Viscosity of different thickening agents in printing

paste and its importance

Presented by-Adya Tiwari

Ph.D. previous (Department of

TAD)

Presented To-Dr. Sudha Babel

Introduction

• A thickening agent or thickener is a substance which can increase the viscosity of a liquid without substantially changing its other properties.

• Thickeners can be added to dye to give it a good consistency for painting. They are also popular in tie-dyeing for improving the crispness of a design. The use of a thickener may also increase the brightness of colors by aiding in holding the dye in the fabric for the dye reaction to occur.

• Starch paste• Starch paste is made from wheat starch, cold

water, and olive oil, then thickened by boiling. Non-modified starch is applicable to all but strongly alkaline or strongly acid colours.

• Flour paste• Flour paste is made in a similar way to starch

paste; it is sometimes used to thicken aluminum and iron mordants. Starch paste resists of rice flour have been used for several centuries in Japan.

Types of thickeners

Gum Arabic• It is the original source of the sugars arabinose and

ribose, both of which were first discovered and isolated from it.

• Gum arabic allows more precise control over washes, because it prevents them from flowing or bleeding beyond the brush stroke.

• In cosmetics, gum arabic functions as a stabilizer in lotions and protective creams, where it increases viscosity, imparts spreading properties, and provides a protective coating and a smooth feel.

Guar gum for textile printing plays a major role in printing textiles.

They are made of macromolecules and they are capable of absorbing water to create a sticky paste adding color value to the textile.

Guar gum

Types of thickeners

• Gum tragacanth, or Dragon, which may be mixed in any proportion with starch or flour, is equally useful for pigment colours and mordant colours.

• Carboxy methyl tamarind is another textile thickener which is a derivative of polysaccharide and 20 % ash content and 9 % moisture content. It is multipurpose thickener that is helpful in numerous applications for different types of materials such as cotton or vat dying.

• British gum or dextrin is prepared by heating starch. It varies considerably in composition

Types of thickeners

• Albumen is both a thickening and a fixing agent for insoluble pigments. Chrome yellow, vermilion and ultramarine are such pigments.

Types of thickeners

Alginate

Sodium alginate is the most popular of the dye thickeners.

Methyl cellulose is a thickener commonly used for marbling. The water is thickened with methyl cellulose so that it will support fabric paint which is floated on top of it.

Methyl Cellulose

Albumen

Types of thickenersAquathick 

It is our Cold water range of textile thickener. Aquathick is a special printing thickener having high viscosity, more bright color, and low consumption of powder, good penetration, high color yield and easily washable and soft handle.

Printplus

It is our Hot water range of textile thickener. Printplus which is a textile printing thickener derivatives of Tamarind & similar galactomannans.

Synthetic Thickeners

• Synthetic Thickening Agents for Pigment Printing Lutexal GP ECO  Lutexal F-CE 

• Synthetic Thickening Agents for Reactive Printing Lutexal F-RP 

Merits and Demerits of Synthetic Thickener

Merits• No air pollution• No risk of fire and explosion• No special storage requirements• No fabric smell

Demerits• Electrlyte sensitivity• Slightly dull prints and harsh fabric feel• Longer drying time

Viscosity of thickeners

Thickening agents Viscosity mPa.s

Cream 1860

Homogenized cream 1860

Carboxymethyl cellulose 90

Xanthan 144

Mushroom (Galactomannan) 352

Leek (Galactomannan) 273

Leek (starch) 140

Viscosity of water is 1.79 mPa.s

Thickening agents Viscosity mPa.s

Corn starch 950 B.U.

Rice starch 650 B.U.

Xanthan 144

Natural Thickeners

• Viscosity Of Different Thickeners

1. Aloe vera gel thickener

Solutions of Gum Arabic below 40 %Viscosity is decreased with the solution of electrolytes.

A 20% aqueous solution will give less than 100 cps;i.e Gum Arabic is not very viscous at such concentration .high viscosity is obtained only at concentration of 40-50%.

Because of its low viscosity (300 cP maximum in a 1% solution), it can be used to boost fiber levels in a food or beverage without drastically altering the finished viscosity

Viscosities of 1% solutions of various products at 25*C

The viscosity of Cornstarch is observed 2000 cP at 26% concentration and 60*C

Cassia Tora 3000-12000 cpsCassia Fistula Gum 1600 cps

Sonication is the act of applying sound energy to agitate particles in a sample, for various purposes. Ultrasonic frequencies (>20 kHz) are usually used, leading to the process also being known as ultrasonication or ultra-sonication.

Viscosity of thickeners

The intrinsic viscosity is 1.72, 1.83 and 1.33 for mango seed kernel, corn and rice starches respectively.

Thickening agents Viscosity cP

Maleic anhydriede 2500

Poly ethylene glycole 310 cP

N-methylol acrylamide 1400 cP

Acrylic acid 2750 cP

Methylol acrylamide 1400 cP

Stearyle methacrylate 7800 cP

Ethyle acrylate 800 mPas

Viscosity of thickeners Viscosity of

synthetic thickeners

The viscosity of a 1 % solution must lie between 10 and 15 mPa·s-1, or between 20 and 45 mPa·s-1 for a 2 % solution, or between 200 and 500 mPa·s-1 for a 4 % solution.

There are some instruments to measure the viscosity of thickeners: Glass capillary viscometer Lamb-lewis capillary viscometer Tube viscometer Coaxial rotational viscometer Cone and plate and parellel plate viscometers

Barbender Viscograph is designed specially to measure the viscosity of starch

Viscosity measuring instruments

Viscosity is changed with the chnage with the time duration of temperature and change in Ph.

Factors affecting to viscosity are:

High Viscosity Versus Low Viscosity

• Typically two different grades of alginate are used for dyeing. The low viscosity/high solids form is preferred for fine details on silk or wool, while the high viscosity/low solids form is preferred for cotton; the latter may also be used on silk when fine detail is not needed.

Viscosity of thickeners

• Viscosity according to ADACHI Group-ADACHI produce Derivatives of textile printing thickeners, Fabric printing thickeners based on Guar Gum, Tamarind, Corn Starch and Tapioca Starch for different type of Dyes, Fabrics and Textile Printing Applications.

PRODUCT NAME ADPRINT HT 80 ADPRINT HT100ADPRINT DPG

60

AppearanceLight Brown/Pale Yellow Powder

Light Brown/Pale Yellow Powder

Light yellow/Off White Powder

ChemicalConstitution

Carboxy Methyle Carboxy Methyle Etherified

Polysaccharide PolysaccharideMonogalctomannon

PH (8% Solution) About 9.0 About 9.0 About 7.0

Moisture Less than 10% Less than 10% Less than 10%

Particle Size -160 + 180 Mesh -160 + 180 Mesh -160 + 180 MeshViscosity Brookfield Viscometer (RVF) Spindle No.6,20 rpm,20◦C

25000±2500 cps 25000±2500 cps 25000±2500 cps

8% Conc. 10% Conc. 6% Conc.

Ionic Nature Non – Ionic Non – Ionic Non – Ionic

Insoluble Matter Nil Nil Nil

For printing of Polyester and its Blends with Disperse Dyes :

PRODUCT NAME ADPRINT KS 80 ADPRINT KS 100

Appearance Off White Powder Off White Powder

Chemical Constitution

Carboxy Methyle Carboxy Methyle

Starch Starch

PH (8% Solution) About 11.0 About 11.0

Moisture Less than 10% Less than 10%

Particle Size -160 + 180 Mesh -160 + 180 Mesh

ViscosityBrookfield Viscometer(RVF)Spindle No. 6,20 rpm,20◦C

25000±2500 cps 25000±2500 cps

8% Conc. 10% Conc.

Ionic Nature An – Ionic An – Ionic

Insoluble Matter Nil Nil

Color Enhancer For Printing Of Disperse Dyes (Carboxy Methyl Starch) :

PRODUCT NAME ADPRINT EG 80 ADPRINT EG 100 ADPRINT EG 120Appearance Light yellow Powder Light Brown Powder Off White PowderChemical Constitution

Etherified Etherified EtherifiedMonogalctomannon Monogalctomannon Monogalctomannon

PH (8% Solution) About 7.0 About 7.0 About 7.0Moisture Less than 10% Less than 10% Less than 10%Particle Size -160 + 180 Mesh -160 + 180 Mesh -160 + 180 MeshViscosityBrookfield Viscometer(RVF)Spindle No. 6,20 rpm,20◦C

25000±2500 cps 25000±2500 cps 25000±2500 cps

8% Conc. 10% Conc. 12% Conc.Ionic Nature Non – Ionic Non – Ionic Non – IonicInsoluble Matter Nil Nil Nil

For Direct Printing as well as Discharge Printing of Silk, Wool and Nylon :

PRODUCT NAME ADPRINT DC 90

AppearanceLight yellow/ Off White Powder

Chemical Constitution

Etherified

Monogalctomannon

PH (8% Solution) About 7.0

Moisture Less than 10 %

Particle Size -160 + 180 MeshViscosityBrookfield Viscometer(RVF)Spindle No. 4,20 rpm,20◦C

25000±2500 cps

9% Conc.

Ionic Nature Non – Ionic

Insoluble Matter Nil

For Vat Discharge :

PRODUCT NAME ALGOTEX

Appearance Light Brown Powder

Chemical Constitution

Combication of

Polysaccharide

PH (8% Solution) About 7.0

Moisture Less than 10 %

Particle Size -160 + 180 MeshViscosityBrookfield Viscometer(RVF)Spindle No. 4,20 rpm,20◦C

2500 ± 250 cps

2% Conc.

Ionic Nature Non – Ionic

Insoluble Matter Nil

For Reactive Dyes Printing on Cotton :

PRODUCT NAME ADPRINT CPG 20 ADPRINT CPG 30 ADPRINT CPG 40Appearance Off White Powder Off White Powder Off White PowderChemical Constitution

Etherified Guar Gum

Etherified Guar Gum

Etherified Guar Gum

PH (8% Solution) About 7.0 About 7.0 About 7.0Moisture Less than 10 % Less than 10 % Less than 10 %Particle Size -160 + 180 Mesh -160 + 180 Mesh -160 + 180 MeshViscosityBrookfield Viscometer(RVF)Spindle No. 6,20 rpm,20◦C

12000 ± 1000 cps 25000 ± 2500 cps 25000 ± 2500 cps

2% Conc. 3% Conc. 4% Conc.Ionic Nature Non – Ionic Non – Ionic Non – IonicInsoluble Matter Nil Nil Nil

Acrylic Blanket and Carpet Printing :

Properties of Textile Printing Thickeners

• Outlining the design – The hydrocolloid is used by printers to guide the design so that it does not bleed or extend to its borders.

• Prevents chemical reactions- Guar gum for printing has the ability to stop premature chemical reactions in the printing process.

• Gums are widely used in the paper, textile, and petroleum industries.

• Gums, such as gum arabic, are used for microencapsulation of medicinal and food products.

Uses of Printing Thickeners in Textile Industry

• Guar gum printing thickener is an important component in textile industry because of a number of uses. Guar gum for textile printing aids in direct painting on wool, nylon and silk. They are also use in printing dyes on cotton fabric, carpet printing, acrylic blanket printing, burn out printing and vat discharge. As color enhancers, the gum in printing gives life to print by giving color value to disperse dyes. Gums blend well with disperse dyes in the printing of polyester and similar fabric.

Related studies• Abdou has introduced in 2013 to Novel Chitosan-

Starch Blends as Thickening Agent and Their Application in Textile Printing. Chitosan increased the dye uptake on fabrics. Fastness properties of the printed fabrics to washing, rubbing, perspiration, and light have also been improved.

• The value of and molecular weight of chitosan were 85% and 11.44×104 gm/mol, respectively.

• Japhr and group, In 2013, stated that they have developed a product (Saku Gums) identified as "SAKU RST" for printing reactive dyes on fabrics made up of cotton, viscose or their blends. Only 2.5 - 3.0 % of the SAKU RST paste is enough to offer adequate viscosity for printing.

• Saad MJ. In 2007 has stated that Experiments were carried out in vitro with three viscous polysaccharides (guar gum, pectin, and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC). Guar gum showed greater viscosity than the other gums during acidification and/or alkalinization.

• Enas in 2011 in his research focused on the application of a new thickening agent based on Aloe vera gel for disperse printing of polyester.

• Turk in 2000, stated that Substituted guar gum represents a very attractive thickener for printing with bifunctional reactive dyes. The addition of alginate to guar gum paste reduces the pseudo- plasticity and elasticity of the paste, which results in improved paste add-on and penetration.

Related studies

Conclusion• Textiles cannot achieve perfect color without the aid of

disperse printing thickeners which are composed of macromolecules and their ability to absorb water. There are four processes in making thickeners and manufacturing companies use various derivatives to produce high quality pastes such as gum, carboxymethyl guar gum and tamarind kernel powder. Guar gum printing thickener is multipurpose because it is also applied on cosmetic products and chemical solutions.

• Guar gum is known for its excellent viscous property. It provides excellent results of thickening when hydrated at cold water. Though hydrated at high temperature also provided fast results, cold water dispersion shows stable results.