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Viruses, viroids and prions. What are viruses?. Very small Obligatory intracellular parasites Difficult to isolate, detect, cultivate Somewhat like Rickettsia…. What are viruses?. Contain genetic material DNA or RNA Protein coat Sometimes encased in lipids, carbs and proteins - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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What are viruses?• Very small• Obligatory intracellular parasites
– Difficult to isolate, detect, cultivate– Somewhat like Rickettsia…
What are viruses?• Contain genetic material
– DNA or RNA• Protein coat
– Sometimes encased in lipids,carbs and proteins
• Reproduction inside living cells• No metabolic enzymes
– Use host enzyme– Problem for drug creators!
Helical viruses
Enveloped viruses
Polyhedral Viruses
Complex viruses
What is a host range?• Host cells a virus can infect
– Very narrow– Useful for treating diseases?
• Viral therapy• Oncolytic viruses
• Range determined by cell receptor sites
What is a virion?• One, complete,
infectious viral particle– Contains
• Nucleic acid– DNA or RNA– Both can be
double- or single-stranded
• Protein coat (capsid)
– Classification based on type of capsid
– Capsomeres: protein subunits
What is a virion?– Contains envelope (not all)
• Covers capsid• Lipids, carbs, proteins• Used to fuse with host PM• May have spikes
What are some viruses I should know?
• No specific epithet
• DNA viruses– Adenoviridae– Poxviridae– Herpesviridae
• Human herpes virus 1, HHV 2, HHV 3
– Papovaviridae– Hepadnaviridae
What are some viruses I should know?
• RNA viruses• Picornaviridae• Retroviridae
– Lentivirus– Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1, HIV 2
Virus Identification• Cytopathic effects• Serological tests
– Detect antibodies against viruses in a patient.– Use antibodies to identify viruses in
neutralization tests, viral hemagglutination, and Western blot.
• Nucleic acids– RFLPs– PCR
How do viruses multiply?
• Virus only has a few genes and proteins– All other
proteins come from host cell
• E.g. ribosomes, tRNA, etc.
– Must take over host metabolism
How do phages multiply?• Two possibilities
– Lytic cycle– Lysogenic cycle
• T-4– About 100 genes– Multiplication in 5 stages
• Attachment• Penetration• Biosynthesis• Maturation• Release
– animation
What’s the difference between lytic and lysogenic cycles?
Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death of host cell.Lysogenic cycle: Prophage DNA incorporated in host DNA.
What else should I know about the lysogenic phase?
• When latent (temperate phase)– Can’t be infected
with the same virus again
– Phage conversion can happen
• C. diptheriae: produces toxin only in latent phase
• C. botulinum, C. cholerae and some streptococci also
What else should I know about the lysogenic phase?
• When latent (temperate phase)– Specialized
transduction is possible
How do viruses multiply in animals like us?
• Attachment: Viruses attach to cell membrane.• Penetration by endocytosis or fusion.• Uncoating by viral or host enzymes.• Biosynthesis: Production of nucleic acid and
proteins.• Maturation: Nucleic acid and capsid proteins
assemble.• Release by budding (enveloped viruses) or rupture.
What’s different about entry?
• Attachment first– Sites vary from person to
person• Penetration
– Q: how does it happen in phages?
– Pinocytosis OR– Fusion (animation)
• HIV• Uncoating
– by viral or host enzymes
Figure 13.14a
What are the final stages for multiplication in animal viruses?
• Maturation– Nucleic acid – Capsid proteins
• Release– budding (enveloped viruses) or
• animation– Rupture
DNA and RNA transcriptase
• DNA, reverse transcriptase: Cellular enzyme transcribes viral DNA in nucleus; reverse transcriptase copies mRNA to make viral DNA.
• RNA, reverse transcriptase: Viral enzyme copes viral RNA to make DNA in cytoplasm.
Is there a connection between viruses and cancer?
• Yes!• Oncogenic
viruses– 10% of all
cancers– DNA integrates
into host cell– Tumor-specific
transplantation antigen (TSTA)
– Cytopathic changes
Can you give me some examples?
• HPV—cervical cancer• Adenoviridae—adenocarcinoma • Herpesviridae
– Epstein-Barr (EB) virus—Burkitt’s lymphoma
– HHV-8—Kaposi’s sarcoma
• Hep-B—liver cancer
Do all viral infections causes symptoms immediately?
• No• Latent period for many
– EB may be latently carried in 9 out 10 people– Herpesviruses can stay for lifetime
• Cold sores
– Chickenpox—shingles (zoster)
• Persistent infections for some– Usually fatal– Gradual appearance and worsening of symptoms– Subacute sclerosing panecephalitis (from
measles)