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Virginia plan Set the Agenda for the convention Will earn Madison the title of “Father of the constitution” Madison had a year before the convention began a year long study in the history of confederacies. Jefferson sent trunks of books from Paris - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Virginia plan Set the Agenda
for the convention Will earn Madison
the title of “Father of the constitution”
Madison had a year before the convention began a year long study in the history of confederacies
Jefferson sent trunks of books from Paris
Jefferson one of two notable absences from conventionAmbassador to
Paris Other John
AdamsAmbassador to
Great Britain
In plan both houses elected by populationKnew it would upset the small states,
thought it would be pushed through This quickly became a major
problem John Dickinson suggested differing
decision until after powers that National government should have
Madison representation first Didn’t want to end up with small
states having power beyond size
Mid June New Jersey plan put forward as
counterFewer powers to a unicameral
governmentOne state one government
June 18 Hamilton introduced his own plan
Praised the structure of the house of lords and Monarchy
Virginian plan“pork still, with a little change of
the sauce”
Next day Madison stood and with a brilliant analysis ot the “vices of the political system of the U. States”
Explained why the New Jersey plan was inadequate for the needs of the country
Next day convention voted down New Jersey Plan
Hamilton’s plan made Virginia plan seem moderate
But representation still a major issue
This problem dragged on in debate for four weeks
The Great Compromise Put forward by Connecticut representatives
Population representation for house State representation for Senate
Just made it In part due to 3/5ths clause Although morally repulsed Could not argue against contribution made
to national economy
Next issue executive What shape would it take Who would elect it/him Initially planned for election by
congress/senate Late July 10 day recess Committee of detail to convert
resolutions so far into working draft
Came back on August 6th
Back to work Congress given specific set of
enumerated powers With clause enabling Congress to “make all laws which shall be
necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers”
Created supremacy of national lawAbove state law
Late August early September Senate weakened executive expanded and
solidified Power to make treaties Appoint judges Ambassadors Other major officials
Previously held by Senate now given to President
Acting with advice and consent of the Senate Also finally worked out the electoral college
idea for election of executive
After nearly four months together in secrecy there work was done
All the discussion and compromise had formed an almost unanimous bond of commitment to support constitution
Only three delegates refused to sign the document George Mason and
Edmund Randolph of Virginia
Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts
Ratification of the constitution would take place in each state
But, importantly it would by popular vote
Authority of the people not the states In one critical sense however this
power was limited It could only be approved or rejected
as a whole To avoid endless discussion and
revision
The Constitution was complete now all that was left was ratification
A gentle debate between people
Federalist Vs Anti Federalists
Yorktown “Remember the
ladies” Daniel Shays The Crisis #1
Sommerset case Privateers Paoli Massacre Pierre-Augustin Caron
de Beaumarchais
Pop Quiz Time get into 5 groups each Group select one of the terms from the list Discuss and come up with brief
answer/description of the term one member to present answer
Ratification Although the final comment from the
state had to be Aye or nay This of course did not apply to the
popular debate that would proceed state conventions for ratification
Anti-federalists at initial dis-advantage Press tended to favor Constitution Had to overcome prestige of convention
A vote against was a vote against Washington Criticism of constitution = support of articles
Despite some comments coming out of paranoia style politics anti-federalists gradually began to make ground
Making solid political points against ratification
Central point ratification would lead to
Consolidation of all effective power in the national government
Hadn’t original meaning of Federalism meant state power
A series of 85 essays widely published in newspapers
Under the name Publius
Alexander Hamilton James Madison John Jay
Hamilton was organizer and leading contributor Hamilton 51 essays Madison 29 Essays John Jay 5 Essays
However the name most often associated with the papers is that of Madison
Due mainly to Federalist 10 and 51
Fed 10 Exposition of the theory of powers Fed 51 Summation of separation of powers
STAGE NOW SET FOR RATIFICATION BY STATE
RATIFICATION
Had a popular vote been taken on the Constitution in the fall of 1787 probably have been rejected.
three most populous states Virginia, Massachusetts, and New York substantial majorities opposed a powerful
new national government. North Carolina and Rhode Island refused
to call ratifying conventions. 7 of 8 remaining states easy victories
for the Constitution securing the approval of the ninth proved
difficult.
To gain momentum Federalists targeted states most likely to ratify
Delaware unanimous ratification by early December before the Anti-federalists had even begun to
campaign. Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Georgia
followed within a month Georgia sought the protection of stronger
national government against hostile Indians “If a weak State with the Indians on its
back and the Spaniards on its flank does not see the necessity of a General Government there must I think be wickedness or insanity in the way” George Washington.
Another three easy victories
Connecticut, Maryland, and South Carolina
As in Pennsylvania merchants,
lawyers, and urban artisans, large landowners and slaveholders The elite
in general favored the new Constitution
Massachusetts only early state give Federalists difficulty
vote to select the ratification delegates favored the Antifederalists whose strength lay in the western areas of the
state
“These lawyers and men of learning and money men that talk so finely, and gloss over matters so smoothly, to make us poor illiterate people swallow down the pill, expect to get into Congress themselves; they expect to be the managers of the Constitution and get all the power and all the money into their own hands, and then they will swallow up all us little folks.” Delegate from western county
Antifederalist lead slowly eroded by a vigorous newspaper campaign
Federalists won by very slim margin only with promises that amendments to the
Constitution would be taken up in the first Congress.
By May 1788, eight states had ratified only one more needed
North Carolina and Rhode Island hopeless for the Federalist cause New Hampshire
seemed nearly as bleak More worrisome failure
to win over largest and most important states
Virginia and New York.
New Hampshire Federalists
succeeded in getting convention postponed from February to June
Federalist publicity machine rolled in
provided the decisive ninth vote for ratification June 21, 1788.
The Big Holdouts: Virginia and New York
Although Virginia home to Madison and Washington influential Antifederalist group led by
Patrick Henry and George Mason made the outcome uncertain.
Federalists barely won ratification Had to propose
twenty specific amendments that the new government would promise to consider.
At New York's ratifying convention, Antifederalists predominated impassioned debate and lobbying Plus news of Virginia's ratification
finally tipped the balance to the Federalists Antifederalists' approval of the document was
delivered with list of twenty-four individual rights they hoped would
be protected thirty-three structural changes they hoped to see in
the Constitution New York's ratification ensured the solidity and
legitimacy of the new government.
It took another year and a half for Antifederalists in North Carolina to come around.
Fiercely independent Rhode Island held out until May 1790 even then it
ratified by only a two-vote margin.
In less than twelve months, the U.S. Constitution was both written and ratified.
remarkable for the late eighteenth century horse-powered transportation and
hand-printed communications Federalists had faced a formidable
task by building momentum and
assuring consideration of a Bill of Rights
They carried the day.
NO CLASS Next Thursday
Also only 2 documents per chapter for last section of portfolio
MYTHS OF THE REVOLUTION
already discussed role that Paul Revere had in Revolution
Role more limited than most school texts tell
His role the solo dashing rider
spreading the word that the British were coming
not a true part of history
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was the man most influential in creating the image
In 1860 as the civil war loomed America needed a new hero
Washington although the father of America could not be put up as a hero
Hearing the story of the riders Longfellow picked upon Revere and penned the words
“Listen, my children and you shall hear
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere”
And a hero and myth were born In a similar way many other
myths were also created
Molly Pitcher
The story On Monmouth battle field A woman brings out water to the
hot and tired soldiers reviving them for battle
Her husband falls down dead She leaps to his place and
continues to fire the weapon Inspiring other to fight on After the battle Washington gives
her a medal
In reality what is the story of Molly Pitcher?
It is really a story of two women or maybe more
The first one is Margaret Corbin Corbin did take the place of her fallen
husband But not at Monmouth the site of Molly
Pitcher’s adventures but at Fort Washington
And this person was known as Captain Molly
This maybe where some of confusion lies
In the early to mid 1800s George Washington Parke Custis
Martha Washington’s grandson Wrote reminiscences of the war in
which he had the Molly Pitcher story
But with Captain Molly in the lead
1848, 70 years after the battle Nathaniel Currier painted Molly Pitcher, the Heroine of Monmouth
A new name and a new legend Gone was the pail In came the pitcher During 1860s several more
texts ran the story with the name Molly Pitcher
Only one problem This was a legend without a
body American ingenuity plays
through
Just before the centennial celebrations began in Carlisle Pennsylvania
Wesley Miles44 years earlier he had been at the
funeral of Molly McCauley the real person behind Molly
Pitcher! Town elders overjoyed
now they had a reason to celebrate
raised $100 and put a stone on the unmarked grave
Other residents suddenly came forward
More and more stories came out
Organizations began to support the causeA new stone Cannons by the
grave All of this based on
the desire for a heroine and the word of one old man
PATRICK HENRY
March 23, 1775 “…is life so dear, or
peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! – I know not what other course men may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death”
Where does this come from? The speech of March 23rd was
reported as being very inspiring Henry was a great orator
No record of the speech was made
In 1805 William Wirt began to write a biography of Henry
1817 the biography was finishedIncluded the liberty or death speech
Wirt had corresponded with men who were there
one man provided a word for word descriptionSt. George Tucker
Could he really have remembered a speech of 1,217 words exactly?40 years after the date?
The second of July 1776, will be the most memorable epocha in the history of America, I am apt to believe it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festivalJohn Adams to his wife Abigal on
July 3rd 1776 The day after Congress voted for
independence
Spring 1777 Congressional Journal Created an entry that stated the
Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4th
Omitted mention ofJuly 19 day New York gave its assentAugust 2 first day any delegate
apart from John Hancock actually signed the document
In the late eighteenth century and beyond
Individuals and individual moments who could be valorizedBoth real and fictive
Came to symbolize the revolution
Remembering these symbols allowed people to forget the horrors of war
forget any doubts they may have had and celebrate America
In so doing however, did they forget the individuals who suffered to defeat a country who thought it self superior
only to create an exceptional America that had to be better than anywhere else?
For those Ed major among you who may want to include these ideas into your classes
Check out http://www.rayraphael.com/
Remember No Class next Thursday