml 12.35 pm 250ml 12.30pm 250 ml 12.55pm 250 ml 12.55 pm 250ml 1.20pm 250ml 1.20pm 250ml 1.34pm 250ml 1.35pm Total 3500 ml 3hours Total 3250 ml 3hours Observations:

• Arsenic odor was less compared to earlier shodhana with kooshmanda

swarasa.

• Blackish brown layer was found over pottali but it was not as thick as previous

one.



• Choornodaka used for whole procedure was 6.750ml

• pH of Choornodaka before and after shodhana : 14

• After the shodhana the colour of haratala was yellow with slight reddish tinge

Table no.29: Showing the Results of HaratalaShodhana in Churnodaka –batch2

Haratala -batch 2 Pot 1 Pot 2




PRACTICAL NO: 3

Name of the practical : Gandhaka Shodhana 284

Date of commencement : 16.12.2009

Date of Completion : 20.12.2009

Drugs used : Gandhaka – 700gm

Godugdha – 6 liters.

Warm water for washing.

Apparatus : Khalva Yantra, Mrit Patra, Cloth, Thread, Loha

Sharava, Camphor, Match box, cow dung

Cakes- in total = 42

Procedure:

• Earthen pot was smeared with Ghrita and 2 liters of fresh cow’s milk was poured,

mouth of which was covered with a single layer of white cotton cloth and tied

properly with a thread.

• Gandhaka was spread over the cloth uniformly and covered with loha Sharava.

• Border of loha Sharava was covered with sand and 16(1kg) cow dung cakes were

spread over the Sharava and fire was set with camphor.

• After Swanga Sheeta the pot was removed out from the pit, cloth tied over the

mouth was removed.

• Granules of Shodhita Gandhaka which were immersed in milk were separated,

washed with hot water thoroughly and dried under shade.

• This procedure was repeated for 2 more times by using fresh cow’s milk.



Table No.30 Showing observation during Gandhaka Shodhana

Date

Quantity of milk taken

No. of Vanopalas used

Weight of S taken

Weight of Shuddha S obtained

Loss

Time taken for Swanga Sheeta

16.12.09 2 liters 16 750 gms 735 gms 15 gm 4.5Hours 18.12.09 2 liters 14 735 gms 715gms 20 gm 4 Hours 20.12.09 2 liters 15 715 gms 695 gms 20gm 4Hours Table No.31: Showing observation of before and after Gandhaka Shodhana

Particulars Before Shodhana After Shodhana Smell of milk No smell Smell of Sulphur Colour of milk White Yellow Colour of Sulphur Yellow Pale yellow

• All mud particles and dust which were present in Gandhaka was separated out

over the cloth during the first procedure.

• Shodhita Gandhaka was of pale yellow coloured with greenish tinge & shiny.

• Shodhita Gandhaka was in granular form and few were streak like, fully

immersed in the milk. Few granules were seen floating on the milk.

• The number of cow dung cakes used was decreased from 1st to 3rd procedure,

the heat of which was sufficient to melt the Gandhaka.

Precautions:

• Pit was dug sufficiently big so that pot can be kept till its neck.

• Loha Sharava was kept over the pot so that it was not touching the mouth of

the pot/ cloth.

• Fresh cow’s milk was used for each procedure.

• After each procedure Gandhaka was washed with hot water to remove the

remnants of milk from it.

Table No.32 Showing result of Gandhaka Shodhana

Weight Gandhaka

Initial Weight 750 gm

Weight of Gandhaka-after 695 gm

Loss of Weight 55gm



PRACTICAL NO: 4

Name of the practical: Vimala Shodhana85



Materials and Method:

Material : Raw Vimala – 800gms

Nimbu Swarasa - 3840 ml.

Equipments : Iron vessel, small darvi, measuring glass, weighing

Machine,match box,beaker.

Method : Bharjana with Nimbu swarasa Procedure:

• Preparatory procedure: Extraction of Nimbu swarasa: 100 medium sized Nimbu fruits were taken and juice

was extracted by manual method, filtered through a clean cloth and the juice

measured was 4 litre.

• Main Procedure:

800 gm of Vimala churna was taken in an iron vessel , Then this vessel was kept on a

gas stove for heating ,Then 200 ml of Nimbu swarasa added to it, mixed properly.The

mixture was stirred with the help of small darvi continuously. During the procedure

Nimbu Swarasa was added continuosly as and when required. The stirring is

continued till the swarasa evaporated completely and Vimala churna became

brownish red in color, heating stopped and allowed to self cooling.

Observations

• After adding Nimbu swarasa , the whole mixture attained paste form.

• Sulphur smell was felt during bharjana, after five minutes of heating.

• When the paste was heated, it was bubbling and after five minutes, the paste

became sticky and started adhering to the iron vessel as well as darvi.

• After 10 minute whole swarasa got evoparated, the mixture attained powder

form.

• The color of the paste was changed to black, after 15minute of heating.

• Again sufficient quantity of Swarasa added and Bharjana Continued.

• After 1hour of heating, there was remarkable reduction in shining of Vimala

• The color of the paste was changed to deep black.



• Slight Sulphur smell was felt throughout the procedure.

• After 1hour.15 minute the mixture started to attained slight red hot.

• After few minutes there was gradual reduction in the sulphur smell.

• After 1hr.30 minutes the mixture attained complete red hot colour, heating

was stopped and allowed for self cooling.

• Colour of Vimala after shodhna was Brown Colour.

Table.No.33: Time and quantity of Nimbu swarasa added during Vimala

Shodhana.


Time

200 ml 3.06 pm 140 ml 3.11 pm 100 ml 3.15 pm 100ml 3.18 pm 200 ml 3.22 pm 200ml 3.26 pm 100ml 3.27 pm 300ml 3.35 pm 200ml 3.40 pm 150ml 3.44 pm 200ml 3.47 pm 150ml 3.50 pm 200ml 3.54 pm 300ml 4.01 pm

Precautions:

• Sufficient quantity of Nimbu swarasa was taken to completely immerse the

Vimala churna initially.

• Care was taken to avoid the spilling of Vimala churna from iron vessel

• More care was taken to avoid the adherence of Vimala churna to iron vessel.

• Moderate heat was maintained throughout the process.

Table No.32 Showing result of Vimala Shodhana Weight Vimala

Weight before Shodhana 800gm

Weight of after Shodhana 700gm

Weight loss 100gm



PRACTICAL NO: 5

VIMALA BHASMA PREPARED BY CLASSICAL PUTA METHOD

Vimala Marana 1st puta 98



Materials: Shoditha Vimala : 250 gms

Shoditha Haratala : 31.3 gm

Shoditha Gandhaka : 31.3 gm

Jambeera swarasa – Q.S,

Cow dung cakes – 28 kgs.

Apparatus: Two earthen sharavas of equal size, Pyrometer with Thermocouple,Kora

Cloth, Camphor, Khalva yantra, Weighing balance, Gopichandana, Match box,Thread

Method: Vimala Marana -I was carried out in different stages viz:

1. Mixing of Shodhita Vimala, Shodhita Haratala & Shodhita Gandhaka.

Extraction of Jambeera Swarasa.

Bhavana with Jambeera swarasa.

2. Preparation & during of Chakrikas.

3. Sharava Samputa formation.

4. Subjecting to Gajaputa.

Procedure:

1. Mixing of Shodhita Vimala, with co-ingredients.

• 250 Gms of Shoditha Vimala was thken in Khalwayantra.

• Fine powder of Haratala and Gandhaka were mixed with Vimala respectively.

• This mixture was triturated with sufficient quantity of Jambeera Swarasa for 6

hours.

• Trituration was done until whole mass attains a viscous and semisolid state.

Table No.35: Showing observation during Bhavana for Bhasma Vimala 1st Puta

No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa used Observation 1st Bhavana 135 ml Black colour 2nd Bhavana 125 ml “ 3rd Bhavana 125 ml “

2. Preparation of Chakrikas.

After attaining appropriate consistency, Chakrikas were prepared of size 3-4cm

Diameter, 2-2.5mm thickness and dried completely.




2 concave, equal sized earthen Sharava were taken with circumference 82cm

and diameter 25cm.

Dried Chakrikas were kept in earthen sharava and arranged in two layers.

Another sharava was placed over it to make samputa.

Gap between two sharavas was properly sealed with one layer of multani

smeared thread and seven layers of Gopichandana lepita cloth, which

measured 86 cm in length and width 10cm in size. Each layer was

wrapped.after drying of previous layer.

4.Gaja Puta:

Size and Shape: Gajapta was given by using the pit of fallowing dimensions.

Height - 58.8cm(30angula), Depth-58.8cm(30angula),Width -58.8cm (30 angula).

Fuel :

• Cow dungs cakes weighing 28 kg and each Cow dung cakes in and average

measures 140 gm weight ,13 cm in diameter, 4 cm thicknes at Center, 2cm at

periphery.

• 2/3 rd part of the pit was filled with 168 cow dungs, weighing 20 kgs and sharava

samputa was placed over it.

• Thermocouple of the pyrometer was placed vertically from the side of the pit at

the junction of the upper 1/3rd of the pit near Sharava samputa.

• Remaining 1/3rd portion of pit was filled with 84 cowdung cakes weighing 8 kgs.

Mode of heating:

• To facilitate easy catching of the fire, camphor balls were placed on four corners

of the puta and cow dung cakes were ignited.

• Consequently temperature and time were recorded, before ignition and throughout

the process of Marana until complete burning of cowdungs in Gajaputa, with the

help of pyrometer at 5min interval.

• After complete burning, allowed for self cooling.

• After self-cooling sharava samputa was taken out of pit and by slowly scraping

the sealed part, two Sharavas were separated.

• The Marita Vimala was collected from Sharava and weighed, powdered and

subjected to Bhasma Pariksha.



Observations:

• The maximum temperature was recorded 760 0C.

• Total time taken for burning of cow dung cakes was 6 hrs and for completes self-

cooling 25 hours.

• After opening of Sharava samputa fallowing observations were made:

Mild Sulphur odour was observed.

In 2 layers,7-8 chakrikes of uppar layer colour changes to light Brownish,other

chakrikas of uppar and lower layers chanes to bluish black.

Chakrikas were hard and metallic sound heard.

• Weight of end product after 1st puta was: 240 gms.

Table no. 36: Lakshanas of V.B.(Classical) after First Gajaputa

Parameters Observations Color Black Taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic with mild Sulphur Touch Soft Lusture Present Appearance Powder Rekhapoornata Negative Varitara Negative

Precautions:

Trituration was done continuously and uniformly.

The dried chakrikas were placed and spread in Sharava uniformly.

The Sandhi bandhana was done with seven layers of Gopichandana-smeared

cloth, and each layer was wrapped after the complete drying of the previous one.

Arrangment of cowdung cakes was done properly.

Table no. 37: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical)1st Gaja puta

Sl.N Time

Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C)

1 11-55 24 19 01-25 736 37 02-55 96 55 04-25 49 2 12-00 25 20 01-30 695 38 03-00 97 56 04-30 48 3 12-05 28 21 01-35 685 39 03-05 91 57 04-35 48 4 12-10 38 22 01-40 722 40 03-10 84 58 04-40 47 5 12-15 67 23 01-45 715 41 03-15 74 59 04-45 48 6 12-20 136 24 01-50 691 42 03-20 70 60 04-50 47 7 12-25 217 25 01-55 674 43 03-25 67 61 04-55 46 8 12-30 306 26 02-00 377 44 03-30 61 62 05-00 47 9 12-35 370 27 02-05 310 45 03-35 60 63 05-05 46 10 12-40 438 28 02-10 279 46 03-40 59 64 05-10 45



11 12-45 495 29 02-15 245 47 03-45 60 65 05-15 43 12 12-50 554 30 02-20 232 48 03-50 58 66 05-20 41 13 12-55 612 31 02-25 191 49 03-55 57 67 05-25 40 14 01-00 732 32 02-30 209 50 04-00 58 68 05-30 37 15 01-05 746 33 02-35 156 51 04-05 55 69 05-35 35 16 01-10 753 34 02-40 148 52 04-10 52 70 05-40 35 17 01-15 722 35 02-45 116 53 04-15 50 71 05-45 34 18 01-20 760 36 02-50 119 54 04-20 49 72 05-50 32

Graph no 1: The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during .B.(Classical) 1st Gajaputa

Table.No.38. Descriptive data \ statistics of V.B.(Classical) 1st puta

Atmospheric Temperature 24 0C Duration of Temperature Recorded 6 hours Mean Temperature 226.236 Maximum peak Temperature 760 0C Peak strike temp. stay time 15 sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 85 min Time taken of peak to base 275 min Standard deviation of Temperature 256.047 Standard error of Temperature 30.175

Table No 39: Showing result of V.B.(classical) 1st Puta Weight Vimala Bhasma Weight of chakrika before 359 gms Weight of chakrika after 240gms Loss 119gms

Note: 5 gm of Marita Vimala was taken out for analysis.



Table. No 40: Brief description of Vimala Bhasma(Classical) 2nd & 3rd puta Vimala marana 2nd puta 3rd puta

Date of commencement

22.1.10 6.2.10

Date of completion

27.1.10 11.2.10

Materials Vimala bhasma after 1st puta : 235 gms Shoditha Haratala : 29.5 gms Shoditha Gandhaka : 29.5 gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S,

Vimala bhamsa after 2nd puta- 235.5gms Shoditha Haratala : 29.43gms Shoditha Gandhaka : 29.43 gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S

Method and Procedure

As done in 1st Puta. Total Cowdung cakes used were 255 in number & weight was 28 kg. In lower 2/3rd – 170 Cowdung cakes (19 kgs). In uppar1/3rd – 85 Cowdung cakes (9 kgs),

As done in 2nd Puta Total Cowdung cakes used were 264 in number & weight was 28 kg. In lower 2/3rd – 176 Cowdung cakes (19 kgs).In uppar1/3rd – 88 Cowdung cakes (9 kgs).

Apparatus As used during first puta. As used in 2nd puta.

Observations • The maximum temperature was recorded 760 0C.

• Total time taken for burning of cow dung cakes was 6 hrs and for completes self-cooling 24 hours.


• Colour of 7-8 chakrikas of uppar layer chakrikas changes to light brownish colour , other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to bluish black.

• Weight of end product after 2nd puta was: 235.5 gms.




• Colour of some of uppar layer chakrikas changes to light brownish colour, other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to bluish black.

• Weight of end product after 3rd puta was: 235 gms

Precautions All the precautions taken during 1st puta were considered.

All the precautions taken during 1st puta were considered.

Table No.41:Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(classical) 2nd & 3rd Puta Vimala marana 2nd puta 3rd puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 125 ml 110ml light greenish black 2nd Bhavana 120 ml 90ml “ 3rd Bhavana 110 ml 80ml “



Table no. 42: Lakshanas of V.B.(classical) after 2nd & 3rd Gajaputa

Parameters Observations of 2nd puta Observations of 3rd puta Colour Black Black Luster Present Present Taste Metallic taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic with mild Sulphur Metallic with mild Sulphur Touch Soft Soft Appearance Powder Powder Rekhapoornata Negative Negative Varitara Negative Negative

Table No. 43: Showing result of V.B.(Classical) 2nd and 3rd Puta Weight 2nd puta 3rd puta Weight of chakrika before puta 334gms 323gms

Weight of chakrika after puta 235.5gms 235gms Weight loss 98.5 gms 88gms

Table No. 44: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical) 2ndGaja puta

S.N Time

Tem(0

C)

Sl.n Time Tem

p 0C Sl.n Time Temp 0C

Sl.n Time

Temp 0C

1 11-05 25 19 12-35 885 37 02-05 109 55 03-35 54 2 11-10 26 20 12-40 832 38 02-10 105 56 03-40 53 3 11-15 34 21 12-45 801 39 02-15 100 57 03-45 52 4 11-20 406 22 12-50 749 40 02-20 91 58 03-50 52 5 11-25 520 23 12-55 694 41 02-25 88 59 03-55 50 6 11-30 480 24 01-00 759 42 02-30 83 60 04-00 50 7 11-35 463 25 01-05 611 43 02-35 80 61 04-05 48 8 11-40 460 26 01-10 523 44 02-40 76 62 04-10 47 9 11-45 468 27 01-15 468 45 02-45 73 63 04-15 46 10 11-50 507 28 01-20 301 46 02-50 67 64 01-20 46 11 11-55 548 29 01-25 269 47 02-55 66 65 04-25 44 12 12-00 628 30 01-30 243 48 03-00 65 66 04-30 41 13 12-05 688 31 01-35 216 49 03-05 62 67 04-35 39 14 12-10 783 32 01-40 179 50 03-10 59 68 04-40 36 15 12-15 820 33 01-45 164 51 03-15 60 69 04-45 35 16 12-20 846 34 01-50 150 52 03-20 58 70 04-50 35 17 12-25 897 35 01-55 134 53 03-25 56 71 04-55 33 18 12-30 912 36 02-00 124 54 03-30 54 72 05-00 31



Table No.45: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical) 3rdGaja puta

S.N Time

Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time

Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time

Temp(0C)

1 09-55 25 19 11-25 838 37 12-55 188 55 02-25 50 2 10-00 26 20 11-30 844 38 01-00 171 56 02-30 49 3 10-05 36 21 11-35 835 39 01-05 150 57 02-35 46 4 10-10 200 22 11-40 804 40 01-10 135 58 02-40 46 5 10-15 580 23 11-45 774 41 01-15 121 59 02-45 45 6 10-20 556 24 11-50 711 42 01-20 110 60 02-50 45 7 10-25 770 25 11-55 670 43 01-25 100 61 02-55 42 8 10-30 775 26 12-00 558 44 01-30 90 62 03-00 43 9 10-35 732 27 12-05 499 45 01-35 84 63 03-05 42 10 10-40 657 28 12-10 483 46 01-40 78 64 03-10 40 11 10-45 663 29 12-15 449 47 01-45 70 65 03-15 38 12 10-50 646 30 12-20 381 48 01-50 67 66 03-20 38 13 10-55 672 31 12-25 330 49 01-55 64 67 03-25 36 14 11-00 666 32 12-30 290 50 02-00 61 68 03-30 35 15 11-05 730 33 12-35 274 51 02-05 59 69 03-35 34 16 11-10 750 34 12-40 252 52 02-10 58 70 03-40 34 17 11-15 772 35 12-45 232 53 02-15 54 71 03-45 34 18 11-20 819 36 12-50 205 54 02-20 51 72 03-50 32

Graph no 2 and 3 : Graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.(Classical) 2nd & 3rd puta 2nd puta 3rd puta



Table.No.46. Descriptive data / statistics of V.B.(Classical) 2nd and 3rd puta

2nd puta 3rd puta Atmospheric Temperature 25 0 C 25 0C Duration of Temperature Recorded 6hr 6hr Mean Temperature 274.403 304.778 Maximum peak Temperature 912 0C 8440 C Peak strike temp. stay time 15 sec 20sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 85 min 95 min Time taken of peak to base 275 min 265min Standard deviation of Temperature 292.680 299.712 Standard error of Temperature 34.493 35.321

Table. No 47: Brief description of V.B.(Classical) 4th& 5th puta

Vimala marana 4th puta 5th puta Date of commencement

15.2.10 21.2.10

Date of completion

20.2.10 26.2.10

Apparatus All requirements used during 3rd puta.

As used in 4th puta.

Methods and Procedures

As done in 3rd Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 270 in number & weight was 23 ,Cowdung cakes ,In lower 2/3rd -180(19kg).

In uppar1/3rd –90 (9kg).

As done in 4thPuta. Total Cowdung cakes used were 280 in number & weight was 25 kg. Cowdung cakes.In lower 2/3rd – 180 in no.(19 kgs)

In uppar1/3rd -100 in no.(9kg)



• After opening of Sharava samputa fallowing observations were made

• Colour of 20 Chakrika of uppar layer Changed to brownish blue, other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to bluish black.

• Weight of end product after


• Total time taken for burning of cow dung cakes was 6 hrs and

for completes self-cooling 24

hours.


• Colour of some of uppar layer chakrikas changes to light Brownish colour, other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to



3rd puta was : 230 gms. bluish black.

• Weight of end product after 4th puta was: 233 gms



Table No.48: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(Classical) 4th & 5th Puta Vimala marana 4th puta 5th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 125 ml 120ml light greenish black 2nd Bhavana 120 ml 100ml “ 3rd Bhavana 100 ml 95ml “

Table no.49: Lakshanas of V.B.(Classical) after 4th & 5th Gajaputa

Parameters Observations of 4th puta Observations of 5th puta Color Black Black Luster Slight Slight Taste Metallic taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance Powder Powder Rekhapoornata Negative Negative Varitara Negative Negative Table.No 50: Showing result of V.B.(Classical) 4th and 5th Puta

Weight 4th puta 5th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 321gms 315.5gms

Weight of chakrika after puta 230gms 233gms

Weight loss 91 gms 82.5gms Note : 5.5 gms of Vimala was taken for analysis.

Table No.51: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical) 4th Gaja puta

S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time

Temp (0C)

1 07.05 24 19 8-35 814 37 10-05 202 55 11-35 53 2 07-10 25 20 8-40 739 38 10-10 170 56 11-40 51 3 07-15 28 21 8-45 724 39 10-15 148 57 11-45 49 4 07-20 36 22 8-50 684 40 10-20 131 58 11-50 48 5 07-25 38 23 8-55 740 41 10-25 109 59 11-55 46 6 07-30 73 24 09-00 745 42 10-30 97 60 12-00 46 7 07-35 110 25 09-05 747 43 10-35 88 61 12-05 45 8 07-40 132 26 09-10 709 44 10-40 79 62 12-10 44 9 07-45 167 27 09-15 693 45 10-45 74 63 12-15 42



10 07-50 222 28 09-20 653 46 10-50 67 64 12-20 40 11 07-55 377 29 09-25 596 47 10-55 63 65 12-25 38 12 8-00 468 30 09-30 570 48 11-00 62 66 12-30 38 13 8-05 541 31 09-35 503 49 11-05 60 67 12-35 36 14 8-10 602 32 09-40 478 50 11-10 58 68 12-40 35 15 8-15 628 33 09-45 402 51 11-15 58 69 12-45 35 16 8-20 701 34 09-50 302 52 11-20 57 70 12-50 34 17 8-25 776 35 09-55 266 53 11-25 56 71 12-55 34 18 8-30 816 36 10-00 228 54 11-30 54 72 04-00 30

Table No. 52: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical) 5th Gaja puta

S.N Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) 1 09-40 18 19 11-20 755 37 12-50 786 55 02-25 53 2 09-45 21 20 11-25 784 38 12-55 780 56 02-30 50 3 09-50 35 21 11-30 740 39 01-00 757 57 02-35 48 4 09-55 67 22 11-35 804 40 01-05 716 58 02-40 48 5 10-00 85 23 11-40 840 41 01-10 691 59 02-45 45 6 10-05 102 24 11-45 820 42 01-15 656 60 02-50 46 7 10-15 151 25 11-50 830 43 01-20 594 61 02-55 46 8 10-20 210 26 11-55 820 44 01-25 561 62 03-00 45 9 10-25 274 27 12-00 806 45 01-30 536 63 03-05 45 10 10-30 356 28 12-05 727 46 01-35 321 64 03-10 42 11 10-35 402 29 12-10 786 47 01-40 290 65 03-15 41 12 10-40 484 30 12-15 780 48 01-45 258 66 03-20 40 13 10-45 533 31 12-20 757 49 01-50 229 67 03-25 38 14 10-50 580 32 12-25 716 50 01-55 215 68 03-30 36 15 10-55 619 33 12-30 691 51 02-00 199 69 03-35 36 16 11-00 643 34 12-35 656 52 02-10 186 70 03-40 35 17 11-10 740 35 12-40 755 53 02-15 165 71 03-45 34 18 11-15 760 36 12-45 784 54 02-20 160 72 03-50 33

Graph no 4 and 5 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature durin V.B.(Classical) 4th and 5th puta

4th puta 5th puta



Table.No.53: Descriptive data / statistics of V.B.(Classical) 4th and 5th puta

4th puta 5th puta Atmospheric Temperature 24 0C 18oC Duration of Temperature Recorded 6hr 6hr Mean Temperature 260.194 399.889 Maximum peak Temperature 816 0C 840 oC Peak strike temp. stay time 15 sec 15sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 85min 110min Time taken of peak to base 275min 250min Standard deviation of Temperature 276.629 316.332 Standard error of Temperature 32.601 37.280

Table. No.54: Brief description of V.B.(Classical) 6th &7th puta

Vimala marana 6th puta 7th puta


28.2.10 10.3.10

Date of completion

05.3.10 15.3.10

Materials Vimala bhasma after 5th puta : 230 gms Shoditha Haratala : 28.75 gms Shoditha Gandhaka : 28.75gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S,

Vimala bhamsa after 6th puta : 233gms Shoditha Haratala : 28.85gms Shoditha Gandhaka : 28.85 gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S.

Apparatus All requirements used during 5th puta.



As done in 5th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 261 in number & weight was 28 kg. in lower 2/3rd – 174 in no.(19kg).In uppar1/3rd – 87 in no.(9kg),

As done in 6th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 252 in number & weight was 28 kg In lower 2/3rd – 168 in no. (19kg), In uppar1/3rd- 84 in no.(9kg)




• Colour of Chakrika of uppar layer Changed to brownish blue, other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to greyish black.

• Weight of end product after 6th puta was : 220 gms.

• The maximum temperature was recorded 8870C.



• Colour of some of uppar layer chakrikas changes to brownish blue colour, other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to



greyish black. • Weight of end product after

7th puta was: 218 gms Precautions All the precautions taken during 1st

puta were considered. All the precautions taken during 1st puta were considered.

Table No. 55: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(Classical) 6th & 7th Puta Vimala marana 6th puta 7th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 135 ml 110ml black colour 2nd Bhavana 120 ml 100ml “ 3rd Bhavana 90 ml 95ml “


Parameters Observations of 6th puta Observations of 7th puta Color Black Black Luster Absent Absent Taste Metallic taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance fine powder fine powder Rekhapoornata Negative Negative Varitara Negative Negative

Table No. 57 : Showing result of V.B.(Classical) 6th and 7th Puta

Weight 6th puta 7th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 310gms 305.5gms Weight of chakrika after puta 220gms 218gms Weight loss 90 gms 87.5gms Table No.58: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical) 6th Gaja puta

S.N Time Temp

(0C)

Sl.

n Time

Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time

Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time

Temp

(0C)

1 04-45 34 19 06-15 803 37 07-45 429 55 09-15 155

2 04-50 39 20 06-20 800 38 07-50 416 56 09-20 135

3 04-55 48 21 06-25 789 39 07-55 409 57 09-25 90

4 05-00 66 22 06-30 738 40 08-00 381 58 09-30 95

5 05-05 95 23 06-35 747 41 08-05 352 59 09-40 87

6 05-10 162 24 06-40 752 42 08-10 338 60 09-45 70



7 05-15 263 25 06-45 737 43 08-15 329 61 09-50 63

8 05-20 364 26 06-50 704 44 08-20 289 62 09-55 60

9 05-25 475 27 06-55 696 45 08-25 275 63 10-00 59

10 05-30 555 28 07-00 684 46 08-30 252 64 10-05 54

11 05-35 581 29 07-05 664 47 08-35 215 65 10-10 50

12 05-40 603 30 07-10 614 48 08-40 192 66 10-15 48

13 05-45 628 31 07-15 586 49 08-45 167 67 10-20 46

14 05-50 718 32 07-20 497 50 08-50 152 68 10-25 46

15 05-55 788 33 07-25 579 51 08-55 143 69 10-30 42

16 06-00 827 34 07-30 478 52 09-00 129 70 10-35 40

17 06-05 844 35 07-35 489 53 09-05 133 71 10-40 38

18 06-10 821 36 07-40 437 54 09-10 188 72 10-45 36


S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C)

1 09-55 32 19 11-25 756 37 12-55 177 55 02-25 62 2 10-00 58 20 11-30 711 38 01-00 168 56 02-30 62 3 10-05 112 21 11-35 696 39 01-05 157 57 02-35 60 4 10-10 175 22 11-40 764 40 01-10 147 58 02-40 59 5 10-15 346 23 11-45 780 41 01-15 131 59 02-45 58 6 10-20 410 24 11-50 700 42 01-20 120 60 02-50 56 7 10-25 469 25 11-55 696 43 01-25 98 61 02-55 54 8 10-30 516 26 12-00 570 44 01-30 96 62 03-00 52 9 10-35 539 27 12-05 508 45 01-35 96 63 03-05 51 10 10-40 574 28 12-10 490 46 01-40 92 64 03-10 50 11 10-45 649 29 12-15 478 47 01-45 84 65 03-15 48 12 10-50 670 30 12-20 360 48 01-50 86 66 03-20 48 13 10-55 719 31 12-25 329 49 01-55 78 67 03-25 46 14 11-00 747 32 12-30 304 50 02-00 76 68 03-30 45 15 11-05 788 33 12-35 272 51 02-05 70 69 03-35 44 16 11-10 872 34 12-40 250 52 02-10 65 70 03-40 42 17 11-15 887 35 12-45 231 53 02-15 62 71 03-45 40 18 11-20 784 36 12-50 205 54 02-20 60 72 03-50 41



Graph no 6 and 7: The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during

V.B.(Classical) 6th and 7th puta

6th puta 7th puta

Table.No.60. Descriptive data / statistics of V.B.(Classical) 6th and 7th puta

6th puta 7th puta Atmospheric Temperature 34 0C 32 0C Duration of Temperature Recorded 6hr 6hr Mean Temperature 357.056 294.883 Maximum peak Temperature 8440C 887 0C Peak strike temp. stay time 15 sec 25 sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 80 min 80min Time taken of peak to base 280min 280min Standard deviation of Temperature 276.687 278.750 Standard error of Temperature 32.608 32.851

Table. No.61: Brief description of V.B.(Classical) 8th& 9th puta


19.3.10 20.3.10

Date of completion

20.3.10 25.3.10

Materials Vimala bhasma after 7th puta :218 gms Shoditha Haratala : 27.25 gms Shoditha Gandhaka : 27.25 gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S

Vimala bhamsa after 8thputa:216gms Shoditha Haratala : 13.5gms Shoditha Gandhaka : 13.5 gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S





Methods and Procedure

As done in 7th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 258 in number & weight was 28 kg. in lower 2/3rd -172cowdungs in no.(19kgs) In uppar1/3rd - 86cowdungs no.(9kgs)

As done in 8th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 261 in number & weight was 28 kg,in lower 2/3rd -174cowdungs in no.(19kgs), In uppar1/3rd – 87 in no.(9kg).




• Colour of some of uppar layer chakrikas changes to Brownish blue colour, other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to greyish black.

• Weight of end product after 8th puta was : 216 gms




• Colour of some of uppar layer chakrikas changes to brownish blue colour, other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to greyish black.


Precautions All the precautions taken during 7th puta were considered.

All the precautions taken during 8th puta were considered.

Table No. 62: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(Classical) 8th & 9th Puta

Vimala marana 8th puta 9th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 125 ml 110ml black colour 2nd Bhavana 100 ml 90ml “ 3rd Bhavana 90 ml 85ml “


Parameters Observations of 8th puta Observations of 9th puta Color Black Black Taste Metallic taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance fine powder fine powder Rekhapoornata Negative Negative Varitara Negative Negative



Table No. 64: Showing result of V.B.(Classical) 8th and 9th Puta Weight 8th puta 9th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 301gms 275gms Weight of chakrika after puta 216gms 216gms Weight loss 85 gms 59gms


S.N Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp


1 03-45 28 19 05-15 804 37 06-45 448 55 08-15 127 2 03-50 28 20 05-20 828 38 06-50 436 56 08-20 116 3 03-55 76 21 05-25 814 39 06-55 449 57 08-25 110 4 04-00 140 22 05-30 742 40 07-00 425 58 08-30 106 5 04-05 418 23 05-35 716 41 07-05 417 59 08-40 112 6 04-10 208 24 05-40 694 42 07-10 402 60 08-45 103 7 04-15 240 25 05-45 711 43 07-15 376 61 08-50 63 8 04-20 256 26 05-50 704 44 07-20 344 62 08-55 65 9 04-25 319 27 05-55 659 45 07-25 322 63 9-00 70 10 04-30 430 28 06-00 638 46 07-30 289 64 09-05 78 11 04-35 501 29 06-05 608 47 07-35 274 65 09-10 74 12 04-40 525 30 06-10 594 48 07-40 243 66 09-15 63 13 04-45 560 31 06-15 587 49 07-45 203 67 09-20 52 14 04-50 590 32 06-20 553 50 07-50 176 68 09-25 47 15 04-55 615 33 06-25 527 51 07-55 183 69 09-30 46 16 05-00 690 34 06-30 555 52 08-00 155 70 09-35 43 17 05-05 739 35 06-35 493 53 08-05 131 71 09-40 41 18 05-10 790 36 06-40 472 54 08-10 122 72 09-45 38


S.N Time Temp


Sl.n Time

Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time

Temp (0C)

1 08-55 28 19 10-25 760 37 11-55 203 55 01-25 87 2 09-00 34 20 10-30 730 38 12-00 192 56 01-30 84 3 09-05 38 21 10-35 739 39 12-05 187 57 01-35 82 4 09-10 56 22 10-40 694 40 12-10 165 58 01-40 80 5 09-15 67 23 10-45 750 41 12-15 177 59 01-45 78 6 09-20 126 24 10-50 660 42 12-20 182 60 01-50 75 7 09-25 215 25 10-55 610 43 12-25 156 61 01-55 63 8 09-30 259 26 11-00 580 44 12-30 133 62 02-00 58 9 09-35 305 27 11-05 554 45 12-35 122 63 02-05 54 10 09-40 306 28 11-10 510 46 12-40 108 64 02-10 50 11 09-45 410 29 11-15 464 47 12-45 102 65 02-15 45 12 09-50 496 30 11-20 360 48 12-50 98 66 02-20 87 13 09-55 554 31 11-25 416 49 12-55 106 67 02-25 84 14 10-00 640 32 11-30 442 50 01-00 99 68 02-30 82



15 10-05 750 33 11-35 360 51 01-05 94 69 02-35 80 16 10-10 810 34 11-40 321 52 01-10 92 70 02-40 78 17 10-15 830 35 11-45 219 53 01-15 90 71 02-45 75 18 10-20 801 36 11-50 211 54 01-20 88 72 02-50 63

Graph no 8 and 9 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.(Classical) 8th & 9th puta 8th puta 9th puta


8th puta 9th puta Atmospheric Temperature 280C 280C Duration of Temperature Recorded 6hr 6hr Mean Temperature 355.569 275.488 Maximum peak Temperature 8040C 830 0C Peak strike temp. stay time 20sec 25sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 100min 80min Time taken of peak to base 260min 280min Standard deviation of Temperature 252.844 250.488 Standard error of Temperature 29.798 29.520

Table.No.68: Brief description of V.B.(Classical) 10th&11th puta



24.3.10 16.4.10

Date of completion

29.3.10 21.4.10



Materials Vimala bhasma after 9tputa:218gms


Vimala bhamsa after 10th puta:216gms

Jambeera swarasa – Q.S.



Methods and Procedure

As done in 9th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 255 in number & weight was 24 kg.In lower 2/3rd – 170 in no. (17kgs),In uppar1/3rd – 85 (7 kg).

As done in 10th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 261 in number & weight was 24 kg. in lower 2/3rd – 174 in no.( 17kgs),In uppar1/3rd – 87 (7 kgs).













Table No.69:Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(Classical) & 11thputa Vimala marana 10th puta 11th puta Observation

No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa

1st Bhavana 115 ml 100ml black colour

2nd Bhavana 90 ml 90ml “

3rd Bhavana 85 ml 80ml “



Table no. 70: Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after V.B.(Classical) 10th & 11th puta

Parameters Observations of 10th puta Observations of 11th puta Color Black Black Taste Metallic taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance fine powder fine powder Rekhapoornata Positive Positive Varitara Negative Negative Nirdhuma

Table No.71:Result of V.B.(Classical) 10th and 11th Puta Weight 10th puta 11th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 236gms 225gms Weight of chakrika after puta 209gms 200gms Weight loss 27 gms 25gms


S.N Time

Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C)

1 01-45 24 19 03-15 753 37 04-45 221 55 06-15 38 2 01-50 39 20 03-20 704 38 04-50 204 56 06-20 36 3 01-55 46 21 03-25 698 39 04-55 194 57 06-25 33 4 02-00 280 22 03-30 608 40 05-00 182 58 06-30 33 5 02-05 740 23 03-35 596 41 05-05 172 59 06-40 38 6 02-10 719 24 03-40 555 42 05-10 151 60 06-45 36 7 02-15 803 25 03-45 603 43 05-15 136 61 06-50 33 8 02-20 680 26 03-50 490 44 05-20 120 62 06-55 33 9 02-25 693 27 03-55 457 45 05-25 113 63 07-00 33 10 02-30 778 28 04-00 481 46 05-30 78 64 07-05 32 11 02-35 760 29 04-05 436 47 05-35 61 65 07-10 31 12 02-40 790 30 04-10 472 48 05-40 57 66 07-15 31 13 02-45 819 31 04-15 416 49 05-45 55 67 07-20 14 02-50 803 32 04-20 333 50 05-50 50 68 07-25 15 02-55 820 33 04-25 328 51 05-55 49 69 07-30 16 03-00 786 34 04-30 292 52 06-00 46 70 07-35 17 03-05 748 35 04-35 254 53 06-05 44 71 07-40 18 03-10 772 36 04-40 240 54 06-10 40 72 07-45




S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time

Temp (0C)

1 01-45 25 19 03-15 752 37 04-45 220 55 06-15 127 2 01-50 38 20 03-20 703 38 04-50 203 56 06-20 116 3 01-55 47 21 03-25 697 39 04-55 193 57 06-25 111 4 02-00 281 22 03-30 607 40 05-00 181 58 06-30 111 5 02-05 742 23 03-35 595 41 05-05 171 59 06-40 113 6 02-10 718 24 03-40 554 42 05-10 160 60 06-45 114 7 02-15 800 25 03-45 602 43 05-15 140 61 06-50 60 8 02-20 681 26 03-50 491 44 05-20 119 62 06-55 62 9 02-25 691 27 03-55 456 45 05-25 124 63 07-00 69 10 02-30 771 28 04-00 483 46 05-30 181 64 07-05 70 11 02-35 759 29 04-05 438 47 05-35 271 65 07-10 73 12 02-40 789 30 04-10 475 48 05-40 240 66 07-15 62 13 02-45 818 31 04-15 418 49 05-45 203 67 07-20 57 14 02-50 803 32 04-20 333 50 05-50 176 68 07-25 48 15 02-55 819 33 04-25 330 51 05-55 181 69 07-30 47 16 03-00 786 34 04-30 291 52 06-00 154 70 07-35 44 17 03-05 747 35 04-35 260 53 06-05 131 71 07-40 40 18 03-10 771 36 04-40 239 54 06-10 121 72 07-45 39

Graph no 10 & 11: Graph showing the Time Vs temperature during


10th puta 11th puta




10th puta 11th puta Atmospheric Temperature 24 0C 250C Duration of Temperature Recorded 5hr 30min 6hr Mean Temperature 336.303 338.083 Maximum peak Temperature 8200C 8190C Peak strike temp. stay time 20sec 20sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 70min 70min Time taken of peak to base 290min 290min Standard deviation of Temperature 298.109 275.704 Standard error of Temperature 36.695 32.492

Table. No.75: Brief description of V.B.(Classical) 12th and 13th puta



21.4.10 27.4.10

Date of completion

26.4.10 2.5.10

Materials Vimalabhasma after 11th puta:200 gms


Vimala bhamsa after 12th put194gms

Jambeera swarasa – Q.S

Apparatus All requirements used during 11thputa.



As done in 10th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 258 in number. weight was 28 kg.In lower 2/3rd – 172 in no. (19kgs),In uppar1/3rd – 86 (9kg).

As done in 11th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 261 in number weight was 28 kg.In lower 2/3rd – 174 in no. (19kgs),In uppar1/3rd – 87 (9kg).




• Colour of some of uppar layer chakrikas changes to Brownish blue colour,




• Colour of some of uppar layer chakrikas changes to Brownish blue colour,



other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to greyish black.


other chakrikas of uppar layer and lower layers changes to greyish black.




Table No.76: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(Classical) 12th & 13th Puta

Vimala marana 12th puta 13th puta Observation

No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa

1st Bhavana 110 ml 100ml black colour

2nd Bhavana 90 ml 90ml “

3rd Bhavana 85 ml 80ml “

Table no.77: Lakshanas of V.B.(Classical) after 12th & 13th Gajaputa:

Parameters Observations of 12th puta Observations of 13th puta Color Black Black Taste slight Metallic taste Slight Metallic taste Odour Slight Metallic Slight Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance fine powder fine powder Rekhapoornata Positive Positive Varitara Negative Negative

Table No. 78: Result of V.B.(Classical) 12th and 13th Puta

Weight 12th puta 13th puta

Weight of chakrika before puta 228gms 200gms


Weight loss 34 gms 5gms



Table No. 79:Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical) 12th Gaja puta

S.N Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp (0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) 1 12-45 26 19 02-15 750 37 03-45 222 55 05-15 125 2 12-50 37 20 02-20 701 38 03-50 204 56 05-20 110 3 12-55 46 21 02-25 696 39 03-55 194 57 05-25 119 4 01-00 280 22 02-30 605 40 04-00 182 58 05-30 110 5 01-05 739 23 02-35 590 41 04-05 173 59 05-40 115 6 01-10 720 24 02-40 555 42 04-10 161 60 05-45 116 7 01-15 799 25 02-45 603 43 04-15 141 61 05-50 59 8 01-20 679 26 02-50 490 44 04-20 121 62 05-55 60 9 01-25 690 27 02-55 454 45 04-25 120 63 05-00 65 10 01-30 770 28 03-00 482 46 04-30 180 64 06-05 69 11 01-35 760 29 03-05 437 47 04-35 220 65 06-10 72 12 01-40 788 30 03-10 476 48 04-40 242 66 06-15 60 13 01-45 816 31 03-15 419 49 04-45 200 67 06-20 53 14 01-50 801 32 03-20 332 50 04-50 170 68 06-25 49 15 01-55 818 33 03-25 331 51 04-55 180 69 06-30 48 16 02-00 788 34 03-30 292 52 05-00 150 70 06-35 45 17 02-05 749 35 03-35 261 53 05-05 130 71 06-40 38 18 02-10 773 36 03-40 235 54 05-10 120 72 06-45 40

Table No.80: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical) 13th Gaja

puta

S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp


1 01-45 25 19 03-15 741 37 04-45 229 55 06-15 131 2 01-50 35 20 03-20 702 38 04-50 205 56 06-20 126 3 01-55 44 21 03-25 695 39 04-55 195 57 06-25 109 4 02-00 240 22 03-30 606 40 05-00 180 58 06-30 110 5 02-05 740 23 03-35 591 41 05-05 174 59 06-40 95 6 02-10 722 24 03-40 556 42 05-10 162 60 06-45 110 7 02-15 740 25 03-45 604 43 05-15 142 61 06-50 99 8 02-20 620 26 03-50 492 44 05-20 123 62 06-55 55 9 02-25 689 27 03-55 455 45 05-25 121 63 07-00 55 10 02-30 772 28 04-00 481 46 05-30 182 64 07-05 60 11 02-35 761 29 04-05 436 47 05-35 240 65 07-10 62 12 02-40 777 30 04-10 474 48 05-40 230 66 07-15 62 13 02-45 817 31 04-15 417 49 05-45 210 67 07-20 70 14 02-50 802 32 04-20 431 50 05-50 216 68 07-25 57 15 02-55 814 33 04-25 332 51 05-55 166 69 07-30 50 16 03-00 787 34 04-30 290 52 06-00 183 70 07-35 50 17 03-05 750 35 04-35 262 53 06-05 148 71 07-40 45 18 03-10 773 36 04-40 240 54 06-10 133 72 07-45 40



Graph no 12 and 13 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.(Classical) 12th and 13th puta 12th puta 13th puta


12th puta 13th puta Atmospheric Temperature 26 0C 250C Duration of Temperature Recorded 6hr 6hr Mean Temperature 336.819 338.028 Maximum peak Temperature 8180C 8170C Peak strike temp. stay time 25sec 20sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 70min 60min Time taken of peak to base 290min 290min Standard deviation of Temperature 275.912 300.206

Standard error of Temperature 32.516 32.080

Table. No. 82: Brief description of V.B.(Classical) 14th& 15th puta Vimala marana 14th puta 15th puta Date 0f commencement

11.5.10 17.5.10

Date of completion

16.5.10 22.5.10

Materials Vimalabhasma after 13th puta : 189 gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S,

Vimala bhamsa after14thputa:183gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S



Methods As done in 13th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 249 in number. weight was 26 kg.In lower 2/3rd – 166 in no. (19kgs),In uppar1/3rd – 83

As done in 14th Puta.Total Cowdung cakes used were 252 in number. Wt was 26 kg.In lower 2/3rd – 168 in no. (19kgs),In



(7 kg). uppar1/3rd – 84 (7 kg).




• Colour of some of chakrikas changes to Brownish blue colour, other chakrikas changes to rust colour





• Colour of some of chakrikas changes to Brownish blue colour, 2-3 chakrikas changes to rust colour.




Table no.83: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(Classical) 14th & 15th Puta Vimala marana 14th puta 15th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 110 ml 100ml black colour 2nd Bhavana 90 ml 90ml “ 3rd Bhavana 85 ml 80ml “


Parameters Observations of 14th puta Observations of 15th puta Color Light brown Light brown Taste Slight Metallic taste Slight Metallic taste Odour Slight Metallic Slight Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance fine powder fine powder Rekhapoornata Positive Positive Varitara Negative Partially

Table No.85: Result of V.B.(Classical) 12th and 13th puta Weight 14th puta 15th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 207gms 210gms Weight of chakrika after puta 183gms 170gms Weight loss 24 gms 40 gms Note: 5gm of Vimala bhasma was taken for analysis.




S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp


1 11-45 32 19 01-15 745 37 02-45 230 55 04-15 115 2 11-50 38 20 01-20 700 38 02-50 207 56 04-20 114 3 11-55 47 21 01-25 699 39 02-55 199 57 04-25 112 4 12-00 282 22 01-30 660 40 03-00 183 58 04-30 110 5 12-05 742 23 01-35 599 41 03-05 177 59 04-40 111 6 12-10 720 24 01-40 570 42 03-10 166 60 04-45 97 7 12-15 811 25 01-45 610 43 03-15 143 61 04-50 60 8 12-20 625 26 01-50 494 44 03-20 124 62 04-55 65 9 12-25 691 27 01-55 460 45 03-25 122 63 05-00 70 10 12-30 773 28 02-00 490 46 03-30 185 64 05-05 63 11 12-35 763 29 02-05 440 47 03-35 241 65 05-10 71 12 12-40 779 30 02-10 479 48 03-40 220 66 05-15 59 13 12-45 819 31 02-15 420 49 03-45 193 67 05-20 53 14 12-50 810 32 02-20 435 50 03-50 160 68 05-25 45 15 12-55 820 33 02-25 435 51 04-55 144 69 05-30 34 16 01-00 790 34 02-30 295 52 04-00 140 70 05-35 40 17 01-05 760 35 02-35 265 53 04-05 121 71 05-40 41 18 01-10 770 36 02-40 242 54 04-10 120 72 05-45 38

Table No. 87:Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical) 15th Gaja puta

S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp


1 01-45 34 19 03-15 701 37 04-45 231 55 06-15 114 2 01-50 40 20 03-20 611 38 04-50 210 56 06-20 111 3 01-55 45 21 03-25 600 39 04-55 200 57 06-25 99 4 02-00 284 22 03-30 575 40 05-00 186 58 06-30 87 5 02-05 745 23 03-35 619 41 05-05 170 59 06-40 82 6 02-10 722 24 03-40 465 42 05-10 169 60 06-45 77 7 02-15 810 25 03-45 610 43 05-15 147 61 06-50 68 8 02-20 630 26 03-50 495 44 05-20 126 62 06-55 65 9 02-25 692 27 03-55 465 45 05-25 125 63 07-00 70 10 02-30 775 28 04-00 483 46 05-30 186 64 07-05 60 11 02-35 770 29 04-05 439 47 05-35 270 65 07-10 77 12 02-40 781 30 04-10 482 48 05-40 250 66 07-15 70 13 02-45 822 31 04-15 422 49 05-45 190 67 07-20 50 14 02-50 815 32 04-20 440 50 05-50 169 68 07-25 40 15 02-55 821 33 04-25 440 51 05-55 150 69 07-30 30 16 03-00 791 34 04-30 299 52 06-00 130 70 07-35 30 17 03-05 755 35 04-35 267 53 06-05 121 71 07-40 37 18 03-10 715 36 04-40 244 54 06-10 119 72 07-45 40



Graph no 14 and 15 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during

V.B.(Classical) 14th &15th puta

14th puta 15th puta


14th puta 15th puta Atmospheric Temperature 32 O C 34 O C Duration of Temperature Recorded 6hr 6hr Mean Temperature 340.042 334.167 Maximum peak Temperature 820 O C 822 O C Peak strike temp. stay time 25sec 20sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 70min 60min Time taken of peak to base 290min 300min Standard deviation of Temperature 278.540 272.901 Standard error of Temperature 32.826 32.162

Table. No.89: Brief description of V.B.(Classical) 16th and 17th puta Vimala marana 16th puta 17th puta


24.5.10 1.6.10

Date of completion

29.5.10 6.6.10

Materials Vimala bhasma after 15thputa:183 gms


Vimala bhamsa after 16thputa : 162gms

Jambeera swarasa – Q.S

Apparatus As used during 15th puta. As used in 16th puta.



Procedure As done in 15th Puta.

Total Cowdung cakes used were 150 in number & weight was 16 kg. in lower 2/3rd –120 in no.( 13kgs) In uppar1/3rd – 30 in no.(3kgs).

As done in 16th puta.

Total Cowdung cakes used were 150 in number & weight was 19 kg. in lower 2/3rd – 120in no.(13 kgs)In uppar1/3rd -30 in no.(3kg)


• Total time taken for burning of cow dung cakes was 5hr 25min and for completes self-cooling 24 hours.


• Colour of some of Chakrika Changed to Brownish, and others changed to brownish blue.




• After opening of Sharava samputa fallowing observations were made.

• Colour of chakrikas changes to light Brownish colour.




Table No.90: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(Classical) 16th & 17th Puta Vimala marana 16th puta 17th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swaras Jambeera swaras 1st Bhavana 75 ml 75ml Reddish browncolour 2nd Bhavana 70 ml 60ml “ 3rd Bhavana 60 ml 65ml “


Parameters Observations of 16th puta Observations of 17th puta Color Brown Brown Taste Slight Metallic taste Tasteless Odour slight Metallic No metallic odour Touch Very fine Very fine Appearance Powder Powder Rekhapoornata Positive Positive Varitara Partially Partially



Table No.92: Showing the Results of V.B.(Classical) 16th & 17th Puta.

Weight 16 th puta 17th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 187gms 193gms Weight of chakrika after puta 162gms 160gms Weight loss 24 gms 33gms


S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time

Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

1 07.05 24 19 8-35 600 37 10-05 131 55 11-35 52 2 07-10 25 20 8-40 614 38 10-10 120 56 11-40 51 3 07-15 27 21 8-45 594 39 10-15 98 57 11-45 49 4 07-20 35 22 8-50 524 40 10-20 96 58 11-50 48 5 07-25 38 23 8-55 490 41 10-25 92 59 11-55 46 6 07-30 58 24 09-00 445 42 10-30 84 60 12-00 46 7 07-35 111 25 09-05 390 43 10-35 86 61 12-05 45 8 07-40 130 26 09-10 356 44 10-40 79 62 12-10 44 9 07-45 162 27 09-15 324 45 10-45 71 63 12-15 36 10 07-50 226 28 09-20 306 46 10-50 68 64 12-20 35 11 07-55 379 29 09-25 296 47 10-55 63 65 12-25 34 12 8-00 470 30 09-30 270 48 11-00 62 66 12-30 13 8-05 548 31 09-35 233 49 11-05 60 67 12-35 14 8-10 601 32 09-40 198 50 11-10 58 68 12-40 15 8-15 628 33 09-45 180 51 11-15 58 69 12-45 16 8-20 668 34 09-50 168 52 11-20 57 60 12-50 17 8-25 705 35 09-55 157 53 11-25 56 56 12-55 18 8-30 616 36 10-00 147 54 11-30 54 56 04-00

Table No94:. Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical) 17th Gaja puta

S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) 1 09-40 18 19 11-20 678 37 12-50 132 55 02-25 46 2 09-45 20 20 11-25 560 38 12-55 141 56 02-30 41 3 09-50 36 21 11-30 569 39 01-00 138 57 02-35 36 4 09-55 68 22 11-35 525 40 01-05 128 58 02-40 34 5 10-00 98 23 11-40 555 41 01-10 124 59 02-45 6 10-05 108 24 11-45 544 42 01-15 116 60 02-50 7 10-15 159 25 11-50 490 43 01-20 113 61 02-55 8 10-20 206 26 11-55 364 44 01-25 110 62 03-00 9 10-25 284 27 12-00 310 45 01-30 96 63 03-05 10 10-30 326 28 12-05 280 46 01-35 89 64 03-10 11 10-35 355 29 12-10 258 47 01-40 84 65 03-15 12 10-40 484 30 12-15 218 48 01-45 80 66 03-20



13 10-45 533 31 12-20 188 49 01-50 74 67 03-25 14 10-50 586 32 12-25 186 50 01-55 68 68 03-30 15 10-55 629 33 12-30 164 51 02-00 62 69 03-35 16 11-00 663 34 12-35 161 52 02-10 60 70 03-40 17 11-10 700 35 12-40 156 53 02-15 56 71 03-45 18 11-15 660 36 12-45 144 54 02-20 50 72 03-50

Graph no 16 and 17 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.(Classical) 16th and 17th puta

16th puta 17th puta


16th puta 17th puta Atmospheric Temperature 24 0C 180C Duration of Temperature Recorded 5hr.20min 5hr Mean Temperature 209.569 244.155 Maximum peak Temperature 7050C 7000C Peak strike temp. stay time 20sec 25sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 80min 80min Time taken of peak to base 260min 260min Standard deviation of Temperature 208.502 212.163 Standard error of Temperature 25.862 27.858

Table. No.96: Brief description of V.B.(Classical) 18th and 19th puta


8.6.10 14.6.10

Date of completion

13.6.10 19.6.10

Materials Vimala bhasma after 17thputa :160 gms

Vimala bhamsa after 18th puta :161gms



Jambeera swarasa – Q.S, Jambeera swarasa – Q.S Apparatus All requirements used during 17th

puta. As used in 18th puta.

Procedure As done in 17th Puta. Total Cowdung cakes used were 150 in number & weight was 17 kg In uppar1/3rd – 50 in no.(4kgs), in lower 2/3rd –100 in no.( 13kgs)

As done in 18th puta. Total Cowdung cakes used were 150 in number & weight was 17 kg In uppar1/3rd -50 in no.(4kg) , in lower 2/3rd – 100 in no.(13 kgs)




• Colour of some of Chakrika Changed to brown.



• Total time taken for burning of cow dung cakes was 5hr.20min hrs and for completes self-cooling 24 hours.


• Colour of chakrikas changes to reddish brown,

• Weight of end product after 17th puta was: 159gms



Table No.97: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(Classical) 18th &

19th Puta Vimala marana 18th puta 19th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swaras Jambeera swaras 1st Bhavana 75 ml 75ml Reddish browncolour 2nd Bhavana 70 ml 60ml “ 3rd Bhavana 60 ml 65ml “

Table no.98: Lakshanas of V.B.(Classical) after 18th & 19th Gajaputa:

Parameters Observations of 18th puta Observations of 19th puta Color Brown Brownish red Taste Slight Metallic taste Tasteless Odour slight Metallic No metallic odour Touch Very fine Very fine Appearance Powder Powder Rekhapoornata Positive Positive Varitara P0sitive Positive



Table.No.99: Showing the Results of V.B.(Classical) 18th & 19th Puta. Weight 18 th puta 19th puta

Weight of chakrika before puta 186gms 168gms


Weight loss 25 gms 2gms


S.N Time

Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp


Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

1 08.05 26 19 9-35 678 37 11-05 111 55 12-35 49 2 08-10 28 20 8-40 550 38 11-10 98 56 12-40 46 3 08-15 28 21 9-45 543 39 11-15 98 57 12-45 43 4 08-20 30 22 9-50 570 40 11-20 96 58 12-50 40 5 08-25 33 23 9-55 525 41 11-25 95 59 12-55 37 6 08-30 58 24 10-00 490 42 11-30 88 60 1-00 35 7 08-35 95 25 10-05 410 43 11-35 86 61 1-05 32 8 08-40 120 26 10-10 376 44 11-40 79 62 1-10 32 9 08-45 192 27 10-15 324 45 11-45 71 63 1-15 31 10 08-50 216 28 10-20 306 46 11-50 68 64 1-20 11 08-55 231 29 10-25 286 47 11-55 63 65 1-25 12 9-00 370 30 10-30 250 48 12-00 62 66 1-30 13 9-05 458 31 10-35 223 49 12-05 60 67 1-35 14 9-10 501 32 10-40 178 50 12-10 58 68 1-40 15 9-15 568 33 10-45 150 51 12-15 58 69 1-45 16 9-20 668 34 10-50 138 52 12-20 57 70 1-50 17 9-25 718 35 10-55 127 53 12-25 56 71 1-55 18 9-30 696 36 11-00 117 54 12-30 54 72 02-00


S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp


Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

1 09-40 26 19 11-20 694 37 12-50 154 55 02-25 50 2 09-45 25 20 11-25 648 38 12-55 134 56 02-30 49 3 09-50 28 21 11-30 561 39 01-00 109 57 02-35 46 4 09-55 38 22 11-35 515 40 01-05 105 58 02-40 44 5 10-00 67 23 11-40 454 41 01-10 102 59 02-45 39 6 10-05 113 24 11-45 410 42 01-15 100 60 02-50 35 7 10-15 196 25 11-50 390 43 01-20 96 61 02-55 34 8 10-20 216 26 11-55 354 44 01-25 94 62 03-00 32 9 10-25 284 27 12-00 326 45 01-30 91 63 03-05 10 10-30 306 28 12-05 330 46 01-35 89 64 03-10



11 10-35 375 29 12-10 320 47 01-40 85 65 03-15 12 10-40 434 30 12-15 282 48 01-45 81 66 03-20 13 10-45 495 31 12-20 236 49 01-50 75 67 03-25 14 10-50 586 32 12-25 197 50 01-55 69 68 03-30 15 10-55 619 33 12-30 196 51 02-00 63 69 03-35 16 11-00 653 34 12-35 176 52 02-10 60 70 03-40 17 11-10 705 35 12-40 169 53 02-15 57 71 03-45 18 11-15 702 36 12-45 171 54 02-20 52 72 03-50

Graph no 18 and 19 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during


18 th puta 19th puta


18th puta 19th puta Atmospheric Temperature 26 0C 260C Duration of Temperature Recorded 5hr 10 min 5hr 20min Mean Temperature 206 229.710 Maximum peak Temperature 7180C 7050C Peak strike temp. stay time 20sec 25 sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 80min 80min Time taken of peak to base 280min 280min Standard deviation of Temperature 208.091 208.356




Table. No.103: Brief description of V.B.(Classical) 20th puta

Vimala marana 20th puta Date of commencement 20.6.1025.6.10 Date of completion Materials Vimala bhasma after 19thputa :183 gms

Jambeera swarasa – Q.S, Apparatus All requirements used during 19th puta.

Procedure As done in 17th Puta. Total Cowdung cakes used were 150 in number & weight was 17 kg In uppar1/3rd – 50 in no.(4kgs), in lower 2/3rd –100 in no.( 13kgs)




• Colour of Chakrika Changed to brownish red colour.

• Weight of end product after 20th th puta was : 159 gms.

Precautions All the precautions taken 1st puta were takrn Table No.104: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(Classical) 20th

Puta

No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa used Observation 1st Bhavana 135 ml Brown colour 2nd Bhavana 125 ml “ 3rd Bhavana 125 ml “

Table no.105: Lakshanas of V.B.(Classical) after 20th Gajaputa:

Parameters Observations Color Brown Taste Tasteless Odour Odourless Touch Soft Appearance Very fine Powder Rekhapoornata Positive Varitara Positive Unama Positive Niruttha Positive



Table No 106: Showing the Results of V.B.(Classical) 20th puta Weight 20 th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 166gms Weight of chakrika after puta 159gms Weight loss 7 gms

Table No.107: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(Classical).20th Gaja puta

S.N Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp (0C)

Sl.n Time Temp

(0C) Sl.n Time Temp

(0C)

1 01-45 33 19 03-15 720 37 04-45 180 55 06-15 51 2 01-50 39 20 03-20 702 38 04-50 166 56 06-20 50 3 01-55 42 21 03-25 690 39 04-55 143 57 06-25 49 4 02-00 47 22 03-30 648 40 05-00 134 58 06-30 46 5 02-05 74 23 03-35 590 41 05-05 129 59 06-40 41 6 02-10 122 24 03-40 548 42 05-10 121 60 06-45 38 7 02-15 190 25 03-45 500 43 05-15 109 61 06-50 34 8 02-20 230 26 03-50 561 44 05-20 100 62 06-55 9 02-25 252 27 03-55 465 45 05-25 90 63 07-00 10 02-30 295 28 04-00 433 46 05-30 84 64 07-05 11 02-35 320 29 04-05 409 47 05-35 78 65 07-10 12 02-40 341 30 04-10 382 48 05-40 70 66 07-15 13 02-45 372 31 04-15 322 49 05-45 67 67 07-20 14 02-50 435 32 04-20 280 50 05-50 64 68 07-25 15 02-55 495 33 04-25 250 51 05-55 61 69 07-30 16 03-00 554 34 04-30 229 52 06-00 59 70 07-35 17 03-05 594 35 04-35 202 53 06-05 58 71 07-40 18 03-10 654 36 04-40 190 54 06-10 54 72 07-45

Graph no 20 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.(Classical) 20th Puta.



Table.No.108. Descriptive data \ statistics of V.B.(Classical) 20th puta

Atmospheric Temperature 33 0C Duration of Temperature Recorded 5hr.10min Mean Temperature 250.590 Maximum peak Temperature 7200C Peak strike temp. stay time 20sec Time taken for base to peak Temperature 95min Time taken of peak to base 265min Standard deviation of Temperature 213.680 Standard error of Temperature 27.359

PRACTICAL NO: 6

VIMALA BHASMA PREPARED BY ELECRTICAL HIGH TEMPERATURE


Vimala Bhasma 1st puta:



Equipments : Iron mortar - pestle, spoons, knife, Sharava, Electrical Horizontal

Muffle Furnace, K-type Thermocouple,Weighing Machine, cloth

pieces, Mulattani Mitti, Thread.

Materials: Shoditha Vimala : 250 gms

Shoditha Haratala : 31.3 gm

Shoditha Gandhaka : 31.3 gm


Method:

Vimala Marana 1st was carried out in different stages viz:

1.Mixing of Shodhita Vimala, Shodhita Haratala & Shodhita Gandhaka.

Extraction of Jambeera Swarasa.

Bhavana with Nimbu swarasa.



4. Subjecting to Electric Horizontal Muffle Furnace.



Procedure:

1. Mixing of Shodhita Vimala, with co-ingredients.

• 250 gms of Shoditha Vimala was taken in Khalwayantra.

• Fine powder of Haratala and Gandhaka were mixed with Vimala respectively.

• This mixture was triturated with sufficient quantity of Jambeera Swarasa for 6 hours.

• Trituration was done until whole mass attains a viscous and semisolid state.

Table No.109 Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(EHMF) 1st Puta

No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa used Observation

1st Bhavana 135 ml Black colour

2nd Bhavana 120 ml “

3rd Bhavana 120 ml “


After attaining appropriate consistency, Chakrikas were prepared of size 3-4cm

Diameter, 2-2.5mm thickness and dried completely.


• 2 concave equal sized earthen Sharava were taken with circumference 82cm

and diameter 26cm.

• Dried Chakrikas were kept in earthen sharava and arranged in two layers.

Another sharava was placed over it to make samputa.

• Gap between two sharavas was properly sealed with one layer of

Gopichandana smeared thread and then with seven layers of Gopichandana

lepita cloth, which measured 86 cm in length and width 10cm in size. Each

layer was wrapped after drying of previous layer.

4. Subjecting of Sharava in Electrical Horizontal Muffle Furnace.

• A Horizontal muffle furnace Embedded with Heating Element Chamber

measures, Inner- 13 1/2 inch height, 17 inch width, 17 inch length, Mild Steel

Body measures 38 inch height, 35 inch width,35 inch length.

• The Sharava has been kept centre of the heating element chamber with the

distance of 3 inch from the sides and distance of 2 1/2 inch from the

Thermocouple.

• The temperature controller is connected with the 3 phase electricity.



Observations:

• The Sharava has been placed properly at the heating element chamber of the

furnace, the temperature controller is connected to the 3 phase electricity.

• The maximum temperature was recorded 7930C which was maintined for 1hr.

• Total time taken 47hr. 5min and for complete self-cooling 45 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to light brown.

Precautions taken:

Care was taken to avoid tilting of the Kupi while placing in Vertical muffle

furnace.

The furnace must be connected to a properly sized power circuit (3 phase)

with the correct overcurrent protection for safe and reliable operation.

Proper 440Volts power supply is to be ensured for the equipment, as specified.

Proper earthing of the equipment is a must.

The heat switch should be adjusted to ensure that the equipment is kept ON for

just enough time such that the attained temperature follows the set temperature

accurately.

Ensure that all the electrical contacts are tight at all times. Take care that water

from anywhere does not enter the electrical components of the system.

Safety glasses and operating gloves wearied while operating the furnace.

Table. no.110: Lakshanas of V.B.(EHMF) after 1st puta

Parameters Observations Colour Brownish blackTaste Metallic Odour Metallic Lusture Present Touch Soft Appearance Powder Rekhapurnatva Negative Varitara Negative



Table. No.111:Showing Temperature record during V.B.(EHMF) 1st Puta

SI, No Time Tem

p (0c) Sl. No Time Temp

(0C) Sl.No Time

Temp (0C)

Sl.No Time Temp (0C)

1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 268 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 433 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 536 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 613 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 700 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 778 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 793 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 793 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 792 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 777 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 730 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 680 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 654 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 619 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 589 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 554 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 539 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 513 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 495 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 477 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 463 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 451 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 459 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 444 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 405 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43



Graph no 21:The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.(

E.H.M.F)1st Puta.

Table.no112: Descriptive data \ statistics of V.B.(EHMF) 1st puta

Atmospheric Temperature 35 0C Mean Temperature 577.708 Maximum peak Temperature 793 0C Peak strike temp. stay time 1 hr Time taken for base to peak Temperature 2hr.5min Time taken of peak to base 45 hours Standard deviation of Temperature 195.199 Standard error of Temperature 23.004

Table No.113: Showing result of V.B.(EHMF) 1st Puta

Weight Vimala bhasma Weight before 1st Puta 346 gms Weight after 1st Puta 221gms Weight lossof Chakrika 125 gms

Note: 4 gm of Marita Vimala was taken out for analysis. Table. No.114: Brief description of V.B.(EHMF) 2nd and 3rd puta

Vimala marana 2nd puta 3rd puta Date of commencement

22.6.10 12.7.10

Date of completion

28.6.2010 19.7.10

Materials Vimala bhasma after 1st puta : 217 gms Shoditha Haratala : 27.6 gms Shoditha Gandhaka : 27.6 gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S,

Vimala bhamsa after 2nd puta : 235.5gms Jambeera swarasa – Q.S

Apparatus All requirements used during first puta. As used in 2nd puta.



Procedure As done in 1st Puta As done in 1st Puta


• Total time taken47 hr 25min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to light brown.

• Weight of end product after 2nd puta was: 202gms.


• Total time taken for 47hr 15min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to Brown

• Chakrikas were easy to break and metallic sound heard.

• Weight of end product after 3rd puta was:193 gms



Table No.115 Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(EHMF) 2nd & 3rd Puta.

Vimala marana 2nd puta 3rd puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 115 ml 110ml Brownish with lightgreenish 2nd Bhavana 110 ml 80ml “ 3rd Bhavana 100 ml 80ml “

Table no.116: Lakshanas of V.B.(EHMF) after 2nd & 3rd puta

Parameters Observations of 2nd puta Observations of 3rd puta Color light brown Brown Luster Present Absent Taste Metallic taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance Powder Powder Rekhapoornata Negative Negative Varitara Negative Negative

Table No: 117: Showing result of V.B.(EHMF) 2nd and 3rd Puta Weight 2nd puta 3rd puta Weight of chakrika before puta 311 gms 224gms Weight of chakrika after puta 202 gms 193gms Weight loss 109 gms 31gms Table No 118:Showing Temperature record during V.B.(EHMF) 2nd puta



SI, No Time Tem


(0C) Sl.No Time

Temp (0C)


1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 268 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 433 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 536 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 638 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 700 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 778 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 793 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 793 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 792 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 777 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 730 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 680 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 654 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 619 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 589 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 554 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 539 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 420 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 520 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 477 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 463 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 451 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 459 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 444 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 405 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43



Table. No.119: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(EHMF) 3rd puta

SI, No Time Tem


(0C) Sl.No Time

Temp (0C)


1 10-20 am 28 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 268 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 424 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 530 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 615 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 688 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 753 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 801 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 793 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 722 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 668 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 628 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 594 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 566 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 543 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 520 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 498 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 480 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 476 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 472 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 463 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 451 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 459 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 444 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 405 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77s 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43



Graph no 22: The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.(E.H.M.F)

2nd Puta

Graph no 23 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during mV.B.

(E.H.M.F.)3rd Puta

Table.No.120. Descriptive data / statistics of V.B.(EHMF) 2nd and 3rd puta

2nd puta 3rd puta Atmospheric Temperature 26 0C 28 0C Duration of Temperature Recorded Mean Temperature 618.319 592.028 Maximum peak Temperature 793 793 Peak strike temp. stay time 1hr 1hr Time taken for base to peak Temperature 2hr.25min 2hr.15min Time taken of peak to base 45hours 45hours

Standard deviation of Temperature 174.970 173.122




Table. No.121:Brief description of V.B.(EHMF) 4th and 5th puta



19.7.2010 25.7.2010

Date of completion

25.7.2010 31.7.2010

Material Vimala bhasma after 3rd puta Vimala bhasma after 4th puta Apparatus All requirements used during 3rd


Procedure As done in 1st puta As done in 1st puta Observations Maximum temperature was

recorded 7930C

• Total time taken47hr.30min and for completes self-cooling 24 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to purplish purplish.


• Weight of end product after 4th puta was: 193gms.

The maximum temperature was recorded 793 0C.

• Total time taken for47hr.25min and for completes self-cooling 24 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to purplish.


• Weight of end product after 5th puta was:193 gms



Table No. 122: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(EHMF) 4th & 5th Puta Vimala marana 4th puta 5th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 11o ml 110ml Maroon colour 2nd Bhavana 110 ml 85ml “ 3rd Bhavana 90 ml 90ml “



Table no.123: Lakshanas of V.B.(EHMF) after 4th & 5th puta

Parameters Observations of 4th puta Observations of 5th puta Color Brown Brown Taste Metallic taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance Powder Powder Rekhapoornata Negative Negative Varitara Negative Negative Table No 124: Showing result of V.B.(EHMF) 4th and 5th puta

Weight 4th puta 5th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 218 gms 207gms Weight of chakrika after puta 193gms 193gms Weight loss 25 gms 14gms

Table. No.125: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(EHMF) 4th puta

SI, No Time Tem


(0C) Sl.No Time Tem

p(0C) Sl.No Time Temp(0C)

1 10-20 am 25 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 213 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 370 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 487 41 11-40 265 79 12-00

pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 579 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 649 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 718 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 767 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 806 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 720 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 676 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 639 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 599 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 559 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 519 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 489 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 478 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 473 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 472 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 463 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 451 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 459 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 444 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 405 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46



30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43

Table. No.126: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(EHMF) 5th Gaja puta

SI, No Time Tem


(0C) Sl.No Time

Temp (0C)


1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 174 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 360 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 480 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 591 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 666 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 724 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 783 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 797 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 705 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 663 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 624 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 594 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 567 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 543 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 520 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 478 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 473 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 472 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 463 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 451 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 459 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 444 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 405 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43



Graph no24 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.

(E.H.M.F) 4th puta

Graph no 25 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.

(E.H.M.F )5th puta

Table.No.127. Descriptive data / statistics of 4thand 5thputa of V.B.(EHMF)

4th puta 5th puta Atmospheric Temperature 250C 260C Mean Temperature 586.917 589.139 Maximum peak Temperature 7930C 7930C Peak strike temp. stay time 1hr 1hr Time taken for base to peak Temperature 2hr.30min 2hr.25min Time taken of peak to base 45 hour 45 hour Standard deviation of Temperature 188.039 188.278 Standard error of Temperature 22.161 22.189



Table. No.128: Brief description of 6th and 7thputa of V.B.(EHMF)


31.7.2010 6.8.2010

Date of completion

6.8.2010 12.8.2010

Material Vimala bhasma after 5th puta Vimala bhasma after 6th puta Apparatus As used during 1st puta. As used in 1st puta.

Procedure As done in 1st Puta As done in 1st Puta

Observations • Maximum temperature was recorded 7930C

• Total time taken 47 hr 20min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to Brown.

• Weight of end product after 6th puta was: 190gms.


• Total time taken for 47 hr 20min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours.



• Weight of end product after 7th puta was:188 gms



Table No.129: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(EHMF) 6th & 7th Puta Vimala marana 6th puta 7th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 100 ml 100ml Maroon colour 2nd Bhavana 100 ml 95ml “ 3rd Bhavana 90 ml 90ml “

Table no.130: Lakshanas of V.B.(EHMF) after 6th & 7thputa

Parameters Observations of 6th puta Observations of 7th puta Color Brown Brown Taste Metallic taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance Fine Fine Rekhapoornata Negative Negative Varitara Positive Positive Nirdhuma Positive



Table No.131: Result of Vimala Bhasma 6th and 7th puta in ( E.H.M.F) Weight 6th puta 7th puta

Weight of chakrika before puta 225 gms 200gms Weight of chakrika after puta 190gms 188gms Weight loss 32 gms 12 gms Table. No.132: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(EHMF) 6th Gaja puta

SI, No Time Tem


(0C) Sl.No Time Tem


1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 240 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 404 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 523 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 575 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 660 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 726 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 693 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 795 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 678 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 634 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 600 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 571 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 548 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 517 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 494 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 458 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 473 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 472 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 463 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 451 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 459 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 444 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 405 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43




SI, No Time Tem


(0C) Sl.No Time

Temp (0C)


1 10-20 am 27 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 245 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 402 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 516 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 610 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 653 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 730 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 793 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 793 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 662 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 628 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 607 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 592 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 579 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 553 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 527 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 480 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 473 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 472 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 463 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 451 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 459 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 444 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 405 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43



Graph no26: The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.

(E.H.M.F) 6th puta

Graph no27: The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during mV.B.

(E.H.M.F )7th puta

Table.No.134: Descriptive data / statistics of 6th and 7th puta of V.B.(EHMF)

6th puta 7th puta Atmospheric Temperature 26 0C 27 Mean Temperature 582.750 594.472 Maximum peak Temperature 7930C 793 Peak strike temp. stay time 1hr 1hr Time taken for base to peak Temperature 2hr.20min 2hr.20min Time taken of peak to base 45hours 45hours Standard deviation of Temperature 179.809 176.141




Table. No.135: Brief description of V.B.(EHMF) 8th & 9th puta Vimala marana 8th puta 9th puta Date of commencement

12.8.2010 18.8.2010

Date of completion

18.8.2010 24.8.2010

Material Vimala bhasma after 7th puta Vimala bhasma after 8th puta Apparatus All requirements used during 7th


Procedure As done in 1st puta As done in 1st puta

Observations • Maximum temperature was recorded 7930C

• Total time taken47 hr 20min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to brown.


• Weight of end product after 8th puta was: 188 gms.


• Total time taken for 47 hr25min and for completes self-cooling 45hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to brown.


• Wt. of end product after 9th puta was: 188 gms



Table No. 136: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(EHMF) 8 th & 9th Puta Vimala marana 8th puta 9th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 100 ml 90ml Maroon colour 2nd Bhavana 90 ml 85ml “ 3rd Bhavana 80 ml 80ml “

Table no.137: Lakshanas of Vimala bhasma after V.B.(EHMF) 8th & 9th puta Parameters Observations of 8th puta Observations of 9thputa Color Brown Brown Taste Slight Metallic taste Slight Metallic taste Odour Slight Metallic Slight Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance Fine Fine Rekhapoornata Positive Positive Varitara Negative Negative



Table No 138:Results of V.B.(EHMF) 8th and 9th Puta Weight 8th puta 9th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 199 gms 201gms

Weight of chakrika after puta 188gms 188gms Weight loss 11gms 13 gms Table. No.139: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(EHMF) 8th Gaja puta

SI, No Time Tem


(0C) Sl.No Time Tem


1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 259 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 412 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 525 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 609 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 678 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 736 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 793 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 795 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 719 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 659 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 621 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 589 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 560 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 537 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 515 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 495 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 482 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 472 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 463 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 451 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 459 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 444 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 405 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43




SI, No Time Tem


(0C) Sl.No Time

Temp (0C)


1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 252 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 393 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 500 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 681 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 647 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 719 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 770 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 800 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 752 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 675 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 636 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 568 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 545 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 521 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 598 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 540 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 498 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 491 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 486 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 465 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 450 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 438 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 426 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43



Graph no28 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B. (E.H.M.F) 8th puta

Graph no29: The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B.(E.H.M.F)

9th puta

Table.No.141: Descriptive data / statistics of V.B.(EHMF) 8th and 9th puta

8th puta 9th puta Atmospheric Temperature 260C 260C Mean Temperature 598.611 591.056 Maximum peak Temperature 7930C 7930C Peak strike temp. stay time 1hr 1hr Time taken for base to peak Temperature 2hr.20min 2hr.25min Time taken of peak to base 45hours 45hours Standard deviation of Temperature 181.383 185.914




Table. No.141: Brief description of V.B.(EHMF) 10th and 11th puta Vimala marana 10th puta 11th puta


24.8.2010 31.8.2010

Date of completion

30.8.2010 7.9.2010

Material Vimala bhasma after9th puta Vimala bhasma after 10th puta

Apparatus All requirements used during 9th puta. As used in 11th puta.


Observations Maximum temperature was recorded 7930C

• Total time taken 47hr.25min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours.





• Total time taken for47 hr.20min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to Brown..




Table No.143: Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(EHMF) 10th& 11thPuta Vimala marana 10th puta 11th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 100 ml 90ml Maroon colour 2nd Bhavana 90 ml 85ml “ 3rd Bhavana 80 ml 80ml “ Table no.144: Lakshanas of V.B.(EHMF) after 10th & 11th Gajaputa

Parameters Observations of 10th puta Observations of 11th puta Color Brown Dark Brown Taste Metallic taste Metallic taste Odour Metallic Metallic Touch Soft Soft Appearance fine Very fine Rekhapoornata positive Positive Varitara Negative Partially



Table No.145: Result of V.B.(EHMF) 10th and 11th Puta Weight 10th puta 11th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 197gms 189gms Weight of chakrika after puta 187gms 181gms Weight loss 13gms 8 gms Table. No.146: Showing Temperature record during V.B.(EHMF) 10th Gaja puta

SI, No

Time Temp(0c)

Sl. No

Time Temp (0C)

Sl.No

Time Temp(0C

Sl.No Time Temp(0C

1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 26 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 255 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 395 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 498 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 587 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 670 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 729 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 782 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 795 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 793 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 676 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 632 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 589 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 541 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 536 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 526 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 507 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 454 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 448 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 444 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 438 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 431 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 426 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 418 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43



Table. No.147:Showing Temperature record during V.B.(EHMF) 11th Gaja puta

SI, No

Time Temp (0c)

Sl. No

Time Temp (0C)

Sl.No

Time Temp (0C)


1 10-20 am 28 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 270 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 429 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 530 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 615 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 681 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 742 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 793 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 793 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 762 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 661 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 622 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 594 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 564 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 530 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 526 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 488 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 468 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 448 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 444 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 438 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 431 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 426 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 418 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43



Graph no30:The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B. (E.H.M.F) 10th puta

Graph no 31: The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during (E.H.M.F)

11th puta

Table.No.148: Descriptive data / statistics of V.B.(EHMF) 10th and 11th puta

10th puta 11th puta Atmospheric Temperature 26 0C 280C Mean Temperature 578.694 605.319 Maximum peak Temperature 7930C 7930C Peak strike temp. stay time 1hr 1hr Time taken for base to peak Temperature 1hr.25min 1hr.20min Time taken of peak to base 45hours 45hours

Standard deviation of Temperature 184.600 177.542 Standard error of Temperature 21.755 20.924



Table. No.149: Brief description of V.B.(EHMF) 12th and 13thputa


7.9.2010 13.9.2010

Date of completion

13.9.2010 19.9.2010

Materials Vimala bhasma after 11th puta Vimala bhasma after 12th puta Apparatus All requirements used during 11th



Observations Maximum temperature was recorded 7930C

• Total time taken 47hr 30min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to Dark brown.



• Total time taken for 47hr 30min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to Dark Brown.




Table No.150 Showing observation during Bhavana for V.B.(EHMF) 12th & 13th Puta Vimala marana 12th puta 13th puta Observation No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa Jambeera swarasa 1st Bhavana 100 ml 90ml Maroon colour 2nd Bhavana 90 ml 85ml “ 3rd Bhavana 75 ml 75ml “ Table no.151: Lakshanas of V.B.(EHMF) after 12th & 13th puta

Parameters Observations of 12th puta Observations of 13th puta Color Dark Brown Dark Brown Taste Tasteless Tasteless Odour Odourless Odourless Touch Soft Soft Appearance very fine Very fine Rekhapoornata Positive Positive Varitara Partially Partially



Table No.152: Result of V.B.(EHMF) 12th and 13th Puta Weight 12th puta 13th puta Weight of chakrika before puta 185gms 185gms Weight of chakrika after puta 178gms 177gms Weight loss 7gms 8 gms


SI, No

Time Temp(0c)

Sl. No

Time Temp (0C)

Sl.N Time Temp(0C

Sl.No Time Temp(0C

1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 288 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 398 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 500 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 586 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 639 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 697 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 766 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 802 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 783 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 662 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 615 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 590 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 556 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 553 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 509 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 500 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 486 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 470 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 456 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 438 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 431 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 426 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 418 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43




SI, No

Time Temp (0c)

Sl. No

Time Temp (0C)

Sl.No

Time Temp (0C)

Sl.No

Time Temp (0C)

1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 184 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 287 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 358 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 427 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64

6 12-00 522 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 637 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 720 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 793 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 793 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 700 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 639 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 623 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 598 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 578 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 518 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 491 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 486 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 470 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 456 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 438 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 431 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 426 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 418 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43



Graph no33 : Graph showing the Time Vs temperature during V.B. (E.H.M.F )

12th puta

Graph no 34 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during

V.B.(E.H.M.F)13th puta

Table.No.155. Descriptive data / statistics of V.B.(EHMF) 12th and 13th puta

12th puta 13th puta Atmospheric Temperature 260C 260C Mean Temperature 542.624 524.264 Maximum peak Temperature 7930C 7930C Peak strike temp. stay time 1hr 1hr Time taken for base to peak Temperature 2hr.30min 2hr.30min Time taken of peak to base 45hr 45hr Standard deviation of Temperature 213.307 213.307 Standard error of Temperature 25.138 25.138



Vimala Bhasma 14th puta:



Equipments : As used in 1st Puta

Materials: Vimala after 13th : 177 gms


Procedure: As done in 1st Puta.

Table No.156: Showing observation during Bhavana for 14th Puta

No. of Bhavana Jambeera swarasa used Observation 1st Bhavana 135 ml Maroon colour 2nd Bhavana 120 ml “ 3rd Bhavana 120 ml “ Observations

• Total time taken for 47 hrs 25min and for completes self-cooling 45 hours

• The maximum temperature recorded was 7930C.


• Colour of Chakrika changed to Dark Brown.


Table. no.157: Lakshanas of V.B.(EHMF) after 14th puta

Parameters Observations Colour Dark Brown Taste Tasteless Odour Odourless Lusture Present Touch Soft Appearance Very fine Rekhapurnatva positive Varitara positive Unama Positive Niruttha Positive


SI, No

Time Temp (0c)

Sl. No

Time Temp (0C)

Sl.No

Time Temp (0C)


1 10-20 am 26 38 10-40 280 76 11-00 119 109 11-00 68 2 10-40 206 39 11-00 275 77 11-20 116 120 11-20 66 3 11-00 395 40 11-20 271 78 11-40 114 121 11-40 64 4 11-20 498 41 11-40 265 79 12-

00pm 112 122 12-00

am 65

5 11-40 587 42 12-00 am

255 80 12-20 110 123 12-20 64



6 12-00 670 43 12-20 251 81 12-40 109 124 12-40 63 7 12-20 726 44 12-40 245 82 1-00 108 125 1-00 62 8 12-40 782 45 1-00 240 83 1-20 106 126 1-20 62 9 1-00 799 46 1-20 235 84 1-40 105 127 1-40 60 10 1-20 793 47 1-40 230 85 2-00 104 128 2-00 61 11 1-40 793 48 2-00 225 86 2-20 104 129 2-20 60 12 2-00 776 49 2-20 220 87 2-40 103 130 2-40 59 13 2-20 692 50 2-40 210 88 3-00 102 131 3-00 58 14 2-40 680 51 3-00 205 89 3-20 101 132 3-20 56 15 3-00 672 52 3-20 199 90 3-40 99 133 3-40 55 16 3-20 569 53 3-40 190 91 4-00 98 134 4-00 55 17 3-40 487 54 4-00 185 92 4-20 96 140 4-20 54 18 4-00 478 55 4-20 180 93 4-40 94 141 4-40 53 19 4-20 465 56 4-40 175 94 5-00 91 142 5-00 53 20 4-40 448 57 5-00 170 95 5-20 89 143 5-20 52 21 5-00 444 58 5-20 164 96 5-40 85 144 5-40 50 22 5-20 440 59 5-40 158 97 6-00 87 145 6-00 59 23 5-40 436 60 6-00 152 98 6-20 85 146 6-20 49 24 6-00 431 61 6-20 149 99 6-40 84 147 6-40 47 25 6-20 426 62 6-40 145 100 7-00 82 148 7-00 48 26 6-40 418 63 7-00 142 101 7-20 81 149 7-20 48 27 7-00 413 64 7-20 140 102 7-40 79 150 7-40 47 28 7-20 402 65 7-40 146 103 8-00 78 151 8-00 47 29 7-40 389 66 8-00 142 104 8-20 78 152 8-20 46 30 8-00 367 67 8-20 136 105 8-40 77 153 8-40 46 31 8-20 355 68 8-40 130 106 9-00 77 154 9-00 46 32 8-40 343 69 9-00 128 107 9-20 76 155 9-20 45 33 9-00 330 70 9-20 126 108 9-40 74 156 9-40 44 34 9-20 320 71 9-40 124 109 10-00 73 157 10-00 44 35 9-40 310 72 10-00 125 110 10-20 72 158 10-20 43 36 10-00 300 73 10-20 121 111 10-40 71 159 10-40 43 37 10-20 292 74 10-40 120 112 11-00 70 160 11-00 43

Graph no35 : The graph showing the Time Vs temperature during mV.B.

(E.H.M.F) 13th puta



Table.No.161: Descriptive data / statistics of 14th puta of V.B.(EHMF)

Atmospheric Temperature 260C Mean Temperature 589.444 Maximum peak Temperature 7930C Peak strike temp. stay time 1hr Time taken for base to peak Temperature 2hr 25min Time taken of peak to base 45 hour Standard deviation of Temperature 192.112 Standard error of Temperature 22.641

Graph no36 : Showing mean Temperature Vs Time of preparation of V.B.–Classical gajaputa method.(heating Curve)

Graph no36 : Showing Temperature Vs Time of preparation of V.B.(EHMF)-Heating Curve.



Graph no37 : Showing Temperature Vs Time of preparation of V.B. –Classical gajaputa method.(cooling Curve)

Graph no47: Showing Temperature Vs Time of preparation of V.B. – E.H.M.F.method.(Cooling Curve)

Table.No.162. Showing Results of Pharmaceutical analysis of Vimala Bhasma(Classical)

Observations during Puta Tests Before marana 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Colour

greyish black

Blac k Black Black Black Black Black Black Black

Black

Black Black Black Black

Light brown

Light brown

Brown Brown

Brown

Brown

Brown

Taste Metallic Met allic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Slight Metailc

Slight Metailc

Slight Metailc

Slight Metailc.

Slight Metailc.

SlightMetailc.

tasteless

tasteless

tasteless

Appearance

Coarse powder

Powder

Powder

Powder

Powder

Powder

Fine Powder

Fine Powder

Fine Powder

fine Powder

Fine Powder

Fine Powder

Fine Powder

Fine Powder

Fine Powder

Fine Powder

Very fine

Very fine

Very fine

Very fine

Very fine

Odour Metallic

Metallic with S

Metallic with S

Metallic with S

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

slightMetallic

slightMetallic

slightMetallic

slightMetallic

Slight Metailc.

SlightMetailc.

odourless

odourless

odourless

Weight in Gms

250

240

235.5

235

230

233

220

218

216

216

209

200

194

189

183

170

162

160

161

159

Rekhapoornatwa

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

Varitaratwa -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

-ve -ve

-ve

-ve

Partially

Partially

Partially

+ve +ve +ve

Unama -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve +ve

Nirdhuma

+ ve

Niruttha

+ ve


Table.No.163: Showing Results of Pharmaceutical analysis of Vimala Bhasma(EHMF)

Observations during Puta Tests Before marana 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14

Colour greyish black

Blac kish brown

Light brown

brown

brown

brown

brown brown brow

n

brown

Dark brown

Dark brown

Dark brown

Dark brown Dark brown

Taste Metallic Met allic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Slight Metailc

Slight Metailc tasteless

tasteless

tasteless Tasteless

Appearance

Coarse powder Powder Pow

der Powder

Powder

Powder

Fine Powder

Fine Powder

Fine Powder

fine Powder

veryFine

Very Fine

Very Fine

Very Fine Very Fine

Odour Metallic Metallic with S

Metallic with S

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Metallic

Slight Metailc

Slight Metailc

odourless

odourless odourless odourless

Weight in Gms

250

221

202

193

193

193

190

188

188

188

187

181

178

177

175

Rekhapoornatwa

-ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve +ve +ve +ve -ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

+ve

Varitaratwa -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve -ve

partially

partially

+ve

+ve

Una ma +ve

Nirdhuma

+ve

Niruttha +ve


Analytical Study

ANALYTICAL STUDY

Analysis of the drug is a must to know these active principles to ensure safety

efficacy of the drug. The drugs that are manufactured should be understood well and

vividly interpreted in the light of modern chemistry. The metallic and mineral

preparations should be subjected to physical, chemical, instrumental, macro and

microanalysis before being used. This confirms the quality and safety of the drug.

In present study analytical study was done for the following four samples i.e.

• Ashodhita Vimala

• Shoditha Vimala

• Vimala Bhasma (Classical)

• Vimala Bhasma(EHM.F)

Aims and Objectives:

• To analyze physico -chemical properties of AV, SV, V.B.(Classical) and V.B.(

EHMF)

• To carryout X-Ray diffraction studies,SEM-EDX studies on AV, SV,

V.B.(Classical) and V. B.( EHMF)

• To carryout Particle Size analysis by Laser Diffraction Method of V.B.(classical)

and V.B.(EHMF).

• To study the pattern of colour change of V.B.(Classical) and V.B.( EHMF) by

Namboori phased spot test (N.P.S.T).

Materials and Methods:

Analytical materials:

▪ AV ▪ V.B.(Classical)

▪ SV ▪ V. B.( EHMF)

Analytical Methods:

A) According to Ayurvedic parameters.

Rasa, Varna, Sparsha, Gandha, Rekhapoornata,Varitaratva.

B) According to Modern parameters.

1. Estimation of total ash.

2. Determination of Acid insoluble Ash

3. Determination of water soluble Ash

4. Determination of loss on drying at 110 0 C

5. Determination of pH


Analytical Study

6. Particle size by Laser diffraction method.

7. NPST.

8. Instrumental methods – XRD and SEM- EDX.

Classical Parameters:

Physical tests:

• This part of study was carried out at P.G Department of Rasa Shastra, T.G.A.MC,

Bellary and A.L.N.Rao. Ayurvedic Medical College and Analytical lab, Koppa.

• Particle size analysis of 2 samples was carried out at, “Manipal Institute of

Technology”, Manipal.

Modern Parameters:

• X-ray diffraction method for crystallographic study of AV, SV, V. B. (Classical)

and V. B.( EHMF)was done at NITK, Dept of Met & Meterial Science, Suratkal.

• SEM-EDX method for elemental analysis study of AV, SV,Vimala Bhasma

Prepared by Classical Puta method and Horizontal Muffle Furnace was done at

NITK, Dept of Met & Material Science, Suratkal.

PHYSICAL TESTS:

• Classical Parameters

The ancient Parameters were carried out for Vimala Bhasma Prepared by

Classical and H.E.M.F. at Rasa Shastra Dept. TGAMC, Bellary

Table no.164: Showing classical Parameters for analysis of V.B.(Classical)

&V.B.(EHMF)

Sl no V.B.(Classical) V.B.(EHMF) 1 Varna Brownish red Dark brownish red 2 Sparsha Smooth, fine (Mrudu) Smooth, fine (Mrudu) 3 Gandha Nirgandha Nirgandha 4 Varitaratva Positive Positive 5 Rekhapoornatva Positive Positive 6 Unnama Positive Positive 7 Gatarasatva Positive Positive 8 Niruttha Positive Positive

Classical physico –chemical analysis

a) Rekha Purnatva:

When the V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) was rubbed between the thumb and index

finger it entered the furrows of the fingers.


Analytical Study

b) Varitaratva:

When finely powdered V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) were carefully sprinkled into

a separate test tube containing water, Bhasma and floats on water

c) Unama:

When V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) spread on water and a rice was placed on that

layer is comparatively heavier object and the rice floats like Hamsa, then Mruta

Vimala was considered Uttama.

d) Niruttha Pareeksha:

Materials: V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) - 2 Gms each

Pure silver: 2 Gms Crucible: 01

Procedure: 2 Gms of V.B.(Classical) was taken and 2gms of pure silver was taken in

a crucible and subjected to teevragni in a furnace connected with electric blower. Heat

was given for 10 min. Then contents of crucible were taken out. The molten silver

with course powder of Vimala bhasma was poured on molding rod. When it became

cool, blowing air separated powder and silver and was dipped in water and wiped

with cloth and weighed.

Same procedure was followed to V.B. (EHMF).

Inference: The weight of silver was 2gms only. It suggests that the bhasma has not

reacted with silver i.e. Vimala Marana of both methods has taken place completely, it

does not contain metallic portion in elemental form.

e) Nirdhuma:

Small quantities of prepared V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) taken separately &

were put over a fire which should not produce any smoke.

MODERN PARAMETERS :

The physical tests of all samples of V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) were carried out

at A.L.N.Rao, Ayurvedic Medical College and Analytical lab, Koppa, the tests

included Organoleptic Characters, Estimation of Total Ash, Determination of Acid

insoluble Ash, Determination of loss on Drying at 1100C, pH Value.


Analytical Study

1. ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERS

Table No. 165: Showing Results of qualitative and quantitative comparative

Analytical study of AV, SV,V.B.(classical) & V.B.(E.H.M.F.) Organoleptic Characters

Contents AV SV V.B.(classical) V.B.(EHMF) Colour Blackish-grey Brownish-grey Brownish-red Dark

Brownish-red Odour Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Touch Amorphous Amorphous Amorphous Amorphous Taste Specific Specific Tasteless Tasteless

2. DETERMINATION OF PH VALUE.

Materials:

Glass electrode, PH meter, Beakers

Buffer tablet

(PH - 4) Acid - 0.05H Potassium hydrogen phthalate,

(PH – 8) Alkali - 0.05H Sodium tetra borate.

• AV -1gm

• SV – 1gm

• V. B.(Classical) – 1gm

• V.B. (EHMF) - 1gm.

Method: The PH meter and electrode system were operated according to the manual

instructions. The meter and electrodes were standardized with 0.05H Sodium borate

while measuring an alkaline Solution.

At the end of a set of measurements, take a reaching of the Solution used to

standardizing the meter and electrodes. This reading should not differ by more than

0.02 from the original value at which the apparatus was standardized.

Now in 5ml of water 1gm of sample was put and PH was determined for the solution.

Results :

• AV – 3.56

• SV – 3.23

• V. B.(Classical) – 7.42

• V.B. (EHMF) – 8.82


Analytical Study

3) DETERMINATION OF ASH VALUE

Materials:

Silica crucible, Electronic weighing machine, Electric furnace.

• AV -1gm

• SV – 1gm

• V. B.(Classical) – 1gm

• V.B. (EHMF) - 1gm.

Procedure:

One grams of accurately weighed sample was taken and transferred to the

cleaned, dried and weighed Silica crucible and was subjected to ignition using electric

furnace at 4500C for an hour. Silica crucible was taken out from the furnace and was

allowed to cool, and weighed. After cooling the weight of the ash obtained, the ash

value of. Sample was calculated.

Result:

• AV -83.12%

• SV – 84.00%

• V.B.(Classical) –95.06%

• V.B. ( E.H.M.F) - 96.81%

4. DETERMINATION OF ACID INSOLUBLE ASH

Material:

Silica crucible, Burner, What man filter Paper, Electronic weighing machine

dil HCl - 25ml, Conical flask,

AV -2gm

SV – 2gm

V.B. (Classical) – 2gm

V.B. (EHMF) - 2gm.

Method:

2gm of sample was mixed with 25 ml dil hydrochloric acid for 5 min, then filtered

through whatman’s paper and was washed with water.

The residue was taken in a crucible dried and ignited, allowed to cool and weighed.

Result:

AV -55.00% SV – 66.12% V.B. (Classical) –7.21% V.B. (EHMF) – 6.42%


Analytical Study

5) DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE ASH

Material:

Burner, Whatman filter Paper, Electronic weighing machine, Water

AV -2gm SV – 2gm V.B. (Classical) – 2gm V.B. (EHMF) - 2gm.

Method:

Boil the ash for 5 minutes with 25ml of water; collect the insoluble matter in an ash

less filter paper; wash with hot water, and ignite for 15 minutes at a temperature not

exceeding 4500C. substract the weight of the insoluble matter from the weight of the

ash; the difference in the weight represents the water soluble ash. Calculate the

percentage of water soluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.

Results: AV -3.12% SV – 3.42%

V.B. (Classical) –7.09% V.B. (EHMF) - 6.89%.

6) DETERMINATION OF LOSS ON DRYING AT 1100C

Materials:

Silica crucible, Electronic weighing machine, Electronic air oven

AV -1gm SV – 1gm V.B. (Classical) – 1gm V.B. (EHMF) - 1gm.

Method:

One gram of sample was taken in a Silica crucible and accurately weighed,

heated on electric air oven up to 1100C for 3 hrs. Again weighed the difference and

weight was calculated.

Result: AV -0.38% SV – 0.14%

V.B. (Classical) – 0.62% V.B. (EHMF) - 0.54%.

CHEMICAL TESTS:

Determination of Iron by volumetric method:

AV - (Ferrous) - 2.01%

(Ferric) - 21.12%

SV - (Ferrous) - 1.00%

(Ferric) - 25.51%

VB(Classical) - (Ferrous) - 1.11%

(Ferric) - 23.90%

V.B. (EHMF) - (Ferrous) – 0.89%%

(Ferric) - 23.23 %

Determination of Arsenic by volumetric method:

Arsenic percentage in VB(Classical) – 0.95% V.B. (EHMF) - 0.90%.


Analytical Study

Determination of Sulphur by Eschika method: Sulphur as sulphate or sulphide percentage

AV - 12.78%

SV - 25.52%

VB(Classical)- 0.16%

V.B. (EHMF) - 0.18%

X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY

Materials:

• Agate mortar and pestle, XRD analyser.

• ASV,SV, VB(Classical)-and V.B. (EHMF) each 1 gm.

Method: It is carried out by using JEOL JDX8p X-ray diffractometer. The machine is

equipped with Visual XRD software and Traces V-6.0analyzer software. The

diffractometer scans were made on randomly oriented samples from 5.0125 2theta to

119.98 with a step size of 0.02 (02Th) and 1 sec time per step.

The machine is equipped with Cu K-alpha (Lambda-1.5406) radiation operated at 30

kV,Current 20 m.amps, started at 200 to 900,Speed 20 per min., wavelength 1.541 A.

The 2-theta value and intensity of the peak (counts) are represented on X and Y-axis

respectively. Higher the value of counts represents higher the crystallanity of the

phase. For identification of each phase, minimum 3 strong peaks were chosen and

compared with standard Joint Committee Powder Diffraction File (JCPDF). The

standard JCPDF number, identified phase and composition are also given.

Ashoditha Vimala:

Table No166: Showing XRD report of A.V.

Identified Standard Peak No Angle 2 θ d space Intensity Angle 2 θ Intensity 2 28.696 3.111 66 28.513 31 3 33.286 2.692 91 33.084 100 4 37.276 2.412 77 37.107 53 5 40.977 2.202 58 40.784 40 6 47.631 1.909 64 47.424 36 7 56.439 1.63 100 56.279 69 8 61.9 1.499 63 61.694 13 9 64.473 1.445 43 64.283 16 10 81.49 1.181 38 81.317 7 11 88.43 1.105 55 88.291 7 14 95.409 1.042 58 95.248 20


Analytical Study

Note:

Totally 27 peaks were identified in AV sample at different angels (2 θ) from 28.513 to

119.721.

14 peaks were chosen as strong with their relative Intensity and compared to standard

X – ray powder diffraction file (XPDF).

3rd peak with relative intensity of 91%. was considered as significant at 33.2860,

having 2.692 d space value

The intensity % of FeS2 (31,100,53,40,36,69,13,16,7,7,20) is approximately matching

with the intensity % of AV (66,91,77,58,64,100,63,43,38,55,58 ) respectively.

Shoditha Vimala:

Table No167: Showing XRD report of S.V. with Standard 1

Identified Standard 1 Peak No Angle 2 θ d space Intensity Angle 2

θ Intensity

2 37.199 3.11 66 37.280 3 3 56.52 2.417 91 56.154 1 4 80.86 1.189 77 80.500

1

7 95.36 1.043 58 95.203 3 Note:

Totally 27 peaks were identified in SV sample at different angels (2 θ) from 28.513 to

119.721.



The intensity % of Fe2O3 (3,1,1,3) is approximately matching with the intensity % of

SV(66,91,77,58) respectively.

Table No168: Showing XRD report of S. V. with Standard 2


θ Intensity

2 37.199 3.11 100 37.052 8 3 56.52 2.417 91 56.942 30

Note:


144.848


X – ray powder diffraction file (XPDF)


Analytical Study

3rd peak with relative intensity of 91%. was considered as significant at 56.520,


The intensity % of Fe3O4 (8, 30) is approximately matching with the intensity % SV

of (100, 91) respectively.

Vimala Bhasma prepared by Classical Gajaputa method

Table No169: Showing XRD report of V.B. (classical) with Standard 1


θ Intensity

1 29.131 3.065 54 29.154 3 2 33.381 3.065 100 33.900 412 3 35.832 2.506 87 35.964 12 4 53.62 1.709 56 53.156

346

6 59.04 1.565 58 59.470 3 7 62.68 1.482 79 62.595 3 8 65.98 1.416 48 65.634 28 9 73.54 1.288 54 73.618 40

Note:


144.848



2nd peak with relative intensity of 100%. was considered as significant at 33.3810,


The intensity % of FeS (3,412,12,346,3,3,28,40) is approximately matching with the

intensity % of VB(classical) (54, 100,87,56,58,79,48,54 ) respectively.

Table No170: Showing XRD report of V.B (classical) with Standard 2


θ Intensity

2 33.381 3.065 100 33.910 2 3 35.832 2.506 87 35.659 100 4 53.62 1.709 56 53.779 10 5 54.243 1.691 65 54.972 1 6 59.04 1.565 58 59.620 1 7 62.68 1.482 79 62.981 1 8 65.98 1.416 48 65.130 28


Analytical Study

Note:

Totally 41 peaks were identified inVB(Classical) sample at different angels (2 θ) from

14.969 to 95.203.



3rd peak with relative intensity of 87% was considered as significant at 35.8320,

having 2.506d space value .

The intensity % of Fe2O3 (412, 12, 346 ,3, 3,28,40) is approximately matching with

the intensity % of VB (Classical) ( 100,87,56,58,79,48,54 ) respectively.

Vimala Bhasma prepared by Electrical Horizontal Muffle Furnace

Table No171: Showing XRD report of V.B.(EHMF) with Standard 1 Identified Standard 1 Peak

No Angle 2 θ d space Intensity Angle 2 θ

Intensity

2 33.436 2.68 92 33.900 412 3 35.958 2.498 73 35.964 12 5 53.18 1.722 54 53.156 346 7 62.16 1.493 68 62.213 31 8 62.676 1.482 97 62.595 3 9 64.244 1.45 90 64.555 36 10 67.24 1.392 65 67.346 1 14 85.14 1.14 90 85.027 1 15 85.34 1.14 87 85.280 1 16 86.78 1.122 68 86.751 2 17 87.959 1.042 73 87.581 1 18 89.76 1.093 71 89.505 44

Note:


144.848



2nd peak with relative intensity of 93% was considered as significant at 33.4360,


The intensity % of FeS (412,12, 346,31,3,36,1,1,1,2,1,44) is approximately matching

with the intensity % of V.B.(EHMF) (92,73,54,68,97,90,65,90,87,68,73,71)

respectively


Analytical Study

Table No172: Showing XRD report of V.B.(EHMF) with standard 2 Identified Standard 2 Peak

No Angle 2 θ d space Intensity Angle 2 θ

Intensity

2 33.436 2.68 92 33.910 2 3 35.956 2.498 73 35.659 100 5 53.18 1.722 54 53.779 10 6 54.384 1.687 100 54.972 1 8 62.676 1.482 97 62.981 34 9 64.244 1.45 90 64.051 1 10 67.24 1.392 65 67.262 1 13 79.113 1.211 74 79.522 1 14 85.34 1.137 87 85.422 1 17 87.959 1.11 73 87.391 2 18 89.76 1.093 71 89.334 1

Note:

Totally 41 peaks were identified in V.B.(Classical) sample at different angels (2 θ)

from 14.969 to 95.203.



3rd peak with relative intensity of 73% was considered as significant at 35.9560

having 2.498 d space value.

The intensity % of Fe2O3 ( 2,100,10,1,34,1,1,1,1,2,1) is approximately matching with

the intensity % of (EHMF) ( 92,73,54,100,97,90,65,74,87,73,71 ) respectively.

SEM-EDX STUDY

Materials:

• Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with the ED x-ray detector which

collects and analyzes the fluorescent x-rays from the sample along with the

beam source, the pulse processor and the analyzer.

• AV, SV, V.B(Classical) and V.B.(EHMF)-each 1gm.

Method: Scanning electron microscopes are equipped with a cathode and magnetic

lenses to create and focus a beam of electrons. A detector is used to convert X-ray

energy into voltage signals; this information is sent to a pulse processor, which

measures the signals and passes them onto an analyzer for data display and analysis of

the elements. Powders are pressed into pellets. X-ray transparent supporting media is

used (polyethylene, Kapton, Mylar etc.).


Analytical Study

Procedure: The image found in display are taken for the sample. In one image three

different area have been selected and mass percentage of elements presents in each

area analysed and mean of the percentage of these three values are taken out as Total

% of the respective element present in the sample for accuracy of the values.

Table No: 173 Showing EDX of AV

Found Element Name

Values in % taken in three times in One Image

1 2 3

Total % of the element found

in AV S 29.72 34.60 30.27 31.53 Fe 25.38 30.62 30.99 28.99 Co 14.23 14.70 18.96 15.96 Ni 10.64 16.25 17.74 14.87 Cu 1.23 1.92 1.31 0.655 As - - 1.32 0.44 Ag - 1.90 - 0.63 Au - - Ti 2.267 - - 1.133

Table No174: Showing EDX of SV

Element Name

Values in % taken in three times in One Image

1 2 3

Total % of the elements in S.V

C 7.44 1.33 3.72 4.16 O 30.05 13.67 16.70 20.14 Na - 0.07 0.62 0.345 Si 1.92 1.89 2.00 1.93 P 0.08 0.11 0.20 0.13 S 10.94 12.77 11.57 11.76 K 0.19 0.90 - 0.54 Fe 42.33 62.98 53.16 52.82 Co 0.29 - 0.96 0.625 Ni - - - Cu 0.16 - - 0.08 As 0.03 0.56 - 0.29 Ag - 0.13 - 0.06 Au 6.57 5.58 3.36 5.17 Al - - 0.96 0.48 Bi - - 6.75 3.37


Analytical Study

Table No175: Showing EDX of V.B.(Classical)

Element Name Values in % taken in 2 times in One Image

Total % of the elements in V.B.(Classical)

1 2 C 2.36 1.15 1.755 O 23.49 19.72 21.605 Si 4.50 3.02 3.76 P - 0.06 0.03 S 0.29 0.26 0.275 K 0.47 0.39 0.43 Fe 58.01 70.22 64.11 Co 1.04 - 0.52 Ni 0.58 - 0.29 Cu 0.69 0.30 0.49 As - - - Ag 0.23 0.37 0.3 Au 7.56 0.53 4.04 Al 0.78 - 0.39

Table No176: Showing EDX of V.B.(EHMF)

Element Name Values in % taken in 2 times in One Image

Total % of the elements in V.B.(EHMF)

1 2 C 1.44 1.29 1.365 O 29.59 30.50 30.045 Si 1.38 1.19 1.285 S 0.29 0.72 0.505 K - 1.54 0.77 Fe 62 66.14 64.07 Co - - Ni 0.77 - 0.385 Cu 0.77 0.385 As 0.72 0.02 0.36 Ag - 1.05 0.525 Au 1.05 1.09 1.07 Al 1.20 - 0.6 P 0.02 0.01

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (By Laser Diffraction Method):

Material: Malvern Mastersizer instrument.

V. B (Classical): 1gm. V. B (EHMF): 1gm

Method: Laser diffraction method

Sample passes through the laser beam as homogeneous stream of particles and it leads

to scattering of light over a wide range of angles. Based on this scattering pattern of


Analytical Study

sample, particle size distributions are calculated comparing with appropriate optical

model.

Particle size has been calculated considering its Length density, Volume density, Area

density. In present study Volume density mean is considered for determining the

actual particle size of the sample as it covers length and area of the particle. The size

of the particle ranges from 0.0 -0.5 µm upto 100% of the particle size measured. And

finally mean particle size is taken for a particular sample.

Table No177: Showing Particle size of V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF)

Name of Bhasma particle size percentage in diameter Mean diameter Diameter at 10% 0.28 μm Diameter at 50% 2.13 μm VB(Classical)

Diameter at 90% 3.96 μm

2.13 μm

Diameter at 10% 0.16 μm Diameter at 50% 1.87 μm VB(EHMF)


1.78 μm

NAMBURI PHASED SPOT TEST:

The text of NPS available had no test prescribed for Vimala Bhasma, henceforth this

was an attempt made in the guidelines of loha bhasma.

Aims & objectives:

• To verify the quality of the prepared Vimala Bhasma

• To Standardize the Vimala Bhasma

Date of commencement : 22/11/2010

Date of completion : 25/11/2010

Test Drugs and Quantities:

• Sample I : V.B.(classical) : 0.25 grams

• Sample II ; V.B(EHMF) : 0.25 grams

Chemicals used in the Study:

• 5% HCl V/v

• 2.5% Potassium Ferro cyanide Paper

Equipments used:

• Test tubes

• Test tube holder

• Test tube stand


Analytical Study

• 5 ml graduated pipette

• Spirit lamp

• Dropper

• Whatman paper No. 1.

Procedure:

0.25 grams of each sample was taken in two separate test tubes. Each test tube

was heated till the bottom appears red with the help of spirit lamp and they were

allowed to self cool. 0.5 ml of 5% HCl was taken in a graduated pipette and slowly

dropped into the each test tube. Now again test tubes were heated for a while

separately. The samples were allowed to stay for 24 hours.

Two hours before treating with a chemical reaction paper, the test tubes were

shaken and then kept undisturbed. Then a drop of supernatant solution of each sample

was dropped on the 2.55 Potassium Ferro cyanide paper with the help of dropper

carefully. No sooner the drop came in contact with the 2.5% Potassium Ferro cyanide

paper an instantaneous characteristic spot began to form and changes rapidly and

continuously for some time.

Observation was made in following phases.

1st phase - 0-5 min.

2nd Phase - 5 min-20 min

3rd Phase - 20 min-1 day.

Observation and Result :

Table.No178: Showing NPST results of V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF)

Sl.No Sample I phase(0- 5 min) II Phase(5-20min) IIIPhase (20min-20hrs)

1 V.B.(classical)

Dark blue coloured central spot with irregular margins. Colour of Intermediate area was light blue. Slight greenish Periphery.


Dark blue coloured central spot with irregular margins. Colour of Intermediate area was light blue with whitish ring Slight greenish Periphery.

2 V.B(EHMF) Dark blue coloured central spot with irregular margins. Colour of Intermediate area was light blue. Slight greenish Periphery.




Results

RESULTS Pharmaceutico-analytical study results of V.B. (CL) & V.B.(EHMF) are described

under 2 headings.

1. Pharmaceutical results

2. Analytical results.

Pharmaceutical results:

Vimala:

Table No 179: Showing the results of Shodhana of Vimala by Bharjana method

Before Shodhana After Shodhana Weight loss800gm 700 gms 100gms

Haratala:

Table No.180: Showing the Results of Haratala Shodhana in K. S.(b 1)

Haratala –batch 1(K.S.) Pot 1 Pot 2 Weight before shodhana 255 gms 250 gms Weight after shodhana 253gms 247gms Loss weight 2gms 3gms

Table No181: Showing the Results of Haratala Shodhana in K. S.(b2)

Haratala batch 2(K.S) Pot 1 Pot 2 Weight before shodhana 255gms 261 gms Weight after shodhana 250gms 259gms Loss weight 5gms 3gms

Table No182: Showing the Results of Haratala Shodhana in Churnodaka(b 1)

Haratala batch 1 Pot 1 Pot 2 Weight before shodhana 253gms 247 gms Weight after shodhana 247gms 242gms Loss weight 6gms 3gms

Table No.183: Showing the Results of HaratalaShodhana in Churnodaka(b2)

Haratala -batch 2 Pot 1 Pot 2 Weight before shodhana 250gms 259 gms Weight after shodhana 243gms 253gms Loss weight 7gms 6gms


Results

Table No.184 : Showing result of Gandhaka Shodhana

1. Shodhita Vimala taken for Marana: 250 gms

Note: * Shodhita Haratala: 1/8th part, Shodhita Gandhaka : 1/8th part – Mixed

for first 10 putas.

*Shodhita Haratala: 1/8th part, Shodhita Gandhaka : 1/8th part – Mixed

for first 10 putas.

Table.No.185: Showing Results of Consecutive Putas of V.B. (Classical) & V.B.

(EHMF). V.B. (classical) V.B.(EHMF)

Number Of puta

Weight before Marana

Weight after Marana

Weight Loss

Weight before Marana

Weight after Marana

Weight Loss

Weight Gandhaka Initial Weight 750 gm Weight of Gandhaka-after 695 gm Loss of Weight 55gm

1st Puta 359gm 240gm 119gm 346gm 221gm 125gm 2nd Puta 334gm 235.5gm 98.5gm 311.5gm 206gm 105gm 3rd Puta 323gm 235gm 88gm 224gm 193gm 31gm 4th Puta 321gm 230gm 91gm 218gm 193gm 25gm 5th Puta 315.5gm 233gm 82.5gm 207gm 193gm 14gm 6th Puta 310gm 220gm 90gm 225gm 190gm 32gm 7th Puta 305.5gm 218gm 87.5gm 200gm 188gm 12gm 8th Puta 301gm 216gm 85gm 199gm 188gm 11gm 9th Puta 275gm 216gm 59gm 201gm 188gm 13gm 10thPuta 236gm 209gm 27gm 197gm 187gm 10gm 11thPuta 225gm 200gm 25gm 189gm 181gm 8gm 12thPuta 228gm 194gm 34gm 185gm 178gm 7gm 13thPuta 200gm 189gm 5gm 185gm 177gm 8gm 14thPuta 207gm 183gm 24gm 179gm 175 4gm 15thPuta 210gm 170gm 40gm 16thPuta 187gm 162gm 24gm 17thPuta 193gm 160gm 33gm 18thPuta 186gm 161gm 25gm 19thPuta 168gm 159gm 2gm 20thPuta 166gm 159gm 7gm


Results

Vimala Marana: Table.No.186: Brief description of V.B. (Classical) & V. B. (EHMF)

V. B. (Classical) V. B. (EHMF)

Ingredients Shodhita Vimala mixed with

Haratala & Gandhaka and triturated with Jambeera Swarasa for 3 times.

Shodhita Vimala mixed with Haratala & Gandhaka and triturated with Jambeera Swarasa for 3 times.

Apparatus Puta Yantra Electrical Horizontal muffle furnace Procedure Puta paka method(Gajaputa) Puta paka method(Gajaputa) Observations The time duration required for

burning of Gajaputa was 6 hours* and total time required for complete burning and self cooling was 24 hours. The maximum temperature recorded was 7930C.

Total time taken to reach peak temp.2hr.15min and for complete self-cooling 45 hours. The maximum temperature recorded was 7930C and maintained it for 1hour.

Initial weight 250Gm 250Gm Weight of the final product

159Gm 175Gm

Weight loss 91Gm 75Gm Colour Brownish red Dark brownish red Precautions All the precautions were

considered. All the precautions were considered.

*- Statistic mean of 20 putas are considered. Table No. 187: Showing classical parameters for Analysis of V.B (classical) & V.B.(E.H.M.F.)

Sl no

Test V.B.(classical) V.B.(EHMF)

1 Varna Brownish-red Dark Brownish-red 2 Sparsha Smooth and soft Smooth and soft. 3 Gandha Characteristic Characteristic 4 Varitaratva Positive Positive 5 Rekhapoorn

atva Positive Positive

6 Unnama Positive Positive 7 Gatarasatva Positive Positive 8 niruttha Positive Positive


Results

Table No.188: Showing Results of qualitative and quantitative comparative analytical study of AV, S V, V.B (classical) & V.B.(EHMF) Organoleptic Characters

Contents A V S V V.B(classical) V.B.(EHMF) Colour Blackish-grey Brownish-grey Brownish-red Dark

Brownish-red Odour Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Characteristic Touch Amorphous Amorphous Amorphous Amorphous Taste Specific Specific Tasteless Tasteless

Contents AV S V V.B(classical) V.B.(EHMF) Physico-chemical test

PP

H Value 3.56 + 0.10 3.23 + 0.10 7.42 + 0.10 8.82 + 0.10

Total Ash 83.12% 84.00% 95.06% 96.81% Acid insoluble ash 55.00% 66.12% 7.21% 6.72% Water soluble ash 3.12% 3.42% 7.09% 6.89% Loss on drying at

110°C 0.38 0.14 0.62 0.54

Assay Contents AV S V V.B(classical) V.B.(EHMF) Sulphur 12.78% 25.52% 0.16% 0.18% Arsenic _ _ 0.95% 0.90%

Iron as Ferrous 2.01% 1.00% 1.11% 0.89% Iron as Ferric 21.12% 25.52% 23.90% 23.23%

Table No: 189: Showing comparative EDX Results of AV & SV

Elements AV S V C - 4.16 O - 20.14 Na - 0.345 Si - 1.93 P - 0.13 S 31.53 11.76 K - 0.54 Fe 28.99 52.82 Co 15.96 0.625 Ni 14.87 - Cu 0.655 0.08 As 0.44 0.29 Ag - 0.06 Au 0.63 5.17 Al - 0.48 Bi - 3.37 Ti 1.133 -


Results

Table No: 190: Showing comparative EDX Results of V.B.(classical) &V.B.(EHMF)

Elements Vimala bhasma (classical)

Vimalabhasma (EHMF)

C 1.755 1.365 O 21.605 30.045 Si 3.76 1.285 P 0.03 0.01 S 0.275 0.505 K 0.43 0.77 Fe 64.11 64.07 Co 0.52 - Ni 0.29 0.385 Cu 0.49 0.385 As - 0.36 Ag 0.3 0.525 Au 4.04 1.07 Al 0.39 0.6

Table No191: Showing comparative Particle Size of V.B.(classical) &V.B.(EHMF) Name of Bhasma particle size percentage in diameter Mean diameter

Diameter at 10% 0.28 μm Diameter at 50% 2.13 μm VB(Classical)


2.13 μm

Diameter at 10% 0.16 μm Diameter at 50% 1.87 μm VB(EHMF)


1.78 μm

Table.No192: Showing NPST results of V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF)

Sl.No Sample I phase(0- 5 min) II Phase(5-20min) IIIPhase(20min-20hrs) 1

V.B.(classical) Dark blue coloured central spot with irregular margins. Colour of Intermediate area was light blue. Slight greenish Periphery.


Dark blue coloured central spot with irregular margins. Colour of Intermediate area was light blue with whitish ring Slight greenish Periphery.

2 V.B(EHMF) Dark blue coloured central spot with irregular margins. Colour of Intermediate area was light blue. Slight greenish Periphery.




Photos

“A Comparative Pharmaceutico-Analytical Study of Vimala Bhasma by

Fig: 1 Fig: 2 Fig: 3

Raw Vimala Before Shodhana Nimbu Fig: 4 Fig: 5 Fig: 6

Bharjana in Nimbu Swarasa Bharjana Shoditha Vimala Fig: 7 Fig: 8 Fig: 9

Raw Haratala Kushmanda Kushmanda Swarasa Fig:10 Fig:11 Fig:12

Shodhana in kushmand swarasa Churna Churnodaka

Classical Puta Method and Horizontal Muffle Furnace 147

Photos


Fig:13 Fig:14 Fig:15

Shodhana in Churnodaka Shodhita Haratala Raw Gandhaka Fig:16 Fig:17 Fig:18

Milk in grutaliptamritpatra Gandhaka placed on vastra Kurmaputa Fig:19 Fig:20 Fig:21

Shoditha Gandhaka Addition of Haratala Addition of Gandhaka Fig:22 Fig:23 Fig:24

Jambeera Bhavana Chakrika


Photos



Gajaputa Puta Ignited After 1st Puta Fig :28 Fig :29 Fig :30

After 3rd Puta After 5th Puta After 7th Puta Fig :31 Fig :32 Fig :33

After 9th Puta After 11th Puta After 13th Puta Fig : 34 Fig : 35 Fig: 36

After 15th Puta After 17th Puta After 19th Puta


Photos


Fig no:37 Fig no:38 Fig no:39

After 20 Puta EHMF Chamber of EHMF Fig no:40 Fig no:41 Fig no:42

Sharava Kept in Chamber After 1st Puta After 3rd puta Fig no:43 Fig no:44 Fig no:45

After 5th puta After 7th Puta After 9th puta


After 11th puta After 13th puta After 14th puta


Photos



Rekhapurnata Positive (VB-Cl)Varaitara +ve (VB-Cl)Uttama test+ve Fig no:52 Fig no:53 Fig no:54

(VB-EHMF) Varaitara +ve (VB--EHMF)Uttama test+ve Nirdhuma Fig:55 Fig:56 Fig:57

Niruttha(Silver+VimalaBhasma) No Change in silver Wt. EDX-SEM


XRD Partcle Size Analyzer pH meter


Photos


Fig: 61

NPST

1)Vimala Bhasma (Classical)


V.B. After 5 min V.B. After 20 min V.B. After 20hrs

1)Vimala Bhasma (EHMF)

Fig:65 Fig :66 Fig :67

V.B. after 5 min V.B. after 20 min V.B. after 20hrs


CONCLUSION

Vimala Bhasma is rare, unique mineral preparation with Clinical indication as a

Rasayana prepared by Puta method.

Vimala one among the Maharasa which is used as substitutes of Makshika.

It has given very much importance in both Dhatuvada and Dehavada.

Acharya Bhairava author of Rasarnava (10th A.D.) considered the innovative

introduction of Vimala into the field of Pharmaco-therapeutics.

Bharjana in Nimbu Swarasa, a Shodhana samskara has a definite role in changing

the Structure, Mechanical properties, Chemical composition. of the vimala.

V.B.(Classical) is prepared by maraka media (Haratala, Gandhaka) with 3 times

Bhavana of jambeera Swarasa and subjected to Gajaputa . Bhasma Siddhi

Lakshanas attained in 20 Gaja putas.

Statistical mean Peak Temparature of V.B.(Classical) was 7930C .

V.B.( EHMF) is prepared by adopting the temperature duration and methodology

as that of the V.B.(Classical). The statistical mean peak temperature of 20 putas of

V.B. (classical) i.e. 7930C is applied in EHMF, it takes around 2hrs,5 min to

2hrs,20 min to reach the peak temperature with continous nominal current voltage

9KW/440 v/ Three phase. The Statistical mean peak temparature 7930C is

applied for next one hour ,allow the device for self cooling. Bhasma Siddhi

Lakshanas attained in 14 Gaja putas.

63.6 % yield obtained in V.B. (Classical) 70 % of yield obtained in V. B.

(EHMF), Comparing both the methods Pharmaceutically Horizontal Muffle

Furnace is more convenient to prepare Vimala Bhasma.

The Iron% was increased after Shodhana & Marana of Vimala prepared by

Classical Puta method & EHMF.

In XRD results,

8 peaks of V.B. (classical) matches with standard peaks of Ferrous Sulphide

& 8 peaks matches with Standard peaks of Ferric Oxide.

12 peaks of V.B.(EHMF) matches with standard peaks of Ferrous Sulphide &

11 peaks matches with Standard peaks of Ferric Oxide.

As per XRD data the V. B. of both preparations are in the form of Ferric

Oxide & Ferrous Sulphide. In this Ferric Oxide is in Cubic structure and

Ferrous Sulphide in Hexagonal structure.

In SEM-EDX results,

V.B.(classical) showed C 1.755%,O 21.605%,Si 3.76%,P 0.03%,S 0.275%,K

0.43%, Fe 64.11%,Co 0.52%,Cu 0.49%, Ag 0.3%.

V.B.(EHMF) showed C 1.365%,O 30.045%,Si 1.285%,S 0.505%,K 0.77%,Fe

64.07%,Ni 0.385%,Cu 0.385%,As 0.36%,Ag 0.525%, P 0.01%.

SEM- EDX analysis of V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) showed , increased

percentage of Iron in V. B. (Classical) 64.11%, V.B.(E.H.M.F.)64.07% compared

to that of ASV & SV.

Particle size analysis – mean particle size of Vimala Bhasma (Classical) is 2.13

µm, Vimala Bhasma(EHMF) is 1.78 µm. Particle size of V.B.(EHMF) is less

compare to V.B.(Classical).

Comparing the Analytical results of V.B.(Classical) & V.B.(EHMF) the

V.B.(EHMF) said to be good.

In the present entitled study, V.B.(EHMF) is Pharmaceutically very

convenient to prepare and Shows good Analytical results compare to

V.B.(Classical).

Discussion

DISCUSSION

Any research work cannot come to an end without the proper discussion. This

part deals with logical evidence based reasoning, regarding the probable cause and

effects of the observations, findings and results of the practical studies done. So this

part deals with logical, evidence based and hypothetical substantiations given towards

some of the points coming under following sections.

1. Discussion on Review of literature

2. Discussion on Pharmaceutical Study

3. Discussion on Analytical study

Review of literature:

Review of literature is discussed under following headings.

Drug Review (Vimala, Haratala, Gandhaka)

Review of Pharmaceutical Procedur

Analytical Review

Drug Review:

VIMALA:

a) Vimala is one of the drugs in the group of Maharasa. Most of Rasa treatise

considered it under Maharasa group. It Potentiate Parada and also in its

Sanmskaras – like Jarana, Ranjana, Sarana, Kramana, carana etc. and also it

contain more satwa than other group of minerals comparatively.

Vimala is included in Rasa Varga may be due to the following reason,

Vimala is one among Astha Rasa.

Satva of Vimala used for sarana karma.

Useful in Rasayana Karma so, it is included in Rasa Varga.

Vimala included in the Uparasa group,

Authors along with Vimala, all minerals included in Uparasa group which is used

for Mercurial preparations.

Because they possess some of the qualities of Rasa.

So it is considered as substitute of Rasa.

Vimala, after Shodhana and Marana used for Dhatvadi karma.

Vimala included in Loha group

As it conatins Loha.

Vimala included in Upadhatu group,

Vimala is a compound of Loha and Gandhaka.


Discussion

It has similar qualities of related Dhatu (loha).

When it combines with other Dhatu, its properties enhance.

“ Gunah santi visheshena dravyantara samyogajah”

Considered as substitute of related dhatu.

Vimala also included under Uparatna group.

b) It is a mineral made of one of atom of Iron and two atoms of Sulphur is known as

Iron bi Sulphide(Dwigandhayasas).

It was first mentioned by Rasarnava as a therapeutic drug in 10th A.D. Later

different Acharyas of Rasashastra incorporated Vimala Bhasma as a medicine.

Thus Acharya Bhairava could be considered as the pioneer of introduction of

Vimala into the field of Pharmaco-therapeutics.

c) Vimala is more common mineral than Makshika. It is considered as one of the

Variety of Makshika called as Kansya Makshika. According to some Rasa

treatise, Roupya makshika and Vimala are the same substance. But,

Considering their Chemical Composition, it is unlikely to be the same substance

but differ in appearance and form.

The surfaces of both substances are Yellowish in colour. The Yellowishness of

makshika is golden whereas it is brassy that of Vimala.

According to Commentator of Rasaratna Samucchaya, Roupya makshika contains

less quantity of copper than Swarna Maksika and Vimala conatins only Iron

Sulphide.

It may be used as substitutes of Makshika when makshika is not available and

viceversa. Because it has similar qualities of Makshika.

d) In Ancient texts three Varities of Vimala has mentioned in which Swarna

Vimala is best one. But in the same texts Kansya Vimala is the best one. All

variety can be used for medicinal purpose, as all of them contain Iron and

Sulphur which is Heavy, Shiny, multiple Surfaces, Angles is supposed to be the

best variety for medicinal usage.

e) Vimala was used in Lohavada to convert lower metals into noble metals like gold,

silver etc and also used in Dehavada which is Rasayana in nature and more useful

as powerful therapeutic agents.

f) There are different methods described for the purification process among

which Swedana is commonly observed in almost all the Rasagranthas. For

Bhavana process limited references are available.Rasa tarangni mentioned


Discussion

Bharjana method with Nimbu Swarasa for Purification of Vimala. Acharya

Charaka says by the contact of toya and Agni in the form of Samskara can be used

to attain lightness.

“Toyaagnisannikarshat laghutwam vartate |”

Since Bharjana involves both Toya and Agni sannikarsha as a separate and

common entity, it has got material modifying property in the form of lightness,

brittle and softness along with the removal of impurities which can be considered

as chief desired characteristic feature.

g) Vimala bhasma is Vrishya, Atirasayana. It’s useful in Vata- Pitta vyadhies. It is

mainly indicated in Twak roga,Vrana, Bhagandhara, Kasthasadhya Roga,

Dhatugata Jwara, Shotha, Pandu, Prameha, Aruci, Arsha, Grahani, Shula,

Yakshma, Kamala. Not only this, it may cure all the disease if used in association

with other compound.

Research has shown that Vimala is not absorbed in its elemental state from

alimentary tract to produce any systemic effects. But when it undergoes different

Shodhana Maranaadi procedures; it gets converted into organometallic compound

and definitely gets absorbed in the alimentary tract and attains the disease curing

property.

GANDHAKA:

Gandhaka is grouped under Uparasa

Gandhaka is considered to be Raja of Parvati.

In Rasarnava while explaining the qualities of Gandhaka, says Gandhaka Kesari,

ie it has a potential to kill the Gaja called Loha, this signifies Special Property of

Gandhaka to bring down Metals in to Bhasma form.

Marana drugs Gandhaka and its compounds like Haritala and Manashila etc.are

included which on account of their own nature and effect may be help in Marana

process “However”, these are likely to change the metal into some Sulphide or

other compounds which sometimes prove helpful in making the final bhasma

product therapeutically more effective and useful.

Hence, For the purpose of Marana, Gandhaka is used in this study.

Effect of Heat on Sulphur: Rhombic Sulphur: When heated, it undergoes a

series of changes in colour, form and viscosity at various temp.

Solid : Rhombic and Monoclinic

Liquid: Aλ and Sμ (Amorphous Sulphur)


Discussion

Lambda Sulphur-Sλ : Straw coloured liquid

Eight atom rings

Mew sulphur - Sµ: Dark brown viscous liquid

Long chain molecules of sulphur.

This is a special quality of Sulfur.

Discussion on Haratala:

Haratala is being in use in the field of treatment since from the beginning of Vedic

period to modern era. On the basis of its importance for mercurial processing and

its properties, Haratala has included under Uparasa group by Rasa Vagbhata and

other Acharyas. The author of Sharangadhara samhita has placed Haratala in

Upaloha and Upadhatu varga.

Two sources of Haratala are explained, first one is mineral source and second one

is artificial. The mineral origin, Haratala is not so widely available. Now a day’s

artificially prepared Haratala is widely available.

The substance ‘Haratala is equated with 'Orpiment ' of modern mineralogy.

Orpiment is yellow coloured, crystalises in monoclinic system and sometimes in

'Psedudo - orthorhombic ' the crystals are small and columnar masses, which may

correlate with grahya lakshana of Patra Haratala.

Orpiment is described as metallic poison in textbooks of Toxicology and the

organs mainly affected by the toxicity are Liver, Kidney and Skin. Arsenical

compounds in modern medicine were used for treating Trypanosomias, syphilis

and Amoebiasis long back.

On the basis of Rasapanchaka most of the Rasaclassics described properties of

Haratala as Katu, Kashaya rasa, Guru, Snigdha, Ushna guna, having Kushtahara,

Dipana, Ojaskara, Vrshya, Vataslemahara and Tridoshaghna properties.

Haratala shodhana is to detoxify it rather than simple purification. Kushmanda

has been used in the shodhana of Haratala abundantly in classics. Kushmanda is

having the Madhura rasa, Madhuara vipaka, snigdha, laghu guna, and medhya in

prabhava. But it is sheeta veerya when it is bala and ushna veerya when it ripes. It

is Ksharabha when it ripens. It also contains many minerals like Calcium,

Phosphorous, Iron, Sodium and Potassium etc, and are also rich source of many

organic compounds or proteins which are very essential in shodhana of Haratala.

Choornadaka is used for Haratala shodhana as mineral origin media as in the

present study because of their calcium content which may act as an antagonist for


Discussion

arsenic toxicity. It is one among the maraka gana dravyas. In the present study it is

used for Marana as a co drugs.

Discussion on Pharmaceutical review:

Necessity of Vimala Shodhana: Vimala is a mineral, ore of Iron. It has the

unwanted impurities like silica, Arsenic, Aluminium, Titanium etc. Hence the

Shodhana of Vimala is an essential process. Hence, to make this Suitable for

further process and to enrich the therapeutic properties by the impregnation of

active principles of herbal juices to Vimala, the Shodhana procedure is necessary.

Vimala Shodhana: When it comes to Shodhana, Bharjana method is adopted for

Vimala. Bharjana does mala vicchedana, dravya dosha nivarana,

gunantaradhana. Nimbu swarasa is a media used for Bharjana which having

dipana, pachana properties and amla rasa is also having kshalana and bhedhana

properties it may be used to break up the active constituents of drug.

Bhavana: Bhavana is done 3 times with Jambeera swarasa , which will help in

wet grinding of material and at the same time it will form an organo-metallic

complex with main drugs. The wet grinding eliminates the hazards of dust. It is

also found interestingly in practice that finer size can be achieved by wet grinding

than by dry grinding. The liquid media also serves as source of trace elements.3

times of Bhavana may help in reduction of particle size of Vimala.

According to latest research all most all elements are found in human body in

trace levels, but not be absorbed in to body in their elemental form, plants are

having capacity to transform them in to readily absorbable form.

Mardana: During rubbing between surfaces of mortar and pestle i.e., surface

phenomena, is also called as “Attrition”, when stress in the form of attrition is

applied the particle surfaces chip out and forms small particles. And during this

some heat is produced so there may be possibility of occurrence of reaction

between materials and media.

Chakrika nirmana:

By making chakrikas it can be easily accommodated a large quantity of drug in a

small place sharava and can also gain the advantage of proper drying. This process

increases the surface area, which allows maximum as well as uniform heat

transmission during marana.

Sharava samputa nirmana: Encircled sustained temperature can be obtained.

And also can prevent the contamination of materials kept inside. And we can also


Discussion

expect the oxidation of materials. It may be altering the preparation time of

bhasma by reducing the diffusion of released gases, thus building up the pressure

inside the apparatus. The obvious reason for forming this provision is to avoid

direct loss of material in the completely burnt fuel.

Marana: Marana is a procedure adopted to convert the heterogeneous material in

to homogenous substance and converting it in to nano particles. The puta adopted

in the present study was Gaja puta which exerts up about 1000oC.

During incineration (Putapaka), final change in the physical form of the

material takes pace. Chemical reaction occurs during Shodhana in some metals.

Generally the compound is formed on the surface of the metal. Heating during

incineration causes linear expansion of both the metal and the compound. But the

expansion of metal and compound are different. And this difference in the linear

expansion leads to separation of the compound from the metal, causing exposure

of the metallic part, facilitates further change. Repetition of this process leads to

reduction in particle size and fineness of the particles.

Horizontal Muffle Furnace:

Electric muffle furnace was used for the preparation of Vimala Bhasma. Electric

muffle furnace is a modified instrument by which a desired highest temperature

and duration of heat can be adjusted, here chance of heat loss is less and a

homogeneous temperature pattern can be provided. Now a day’s many of the

Ayurvedic pharmacies are using this instrument for preparing Bhasmas. That is

why in this study electric muffle furnace was used along with traditional Gajaputa

for Putapaka.

Discussion on analytical review:

The analytical procedures adopted are also reviewed in view of proper

interpretation of the procedures and to establish a hypothesis regarding the

probable changes and net resultant.

Determination of loss on drying: It determines the amount of volatile matter.

The moisture content of a drug should be minimized in order to prevent

decomposition either due to chemical change or due to microbial contamination.

Determination of Total ash: Total ash value represents the inorganic salts

naturally occurring in drug or adhering to it or deliberately added to it as a form of

adulteration. Therefore it is a criterion to judge the identity or purity of sample.

Total ash usually consists of carbohydrates, phosphates, silicates and silica.


Discussion

Determination of Acid Insoluble ash: Used to determine adhering dirt, silica

material and sand.

Determination of pH value: The pH value of a given sample expresses the

degree of acidity or alkalinity of a sample solution.

Particle size determination: particle size of the drug affects its absorption and

the rate of absorption can be assessed by determining the particle size of the drug.

Determining particle size of the material before and after processing helps to

draw the conclusion regarding the significance of that particular pharmaceutical

procedure. By sieving method, percent of coarse and fine powder can be quickly

estimated which finds its application in dosage form development of tablets and

capsules.

X-Ray diffraction: This is the unique technology used to detect the crystalline

structure of the minerals. Helps in detection of crystallographic structure as well

as the chemical compounds present in the drug.

SEM -EDX: It is a physical method of analysis which directly analyses almost all

chemical elements of the periodic system in the sample. Helps in detection of

major, minor as well as trace elements which are present in the drug.

DISCUSSION ON PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY:

Discussion on Selection of Vimala:

As a first phase of Pharmaceutical processing, the selected raw drug was subjected

for quality assessment to assess the grahya lakshanas, as only the best raw drug

selected can give the best and expected result and the efficacy of the medicine is

dependent on the genuinity of raw drug. The properties of this Vimala were found

as described in the texts, as it had Kona samyukta (with angles), Phalakanvita

(with cubes), Snigdha(smooth), Dharayukta (with edges). Its yellow colour

resembles to that Brassy.

Discussion on Vimala Shodhana:

Shodhana of Vimala was carried out as the first step of this study as the

Shodhana is an essential procedure before the preparation of Bhasma. Raw

Grahya Vimala was taken 800 gms, and subjected to Bharjana method with

Nimbu Swarasa for Purification.

After Shodhana, there was remarkable reduction in shining of Vimala. Shoditha

Vimala became Brittle & colour changes to Brown. By this it can be inferred that,

Nimbu having Amla rasa which dissociate property softens the drug due to its


Discussion

“mukham apakarshayati” property. It is having capacity to open minute pores of

the drug by its teekshna guna to remove the impurities.

Vimala when fried with nimbu swarasa in presence of Oxygen, there is fair chance

of reaction to occour resulting in physicochemical changes in Vimala.

Volatile impurities get evaporated.

Nimbu swarasa might have given some organic qualities to the Vimala and

enhance the therapeutic quality of Vimala.

As the heating process is involved, it acclerates the reaction taking place during

processing. Dry frying removes the unwanted moisture content and volatile

matter. Higher the moisture content and volatile matter, the risk factor of cohesion

and adhesion will be more.

Thermodynamics of Bharjana

Flow of heat:

Heat flow in Bharjana can be explained by the mechanism of conduction in

absence of media otherwise both conduction and convection.

When there is a temperature gradient, i.e. heat flows from a hot surface to a cold

surface. In case of Bharjana process heat is applied to the Iron vessel from all side,

and there is a clear temperature gradient between the outer part and inner part of

Iron vessel. Here heat flows in the Vessel by the mechanism of conduction.

Which satisfies the law of energy balance (Amount of heat or mechanical energy

entering a process equal to total amount leaving the process)

Thermodynamics of Bharjana in Liquid Media

Liquid media immediately penetrates inside and water and oil soluble impurities

may get dissolved in it due to breaking of ionic bonds.

While sudden change in temperature causes breaking of other strong bonds too

and this destroys its flexibility and makes it more brittle.

Due to heating the particles which are in random position when come in contact

with liquid media, each molecule of the minerals get surrounded by liquid and the

self cooling takes place forming grain containing liquid media.

So, acidic media of lemon juice has corrosive effect which

(1) Reduce hardness.

(2) Imbibe its properties to Vimala.

(3) Cause the colour change or dissolve the impurities


Discussion

When Pyrite is roasted in the current of air, a metal being converted into Oxide.

Thus- 2FeS2 + 11 O2 Fe2O3 +4SO2

If Pyrite is roasted, the whole of Sulphur is Obtained, partly as free Sulphur

& Partly as SO2. 3FeS2 + 5 O2 Fe3O4 +3SO2 +3S

PROBABLE THEORIES APPLICABLE IN BHARJANA

OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION

Redox reaction is that chemical reaction in which oxidation & reduction take

place simultaneously.

The substance gaining oxygen (or losing electrons) is oxidized.

While the substance losing oxygen (or gaining electrons) is reduced.

COLLISION THEORY

Increasing the temperature of the reaction increases the speed at which particles

move.

This increases the number of effective collisions.

There are more collision(the collisions have a higher energy.)

Therefore the rate of reaction is increased.

Reactions can only occur when reacting particles collide with enough energy.

This energy is called the activation energy.

The effect of increased collision depends on increased Surface area and

increased concentration also. By this reason may be Iron% was increased in

Shodhita Vimala.

At higher temperature the particles moving faster which means that collision will

occur between each other. During shodhana of Vimala with Nimbu rasa there will

be constant maintenance of temperature till it become red hot, as the boiling point

of Nimbu rasa is 980C, so there is collision between Nimbu rasa particles and

Vimala.

ROASTING

Process of heating the ore (usually the sulphide ore) strongly in the presence of

excess of air, without melting it, (in order to bring about its oxidation) is known as

roasting.

Roasting is the process in which the substances are strongly heated in open air to

remove their volatile contents and a fixed residue is obtained.

Roasting is a metallurgical process involving gas-solids reactions at elevated

temperatures.


Discussion

VOLATILIZATION

The process of eliminating volatile substances (during strong heating in free

supply of air) like Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium,

organic matters, moisture etc is called volatilization.

Removal of Water of Crystalization:

Removal of water molecule which is not covalently bonded to host molecule.

During Bharjana, Volatiles impurities like Arsenic, Sulphur is eliminate out.

IGNITION

Ignition or incineration is the process, in which organic substance is strongly

heated until it burns completely and forms an inorganic residue called as ash.

This process is also called as Carbonization.

GRAIN BOUNDARY & RECRYSTALLIZATION

The microscopic crystalline areas of a mineral limited by the boundaries known as

“grain boundaries”. Bounding surface between crystals.

Grain is nothing but the microscopic crystalline areas of a mineral limited by the

boundaries known as “grain boundaries”. In general smaller grain size causes

more strength and hardness in a mineral. Shodhana includes heating of minerals

with encircled, maintained and sustained raise of temperature. When we are using

fluid media we can get temperature around 95 - 1000C, which is necessary for

reconstruction of crystal with organic matter.

Changing the microstructure as well as the properties of crystalline materials

known as Recrystallisation.

During cooling, change will occur in its grain size. So by shodhana we will

increase grain size to reduce hardness by recrystallisation. Before shodhana the

raw materials were very hard and became very soft after shodhana was over. So it

is evident that there is change in grain size of dravyas and shodhit dravyas became

soft.

CATALYSTS

Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is either increased

or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst.

A catalyst is a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction but

remains chemically unchanged afterwards.

The catalyst may participate in multiple chemical transformations.


Discussion

Catalysts that speed the reaction are called positive catalysts. Catalysts that slow

down the reaction are called negative catalysts or inhibitors.

GRIFFITH THEORY

All solids contain flaws and microscopic cracks.

A flaw is any structural weakness that may develop into a crack under strain like

heat.

The weakest flaw in a particle determines its fracture strength.

Usually the surface of particles is irregular. The applied force by the form of heat

is initially taken on the high portion of the surface.

As a result, high stress may be set up locally in the particles.

The bonds at this place become week, which may be responsible for creating

flaws.

The particle with the weakest flaw fractures most easily and produced largest

Possible pieces.

In the next step, another weakest flaw fractures. By this way particles size is

reduced.

2. HARATALA SHODHANA:

The procedure followed for Shodhana of haratala was Swedana in Kooshmanda

swarasa for three hours and swedana in Choornodaka for 3 hours.

Swedana in Kooshmanda Swarasa: Kooshmanda swarasa contains many minerals

like Calcium, Phosphorous, Iron, Sodium and Potassium etc along with many

herbal constituents. During swedana Calcium in the liquids is antagonist of

Arsenic, it reduces the toxicity of Arsenic. Iron forms an insoluble precipitate with

Arsenites or Arsenates and thereby reducing the Arsenic toxicity. Phosphrous

and Arsenic belong to same group hence Arsenic interfere the Phosprous function

in the body. So what, by supplementing extra phosphrous by Shodhana might

compensate the harm caused by the Arsenic.

Sodium and Potassium in presence of Water will form an alkaline solution where

in Arsenic trisulphide is soluble and the original state can be regained by

acidification. By this method other impurities present in the Haratala separate

easily.

Here the underlying mechanism may be Diffusion. The diffusion process always

proceeds from higher concentration to lower concentration and the process will


Discussion

continue till equilibrium is achieved in its concentration. As diffusion is a time

dependent process Acharyas might have inferred with their continuous innovative

observations that 3 hrs is sufficient to attain that equilibrium status.

“Swedana” is one of the shodhana procedures, which is used for shodhana of

many Rasadravyas. In this process the drug is boiled in the liquids, which are

Ksharas, Amlas or both, and medicinal juices, with the help of Dolayantra.

Fluxation process would have occurred in this kind of Shodhana.

According to Fick’s law of diffusion:

ds/dt = DA ( dc/dx).

Where, ds/dt - The rate of moment of solutes.

D - Diffusion constant. A - The area of planes. dc/dx - The concentration gradient

.i.e. Difference between the Concentration between X and Y.

This law may holds good with swedana process. Here the impurities may move

from the drug to the shodhana liquids and some organic qualities of liquids move

from the liquids to the drug resulting in purification and potentisation of the drug.

And also it may be helpful in reducing the hardness of the drug as heat is given

continuously through boiling liquids. Reduction in the hardness may help in

further processing of the drug.

Swedana in Choornodaka: The Churnodaka due to its alkaline nature reduces

the teekshna and Pittakara properties of Haratala. It might be the alkanity of

Churnodaka acting in breakdown of crystalline of structure of Haratala to gain

amorphous nature.This may due to Chemical affinity of Haratala towords

Alkalies. Choornodaka is chemically ‘Calcium hydroxide’ when reacts with

‘Arsenic trisulphide’ may form an intermediate product; known as arsene and

further it may become Calcium arsenate. This compound may be as a safe and

useful form of arsenic.

Possible Chemical reaction: AS2S2 + Ca(OH)2 2As(OH)3 + 3Ca. After

procedure Haratala was Yellow with slight reddish tinge, might be due to loss of

extra Sulphur as Ca.

Gandhaka Shodhana:

Gandhaka shodhana was carried out by koormaputa method, where Godugdha

was selected as shodhana dravya as it is an antidote for Gandhaka.

Gandhaka shodhana mainly serves 3 purposes Purification, Detoxification &

therapeutic potentiation.


Discussion

During koormaputa procedure, when temperature reaches 1150C, the Gandhaka

melts & dribbles down into the milk in the form of granules leaving behind the

stony material on the cloth because these impurities does not change at this

temperature. This might be taken as purification. As far as detoxification is

concerned, the S is available in combined state along with Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Lime

stone etc., and these can be taken as toxic materials\vishas which are unwanted. In

this procedure they might have retained on the cloth as these too does not melt at

that temperature.

Fresh unboiled Godugdha was used, it contains Calcium, 2 ½ times more

Enzymes IgG, Enzyme inhibitors, Vit C and B12, Lactoferrin, Xanthine, Oxidase,

Lactoperoxidase, Lysozymes and Niacin. The proteins & fats are in its

uncoagulated form. If at all they fall into the milk, the fat of milk which exists in

the form of micro globules will remove the fat-soluble impurities. The organic

sulphur present in the protein of milk might have a role in detoxification of

inorganic sulphur. After shodhana, Gandhaka will be bio-compatible and non

toxic.The change in colour of milk from white to yellowish cream and sulphur

smell may indicate the dissolution of fat soluble sulphur content in the milk. The

procedure was repeated for three times to remove any remnant impurities.

Shuddha Gandhaka was thoroughly washed with hot water to remove remnants of

milk.

• Shuddha Gandhaka was observed brittle and shiny, may be due to the change in

crystalline structure (from monoclinic to rhombic) while passing through the stage

of melting. By this Gandhaka converts its bio physical properties into more

effective therapeutic activities and adds Rasayana properties to it. The process of

Gandhaka shodhana by kurmaputa method is a saagni samskara. The mineral raw

sulphur(S) combines with Calcium(Ca) and milk proteins. So the purified

Gandhaka is a biotechnology product, which is different than that of the raw

sample. Shoditha Gandhaka is not simple sulphur but now it may be lactoferric

calcium sulphur bonded with immunoglobulins & enzyme complexes.

Discussion on Vimala Marana by Clasical Puta Method & EHMF:

In the present study the Marana procedure adopted was from Ayurveda Prakasha

reference. Here Vimala mixed with 1/8th Part of Haratala and1/8th part of

Gandhaka, after Jambeera Swarasa Bhavana for 3 times, chakrikas are prepared,

kept in Sharava samputa and Gajaputa puta was given.


Discussion

In the present study, Vimala bhasma was prepared by Gaja puta method, as the

material is the ore of iron which is having high melting point and hard in

consistency. Electric furnace is also being used for preparing bhasma. But, before

using furnace, statistical mean temperature, heating schedule should be taken of

all Putas.

Puta paka process was performed in following phases.

The following procedure were followed to both Vimala bhasma prepred by

classical puta method & Vimala bhasma prepared by EHMF.

1) Phase of mixing:

The Shodhita material and Maraka drugs were mixed properly in fine powder

state. It facilitates easy and complete mixing. Drug should be mixed with material

one by one. Here first Haratala was added to Vimala and ground well to powdery

consistency then Gandhaka was added. This way of mixing ensures Vimala to get

in powder form easily.

Role of media:

In Marana Haratala and Gandhaka are selected as maraka dravyas. The probable

reason for selecting dual drugs as maraka dravyas could be:

These medias helps reduce the Kathinata of the dhatu. Corrosive nature of

Haratala will helps to fastening of reaction as well as making the particles very

Small. As it has the Yogavahi property it helps to breakdown the molecules into

very small.

As both of them contains Sulphur which helps to change metal into Sulphide and

other compound form & also it make the final bhasma product therapeutically

more effective.

In present study, Haratala and Gandhaka were added initial 10 putas in the

preparation of V.B.(Classical), but stopped for remaining 10 putas. Because of by

adding extra Sulphur to vimala, they will convert the Vimala into ferrous

Sulphide & ferrous Oxide. Due to this, Colour of bhasma will changes to Black

colour. So, to get proper colour to Bhasma by taking expert opinion addition of

Sulphur was stopped.

In V.B.(EHMF) for 3 puta, Haratala and Gandhaka were added but not to other

putas. Due to adequate heat, extra sulphur will escape easily and bhasma started

to get light brown colour and hardness of chakrika was getting reduced. So, by

taking Expert Opinion addition of media were stopped for further Putas.


Discussion

2) Phase of levigation:

Here Jambeera Swarasa is used as liquid media for levigation 3 times. Levigation

is done continuously till specific time period. Here subhavita lakshanas told in

classics come into account. By doing 3 bhavana to each putas, helps to reduce

the number of Putas.

Surface phenomena/Attrition (PARTICLE SIZE REDUCTION)

This process involves breakdown of the material by rubbing action between two

surfaces, i.e. surface phenomena, it is also called as attrition.

When stress in the form of attrition is applied, the particle surfaces chip and

produce small particles.

Mardana also helps in loosening the molecular cohesiveness and helps drugs to

break into fine particles during the subsequent processing.

The inorganic contents of drug for levigation (Bhavana Dravya) supplement to

the metallic compounds in the final product and act as trace elements, which are

favourable to the body. As Amla dravya having ascorbic acid helps to absorption

of iron in the body.

3) Phase of pallet formation.

In this phase levigated doughy mass is converted in to small pellets. Generally the

shape of the pellets is round, small and flat. But some scholars have mentioned

round ball like formation. In a spherical mass, there must be temperature

difference between the surface and core. But in case of flat pellets, there may not

be much difference of temperature between the surface and core, so there heat

may get distributed homogeneously. And homogeneous heating is the basic

criteria for proper incineration. In this phase, the levigated doughy mass is

converted into small pellets.

4) Phase of preparation sharava samputa:

Pellets are kept in earthen saucer for dryness, after drying another earthen saucer

is covered and junction is sealed by mud smeared clothes. For this phase,

generally earthen saucers were used, because it is inert, does not readily react with

any material, it is moderately heat stable and it is not a good conductor of heat. So

that the atmosphere within the Samputa is maintained for a longer duration. Pores

present in earthen sharava allow escaping of gases formed during heat treatment


Discussion

and also to regulate uniform heat to the substance. The saucers should be shallow,

so that heat can be reached to the pellets easily.

The same methods was followed to Vimala Bhasma prepared by EHMF.

Placing of sharava samputa in Gajaputa & EHMF:

Gaja Puta Kunda was constructed with the help of Bricks and iron rod. A

measurement of Gajaputa’s pit was taken as per the classical reference. A square

pit of 58.5 cm in height, 58.5cm width and58.5cm depth standardized Gaja puta

pit was chosen. At the center of main Pit, Sub Square pit was constructed to place

the thermocouple .In EHMF, Embedded with Heating Element Chamber

measures,13 1/2 inch height, 17 inch width, 17 inch length with high quality

refractory (Insulation) bricks Grooved with 3 sets of Kanthal A- 1coils.

Thermocouple has placed 7.5 cm height from the bottom of the muffle; sharava

has been placed at the centre of the muffle. The distance between coils to sharava

is 3inch from the sides, thermocouple to sharava 21/2 inch from behind.

Mode of Heat Ignition & Distribution -

In Gajaputa, total 28kgs Cow dung was taken.2/3rd part of Pit was filled with 20

kgs of cowdung cakes (average), each Cow dung cakes in and average measures

140 gm weight, 13 cm in diameter, 4 cm thickness at Center, 2cm at periphery.

Sharava Samputa was placed middle of the cakes. Remaining 1/3rd portion of pit

was filled with 8 kgs cowdungs which is 84 in number (average). Fire ignited

from the above.

Heat flow in Puta and in Sharava Samputa by Conduction method (heat flows

from hot to cold surface) that, heat is applied to the Sharava Samputa from all side

& there is clear temperature gradient between the Outer part & inner part of

sharava samputa. The distribution of the heat takes place from cowdung cakes to

cakes, cakes to sharava, sharava to pellets. By this arrangement of heat

distribution it should get sustained uniform temperature surrounding the sharava

.Due to the influence of the atmosphere and cowdung cakes ignition , there will

be vary in attaining the maximum temperature in different successive Gajaputas.

On combustion, all cow dung cakes are not ignited simultaneously, one mass of

cakes reaches maximum temperature and it starts falling another mass reaches this

maximum temperature and takes over the temperature maintenance from the

earlier mass, this way maintaining the plateau of maximum temperature but

variation in the temperature deviation observed in successive gaja putas.


Discussion

But In Horizontal Muffle Furnace Sharava was kept centre of the heating

element chamber with the Distance of 3 inch from the sides and distance of 2 1/2

inch from the thermocouple, Surrounded by 4 Sets of Kanthal A-1 coils grooved

with insulation bricks. The set temperature adjusted to the desired value as mean

temperature of 20 putas taken from the classical vimala Bhasma gajaputas.

Attainment of temperature inside heating element chamber, sustains the study and

uniform constant temperature for longer duration in each successive Gajaputas.

with temperature variation of 0- 100C /15 min .

Temperature Pattern:

First, Vimala bhasma was prepared by Classical Gajaputa method which

required 20 puta. The temperature pattern was recorded at every 5 min interval for

6 hrs. Time taken for temperature to rise from base to peak level, time taken for

peak to base level, peak range temperature, Peak stay time was recorded to each

successive Putas. As per the statistic Mean Temperature of 20 puts has been

calculated this indicate –

Peak temperature value 7930C reaches to 1 hour 25 min.

Average peak range Time was 1 hour.

By taking expert opinion, the Mean peak temperature 7930C & Average peak

range time (1hour) has been applied to EHMF for the preparation of Vimala

Bhasma. In Furnace, Time taken to attain peak temp duration around 2 hr.5min to

2hr.30min.

In EHMF Set temp. is adjusted manually to attain the temperature pattern &

duration of the classical. The uniform controlled heat rise with 3 -5 0C / min

temperature deviation noticed, with continuous Nominal current line Voltage –9

KW /440 V/ Three phase.

Duration of Temperature:

The duration of classical puta of Vimala Bhasma completed in 6 Hrs & taken

complete self cooling is 24 hour. Here, in present study, temperature goes to 800-

9120C in 20 Gajaputa. But, here peak range temperature time is less. This Puta is

generally applied to Open atmosphere hence, its peak temperature is maintained

for lesser duration.

The Statistic mean peak temperature 7930C for 1hr duration applied over the

EHMF. Here, time taken to reach peak Temperature was 2hr.15min (average) &


Discussion

maintained it for 1hr.After 1 hr temperature controller Switched off & allowed

for Self cooling. The process completed in 45 hrs.

Factors affecting Temparature range & Duration in Gajaputa: The difference in

attaining peak temp. after ignition was found varying from 20 – 30min. in 20

puta. But, on and average 1hr.25min time taken for attaining peak in Gajaputa.

This,difference may be due to gradual inclination & spread of heat from one to

another Cowdung cakes varies at each gaja puta procedure.As per cowdungcakes,

quantum of heat differs from each vanopala respectively.Similarly Swangasheeta

time also varies due to same rule.

Average peak Strike temperature was high in some putas. It is due compact

arrangement of Cowdung cakes in pit produce large quantum of heat. Difference

in time taken for temp to rise from peak to base level & base to peak is with

respect to onset time& per Cowdung cake Quantum.

Difference in total average atmospheric temperature was due to Geographical

position of the place of trail may be responsible for that atmospheric temperature

on the day of performing Gajaputa. Temperature range time maintained for lesser

duration i.e. about 50-55min

Duration of Self cooling in Classical Puta and Horizontal Muffle Furnace.

The total time duration required for burning of Gajaputa was 6 hours and total

time required for complete self cooling was 24 hours. This Puta is generally

applied in open atmosphere. Hence its cooling maintenance was lesser duration.

But, in Muffle furnace time required for Self Cooling was 45 hours. It’s because

of heating element chamber is made up of heat resistant refractory bricks .and it

sustain the heat for longer duration.

Yield of Classical Gaja puta & Horizontal Muffle Furnace:

63.6 % yield obtained in VB (Classical), 70 % of yield obtained in VB (EHMF),

Comparing both the methods Pharmaceutically Horizontal Muffle Furnace is more

convenient to prepare Vimala Bhasma.

Due to homogeneous heating pattern Chemical reaction take place properly.


Discussion

VB(Cl)

70% 63.6 %

VB(EHMF)

Theories applicable in Puta:

Fourier’s principle of thermodynamics:

Heat flow in Puta can be explained by the mechanism of conduction. Heat can be

conducted only when there is a temperature gradient, i.e. heat flows from a hot

surface to a cold surface. In case of Putapaka process heat is applied to the Sharava

Samputa from all side, and there is a clear temperature gradient between the outer part

and inner part of Sharava Samputa.

According to this law, the rate of heat flow through a uniform material is proportional

to the area and the temperature drop and inversely proportional to the length of the

path of flow. Heat always conducts from warmer objects to cooler objects. The

composition of a material affects its conduction rate.

Area (m2) × temperature difference (k) Rate of heat flow ∝ Thickness (m)

By this law we can explain the heat flow to the pellets through sharava in gaja puta.

If the chakrikas are flat then length decreases and uniform heat flow can be

maintained throughout the sample.

Hess’s law of thermodynamics:

Hess's law states that energy changes are state functions. The amount of energy

depends only on the states of the reactants and the state of the products, but not on the

intermediate steps. Energy (enthalpy) changes in chemical reactions are the same,

regardless whether the reactions occur in one or several steps. The total energy change

in a chemical reaction is the sum of the energy changes in its many steps leading to

the overall reaction.

Here the preparation of bhasma is done in several steps. The sum of enthalpy of the

entire step gives rise to the enthalpy change required to obtain final product.


Discussion

Calcination

Calcination is the process of subjecting a substance to the action of heat, but without

fusion, for the purpose of causing some change in its physical or chemical constitution

Or a process in which a material is heated to a temperature below its melting point to

effect a thermal decomposition or a phase transition other than melting. In case of

marana we are also heating the materials in a closed sharava to avoid air entry. Here

Vimala reacts with sulfur and phase transition takes place in the form of Ferrous

sulfide.

Griffith theory:

All solids contain flaws and microscopic cracks. A flaw is any structural weakness

that may develop into a crack under strain like heat. The weakest flaw in a particle

determines its fracture strength. Usually the surface of particles is irregular. The

applied force by the form of heat is initially taken on the high portion of the surface.

As a result, high stress may be set up locally in the particles.

The bonds at this place become weak, which may be responsible for creating flaws.

The particle with the weakest flaw fractures most easily and produced largest possible

pieces.

This theory can be applied for particle size reduction after each puta.

GRAIN BOUNDARIES & RECRYSTALLISATION

Microscopic crystalline areas of a mineral limited by the boundaries known as grain

boundaries. Changing the microstructure as well as the properties of crystalline

materials known as Recrystallisation.

Bhavana and heat treatment adopted in puta, in various step will help to change

crystal structure of material to form Bhasma.

Collision theory

In a chemical reaction, bonds are broken and new bonds are formed. For this,

molecules have to react, and must collide. Collisions must have enough energy to

overcome the barrier to reaction, the activation energy. Temperature affects the

number of collisions.

Here the temperature change will bring about the collisions in the particles to form a

compound.


Discussion

3. DISCUSSION ON ANALYTICAL STUDY:

Discussion on Analytical study:

For the present Research work, analytical study was carried out by considering both

ancient and modern parameters.

Ancient Parameters:

V.B.(classical) & V.B.(EHMF) fulfilled Varitara & Rekhapoorna suggesting lightness

and partical size reduction, Nirdhooma, and Niruttha tests were positive indicating

complete formation of Bhasma.

Physical Parameters:

a) Discussion on Total ash: The total ash value of A.V. 83.12%, S.V. (84.00%)

V.B.(classical) was 95.06% & V.B.(E.H.M.F.) was 96.81 %.

This is to carried out to detect the unburnt material and evaporative substance, this

test revealed that among four samples, V.B.(E.H.M.F.) is having least unburnt and

evaporative constituents.

b) Discussion on Acid insoluble ash: Acid insoluble ash of the A.V.55.00%, SV

66.12 %, V.B.(classical) was 7.21% &V.B.(E.H.M.F.)6.72 %.

Test for acid insoluble ash was carried out to evaluate the percentage of insoluble

inorganic content of the Bhasma in dilute acid. Since a drug must first pass into

solution before it can be absorbed, so the acid insoluble ash test for bhasma is

therapeutically very important. It is intended to provide a step towards the evaluation

of the physiological availability of the Bhasma. V.B. (EHMF) is said to be good

according to this test V.B.(classical) than as it contains comparatively more acid

insoluble ash. It can be inferred that V.B. (EHMF) should be physiologically more

available in the body than V.B.(classical). The human metabolic process and

pharmaco kinetics depends upon purity and human acceptable forms of drug.

c) Discussion on Loss on drying at 1100C: Loss on drying of the AV was 0.38%,

S V was 0.14 %, and V.B. (classical) was 0.62%. V.B. (E.H.M.F.) was 0.54%.

Reduction in moisture content reduced the chance of microbial contamination,

decomposition due the undesired chemical changes. Among these two Bhasma

moisture content of V. B. (E.H.M.F.) shows the rare chance of bacterial and fungal

growth, less hygroscopic, least drug deterioration and contamination.

d) Discussion on PH: PP

H of the A.V. was 3.56, S.V. was 3.23, and V.B. (classical)

was 7.42, V.B. (E.H.M.F.) was 8.82 respectively. Here, Ashodhita & Shodhita vimala


Discussion

are acidic in nature. PH V.B.(classical) is weak alkaline than V. B. (EHMF).This

alkanity of drug indicate the site of absorption & action of the drug. The alkaline

environment in which the major component of the drug exists in a unionized form,

facilitates their absorption in intestine.

Chemical Parameters: ( Assay)

Iron Value:

Iron as Ferrous-

% of Ferrous in AV 2.01%, SV 1.00%, V.B. (classical) 1.11 % & V.B.(EHMF)

0.89 %. During Bharjana, Some part was converted to ferroso-ferric oxide form.

Iron as Ferric-

% of Ferric in Ashodhita Vimala 21.12%, Shodhita Vimala 25.52%, Vimala

Bhasma (classical) 23.90 % & Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) 23.23 %.

Here, Bharjana of Vimala was done in Lohapatra, this may be the reason to increase

% of Iron in Bharjana. Nimbu swarasa which contain organic Iron leads to iron stable

in Shodhita Vimala.

X-Ray Diffraction study:

X- Ray diffraction studies were conducted at NITK, Suratkal for 4 samples, namely,

Ashodhita Vimala, Shodhita Vimala, Vimala Bhasma (classical) and Vimala Bhasma

(EHMF) with the aim of structure and composition. But as X–RD is meant for pure

chemical or single element structure analysis, only composition has been analyzed.

After comparing the peak Values of 4 samples with their respective standard

peaks, we may came to know that, identified (peaks)Angles of Ashodhita Vimala

(28.686, 33.286, 37.276, 40.977, 47.631, 56.439, 61.9, 64.473, 81.49, 88.43, 95.248)

were matching with Standard(peaks).Angles (28.513, 33.084, 37.107, 40.784, 47.424,

56.279, 61.694, 64.283, 81.317, 88.291, 95.248) of Iron pyrite. So, the raw vimala

can be considerd as(Iron Pyrite) FeS2. The crystal structure was found to be cubic.

The Shodhita Vimala matched with two compounds .Identified (peaks)

Angles of shodhita Vimala(37.119, 56.52, 80.86, 95.36) were matching with standard

peaks(37.280, 56.154, 80.500, 95.203)of iron oxide (Fe2O3). The crystal structure was

found to be Cubic. Identified (peaks) Angles of shodhita Vimala (37.199, 56.52)

were matching with standard peaks (37.052, 56.942)of Ferric Oxide( Fe3O4

)respectively. The crystal structure was found to be Cubic.

The Vimala bhasma(classical) with two compounds viz Ferrous Sulphide and

ferric Oxide. Identified (peaks)of Vimala bhasma(classical)- (29.131,33.381, 35.832,


Discussion

53.62, 59.04, 62.68, 65.98, 73.54) were matching with standard peaks of FeS

(29.154, 33.900, 35.694, 53.156, 59.470, 62.595, 65.634, 73.618) respectively. The

crystal structure was found to be Hexagonal.

Identified (peaks)of V.B.(classical)- (33.381,35.832, 53.62, 54.243, 59.04

,62.68,65.98) were also matching with standard peaks of(33.910,35.659,

53.779,54.972, 59.620,62.981,65.130) Fe2O3.The crystal structure was found to be

Cubic.

The V.B.(EHMF) with two compounds viz Ferrous Sulphide and ferric Oxide.

Identified (peaks)of V.B.(EHMF) (33.436, 35.958, 53.18, 62.16, 62.676, 64.244,

67.24, 85.14, 85.34, 86.38, 87.959, 89.76) were matching with standard peaks of

(33.900, 35.964, 53.156, 62.213, 62.595,64.555, 67.346, 85.027 ,85.280, 86.751,

87.581, 89.505) FeS .The crystal structure was found to be Hexagonal.

Identified (peaks)of Vimala bhasma(EHMF)- (33.436, 35.956, 53.28, 54.384, 62.676,

64.244, 67.24, 79.113, 85.34, 87.959, 89.76) were matching with standard peaks of

(33.910, 33.659, 53.779, 54.972, 62.981, 64.051, 67.262, 79.522, 85.422,

87.391,89.334) Fe2O3.The crystal structure was found to be Cubic.

By the above facts it can be said that the compound form of Vimala Bhasma may be

ferrous Sulphide and Ferric Oxide and the crystal structure may be the Hexagonal and

Cubic structure.

Among the 2 Vimala Bhasma, V.B.(EHMF) considered as good one by this analysis.

In V.B (classical) 8 peaks matches with standard peaks of Ferrous Sulphide & 8 peaks

matches with Standard peaks of Ferric Oxide.

In V.B.(EHMF) 12 peaks matches with standard peaks of Ferrous Sulphide & 11

peaks matches with Standard peaks of Ferric Oxide. It is due to Adaquate

temperature pattern proper Chemical reaction was take place in Furnace.

EDX-SEM Analysis:

AV showed S 31.53%, Fe 28.53%, Co 15.96%, Ni 14.87%, Cu 0.655%, As 0.44%,Au

0.63%,Ti 1.133%.

SV showed C 4.16%,O 20.14%,Na 0.345,Si 1.93%, P 0.13%,S 11.76%, K 0.54%,Fe

52.82%,C0 0.625,Cu 0.08,As 0.29%,Ag 0.06%.

V.B.(classical) showed C 1.755%,O 21.605%,Si 3.76%,P 0.03%,S 0.275%,K 0.43%,

Fe 64.11%,Co 0.52%,Cu 0.49%, Ag 0.3%.

V.B.(EHMF) showed C 1.365%,O 30.045%,Si 1.285%,S 0.505%,K 0.77%,Fe

64.07%,Ni 0.385%,Cu 0.385%,As 0.36%,Ag 0.525%, P 0.01%.


Discussion

The SEM- EDX analysis of A.V. revealed that, Fe, S, Ni, Co are the major elements.

Ag, Cu, As are Minor elements.

The SEM- EDX analysis of S V revealed that, C, O, Si, S, Fe are the major elements.

Na, P, K, Co, Cu, As are the minor element. Ag is in trace level. There was increase

concentration of Fe. Vimala purified by bharjana in a current air, metal being

converted into Oxide form (fe2O3). Due to strong heat it is partially converted to

Ferric Oxide (fe3O4).These compounds may cause increase in weight. Inorganic

content of lemon juice also cause increase in the weight of Vimala. There is decrease

in the concentration of Co, Cu, As, Ag due to purification. Na, K, P, Na are due to

Nimbu which is containing these elements in organic form. O & C these element

Present, due to oxidation of Vimala. The Organic matter will burnt & forms Carbon.

The SEM- EDX analysis of V.B.(classical) revealed that, C, O, Fe are the major

elements. S, As, Cu, Na, K is the minor elements. P is in trace level.

The SEM- EDX analysis of V.B.(EHMF) revealed that, C, O, Fe are the major

elements. S, As, Cu, Ni, K is the minor elements.

There was increased percentage of Iron in V. B. (Classical) 64.11%,

V.B.(E.H.M.F.)64.07% compared to that of Shodhita Vimala. Inorganic Content of

Nimbu swarasa also causes increase in Weight of Vimala Bhasma.

PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (By Laser Diffraction Method):

Particle size is one of the factors which will affect dissolution and absorption of drug.

Particle size and surface area are inversely proportional to each other, as particle size

decreases surface area increases. This leads to increase in dissolution of drug and

rapid absorption. This data is supportive to the classical parameters like Rekhapurna,

Varitara, Unnama and Shlakshna qualities. Here the consequent heat treatment in the

form of Puta and wet grinding in the form of Bhavana may be responsible for

reduction in particle size. Particle size of V.B. (EHMF) 1.78 µm less than

V.B.(classical) 2.13 µm. Because of getting adequate, uniform temperature in furnace,

particle size was less.

Discussion on NPST:

For testing the Vimala Bhasma, the text of NPS available had no test prescribed for

Vimala Bhasam henceforth this was an attempt made in the guidelines of group of

Loha Bhasma. Changes in the colour is due to reaction between Potassium

Ferrocyanaide paper and solution prepared out of Vimala Bhasma and HCl.


Summary

SUMMARY

The present study entitled “A Comaparative Pharmaceutico- Analytical Study of

Vimala Bhasma Prepared by Classical Puta method And Electrical Horizontal Muffle

Furnace” has been summarized as follows:

The study was designed as follows:

1. Conceptual study

Drug Review

Pharmaceutical Review

Analytical Review

2. Methodology

Pharmaceutical study

Analytical study

3. Results

4. Discussion & Conclusion

1)Conceptual study: It is again studied under four different headings

• Drug Review: Includes the collection of classical references regarding Vimala

Bhasma the main ingredients like Vimala, Haratala, Gandhaka, drugs used for the

purification of these ingredients like Nimbu Swarasa, Jambeera Swarasa and other

associated drugs.

• Pharmaceutical Review: Includes the references regarding the pharmaceutical

procedures like Shodhana, Bharjana, Bhavana etc and the equipments used for the

procedures like Gajaputa, EHMF, Khalva yantra, Koormaputa and Pyrometer with

Thermocouple, pH meter etc.

• Analytical Review: Includes the references regarding procedures followed and

the instruments used in Analytical studies conducted for Ashodhita Vimala,

Shodhita Vimala, Vimala Bhasma (classical),Vimala bhasma (EHMF).

2. Methodology

Pharmaceutical study:

Procedures adopted in shodhana of ingredients, preparation of V. B.(classical),

V.B. (EHMF) is described in this section.

• Shodhana of Haratala by Swedana in Kushmanda Swarasa for 3 hours and further

in churnodaka for 3 hours., Shodhana of Gandhaka with koormaputa method,


Summary

Shodhana of Vimala in Nimbu Swarasa by Bharjana Method. Before shodhana

weight of Vimala was 800gm and after Shodhana it was 700gm.

• Vimala Bhasma (Classical): 250gm of Vimala, Haratala 1/8th part and Gandhaka

1/8th part of Vimala ,Bhavana given with Jambeera Swarasa for 3 times for 10

Puta and after 10 puta only with Jambeera Swarasa mardana and Gaja puta was

given. For last 5 putas number of Cowdungs were decreased to get good

Bhasma. After 20 Puta, Bhasma siddhi lakshanas were Observed. The yield was

159gm with a loss 91gm.

• Vimala Bhasma (EHMF): Initially 250 gm of Vimala, Haratala 1/8th part and

Gandhaka 1/8th part of Vimala, Bhavana given with Jambeera Swarasa for 3

times & Subjected to Puta in EHMF. Statistical mean Temperature of Classical

puta 7930C was applied to EHMF. This peak is maintained for 1 hr & allowed for

self cooling . After 14 Puta Bhasma siddhi lakshanas were Observed. The yield

was 175gm with a loss 75gm.

Analytical study:

• Analytical study of AV ,SV, V.B. (Classical), V.B. (EHMF) were carried out by

using Ayurvedic as well as modern parameters.

• X-Ray diffraction studies were conducted for AV, SV ,V.B. (Classical), V.B.

(EHMF) which are confirmed only after comparing d-identified values with d-

standard peak values.

• SEM-EDX studies were conducted for AV ,SV, V.B. (Classical), V.B. (EHMF)

• NPST was carried out for V.B. (Classical), V.B. (EHMF).

• Particle Size studies were conducted for V.B. (Classical), V.B. (EHMF).

3. Results:

• Pharmaceutical results:

The yield of Shodhita Vimala 87.5%, yield of Vimala Bhasma (Classical) &

63.6% and Vimala Bhasma 70%.

• Analytical results

XRD Results: The raw vimala can be considerd as(Iron Pyrite) FeS2. The crystal

structure was found to be cubic. Shodhita vimala can be considerd as Ferric Oxide

(Fe3O4 ) . The crystal structure was found to be Cubic.Both Vimala Bhasma

prepared by Classical puta method & EHMF can be considerd as Ferrous


Summary

Sulphide & Ferric Oxide .The crystal structure was found to be Hexagonal &

Cubic.

EDX SEM- Results:

Ashoditha Vimala showed S 31.53%, Fe 28.53%, Co 15.96%,Ni 14.87%,Cu

0.655%,As 0.44%,Au 0.63%,Ti 1.133%.

Shoditha Vimala showed C 4.16%,O 20.14%,Na 0.345,Si 1.93%, P 0.13%,S

11.76%, K 0.54%,Fe 52.82%,C0 0.625,Cu 0.08,As 0.29%,Ag 0.06%.

Vimala bhasma (classical) showed C 1.755%,O 21.605%,Si 3.76%,P 0.03%,S

0.275%,K 0.43%, Fe 64.11%,Co 0.52%,Cu 0.49%, Ag 0.3%.

Vimala bhasma (EHMF) showed C 1.365%,O 30.045%,Si 1.285%,S 0.505%,K

0.77%,Fe 64.07%,Ni 0.385%,Cu 0.385%,As 0.36%,Ag 0.525%, P 0.01%

Particle Size: Mean particle size of Vimala Bhasma(classical) is 2.13 µm,

Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) 1.78 µm.

Discussion and conclusion: Shodhana of the Vimala was done by Bharjana method in Nimbu Swarasa, which

leads increase the % of Iron. Vimala Bhasma(classical) was obtained in 20

Gajaputas. Mean Temperature of 20 Puta was taken statistically. Mean Peak range

temperature 7930C was set to Horizontal Muffle Furnace, maintained it for 1 hour

may be considered as standard heating pattern for vimala Bhasma. Vimala

Bhasma(EHMF) was obtained in 14 puta. In the Bhasmas due to the Bhavana and

Puta, there is considerable reduction in particle size. Particle size of Vimala

Bhasma(EHMF) is(1.78 µm) lesser than Vimala Bhasma (classical) 2.13 µm. This

is because getting adequate temperature in Furnace.

• As per XRD data the Vimala Bhasma (Classical) and Vimala Bhasma (EHMF) are

in the form of Ferric Oxide & Ferrous Sulphide. In this Ferric Oxide is in Cubic

structure and Ferrous Sulphide in Hexagonal structure.

• In EDX-SEM of ASV was 28.53%, SV was 52.82%, VB (Classical) 64.11%, VB

(EHMF) 64.07%. It revealed that there was increase % of Iron Compare to that of

SV & AV which is therapeutically effective.

In the present entitled study, Vimala Bhasma(EHMF) is Pharmaceutically very

convenient to prepare and Shows good Analytical results compare to

V.B.(Classical).


Limitations

LIMITATIONS

♦ It was a time bound research work.

♦ Specific instrumentation and technological accreditation was taken from outside

laboratories

♦ Instrumental and investigatory facilities were minimum.

♦ There was lack of advanced and sophisticated instruments for pharmaceutical

study.


Scope for Further Study

SCOPE FOR FURTHER STUDY

Comparative Clinical study of Vimala Bhasma(Classical) and Vimala

Bhasma (EHMF) can be studied.

With the collaboration of experimental pharmacology, various experimental

studies can be undertaken as Immuno-modulator, Aphrodisiac, Anti

tubercular, etc. to prove its efficacy.

Preparation of Vimala Shodhana and Vimala Bhasma by different

pharmaceutical procedures.

Advanced analysis like N.M.R (Nuclear magnetic resonance) and EPMA

(electron probe micro analyzer) may be studied for Vimala Bhasma.

For concrete establishment of standard opening procedure (SOP) for

preparation of Vimala Bhasma more extensive study with preparation of more

number of batches by both Classical and Furnace method by adopting various

references should be needed.

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Vimala bhasma can be tried.


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