Visualizing Research Literature in Halal Supply ... - MAJCAFE

MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF CONSUMER AND FAMILY ECONOMICS Vol 24 (S2), 2020

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Visualizing Research Literature in Halal Supply Chain: A Bibliometric Analysis

Wan Marhaini Wan Omar1, Mohd Nasir Ismail2, Muslim Ismail@Ahmad3, Ghazali Osman2, Mohamad Safri Ya1

1Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Kota Bharu Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia

2Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Machang Campus, Kelantan, Malaysia

3Perpustakaan Tengku Anis, Universiti Teknologi MARA Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia

Abstract The development of scientific research in the area of halal supply chain is relatively new but growing. It is of utmost necessity to identify the potential areas as well as the severity of this research. Thus, the aim of this study is to visualize the scientific research on halal supply chain by conducting bibliometric analysis. The analysis was performed by using the VOSviewer software and data analysis tool available in the Scopus base. A total of 104 publications in relation to halal supply chain were extracted from Scopus database ranging from 2008 to 2018. Co-citation analysis and co-word analysis were conducted to visualize the evolution of research themes in this particular field. The findings of this study may help researchers understand the nature of halal supply chain research from across the world and suggest future research directions.

Keywords: Halal supply chain, bibliometric analysis, co-citation analysis, co-word analysis.

1.0 Introduction Halal refers to something that has been sanctioned by Islamic

law. This term has become common to non-Muslims around the world. The word halal is derived from the verb ‘Halla’ meaning to be or become lawful, legal, licit, legitimate, per-missible, permitted, allowable, allowed, admissible, un-prohibited and unforbidden (Al-Qaradawi, 2017). Halal is not only referring to food, but it should be referred to the process-es involved from beginning until the end which is the product or service received by customers. In other words, it refers


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to how we organise our economics by adhering to the guidance stated in the Quran and Sunnah. As an example, halal food is food that is handled according to the Shariah law with high standards of hygienic and meeting certain standards of cleanliness, safety and nutrition. This means that halalness is adhered to from raw material until the final products or services. Some of the standards and processes applied not only forbid the consumption of alcohol and drugs, but also emphasize on safety, hygiene, reliability and quality assurance in an economical and scientific way (Aslan & Aslan, 2016; Rezai, Mohamed, Shamsudin 2012).

Global demand for halal food products is growing with the increase and spread of Muslim population globally. It has been projected that the global Muslim population will increase from 1.6 billion in 2010 to 2.7 billion in 2050 which implies that approximately, 1.1 billion Muslim population will be added to the world’s population over the next forty years (Pew Research Center, 2015). The concern for halal is not only limited to meat and poultry, but also incorporates dairy products, food ingredients and even lifestyle requirements and related services. Due to the increase number of global Muslim population, global halal food chains have become more com-plex with longer lead times, numerous products and suppliers which make it more challenging to conform to halal requirements. The risk of cross-contamination during shipment (Bonne & Verbeke, 2008) and authenticity issues (Dennis, 1998; Nakyinsige, Man, Sazili, 2012) such as the use of cheaper non-halal materials to halal food are some of the major concerns.

Over the last decade, academic literature on halal supply chain is relatively new. Previous studies have focused mainly on various aspects of halal such as branding, consumer behaviour and food technology, but not dealing on halal supply chain issues. For example, Mohamad & Hassan (2011) studied the attributes of halal products, Mukhtar & Butt (2012) investigated the consumer awareness and purchasing behaviour of halal products, Aoun & Tournois (2015) Ismail, Husin, Bhatti et.al (2018) conducted research on halal branding. However, little attempts have been made to systematically review and map the research domain on halal supply chain related issues. The challenge here is to map the research literature in a domain and visualize it so the gaps can be seen. For this matter, a bibliometric analysis has been suggested as the means for solving this problem. Bibliometric analysis is used to determine the structure of a field of


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study and to identify different patterns in the literature. Furthermore, it could also provide quantitative in-sights into the growth of literature by analysing information extracted from data-base such as citations, authors, keywords, and the range of journals consulted (Leung, Sun, & Bai, 2017; Van Raan, 2005). Based on the issues presented above, the aim of this study is to fulfil the research gap by carrying out a systematic and bibliometric approach in the field of halal supply chain literature, combining co-citation analysis with co-word analysis to visualize the evolution of this research area.

The paper is divided into five sections. The first section starts with the intro-duction part. The next section presents literature overview on halal supply chain management and bibliometric approach. The Methodology section presents search strategy, how bibliometric data is obtained and the analysis. The fourth section on Results and Discussion presents a number of visualizations together with interpretations. Finally, the Conclusion section summarizes the study and suggests areas for future research directions.

2.0 Overview of Halal Supply Chain Research

The increase in the purchasing power among Muslims around the world contributes to an increase in the demand for halal products. Halal needs a supply chain approach where the value chain and its supply activities are aligned with other halal services such as halal transportation, halal warehouse, handling of products, inventory management, procurement, marketing and order management which all must comply with the general principles of the Syariah law. With the increase and spread of Muslim population globally, halal food chains have become very long and complex. Halal supply chain can be defined as the integrated of business process activities from the origin to the point of consumption according to the Syariah law Omar & Jaafar (2011). This is supported by Man, Aida, Raha et. Al (2007) where halal supply chain is also defined as a process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient flow and storage of halal certified products from the source to the demand point. Most research on halal points to halal processes, halal ingredients, halal food, and a few on halal logistics are based on consumer perception. Halal supply chain service is the only approach that could confirm halal products are really halal at the point of consumption (Ngah, Zainuddin, & Thurasamy, 2014). According to Tieman (2011), the halal integrity of products is resulted


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from the various activities in the supply chain, and not only at the certified halal at the point of consumption.

As halal product chain has increasingly becoming longer and complex, Muslims are concerned about the content of the products they consume and how such products are produced (Bonne & Verbeke, 2008). Conforming to all halal requirements in a halal product chain has become a huge challenge and the risk of cross-contamination is substantial. Advances in food technology and global distribution have exposed Muslim consumers to various ingredients and manufactured foods. For that reason, halal supply chain is vital to be applied by halal product manufacturers in order to deliver credibility and trust to consumers. The main goal of halal supply chain is not only to achieve customer satisfaction, but also to ensure that the halal status of the products remains intact throughout the whole process of the supply chain (Bahrudin, Illyas & Desa, 2011).

Moreover, some researchers Jaafar, Endut, Faisol et. Al (2011) claimed that most of the studies on halal products had largely focused on the area of food science and agriculture which mostly concentrated on halal food manufacturing. An extensive review research on halal supply chain literature with the use of bibliometric analysis is relatively new. Only one research was published on the comprehensive review of halal food chain management literature. The research by Wan Omar, Rahman & Jie (2015) was conducted using systematic literature review based on peer-reviewed journal articles and conference paper for a period of ten years. Other literature review research on halal food man-agement was not analysed in a comprehensive manner (Zulfakar, Jie & Chan, 2012; Ab Talib, Abdul Hamid & Zulfakar, 2015). Although there were some studies conducted on halal supply chain, applying bibliometric analysis on halal supply chain related issues has not yet been discussed. Hence, biblio-metric analysis in this area of study calls for attention. 3.0 Snapshot of Bibliometric Analysis

Normally, the purpose of a literature review is to map, consolidate and evaluate the domain area, and identify knowledge gaps to be filled in for future research. There are different types of literature review techniques: systematic literature re-view, content analysis, meta-analysis, bibliometric analysis, etc. However, the objectives of a study will determine how literature review techniques will be applied. Some researchers have adopted the content analysis


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method (Seuring & Müller, 2008; Wong, Wong & Boon-Itt, 2015) to analyse the development of research in supply chain domain. This method relies on subjective judgement which may lead to unreliable results due to misinterpretations. Furthermore, it is very difficult and time consuming to distinguish the most related papers from the vast resources available. Bibliometric analysis is a method that includes statistical analysis of published articles and citations in order to measure their impact. For this study, the bibliometric analysis is considered the appropriate method to be applied due to three reasons: First, bibliometric analysis can handle large amounts of articles easier, faster and more precisely; Second, bibliometric analysis allows the capture of more comprehensive information; Third, the inter-action visualization interface of bibliometric analysis tools make researchers able to understand the development of research domain. Besides that, the bibliometric analysis is well rooted in grounded and well-established theories such as impact theory and structure hole theory (Chen, 2006).

Two aspects of bibliometric mapping that can be distinguished are the con-struction of bibliometric maps and the graphical representation of such maps. In the bibliometric literature, most attention is paid to the construction of biblio-metric maps. The construction of a map is a process that consists of three steps which are similarity index, map construction and interpretation. Similarity matrix is calculated based on the co-occurrence matrix while a visualization map is con-structed by applying the VOS mapping technique to the similarity matrix and the map is then interpreted (Van Eck & Waltman, 2009). Data on co-occurrences of words can be used to con-struct so-called co-word maps, which are maps that provide a visual representation of the structure of a scientific field (Van Eck & Waltman, 2009). The number of co-occurrences of two keywords is the number of publications in which both keywords occur together in the title, abstract, or keyword list (Van Eck & Waltman, 2014). Similarity measures for co-occurrence data focusing on the association strength is a probabilistic measure. Van Eck & Waltman (2009) confirmed from both theoretical and empirical analyses that co-occurrence data can best be normalized using a probabilistic measure.

In this technique, the article is considered the unit of analysis and it is deliberated to illustrate interconnections among the articles and research domain by looking at how many times an article is cited and co-cited by other articles (Van Eck & Waltman, 2009; 2018).


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Bibliometric co-citation is relied on the assumption that published articles in scholarly journal build their research on similar articles published before (Van Raan, 2012). This technique can be used to evaluate journal performance. This is because different journals focus on different sub-fields of halal supply chain research. In a co-citation analysis of researchers, the relatedness of researchers is determined based on the degree to which they are cited in the same publication. The more often two researchers are cited in the same publication, the stronger their relatedness is (Perianes-Rodriguez, A., Waltman, L., van Eck, 2016).

4.0 Methodology 4.1 Data Search Strategy

The bibliographic data were obtained from the most comprehensive global abstracts and citation database known as Scopus with the use of the keyword “halal supply chain” in the titles, abstracts and keyword fields or TITLE-ABS-KEY (halal AND supply AND chain). The analysed period of publication was limited from 2008 to 2018. The preliminary search yielded 106 articles. Then, the titles and the abstracts of all articles were carefully reviewed for the relevancy to halal supply chain. Two document types were excluded from the search which were erratum and note. As a result, 104 articles were retained for further analysis. Elements of data were extracted from each information source such as the abstract, the author’s affiliation and the name of institution, the year of publication, the names of sources and the number of citations. Scopus Analyzer was applied to check on the descriptive analysis. Then, the data were exported to Excel spread-sheet for data cleaning and VOSviewer was applied for co-citation analysis and co-word analysis.

4.2 Analysis

Excel spread-sheet and Scopus Analyzer were employed to identify the most pro-ductive journals, publication trend, contributing institutions, contributing countries and contributing authors based on the number of published information sources as well as most cited articles. SCImago Journal and Country rank website was referred to in order to check for journal ranking and H-index. The retrieved CSV text files were exported to VOSviewer to construct and visualize bibliometric net-work. Visualization of co-citations network and co-word


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network was conducted to explore research patterns and clusters in the field of study (Van Eck & Waltman, 2014). 5.0 Results and Discussion

Figure 1 shows the distribution of documents published per year. It shows an up-ward trend manifesting the increasing interest in research area of halal supply chain. During the first two years, the publication was low. The interest in halal supply chain research started to grow mainly from 2011 but slightly dropped over the latter two years and then began rising exponentially from 2015. This shows that more than 60% of the published articles in halal supply chain were published between the period of 2015 and 2018.

Figure 1 : Number of articles per year

The articles in halal supply chain were published by authors from 20 countries across the globe. The most prolific countries which produced halal supply chain articles were from Malaysia, the United Kingdom, Indonesia, India and Australia. These countries produced more than 80% of the articles pertaining to halal supply chain. Based on the data from Scopus database, 15 journals were identified as the productive journals that published the most articles in halal supply chain be-tween 2008 and 2018. As shown in Table 1, the most productive journals within the period of 10 years were Journal of Islamic Marketing with 15 publications, followed by International Journal of Supply Chain Management with 13 publications. Both of the journals originated from the United Kingdom with SCImago Journal Rank of


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0.36 and 0.21, respectively. A majority of the top 15 productive journals came from the United Kingdom and only one journal originated from Malaysia, which was Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. Of all the 15 productive journals, the highest H-index of 81 belongs to the journal known as Industrial Management and Data Systems. It is interesting to note that 3 out of 15 productive journals which published articles on halal supply chain were categorized under Quartile 1 (Q1), Food Policy (SJR-1.95), Production Planning and Control (SJR-1.26) and Industrial Management and Data Systems (SJR-0.9). A total of 6 articles were published between 2008 and 2018 from these Q1 journals.

Table 1 : Top 15 productive journals publishing the most articles in halal supply chain during 2008-2018

Journal 2008-2018 SJR H Country of Origin Journal of Islamic Marketing 15 0.36 23 United Kingdom International Journal of Supply Chain Management

13 0.21 6 United Kingdom

IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering


British Food Journal 4 0.5 64 United Kingdom International Business Management

3 0.11 12 Pakistan

MATEC Web of Conferences 3 0.15 12 France Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities

3 0.2 7 Malaysia

Advanced Science Letters 2 0.13 22 United States Food Policy 2 1.95 76 United Kingdom Industrial Management and Data Systems


International Journal of Engineering and Technology UAE Production Planning and Control Supply Chain Forum Sustainability Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences

2 2 2 2 1

0.1

1.26 0.26 0.54

0

1

61 5 42 16

United Arab Emirates

United Kingdom France

Switzerland Jordan

Note: SJR – SCImago Journal Ranking, H - h-Index

Based on Scopus Analyzer, the findings generated ten most highly-cited articles on halal supply chain as displayed in Table 2. For each paper, the first author, year of publication, journal name and


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number of total citations are provided. The most influential article was cited 114 times by many authors in halal supply chain studies and this article was published in Agriculture and Human Values. In all, the ten highly-cited articles attracted 425 citations which constituted 60% of all citations received by halal supply chain publications. In addition, the most cited article was written by Bonne & Verbeke (2008) entitled “Religious values informing halal meat production and the control and delivery of halal credence quality”, which received a total of 114 citations in Scopus up to January 2019. Results also revealed that most of the highly-cited articles in halal supply chain area were written by researchers af-filiated to Universiti Teknologi MARA (14), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (12) and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (9). Figure 2 illustrates the top ten institutions that published halal supply chain articles.

Figure 2 : Ten productive institutions in publishing halal supply chain articles

Table 2 : Ten most cited halal supply chain articles for the period of 2008-2018

Title First author Year Journal TC Halal clusters Tieman M. 2015 Journal of Islamic

Marketing 21

Principles in halal purchasing

Tieman M. 2013 Journal of Islamic Marketing

21

Halal logistics in Malaysia: A SWOT analysis

Ab Talib M.S. 2014 Journal of Islamic Marketing

23

Lean supply chain practices in the Halal food

Manzouri M. 2013 International Journal of Lean Six Sigma

24


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Table 2 : Ten most cited halal supply chain articles for the period of 2008-2018 - continue

Title First author Year Journal TC Halal supply chain critical success factors: A literature review

Ab Talib M.S. 2015 Journal of Islamic Marketing

27

Halal supply chain in the food industry - A conceptual model

Omar E.N. 2011 ISBEIA 2011 - 2011 IEEE Symposium on

Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications

29

Consumer perception on halal meat logistics

Tieman M. 2013 British Food Journal 31

Principles in halal supply chain management


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The application of Halal in supply chain management: In-depth interviews


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Religious values informing halal meat production and the control and delivery of halal credence quality

Bonne K. 2008 Agriculture and Human Values

114

Note: TC-Total Citations

5.1 Visualizing C-citation Network of Halal Supply Chain Research

The co-citation network is visualized in Figure 3. Table 3 shows the ten prominent authors in halal supply chain research. These results were obtained from VOSviewer bibliometric software. In co-citation analysis, the unit of analysis for the study is on researchers or authors. According to co-citation analysis, the relatedness of authors is determined based on the degree to which they are cited in the same publication and the more often two authors are cited in the same publication, the stronger their relatedness would be (Perianes-Rodriguez, A., Waltman, L., van Eck, 2016; Van Eck & Waltman, 2014). It is suggested that the cut-off point need to be established if the study sample had a large number of citations for each author. By doing so, only the most influential papers with the most prominent authors will be selected. Thus, this study selected the authors with the minimum number of citations which had been cited at least 10 times.


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Figure 3 : Visualized co-citation network in halal supply chain research

Based on the findings, out of 5905 authors, only 117 authors met the threshold and were selected for co-citation network analysis. For each of the 117 authors, the total strength of the co-citation links with other authors was calculated. How-ever, for this study, only ten authors with the greatest total link strengths are shown as in Table 3. Figure 3 shows that the size of the bubble presents the normalized number of citations received by articles, whereas the thickness of the lines represents the strength of co-citation ties. The link between two articles identifies the co-citation relationship and relatedness between the two [12]. For this study, Tieman M. was identified as an author who has the greatest total link strength (7336) and the highest number of citations (190).

Furthermore, the colour of the bubbles indicates the identified cluster in which the article is associated. As shown in Figure 3, co-citation network analysis developed five clusters that were related to one concept of halal supply chain. The cluster marked in red is the strongest cluster with 51 items, followed by green coloured cluster which consists of 29 items. The third strongest cluster is indicated by blue coloured cluster (15 items) and cluster marked in yellow is identified as the fourth strongest cluster with 12 items. The weakest cluster is cluster marked in purple which only has 9 items. For that reason, the occurrences of the authors who were actively cited in halal supply chain studies can be seen in the above-mentioned clusters.


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Table 3 : The ten prominent authors with highest total link strength

Authors TLS Citations Tieman, M 7336 190 Verbeke, W 2729 73 Zailani, S 2677 65 Zulfakar, M.H 2672 66 Bonne, K 2417 58 Talib, M.S.A 2199 47 Jaafar, H.S 2187 50 Omar, E.N 2061 45 Ghazali, M.C 1782 42 Ali, M.M 1749 31 Note: TLS – Total Link Strength

5.2 Visualizing Co-word Network of Halal Supply Chain Research

Co-word network is applied for the purpose of preparing visualization or mapping of links between keywords or research areas. This analysis was created to show the relationships among the keywords in each field (Leung, Sun, & Bai, 2017). The visualization process was prepared by importing a text file derived from the Scopus database. In the period of 2008-2018, 104 articles were identified and the keywords were extract-ed for the process of generating maps. As a result of the extraction process, 655 keywords occurred with a minimum number of occurrences of at least 4 times. By using VOSviewer, it is possible to develop a map of links between keywords and map of clusters of specific research area. Furthermore, this network visualization tool can assist researchers by providing more information about the incidence of co-occurrence of keywords in any research area.


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Figure 4 : Visualized co-word network in halal supply chain research

Figure 4 illustrates the co-word network concerning halal supply chain research from the year 2008 to 2018. The map shows the links between the keywords which occurred in this particular research area. It is interesting to note that the thickness of the lines indicates the strength of the co-occurrence of keywords. Those elements that are located at the edges of the visualization are characterized by a small number of links between them, whereas a central location means strong relationships connected to numerous groups of other keywords (Lulewicz-Sas, 2017). Located at the central part of the map, the finding shows that the strongest keyword is ‘halal’ which is linked to more diverse groups of other keywords. In other words, the keyword ‘halal’ popularly occurred in a number of halal supply chain research.

Furthermore, the analytical tool generated four research clusters within the concept of halal supply chain and the map of the density of keywords citations can be seen in Figure 5. According to the findings, the strongest cluster is marked in red. This cluster was identified to be the strongest since it was linked to the largest group of keywords. The most popular keywords (top three highest weight occurrences) within this cluster were Halal, Food Industry and Islam. The second generated research cluster is marked in green. The most common keywords within this cluster were supply chains, halal logistics and halal supply chain. The third re-search cluster generated from the analysis is marked in blue. Keywords that were primarily used in this cluster included food supply, manufacture and meat. The fourth identified


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research cluster is visualized in yellow. The most well-liked key-words included in this cluster were primarily supply chain management and halal supply chain management. Based on the clusters above, the most frequently cited keywords or concepts in halal supply chain research were halal, supply chains, food supply and supply chain management.

Figure 5 : Density visualization of clusters of halal supply chain

research areas

Table 4 reveals the categorization of keywords in the field of halal supply chain. The keywords were categorized into different clusters based on their frequent co-occurrence in specific articles indexed by Scopus. As previously mentioned, four clusters were identified together with their most common keywords. Themes were generated based on the keywords in each of the cluster. The first cluster includes the keywords of halal, food industry, meat, Islam, halal certification, human, certification, catering service, food integrity, food supply chain and traceability. Thus, this cluster is more associated to halal foundation. The second cluster consists the keywords of halal food, halal logistics, halal supply chain, supply chains, supply chain, logistics, Malaysia, outsourcing, and sustainable development. Hence, this cluster is more associated to the issue of implementation. The third cluster contains the keywords of food supply, manufacture, food products, meat and radio frequency identification and this revolves


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around the issue of preparing and processing. The fourth cluster comprises the keywords of supply chain management, halal supply chain management and halal food supply chain. Thus, the latter cluster is more associated to the concept of development. Ultimately, four themes were developed based on the keywords co-occurrences.

Table 4 : Co-word clusters in halal supply chain research, 2008-2018

Cluster Themes Keywords (Weight Occurrences) 1 Halal Foundation Halal (32), catering service (4), certification

(5), food industry (7), food integrity (4), food supply chain (5), halal certification (6), human (4), Islam (7), meat (6), traceability (4)

2 Implementation Halal food (9), halal logistics (16), halal supply chain (15), logistics (6), Malaysia (15), Outsourcing (4), supply chain (12), supply chains (18), sustainable development (4)

3 Preparing and Processing Food products (4), food supply (14), manufacture (6), meats (5), radio frequency identification (4)

4 Concept Development Halal food supply chain (5), halal supply chain management (7), supply chain management (21)

6.0 Conclusions

This study was conducted to visualise the scientific research on halal supply chain by applying bibliometric analysis. The VOSviewer software was used to analyse 104 articles which were related to halal supply chain. These articles were extracted from Scopus database from the year 2008 to 2018. The key journals, influential institutions, impactful and trending articles were identified. It can be concluded that the Journal of Islamic Marketing and The International Journal of Supply Chain Management were the leading journals, and among the most influential institutions were Universiti Teknologi MARA, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Bonne & Verbeke (2008) Tieman, van der Vorst & Ghazali (2011; 2012) were the top trending articles from 2008 to 2012. The most cited authors were also identified and can be seen in Table 3. In addition, the most prominent authors were Tieman and Verbeke with 190 and 73 citations, respectively. Finally, the halal supply chain work or discussion by researchers can be divided into four themes; Halal Foundation,


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Implementation Preparing and Processing, and Concept Development. The works and discussion mostly focused on the Halal Foundation theme. Meanwhile, the Preparing and Processing procedures in halal supply chain were the least discussed by researchers, followed by Concept Development theme. In other words, research was more focused on the end products and least focused on product preparation and process in halal supply chain activities. However, much research is still needed especially in halal food supply chain management conducting biblio-metric analysis. Perhaps a research can be conducted that focuses on using other bibliographic databases such as Web of Science and other content databases, namely ProQuest, Emerald, Ebscohost and others.

Acknowledgements

This study is applying funding from e-International fund Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia in presenting a paper at 4th International Halal Conference 2019 in Osaka, Japan. References

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