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1512

cigar is a Smoke" ("The Betrothed").When cigarettes were first introduced

they were regarded as very effeminate-in fact "fag" is an early slang termfor cigarette. Real he-men preferredthe weed in more rugged form. Thuscigarette manufacturers have felt anurgent need to create and maintain animage of virility.

Perhaps the Surgeon General wouldget better results from his campaignagainst smoking if he were to em-phasize the anaphrodisiac, rather thanthe carcinogenic, effects of the habit!

MACON FRY1626 Moun1t Eagle Place.Alexandria, Virginia 22302

Reference

1. R. Magnus, 'Nicotiana, Nicotin," Real E,n-c-yclopddie der Gesaniten Heilkuinde, vol. 10,ed. 4 (1911), p. 651.

Project Hindsight

The commentaries on Project Hind-sight (18 Nov. 1966, p. 872; 2 Dec.1966, p. 1123; 23 June, p. 1571) area valuable contribution to the discus-sion of "directed" and "undirected"research. In the advocacy of basic ver-sus applied research, or science versusinvention and engineering, the propo-nents of any one segment of the con-tinuum of research, development, testing,and engineering are in competition forfunds, and usually are also expressingmanagerial preferences. What is so dis-heartening in this continuing contro-versy is the popular assumption thatthe end product of all scientific andproductive efforts are measurable interms of an "end item-a piece ofequipment, a process, or an opera-tional procedure" (1). The profitabilityof transportation systems can be com-pared very effectively by using numbers,mileage, tonnage, and dollars. How-ever, no matter how effectively fundsare spent for prevention of pollution,or a more healthy environment, it isnot possible to present comparable fig-ures. The benefits from prevention ofsickness, the prevention of wars, thecost of "undirected" science can bemeasured, but not in terms of technolo-gy-medicines, military hardware, orscientific instrumentation. Quite thecontrary, the less medicine, militaryand scientific hardware or money youhave to use, the more effective thecampaign.

It is self-evident that the systemsstudied in Project Hindsight, Polaris,

Minuteman, Lance TBM, radar, navi-gation aids, nuclear warheads, and soon resulted or benefited greatly fromthe advances of "undirected" science.Credits simply have not been given topreceding concepts and ideas. In a sub-sequent report, one may anticipate thatthe military applications of masers andlasers will be attributed to teams ofweapon systems engineers, althoughthese truly revolutionary tools, offer-ing order of magnitude differences in-ways of doing things, received gener-ous and "undirected" Department ofDefense support.

Sherwin and Isenson find that "De-spite the very applied nature of thework leading to the innovations, 5 or10 years often elapsed before an Eventwas used" (1, p. 1575). They appar-ently had the layman's misconceptionthat research ideas are quickly trans-formed into consumer goods or weap-on systems. Historically, it often takesmany years to make new things practi-cal: witness the airplane or Goddard'srockets

There are two very good reasons toinclude fundamental research in mis-sion-oriented programs. The first isthat such research attracts many out-standing scientists and young investi-gators to important problem areas.Second, for practical agencies to bereceptive to new concepts, approachesand solutions to problems and therebyspeed innovation, there have to be peo-ple within the agencies who are awareand eager to translate and introducenew ways of doing things to the tech-nologist who may argue against riskand that present solutions are goodenough. There is the real question ofhow one measures the productivity of"undirected" research programs asidefrom the publication of new knowl-edge. Perhaps productivity can also bejudged by the rate at which technologi-cal innovations are incorporated intopractice with resulting social improve-ment. From this standpoint, the shortertime period now between the attain-ment of new knowledge and its usein many fields, including new systemsfor which no conceivable requirementexisted even 10 years ago (that "scien-tific toy" satellite), indicates that em-phasis on basic research has beenhealthy.

LEE LEISERSON4307 Amnbler Drive,Kensington, Maryland 20795

Reference

1. C. W. Sherwin and R. S. Isenson, Science 156,1571 (1967).

SCIENCE, VOL. 157

$w \

VIRi-..,

m

Wide World Photos

Grayson Kirk

of American cigarette companies com-

plained frequently of "draw" problemswith the filter. But Kirk had apparentlymade no firm decision to halt licensingtalks until he came to Washington andmet with the subcommittee staff mem-

bers, who had prepared some poten-tially embarrassing questions for thenext day. By acknowledging the "draw"problem and pledging more testing,Kirk avoided these. His appearance be-fore the committee was relatively brief,and the questions were mild. Colum-bia had been saved public embarrass-ment by the last-minute decision; none

of the Senators really wanted to harassthe university.The visit to Washington, however,

disrupted the entire project. Not onlywere talks with tobacco companieshalted, but the announcement accen-

tuated growing strains between the uni-versity's administrators and the inven-tor and his associates. The universityis being cautious; those in the Strick-man camp are for speed, and the testi-mony in Washington came as a com-

plete and unpleasant surprise. They donot believe the problems are so great.Strickman dismisses the pressure-dropproblem as a "red herring" and be-lieves it can be solved. According tonewspaper reports, Gordon Kaye, a

Columbia researcher who has beenworking at the Strickman laboratorysince August, agrees.

After the draw problem became ap-

parent, the Strickman laboratory be-gan studying ways of minimizing it.The normal pressure drop of mostking-size filter cigarettes is 4 to 5 inches(pressure drop-the "draw"-is mea-

1542

sured on a manometer in terms of thenumber of inches of water depressed).The closer the Strickman filter can getto this level, the better its chances of ac-ceptance will be. By enlarging the filterchamber and regulating the particlesize of the filter material, the Strick-man laboratories are said to reducethe pressure drop to about 6 inches.Most American companies have beenadamant about the pressure drop andunwilling to consider enlarging cham-ber size; one company, however, is re-ported to be showing interest enoughto supply the Strickman labs with asizable supply of long filter chambers.

Foreign companies are said to bemore eager than their American coun-terparts to try the filter. Their reactionmay stem, in some cases, from experi-ence with filters that have slightly high-er "draws" than American cigarettes,or, in other instances, freedom fromthe governmental pressures that are feltby American cigarette firms. The fil-ter's chief asset, according to its pro-ponents, is that it lets the taste comethrough. Testimonials, described as ofindependent origin, generally laud thefilter on this score.

Progress on the filter is still sus-pended-no one knows for how long.Strickman makes light of the problemof pressure drop, but the fact that theproblem is there-and was not ac-knowledged at the beginning-makesit important. The position of the Amer-ican tobacco companies (if it is not,as some think it is, a bargaining pos-ture) makes the problem all the moreimportant.

President Kirk has appointed RalphHalford, a chemist and ex-dean ofgraduate facilities, to oversee new testsof the filter. These will probably in-clude comparison of its effectivenesswith that of current filters at similarpressure drops. Once begun, these testsshould take from 2 to 4 weeks. Hal-ford is reportedly anxious to avoidbecoming a grand adviser, and the testresults will probably go to a commit-tee for further evaluation. Conceiv-ably, the question could revert to thetrustees, though there seems to be noplan for this action now and it maydepend more on the trustees' interestthan on anything else.The Strickman-Columbia story con-

tinues to be confused. When the uni-versity's leaders acquired rights to thefilter, they were unprepared for whatwould follow. The central strategy wasto use the institution's prestige to con-vince the tobacco industry to adopt the

filter. The subsequent controversy,whatever its merits, has undoubtedlytainted Columbia's image of purity,weakening its bargaining position inthe process. If talks are resumed, theuniversity's principal ally will be AdamSmith: if one company tries to stealthe market by adopting the filter, itmay force its competitors to followsuit.-ROBERT J. SAMUELSON

APPOINTMENTSHarold C. Syrett, vice chancellor of theState University of New York, topresident of Brooklyn College. He willsucceed Francis P. Kilcoyne on 1 Jan-uary. . . . Richard L. Naeye, associateprofessor of pathology and programdirector of the Clinical Research Cen-ter, University of Vermont College ofMedicine, to chairman of the depart-ment of pathology, Milton S. HersheyMedical Center, Pennsylvania StateUniversity.... J. A. Barker, chief re-search scientist, CSIRO Division ofPhysical Chemistry, Melbourne; P. 0.Bishop, chairman of physiology, Aus-tralian National University; R. Han-bury Brown, professor of physics (as-tronomy), University of Sydney; A.McL. Mathieson, chief research scien-tist, CSIRO Division of Chemical Phys-ics, Melbourne, G. J. V. Nossal, direc-tor of the Walter and Eliza Hall Insti-tute of Medical Research, Melbourne;J. R. Philip, assistant chief of theCSIRO Division of Plant Industry, Can-berra, to fellows of the AustralianAcademy of Sciences. . . . Lloyd W.Law, NIH, and Hugh J. Creech, Insti-ttLite for Cancer Research, to presidentand vice president of the American As-sociation for Cancer Research, Inc.. . . Charles V. Willie, associate pro-fessor of sociology, Syracuse Univer-sity, on leave as visiting lecturer in so-ciology, Department of Psychiatry, Har-vard University School of Medicine,to chairman of the Department ofSociology, Syracuse University....Elio Passaglia, chief of the polymerphysics section, National Bureau ofStandards, to chief of the metallurgydivision, NBS. . . . L. R. Christensen,New York Medical School, to directorof animal facilities, University of To-ronto's Faculty of Medicine. . . . HarryRudney, professor of biochemistry,Western Reserve University, to chair-man of the department of biologicalchemistry, University of CincinnatiCollege of Medicine.

SCIENCE. VOL. 157

Want currentfluorometric datain a cumulativehandbook?

If you do,we'll be glad to put yourname on our distribution list toget the following information aswe publish it:* data sheets on decay times* application notes* instrumentation techniques* digests of pertinent papers

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Name

Title

Co./University

Dept.

Address

City

State

Zip

TRWg

1958-63; lecturer in political science,Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1963-66, associate professor, in chargeof Science and Public Policy Program,1966-; visiting lecturer, Fletcher Schoolof Law and Diplomacy, Tufts Univer-sity, 1965-; Research Advisory Com-mittee, Agency for International De-velopment, 1963-67; consultant, De-partment of State, 1963-, Agency forInternational Development, 1963-67,Office of Science and Technology,1963-, Ford Foundation, 1964-66, Or-ganization for Economic Cooperationand Development, 1965-66, Institutefor Defense Analyses, 1966; secretary,Study Group on Science and the Na-tional Interest, Council of Foreign Re-lations, 1965-; Pugwash Committee onScience and Economic Develooment.1966-; professional engineer (Districtof Columbia), 1956-; patent: hybridcircuits, 1950; author of Scienice, Teclh-nology and American For-eignl Policy,1967.AAAS activities: secretary, Section

on Social and Economic Sciences (K).1966-; Council, 1966-; AAAS Socio-Psychological Prize Committee. 1966-.

Edward Wenk, Jr.

Edward Wenk. Jr., 47 (mechanics),ship structural designer, Boston NavyShipyard, 1941-42; supervisor, TurretTest Section. David Taylor Model Ba-sin, U.S. Navy Department, 1942-45,superintendent. Structural DynamicsSection, 1945-48, Submarine Structur-al Branch, 1948-50, head, StructuralDivision. 1950-56; chairman, Depart-ment of Engineering Mechanics, South-west Research Institute, 1956-59; sen-ior specialist in science and technology,Legislative Reference Service, Libraryof Congress, 1959-61; technical assist-ant to the President's Science Adviser,1961; executive secretary, Federal Coun-cil for Science and Technology, Officeof Science and Technology, 1962-64:head, Science Policy Research Divi-sion, Legislative Reference Service, andspecial adviser to the Librarian in sci-ence and engineering, Library of Con-gress, 1964-66; executive secretary, Na-tional Council on Marine Resourcesand Engineering Development, 1966-;consultant, British Admiralty, SwedishGovernment; Executive Committee, Me-chanics Division, American Society ofCivil Engineers; Welding ResearchCouncil: Executive Board, Pressure Ves-sel Research Committee, and chairman,Design Division, 1953-59; consultant,Committee on Undersea Warfare, Na-

1598

Edward Wenk, Jr.

tional Academy of Sciences, 1957-58;Society for Experimental Stress Anal-ysis: president, 1957-58, Murray lec-turer, 1966; Sigma Xi national lectur-er, 1966; reviewing editor, Experimen-tal Mechaniics and En1gineering Me-clhanics Joutrnzal; author of A Guidefor the Analysis of Ship Structures(with others), 1959: Meritorious Civil-ian Service Award, U.S. Navy, 1946.AAAS activities: Council, 1966-.

Calendar of Events-October

National Meetings

1-4. Neurosurgical Soc. of America,New York, N.Y. (C. H. Davis, Jr., Bow-man Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem. N.C. 27103)

1-4. Society of Petroleum Engineers,Houston. Tex. (J. B. Alford, 6200North Central Expressway, Dallas, Tex.75206)

2-4. Stochastic Optimization and Con-trol Procedures, mtg., Madison, Wis.(H. F. Karreman, Mathematics ResearchCenter, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison)

2-5. American Petroleum Inst., Div. ofRefining, fall mtg., Dallas, Tex. (API,1271 Avenue of the Americas, New York10020)

2-5. American Soc. of Photogramme-try/Cong. on Surveying and Mapping.conv.. St. Louis, Mo. (C. E. Palmer, 105N. Virginia Ave., Falls Church, Va.22046)

2-5. Research Equipment and Instru-ment Symp., 17th annual, Bethesda, Md.(J. B. Davis, Chief, SMB, NIH, Bldg.12A, Room 4003, Bethesda 20014)

2-6. American College of Surgeons,Chicago, Ill. (J. P. North, 55 Erie St.,Chicago 6061 1)

2-6. Animal Care Panel, 18th annual,Washington, D.C. (J. J. Garvey, Box 1028,Joliet, Ill. 60434)

2-6. National Aeronautic and Space

SCIENCE, VOL. 157

Engineering and Manufacturing mtg., LosAngeles, Calif. (W. I. Marble, SAE, 485Lexington Ave., New York 10017)

4-6. Nuclear Metallurgy Conf., Phoenix,Ariz. (K. E. Horton, Fuels and MaterialsBranch, Div. of Reactor Developmentand Technology, U.S. Atomic EnergyCommission, Washington, D.C. 20545)

5-7. American Ceramic Soc., Bedford,Pa. (ACS, 4055 N. High St., Columbus,Ohio 43214)

8-13. Electrochemical Soc., fall mtg.,Chicago, Ill. (E. G. Enck, 30 E. 42 St.,New York 10017)

8-13. Water Pollution Control Federa-tion, 40th annual conf., New York, N.Y.(R. E. Fuhrman, 3900 Wisconsin Ave.,NW, Washington, D.C. 20016)

9-11. Single-Cell Protein Conf., Cam-bridge, Mass. (c/o Room 16-325 Massa-chusetts Inst. of Technology, Cambridge02139)

9-11. Society of Aerospace Materialand Process Engineers, 12th natl. symp.,Orange County, Calif. (R. 0. Burton,12742 Elizabeth Way, Tustin, Calif.)

9-12. Association of Official AnalyticalChemists, annual mtg., Washington, D.C.(L. G. Ensminger, Box 540, BenjaminFranklin Station, Washington 20044)

10-11. Industrial Hygiene Foundation,32nd annual mtg., Pittsburgh, Pa. (R. T.de Treville, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh15213)

11-13. Optical Soc. of America, annualmtg., Detroit, Mich. (M. E. Warga, 115516th St., NW, Washington, D.C. 20036)

15-18. American Oil Chemists Soc.,Chicago, Ill. (D. E. Weber, 35 E. WackerDr., Chicago 60601)

15-19. American Assoc. of MedicalRecord Librarians, annual mtg., LosAngeles, Calif. (M. Waterstraat, 211 E.Chicago Ave., Chicago, 111. 60611)

16-17. Systems Science and Cybernetics,oonf., Boston, Mass. (M. D. Rubin, MitreCorp., Bedford, Mass.)

16-18. Aerospace and Electronic Sys-tems, conv., Washington, D.C. (M. N.Abramovich, Washington Technical Con-sultants, 422 Washington Bldg., Washing-ton 20005)

16-19. Molecular Dynamics and Struc-ture of Solids, Gaithersburg, Md. (R. S.Carter, Inst. for Materials Research, Na-tional Bureau of Standards, Washington,D.C. 20234)

16-20. Metallurgical Soc., fall mtg.,Cleveland, Ohio. (J. V. Richard, 345 E.47 St., New York 10017)

16-20. American Soc. of Civil Engi-neers, annual mtg., and Water Resources,engineering conf., New York, N.Y. (W. H.Wisely, ASCE, 345 E. 47 St., New York10017)

16-20. American Soc. for Metals,Cleveland, Ohio. (Meetings Manager,Metals Park, Ohio)

16-20. Society for Non-DestructiveTesting, Cleveland, Ohio. (SN-DT, 914Chicago Ave., Evanston, Ill. 60202)

18-20. Exploding Wire Phenomenon,4th conf., Boston, Mass. (W. G. Chase,Air Force Cambridge Research Labs.,L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass.01730)

18-22. American Soc. of Clinical Hyp-nosis, 10th annual scientific mtg., NewYork, N.Y. (F. D. Nowlin, 800 Washing-29 SEPTEMBER 1967

l l

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