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PRESENTED BY:- RIDA KHURSHID MINA TAYYAB. VIROLOGY. “Ebola is one of the most deadly infections known, killing 90 percent of people infected by it”. INCIDENCE OF EBOLA VIRUS. HISTORY. 5. Firstly recognized in 1976 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1VIRO
LOG
YPRESENTED
BY:-RIDA
KHURSHID
MINA
TAYYAB
2
3
“Ebola is one of the
most deadly
infections known,
killing 90 percent
of people infected
by it”
4
INCI
DEN
CE
OF
EBO
LA V
IRU
S
55
HIS
TORY
6
Firstly recognized in 1976
"Ebola" came from a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire)
18 confirmed outbreaks of the disease since 1976
Ebola was first emerged in Sudan and Zaire
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Infected over 284 people, with a mortality rate of 53%
Second Ebola virus emerged from Yambuku, Zaire, Ebola-Zaire (EBOZ)
EBOZ, with the highest mortality rate of any of the Ebola viruses (88%)
Infected 318 people
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Ebola Reston (EBOR), was first identified in 1989 when infected
monkeys were imported into Reston, Virginia, from Mindanao in the Philippines
Infected people with EBOR never developed EHF
Ebola Cote d'Ivoire (EBO-CI) was discovered in 1994
1010
CLAS
SIFI
CATI
ON
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• Group: Group V(-ss RNA)–Order: Mononegavirales•Family: Filoviridae–Genus: Ebolavirus»Species: Zaire ebolavirus
Classification of Zaire ebolavirus
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2010 ICTV report6 Orders87 Families19 Subfamilies348 Genera 2285 Species of viruses
131313STRU
CTU
RE
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15151515
GEN
OM
E
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1717
TYPE
S
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Mainly there are four types ofebola virus:
Ebola-Zaire
First known outbreak of Ebola HF in humans was caused by Ebola-Zaire This strain surfaced again in southeren Zaire but only one person died
Ebola-Sudan
Discovered in south western Sudan in 1976 and 1979
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Ebola-Reston Strain of Ebola Virus found in monkeys imported in to the US in 1989. Has not caused infection in humans
Ebola-Ivory Coast Most recently discovered strain of Ebola virus. Found in Tai forests of Ivory Coast in West Africa
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Filoviruses are classified as biosafety level 4 agents
They are extremely pathogenic
The swift and high lethality of the Ebola virus makes it an attractive potential bioterrorism agent
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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola HF) carries a 53%- 88% mortality rate
The incubation period is 2-21 days
A severe and often deadly illness that can occur in humans and in primates (monkeys, gorillas)
EHF
2222
REPL
ICAT
ION
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TRAN
SMIS
SIO
N
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Direct Contact With an Infected Person
burial ceremony
Exposure to Infected Body Fluids
contaminated blood, organs, semen or other bodily secretions
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IS IT AIRBORNE….???
Report in ProMED
Reston strain appears airborne but is not known to be harmful to humans
It is hypothesized that the Ebola virus became
"airborne" by being caught inside small droplets of water
that the control monkeys eventually breathed
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IMM
UN
E RE
SPO
NSE
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VIRUS INVADE HOST CELL
SYNTHESIS OF RNA FOR REPLICATIO
N
HOST CELL SENSES RNA
ACTIVATION OF HOST
ANTI-VIRAL DEFENSES
CLEARANCE OF VIRAL
INFECTION
MASKING OF REPLICATING RNA VIA VP35 EBOLA PROTEIN
HOST CELL DOESNOT RECOGNIZE INVADING VIRUS
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The question with Ebola has always been:-
“Why can’t host cells mount an immune response against the
Ebola virus, like they do against other viruses?”
The answer is:-
“If the cell doesn’t know that there’s an infection, it cannot
build up any response.”
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34SYM
PTO
MS
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Sore throat Fever Dry, hacking
cough Weakness
Severe headache Joint and
muscle aches Diarrhea
Dehydration Stomach pain Vomiting A rash Hiccups Red eyes Internal and
external bleeding
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Symptoms begin 4 to 6 days after infection
Death usually occurs during the second week of symptoms
Ebola victims typically die from massive blood loss
38DIA
GN
OSI
S
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For diagnosing Ebola doctor will ask questions which are:-
Symptoms Current medical conditions Family history of medical conditions Current medications
Other medical conditions which can cause similar symptoms to Ebola are:
Influenza Malaria Typhoid fever Other viral hemorrhagic fevers
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IgG ELISA
IgM ELISA distinguishes acute infections from old infections
IFA is highly misleading
Electron microscopy
Laboratory findings include: Maculopapular rash Lymphopenia and neutrophilia Thrombocytopenia and abnormal platelet aggregation Serum enzyme levels are elevated; AST is usually higher than ALT Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels are usually normal or only mildly elevated
42TREA
TMEN
T
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There is no specific treatment
Supportive therapy involves providing relief of Ebola symptoms while body fights infection
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Use of Intravenous fluids
Oxygen and devices that help with breathing
Medications to control fever, help the blood clot, and maintain blood pressure
Use of Antibiotics
Good nursing care
45PREV
ENTI
ON
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There is no Ebola vaccine that is currently licensed, its prevention focuses on:-
Preventing direct contact with infected body fluids
Avoiding direct contact with the body of an Ebola victim
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Ebola isolation precautions or barrier nursing techniques includes:-
The use of infection-control measures, including complete sterilization of equipment
The isolation of patients with Ebola from contact with unprotected people
The wearing of protective clothing, such as masks, gloves, gowns, and goggles
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“THE NEW DISCOVERY
INDICATES THE CHANCES HAVE
BEEN IMPROVED FOR THE DRUG
DEVELOPMENT TO DIRECTLY COMBAT EBOLA INFECTION”