Violence in sports - Wiki

Violence in sportsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Violence in sports refers to physical acts committed in contact sports suchas American football, ice hockey, rugby football, soccer, boxing, mixedmartial arts, wrestling, and water polo beyond the normal levels of contactexpected while playing the sport. These can include intentional attempts toinjure player by another player or coach, but can also include threats ofphysical harm or actual physical harm sustained by players or coaches bythose engaging in spectating of sports.

Contents

1 Causes1.1 Violence by Athletes1.2 Fan violence1.3 Ritual violence

2 Athlete violence2.1 American football2.2 Association football2.3 Australian football (AFL)2.4 Baseball2.5 Basketball2.6 Ice hockey2.7 Other sports

3 References4 Further reading5 See also

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Causes

"Intermittent explosive disorder" may be a cause of violence. Someathletes may be genetically predisposed to violence or (particularly maleathletes) have unusually high testosterone levels. Animal behaviorethology studies may also lend a clue, as athletes may resort to violence toestablish territory.

The sporting arena has also been used as a platform for countries to settletheir disputes in front of the world's media.

Violence by Athletes

Athletes sometimes resort to violence, in hopes of injuring andintimidating opponents.

Such incidents may be part of a strategy developed by coaches or players.

In boxing, unruly or extremely violent behavior by one of the contestantsoften results in the fighter breaking the rules being penalized with a pointsdeduction, or, in extreme cases, disqualification. Outlawed tactics inboxing include hitting the opponent on the back of the head, under thebelly during clinching, and to the back. Other tactics that are outlawed, butless seen, are pushing an opponent extremely hard to the floor, kicking, orhitting repeatedly after the round has ended.

Similar actions have also happened in ice hockey and Australian FootballLeague matches.

Fan violence

Violence may also be related to nationalism or as an outlet for underlyingsocial tensions. It is often alcohol-related.



Fans of the Minnesota Golden Gophers riot in theDinkytown neighborhood of Minneapolis after theGophers won the 2003 Frozen Four

See also: List ofviolent spectatorincidents in sports

Violence by supportersof sports teams datesback to Roman times,when supporters ofchariot racing teamswere frequentlyinvolved in majorriots. A notableexample of this is theNika riots of 532.

The actions of Englishfootball hooligans andfirms in the 1980s caused English teams to be banned from Europeancompetition for six years after the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985.Although the level of football-related violence was significantly reduced inEngland after this event, in the recent Euro 2004 tournament, Englandwere publicly warned that any violence by supporters at matches couldresult in their ejection from the tournament. Many known hooligans wereprevented from traveling to the tournament in Portugal. There was acollective sigh of relief from security experts in the USA when Englandfailed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. Alan Rothenberg(chairman of the World Cup organizing committee in the United States in1994) said:

“There were three countries in the world whose presencewould have created logistical and security problems, sowe're very pleased they won't be coming: Iraq, Iran andEngland.

”



In 532, the rivalry between supporters of the Blue and Greenchariot-racing teams in Constantinople, led to 30,000 deaths in theNika riots.The first meeting in the American football rivalry between BrighamYoung University and the University of Utah took place in April1896, when BYU was known as Brigham Young Academy. The twoschools disagree to this day as to whether this game was official, butit mattered greatly to the spectators—at the end of the game, the twosets of fans fought one another.

In 1975, cyclist Eddy Merckx was viciously punched by a spectatoras he climbed the Puy de Dôme in the Tour de France. Merckx, whohad won the Tour de France five times previously and at the timewas in the leader's yellow jersey, finished the stage barely able tobreathe, and went on to finish the tour in second place overall.The 1980 Scottish Cup Final between bitter Old Firm rivals Celticand Rangers was marred by an on-pitch riot between rival fans.[1]

The result was the banning of alcohol from Scottish footballmatches.After Marvin Hagler knocked out Alan Minter in three rounds towin boxing's world middleweight title at Wembley Arena in 1980,many of Minter's supporters began to throw beer cans, bottles andother objects into the ring. Both Hagler and Minter, along with theirrespective handlers, had to be escorted out by Scotland Yard.On August 12, 1984, during a game between the Atlanta Braves andSan Diego Padres that degenerated into a beanball war:[2]

At least five fans were dragged from the field at Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium in handcuffs after participating in abench-clearing brawl.One of the fans was charged with assault for throwing a fullbeer mug at the Padres' Kurt Bevacqua, hitting him in thehead, as he was returning to the dugout.The game ended with police riot squads on top of bothdugouts in an obvious attempt to keep fans away from the



players.

At the end of the same season, violence erupted outside of TigerStadium in Detroit after the Detroit Tigers defeated the Padres in theWorld Series. A well known photo from the riot shows a Tigers fanholding a World Series pennant in front of an overturned burningDetroit Police car.Heysel Stadium disaster – 39 people died when a wall collapsedunder pressure of Juventus supporters fleeing from 'footballhooligans' supporting Liverpool during the 1985 European CupFinal.In 1990, a football match between Red Star Belgrade and DinamoZagreb was abandoned after ten minutes with thousands of fansfighting each other and the police. One of the Zagreb players wasseen to kick a policeman, and after an hour long riot, the stadiumwas set on fire.In 1993, Monica Seles was stabbed by a Steffi Graf fan during achangeover at a tennis match in Germany.In 1994, Vancouver Canucks fans rioted in the streets of Vancouverafter their team lost in the Stanley Cup finals.During the 1994 FIFA World Cup, Colombian football (soccer)player Andrés Escobar accidentally scored an own goal in a matchagainst the United States, a match which Colombia lost 2-1. On hisreturn to Colombia, Escobar was confronted outside a bar inMedellín by a gunman who shot the player six times, killing him.The gunman reportedly shouted "¡Gol!" ("Goal!") for each bulletfired.Rioting Indian fans at the Eden Gardens stadium in Calcutta forcedthe end of the semi-final match between India and Sri Lanka duringthe 1996 Cricket World Cup. Fans started rioting when the hometeam, seemingly on the way to victory, underwent a dramatic battingcollapse. Match referee Clive Lloyd brought the teams off theground for their safety, then attempted to restart the match. Whenthe fans remained throwing projectiles and damaging stadium



facilities, the match was called off and awarded to Sri Lanka (whowent on to win the World Cup).In 1996 during a night Australian Football League match atWaverley Park in Melbourne between Essendon and St Kilda, apitch invasion occurred when the lights went out during the thirdquarter. Initially, a serious car crash into power lines in the nearbyarea was reported to have caused the blackout, although it was laterconfirmed to be a major electrical fault. In the midst of the chaos,fans rioted and stormed the ground, some lighting bonfires in thecentre square, and removing two of the behind posts. The incidentswere filmed on Network Seven, and the remaining quarter and ahalf was played three nights later.[3]

In 1998, Denver Broncos fans rioted in the streets of Denver aftertheir team won Super Bowl XXXII. Near-riots happened when theteam won the Super Bowl again the following year and after theColorado Avalanche's Stanley Cup wins in 1996 and 2001.A similar incident occurred in Oakland, California in 2003 whenfans rioted and destroyed property after the Oakland Raiders lost tothe Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Super Bowl XXXVII.In July 2000, 13 people were trampled to death in a riot at a 2002FIFA World Cup qualifying match in Harare, Zimbabwe, afterSouth Africa took a 2-0 lead over Zimbabwe.In June 2000, Los Angeles Lakers fans stormed the streets of LosAngeles after the Lakers victory over the Indiana Pacers in the 2000NBA Finals. Fans briefly celebrated by starting bonfires, but it soonturned into a riot, with fans dancing and stomping on parked cars,and even turning a news van over.[4]

In May 2001 during an Australian Football League match betweenGeelong and Carlton at Optus Oval, Geelong's Darren Milburnexecuted a very late and illegal bump on Carlton's Steven Silvagni,collecting Silvagni's head with his hip, knocking Silvagniunconscious and leaving him having to be carried from the field bytrainers. Milburn then proceeded to clap towards the crowd after



being substituted, further igniting the situation; Carlton fansthreatened Milburn, attempted to enter the interchange box to assaulthim, and attempted to attack Milburn's police escort in the car parkafter the match.[5] Milburn was suspended for three matches for theincident.In May 2004 after an Australian Football League Friday NightFootball match between Adelaide and St. Kilda at AAMI Stadiumwhich St. Kilda won by 32 points, field umpires were booed andabused by Adelaide fans, and a drink bottle was thrown which hit a12-year-old St. Kilda fan. One fan was ejected and banned for oneyear from the arena.[6]

In September 2004 in the Cairns Australian Football League GrandFinal between the North Cairns Tigers and the Port Douglas Crocs atCazaly's Stadium, a wild and violent 15 minute bench-clearing brawlerupted after Tigers players charged at the Crocs pre-match huddleat the end of the national anthem, and escalated when fans and teamofficials became involved. One fan was arrested and another fivewere ejected, while three Crocs players and a Crocs runner were leftunconscious and having to be carried from the arena on stretchers.After a lengthy AFL investigation, the instigator, North CairnsTigers coach and former VFL/AFL player Jason Love, wassuspended for eight years, and the 22 North Cairns players weresuspended for a total of 400 matches (suspensions ranging from 10matches to five years) on a string of charges in relation to startingthe brawl; the Tigers were forced to forfeit their first match of 2005as a result of these suspensions. AFL Cairns declared the GrandFinal a "no result" and withheld the 2004 premiership.[7][8][9]

In October 2004, fans of the Boston Red Sox rioted just outside ofFenway Park after the Red Sox won the American LeagueChampionship Series over the New York Yankees. Police used"pepper guns" in some cases and an Emerson College student,Victoria Snelgrove, was killed by a pepper filled paintball-likeprojectile which hit her in the eye.



On November 19, 2004, near the end of an NBA game between theIndiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons, a brawl erupted between Pacersplayers and Pistons supporters.On April 12, 2005, the UEFA Champions League quarterfinalbetween intracity rivals AC Milan and Inter Milan was abandonedafter Inter fans threw missiles and flares on to the pitch at the SanSiro stadium, with AC Milan goalkeeper Dida hit by a flare.In May 2006 during an Australian Football League match betweenNorth Melbourne and St Kilda, a North Melbourne fan had aprovocative confrontation with coach Dean Laidley, to whichLaidley responded with a verbal barrage, inviting the fan to the clubrooms to see how badly the players were feeling due to theirconsistently poor on-field performance. The incident was capturedon Australian national television. The fan committed suicide bythrowing himself in the path of an oncoming train the next morning.

Ritual violence

High school, college, and even professional sports teams often includeinitiation ceremonies (known as hazing in the USA) as a rite of passage. A1999 study by Alfred University and the NCAA found that approximatelyfour out of five college US athletes (250,000 per year) experienced hazing.[10] Half were required to take part in alcohol-related initiations, whiletwo-thirds were subjected to humiliation rituals.

Athlete violence

American football

In a National Football League game on November 1, 1970, theKansas City Chiefs led the Oakland Raiders 17-14, and a long runfor a first-down run by quarterback Len Dawson apparently sealedvictory for the Chiefs in the final minute when Dawson was speared



by Raiders defensive end Ben Davidson, who dove into Dawsonwith his helmet as he lay on the ground, provoking Chiefs’ receiverOtis Taylor to attack Davidson. After a bench-clearing brawl, Taylorand Davidson were ejected, and the penalties that were callednullified the first down under the rules in effect at that time. TheChiefs were obliged to punt, and the Raiders tied the game on aGeorge Blanda field goal with eight seconds to play. Taylor’sunwise retaliation against Davidson’s foul play not only cost theChiefs a win, but Oakland won the AFC West with a season recordof 8-4-2, while Kansas City finished 7-5-2 and out of theplayoffs.[11] See also Chiefs–Raiders rivalry.

Association football

On January 25, 1995, Manchester United striker Eric Cantonaassaulted a fan during a game against Crystal Palace after the fanhurled racial slurs towards him. Cantona was banned for theremainder of the FA Premier League season.On 9 July 2006, Zinedine Zidane headbutted Marco Materazzi duringthe FIFA World Cup Final and was ejected in what was his finalprofessional football game. Materazzi had allegedly insulted Zidanethroughout the game.

Australian football (AFL)

In 1985 during a VFL reserves match at Princes Park betweenCollingwood and the Sydney Swans, Collingwood full-back JohnBourke kicked Swans ruckman Patrick Foy in the groin in reactionto Foy tagging him throughout the game. When field umpire PhilWaight went to report Burke for the incident, Bourke pushed andkicked Waight, struck the Collingwood runner, and ran into thestands to assault a Swans fan who Bourke claimed had taunted him.Bourke was suspended for ten years plus 16 games and fined



$2,000.In 1994 Swans recruit Dermott Brereton was suspended for 7 weeksfor standing on Hawthorn player Rayden Tallis' head during apractice match; he was suspended for another 7 matches later in theseason for elbowing Richmond captain Tony Free and breaking hisjaw. St. Kilda forward Tony Lockett was suspended for 8 matchesfor elbowing Sydney's Peter Caven and breaking his nose.[12]

In 1996 player Wayne Carey pleaded guilty to indecently assaulting afemale bouncer outside a nightclub after being refused entry, andlater settled out of court when the woman filed a civil suit againsthim.In 2001 Hawthorn player Kris Barlow was alleged to have punchedBrett Viney, the brother of former Melbourne captain Todd Viney,in the face during a fight at a Richmond pub in November.[13]

In 2005 Ben Cousins and Michael Gardiner were questioned bypolice over telephone calls they allegedly received in Melbourne thatwere made following a brawl and shooting at a Perth nightclub.Police believed they had conversations with at least one of the twomen charged with disposing of the gun after the brawl.[14]

In 2006 Simon Goodwin assaulted a photographer and threatened to"fucking kill" him after an all-morning drinking session at anAdelaide pub.[15]

Dane Swan, Aaron Ramsay and Kade Carey were found guilty ofcriminal damage and assault charges arising from a brawl atFederation Square where they attacked a cleaner and three securityguards after Carey jumped on a parked car.[16]

Dean Brogan punched Adelaide Crows fan Dale Mortimer atAdelaide Airport after being insulted, breaking Mortimer's nose.[17]

He pleaded guilty and was fined $750.[18]

Andrew Krakouer, along with younger brother Tyrone and anotherman, were charged with recklessly causing serious injury followingan incident outside the Harbourside nightclub in Fremantle on 22December. The alleged victim, Justin Robin Martin, sustained



Bench-clearing brawl at FenwayPark because of Coco Crisp gettinghit by a pitch by James Shields.

serious head injuries and spent time in intensive care. The chargeshave later upgraded to intentionally causing serious injury.[19] TheKrakouers were convicted and sentenced to 32 monthsimprisonment with a non-parole period of 18 months.

Baseball

The first contest in what wouldbecome one of the most intenserivalries in U.S. college sports,an 1895 baseball game betweenBrigham Young Academy, nowBrigham Young University, andthe University of Utah, ended ina scoreless tie, immediatelyfollowed by a bench-clearingbrawl.[20]

This was far from the lastviolent incident in the baseballversion of the Utah–BYUrivalry:

In one 1966 game, a Utah batter intentionally hit BYU'scatcher with his bat.[21]

In another game in the mid-1980s, a number of BYU playerswere heckling Utah's pitcher. The pitcher went into his stretch,and then turned and fired a fastball into the BYU dugout,leading to a bench-clearing brawl.[21]

Yet another game in the same era saw a Utah player get a basehit with two outs and two on in the bottom of the ninth inningin a tied game. The lead runner could have scored the winningrun uncontested—but he instead went out of his way to runover BYU's catcher, who was standing on the first-base sideof home plate (for those not familiar with baseball, the



Ron Artest charging at a spectatorduring the Pacers–Pistons brawl

opposite side from a runner heading for home). The runnerwas called out and ejected, and BYU went on to win in extrainnings.[21]

On August 12, 1984, a game between the Atlanta Braves and SanDiego Padres turned into what writers Bruce Nash and Allan Zullolater called "one of the worst beanball wars of modern times",starting with Braves pitcher Pascual Pérez hitting Alan Wiggins withthe game's first pitch, followed by four attempts by Padres pitchersto hit Pérez in retaliation, and ending in Braves reliever DonnieMoore hitting Graig Nettles. The chaos led to four bench-clearingincidents, one of which lasted at least 10 minutes; ejections of bothmanagers and 12 players and coaches; multiple suspensions ofindividuals involved in the fracas; and fan involvement (seeabove).[2][22]

Basketball

In a 1972 college basketballgame, Ohio State Universitywere leading the University ofMinnesota 50-44 with36 seconds left to play in thegame. Ohio State's Luke Wittewas fouled hard going to thebasket by Minnesota’s CorkyTaylor, who punched the dazedWitte in the face and kneed himin the groin. Gopher reserveRon Behagen then stomped onWitte's neck and head. Witte was not the only victim of violence, asa larger brawl broke out, with two other Gophers, Jim Brewer andfuture Baseball Hall of Famer Dave Winfield, attacking other OhioState players. Witte was taken off the court on a stretcher and booed



by Minnesota fans. He was the most seriously injured among threeBuckeyes players taken to hospitals.[23]

In an NBA game on December 9, 1977, Kermit Washington of theLos Angeles Lakers was already fighting with Kevin Kunnert of theHouston Rockets when Rudy Tomjanovich of the Rockets camerunning toward them. Seeing a man in an opponent uniform rushingat him, Washington instinctively turned and punched Tomjanovichin the face, resulting in a near-fatal season-ending injury toTomjanovich. The NBA suspended Washington for 60 days (26games) and fined him $10,000. A civil jury awarded Tomjanovich$3.2 million. This incident is the subject of the book The Punch byJohn Feinstein.On 19 November 2004, the infamous Pacers–Pistons brawl tookplace in Auburn Hills, Michigan. It ranks among the worst episodesof sports violence in American sports history.On August 19, 2010, the final game of the Acropolis InternationalTournament between Greece and Serbia at the Olympic Indoor Hallin Athens ended in a bench-clearing brawl with 2:40 left and Greeceleading 74–73. The melee started when Greece's Antonis Fotsismoved threateningly toward Serbia's Miloš Teodosić after a hardfoul. It then escalated when Teodosić's teammate Nenad Krstićgrabbed Fotsis. Greece's Sofoklis Schortsanitis then pursued Krstić,who responded by throwing a chair at him. The chair missedSchortsanitis but hit his teammate Ioannis Bourousis in the head,drawing blood. Players from both teams fought in the tunnel leadingfrom the arena before being separated, and a few fans joined thefight but were quickly taken from the arena.[24] Krstić was arrestedby Greek police, but was released the following day.[25] FIBAresponded by suspending two players from each team for part of thesubsequent FIBA World Championship. For Serbia, Krstić wassuspended for the tournament's first three games and Teodosić fortwo games; Greece's Fotsis and Schortsanitis were also suspendedfor two games each.[26]



A fight between Shawn Thorntonand Wade Brookbank. Fighting inice hockey is an establishedtradition with a long history.

Later that year, on October 12, an exhibition match between theChina and Brazil national teams in Xuchang was marred by roughplay from both sides before escalating into open exchanges of kicksand punches, followed by a bench-clearing brawl. After the teamswere separated, China players attacked the Brazilians as they wereheading to the locker room. Brazil refused to return to the court orto play the fourth and final match in their scheduled series. TheChinese national federation issued an official apology to Brazil thefollowing day. This was the latest in a series of incidents involvingthe China team that had already resulted in tens of thousands ofdollars in fines from both FIBA and FIBA Asia.[27] Ultimately,China head coach Bob Donewald was suspended for China's nextthree FIBA matches; three China players drew suspensions of one ortwo games; and the three match officials were suspended from FIBAmatches for one year.[28]

Ice hockey

Main article: Violence in ice hockey

See also: Fighting in ice hockey

Violence has been a part of ice hockeysince at least the early 1900s.According to the book Hockey: APeople's History, in 1904 alone, fourplayers were killed during hockeygames from the frequent brawls andviolent stickwork.[29] Fighting in icehockey is an established tradition ofthe sport in North America, with along history involving many levels ofamateur and professional play andincluding some notable individual



fights.[30] While officials toleratefighting during hockey games, they impose a variety of penalties onplayers who engage in fights. Unique to North American professional teamsports, the National Hockey League (NHL) and most minor professionalleagues in North America do not eject players outright for fighting[31] butmajor European and collegiate hockey leagues do.[32]

The debate over allowing fighting in ice hockey games is ongoing. Despiteits potentially negative consequences, such as heavier enforcers (or"heavyweights") knocking each other out, some administrators are notconsidering eliminating fighting from the game, as some players considerit essential.[33] Additionally, the majority of fans oppose eliminating fightsfrom professional hockey games.[34]

In an NHL preseason game between the Boston Bruins and St. LouisBlues on September 21, 1969, Bruins defenseman Ted Green andBlues left wing Wayne Maki, attacking Green, engaged in a bloodystick-swinging fight [35] that resulted in Green sustaining a skullfracture and brain damage, forcing him to miss the entirety of the1969–70 NHL season, with Maki emerging uninjured. As a result ofthe fight, Green would play for the remaining nine years of hisprofessional career with a pioneering variety of hockey helmet inboth the NHL and WHA.April 20, 1984 – A bench-clearing brawl broke out at the end of thesecond period of a second-round playoffs matchup between theQuebec Nordiques and the Montreal Canadiens, after many smaller-scaled battles had occurred throughout the game. A second bench-clearing brawl erupted before the third period began, provoked bythe announcement of penalties; a total of 252 penalty minutes wereincurred and 10 players were ejected. This game prompted refereeBruce Hood to retire from the NHL once the playoffs ended,[36] andis commonly referred to as the Good Friday Massacre.On January 4, 1987, the final game of the World Junior Ice Hockey



Championships, involving Canada and the Soviet Union, sawintense physical (and often dirty) play by both sides, culminating ina bench-clearing brawl that lasted over 20 minutes. Eventorganizers, in a futile attempt to stop the fighting, turned the arenalights off. Eventually, the game was declared null and void, andboth teams were ejected from the competition, costing theCanadians a medal. Virtually all of the players on both teams weresuspended from international competition for 18 months (shortenedto six months on appeal), and the coaching staffs of both teamsdrew three-year suspensions. The match referee, widely blamed forlosing control of the game, never worked another internationalmatch.[37] A book by Gare Joyce was written regarding theevent.[38]

On March 26, 1997, Fight Night at the Joe: a brawl between the RedWings and Avalanches, in retaliation by the Wings for a cheapshotby Claude Lemieux a year earlier. A total of 228 penalty minuteswere handed out in the game and eight players were ejected.February 9, 2001 – A game between the Nottingham Panthers andthe Sheffield Steelers in the British Superleague saw "one of theworst scenes of violence seen at a British ice hockey rink". WhenSheffield enforcer Dennis Vial crosschecked Nottingham forwardGreg Hadden, Panthers enforcer Barry Nieckar subsequently foughtwith Vial which eventually escalated into a 36 man bench-clearingbrawl. Referee Moray Hanson was forced to send both teams totheir locker rooms and delay the game for 45 minutes while temperscooled and the officials sorted out the penalties. Eight players andboth coaches were ejected, and a British record total of 404 penaltyminutes were incurred during the second period. The Leaguehanded out 30 games in suspensions to four players and Steelerscoach Mike Blaisdell and a total of £8,400 in fines.[39][40][41]

March 5, 2004 – A Philadelphia Flyers – Ottawa Senators gameresulted in five consecutive brawls in the closing minutes of thegame, including fights between many players who are not known as



enforcers and a fight between Flyers goalie Robert Esche andSenators goalie Patrick Lalime. The game ended with an NHL record419 penalty minutes, and an NHL record 20 players were ejected,leaving five players on the team benches. The officials took90 minutes to sort out the penalties that each team had received.[42]

January 9, 2010 – In a Kontinental Hockey League game betweenVityaz Chekhov and Avangard Omsk, a bench-clearing brawl brokeout in the 4th minute of the first period, and a bench- and penalty-box clearing brawl broke out 39 seconds later, forcing officials toabandon the game as there were only four players left. 33 playersand both team's coaches were ejected, and a world record total of707 penalty minutes were incurred during the game.[43][44] The KHLimposed fines totaling 5.7 million rubles ($191,000), suspendedseven players, and counted the game as a 5–0 defeat for both teams,with no points being awarded.[45]

Other sports

Blood in the water: The water polo semi-final match betweenHungary and Soviet Union at the 1956 Summer Olympics wasstopped to defuse a possible riot by the fans when a Russian playerpunched Hungary's Ervin Zador.On 6 January 1994, as figure skater Nancy Kerrigan practiced duringthe 1994 U.S. Figure Skating Championships in Detroit, a man ranonto the rink and hit her knee with a baton, then fled. Kerrigan wasunable to compete, and the Ladies event was won by Tonya Harding(her win is no longer recognized). Police soon arrested Tonya's ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, Tonya's bodyguard Shawn Eckhardt, andShane Stant, the assailant Gillooly and Eckhardt had hired to attackKerrigan. Harding pled guilty to hindering the investigation, but saidshe had no prior knowledge of the attack. At the 1994 WinterOlympics, Kerrigan won the silver medal (2nd place), while Hardingfinished 8th.



References

1. ^ Scottish Cup Final riot (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=daEMvQsWys8%7C1980)

2. ^ a b Nash, Bruce; Zullo, Allan (1989). Baseball Hall of Shame(http://books.google.com/books?id=QtX4CreRGNEC&pg=PT43&lpg=PT43&dq=braves+padres+beanball+war&source=bl&ots=nrJVzVYn9V&sig=aYSg6y7nXtxQmR6Ip82h12bv0GI&hl=en&ei=CDq2TKy4GsSBlAfMrpnvBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false) . NewYork: Simon & Schuster. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-671-68766-3.http://books.google.com/books?id=QtX4CreRGNEC&pg=PT43&lpg=PT43&dq=braves+padres+beanball+war&source=bl&ots=nrJVzVYn9V&sig=aYSg6y7nXtxQmR6Ip82h12bv0GI&hl=en&ei=CDq2TKy4GsSBlAfMrpnvBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false.Retrieved October 13, 2010.

3. ^ Round 10 1996, Essendon vs. St Kilda(http://home.vicnet.net.au/~brad/96/round10.htm) , Bomber Internet

4. ^ "Riots after Lakers win NBA title"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/798383.stm) . BBC News. 2000-06-20.http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/798383.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-27.

5. ^ Atwell, Glen. AFL: Stephen Silvagni knocked out by Darren Milburn(http://www.sporttalk.com.au/afl-milburn-knocks-out-silvagni-2001/) ,SportTalk.com.au, May 26, 2007

6. ^ Crows fan facing one year ban after young Saints fan injured(http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/sport/crows-fan-faces-ban/story-e6frecj3-1225698262430)

7. ^ Investigation launched into Cairns AFL Grand Final brawl(http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2004/09/20/1202576.htm)

8. ^ PM - AFL yet to decide fate of brawling players(http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2004/s1203277.htm)

9. ^ "Eight-year ban for ex-Swan"(http://www.smh.com.au/news/AFL/Eightyear-ban-for-exSwan/2005/02/23/1109046993483.html) . The Sydney Morning Herald.February 24, 2005. http://www.smh.com.au/news/AFL/Eightyear-ban-for-exSwan/2005/02/23/1109046993483.html.



10. ^ http://www.alfred.edu/sports_hazing/.11. ^ KC Chiefs website (http://www.kcchiefs.com/history/70s/)12. ^ Footy's Hall of Shame, 1996.13. ^ Vic: Hawthorn footballer on assault charges – AAP General News

(Australia) – HighBeam Research (http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-71033177.html)

14. ^ Footballers quizzed over nightclub shooting(http://www.theage.com.au/realfooty/news/AFL/Footballers-quizzed-over-nightclub-clash/2005/05/04/1115092541677.html)

15. ^ Footy Players Spread Goodwill (http://the-speccy.blogspot.com/2006/01/footy-players-spread-goodwill.html)

16. ^ Footbrawlers Given Community Service(http://www.heraldsun.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5478,18107302%

17. ^ Questions Over Police Action Involving AFL Footballer(http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2006/s1655559.htm)

18. ^ Police Report Brogan(http://www.theadvertiser.news.com.au/common/story_page/0,5936,194308

19. ^ Traditional-payback threat issued as Krakouer brothers face assaultcharges (http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/threat-issued-as-krakouer-brothers-face-assaultcharges/2006/12/28/1166895421414.html)

20. ^ Rock, Brad (May 28, 2004). "Heated Utah and BYU rivalry started with abrawl in 1895" (http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595065841/Heated-Utah-and-BYU-rivalry-started-with-a-brawl-in-1895.html) . Deseret News.p. 1. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595065841/Heated-Utah-and-BYU-rivalry-started-with-a-brawl-in-1895.html. Retrieved February 22,2011.

21. ^ a b c Rock, Brad (May 28, 2004). "Heated Utah and BYU rivalry startedwith a brawl in 1895"(http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595065841/Heated-Utah-and-BYU-rivalry-started-with-a-brawl-in-1895.html?pg=2) . Deseret News. p. 2.http://www.deseretnews.com/article/595065841/Heated-Utah-and-BYU-rivalry-started-with-a-brawl-in-1895.html?pg=2. Retrieved February 22,2011.

22. ^ Merron, Jeff. "Put up your dukes"(http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/basebrawl.html) . Page 2. ESPN.com.http://espn.go.com/page2/s/list/basebrawl.html. Retrieved October 13, 2010.

23. ^ <http://www.10000takes.com/hall_of_shame/>24 ^ "Friendly Acropolis tourney ends when bench clearing brawl forces



24. Friendly Acropolis tourney ends when bench-clearing brawl forcesabandonment of Greece-Serbia"(http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/08/19/friendly-acropolis-tourney-ends-bench-clearing-brawl-forces-abandonment-greece/) . Associated Press.Fox News. 2010-08-19.http://www.foxnews.com/sports/2010/08/19/friendly-acropolis-tourney-ends-bench-clearing-brawl-forces-abandonment-greece/. Retrieved 2011-01-05.

25. ^ "Police release Nenad Krstic after melee"(http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=5478923) . Associated Press.ESPN.com. 2010-08-21. http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=5478923. Retrieved 2011-01-05.

26. ^ "Coach: Bans 'something unbelievable'"(http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/olybb/news/story?id=5502854) . ESPN.com.2010-08-27. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/olybb/news/story?id=5502854.Retrieved 2011-01-05.

27. ^ "China apologizes for brawl with Brazil"(http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/olybb/news/story?id=5680189) . AssociatedPress. ESPN.com. 2010-10-13.http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/olybb/news/story?id=5680189. Retrieved2010-10-13.

28. ^ FIBA (2010-12-14). "PR N° 34 - China sanctioned for mass brawl inBrazil friendly"(http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/presRele/p/newsid/45415/presReleArti.html) . Press release.http://www.fiba.com/pages/eng/fc/news/presRele/p/newsid/45415/presReleArti.html. Retrieved 2011-01-05.

29. ^ Drewery, Laine (Writer and Director), Chong,Wayne (Producer). (2006).Hockey: A People's History, Episode 1 - A simple game, DVD Chapter —From sport to spectacle. [DVD]. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

30. ^ Bernstein 2006, p. 331. ^ Bernstein 2006, p. 3132. ^ NCAA 2004, p. 6133. ^ McIntyre 200734. ^ Barrie Examiner 200735. ^ http://www.legendsofhockey.net/LegendsOfHockey/jsp/SearchPlayer.jsp?

player=1349736. ^ Lemieux 200337 ^ CBC 1987



37. ^ CBC 198738. ^ Joyce 200639. ^ BBC (February 10, 2001). "Brawl taints Panthers' victory"

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1163606.stm) . bbc.co.uk.http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/1163606.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-29.

40. ^ CBC (February 14, 2001). "British league suspends Canadian hockeybrawlers"(http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2001/02/14/brawlers010214.html) . cbc.ca.http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2001/02/14/brawlers010214.html. Retrieved2007-12-24.

41. ^ League punishes teams over brawl(http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/low/other_sports/1171302.stm)

42. ^ Maaddi 200443. ^ Lenta.ru (2010). "Матч КХЛ был сорван массовой дракой хоккеистов"

(http://www.lenta.ru/news/2010/01/09/scuffle/) . lenta.ru.http://www.lenta.ru/news/2010/01/09/scuffle/. Retrieved 2010-01-09.

44. ^ "This is hockey?" (http://en.khl.ru/news/2010/1/9/23770.html) . KHL.ru.2010-01-09. http://en.khl.ru/news/2010/1/9/23770.html.

45. ^ "Both teams lose" (http://en.khl.ru/news/2010/1/10/23771.html) .KHL.ru. 2010-01-10. http://en.khl.ru/news/2010/1/10/23771.html.

Further reading

Morris, Desmond (1981). The Soccer Tribe. Johnathan Cape.ISBN 978-1-904435-54-9.Atyeo, Don (1979) Blood & Guts: Violence in Sports, PaddingtonPress, 0-79-092-0000-5

See also

Bench-clearing brawlCollective effervescenceFootball WarFootball hooliganism



HooliganismSports rivalryViolenceViolence in baseballViolence in ice hockeyList of off-field incidents involving rugby league playersList of Australian rules football incidentsList of hooligan firmsList of violent spectator incidents in sports

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_in_sports"Categories: Violence in sports | Sports culture

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