Scaling estimates wood volume after defects that result in loss
of wood are removed Grading removes defects that could result in
lower wood quality clear cuttings
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The volume of a product before defect is removed (sound wood
plus unsound wood) is called gross volume. The remaining volume
after defect has been removed (sound wood only) is called net
volume.
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1. Estimate gross volume 2. Estimate cull deduction and
subtract from Gross volume to get Net volume 3. Estimate grade of
net volume wood
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Veneer Factory Use (can cut into clear pieces, i.e for
furniture) Construction Use Local Use (pallets, posts, etc.)
Chips
Timber Cruising Handbook, Ch. 20, pg. 57 Timber Cruising
Handbook Defects in Hardwood Timber Handbook good reference Defects
in Hardwood Timber Handbook
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2.5 inches
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Bird peck (4+ callused)
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Residual from branch Concentric circles
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Overgrowths heavy (YP)
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Medium Light
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Light distortion has normal bark patterning breaking through
entirety of concentric rings Medium normal patterning has invaded
but not gone through concentric rings Heavy concentric rings has
totally interupted normal bark pattern
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heavy
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Starting with a 1 stump Examine the 16 log above the stump
Allow.3 for trim (4 2 on each end) So you are looking at the tree
from 1-17.3
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The grading face is the third best face or the second worst
face
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Example of an F2 grade butt-log.
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Stoppers are occurrences in the tree that can not be
productively sawn through and limit the length of a potential log
section. Forks that are at least 1/3 diameter of main bole at point
of occurrence and 45 degrees or less in angle from the main bole.
Branches, stubs, remnant bumps. diameter of mainstem. Any embedded
metal excluding aluminum. Sudden dramatic change in bole
diameter
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Rot Catface or fire scar (missing wood) Sweep Crook Interior
damage
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Within slab area = no deduction i.e. Sapsucker Damage for
construction grade logs, etc.
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Extend the length affected an additional 2 feet above the last
visible indicator. Pie cut fractions are used to determine
deductions. Fractions used as 1/8, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, etc.
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USE STANDARD PIE CUT FRACTIONS SUCH AS 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 FOR CULL
DEDUCTIONSWATCH FOR SPIRAL DAMAGE
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Different types of conks indicate different fungal infections.
Some penetrate deeper than others which effects defect deduction.
Must familiarize yourself with those in your area.