Corpus Based study of Relative clauses inHindi & Telugu

Transfer grammar rules for relative clauses

Viswanatha Naidu YIIIT-Hyderabad

20-02-09vnaidu@research.iiit.ac.in

SCONLI-3

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OUTLINE

Introduction Hindi Relative clause overview Telugu Relative clause overview Transfer grammar & Rules Examples Conclusion

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Relative clause overview

Restricts or qualify the meaning of the noun in NP

Languages like English explicitly indicate with relative pronouns

Relative pronouns occur in the initial or part of PP or NP

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Types of Relative clause

There are two types of relative clauses

1.Restrictive clause

2.Non-restrictive clause

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Restrictive Non-Restrictive

Helps the hearer/ reader to identify the referent of the noun phrase.

Rel. pronoun can be dropped

• Serves to give hearer an added piece of information identified entity

• Provides additional info.• Use of Proper nouns

Very often the distinction expressed intonationally,but also orthographically with punctuation marker.

How does he/she know the distinction?

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Restrictive clauseThe young linguist whom I saw in the conferencelives in Hyderabad.

Non-Restrictive clauseChomsky, who arrived for the conferencelives in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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The accessibility hierarchy defined (comrie, 1977)as

SubjectDirect objectNon-direct object Possessive

Easy to relativize subjects than it is to relativize any of the other positions

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Hindi also has the Restrictive – Non-RestrictiveDistinction.

Restrictive clauseE.g. jo billi mere gara mem hai vaha cUhe se DartA hai Rel. cat.3.sg my house.nom in is that. Rat Abl afraid is

‘The cat in my house is afraid of Rat.’

Non-restrictive clauseChandrababu Naidu, jo Andhra Pradesh kA mukhya mantrI

REL GEN chief.M minister.M

thA Ajkal yahAM hai.Was.sg now a days here is

Chandrababu Naidu who was the CM of AP is here now a days.

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Hindi Relative clauses overview

Two types of relative clauses1.Correlative clause2.Participle clause

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Correlative clause | Participle clause

• Have an explicit relative markers.

These markers will be preceded by the nouns

Appear initial position of the clauses

• No explicit markers• Two types of participle

relatives,1. Present Participle2. Past Participle• Modify head noun as

relative clause do.

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Correlative clausesIn correlatives any NP position can be relativized.

Instrumental Relativization

jis cAku se maine murgI ko kAtA vaha bahut tej thAREL knife.M with I.nom hen.M. Accu cut that very sharp was.M

The knife with which I cut the hen was very sharp

Like Subjects, objects, Indirect, Oblique including Instruments, locatives etc.

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Present participle & Past participle

• All verbs yield present participle forms,

• which have two functions.1. Adjectival2. Adverbial• Inflect for Person,

Number, Gender.• Appear in the form

(verb +-tA +huA).

• Only a restricted set of verbs yield past participle forms,

• which indicate achievement.• which have two functions.1. Adjectival2. Adverbial• Inflect for Person, Number,

Gender.• Appear in the form (verb +

-A + huA).

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Hindi does not allow to relativize the Instrument, locative, etc. It allows only subjects and objects.

Instrumental Relativization*mere dwArA kelA kAtA huA cAkU le jAo I by Banana cut did. knife.M take awayTake away the knife with which I cut the Banana

Locative Relativization*mere dwArA baitI huI kurcI bahut mAngI hai. I by sit.F did. Chsir very costly. is

The chair in which I sat is costly.

Subject RelativizationdauDA huA laDkA acAnak ruk gayA running was boy suddenly stop. Came.‘The boy who was running suddenly came to stop’

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Telugu Relative clause overview

Telugu also has two types of relative clauses 1. Correlative clauses2. Participle clauses• But, correlatives are not normal in Telugu

(Bh.Krishnamurthy) used in more formal speech.• My experience of working in corpus gave the same

experience as I hardly found the correlatives eppudu Akalaite appudu tinAli.

whenever. Hungry that+time eat.

More naturally it can be expressed using participles

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Participle Relative clauses

E.g. ADutunna abbAyi bAwunnAdu.play.v.adj.conti boy.Nom good.3.sg.. M

Accessibility hierarchy of Participle Relativizationin Telugu is more frequent, Higher, (oblique forms can also be relativized).

Participles form by means of non-finite construction Do not inflect person, number, gender

The boy, who is playing is good.

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MT ARCHITECTURE

ANALYSIS

GENERATOR

TRANSFER

POS TAGGAERCHUNKER MORPH ANALYZERTOKENIZERPARSERNERWSDEtc.

TRANSFER GRAMMAR1.Lexical grammar2.Structural grammarTRANSILITERATION

Default featuresTL specific featuresWord generatorEtc.

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Transfer grammar

One of the approaches to Machine Translation

Captures ‘structural differences’ between SL & TL

Aim to develop the MT system

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input

output

Removing specific features of grammar in SLBridging the gap between SL & TL

Lexical &

Structural TransferRules

NounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbsPrepositionsConjunctionsMiscellaneous

Final adjustment by the generator according to theTL features

ORGANIZATION OF TRANSFER GRAMMAR

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Relative clause rules

जो आँधी कल आयी थी वो बहुत नुकसान कर गयी

నిన్న వచ్చి�న తుఫాను చాలా నష్టము చేసింది

jo AmdhI kal AyI thI vah bahut nuksAn kar gayIRel. storm.F yesterday come.Pef.F.sg Past.F.sg that much damage.M do go.PerfF.sg

ninna vaccina tufAnu cAlA nasTam cesindi.Yesterday.Nom come.past.verbal.adj storm.Nom much damage did.Non-Mascu.3.sg

‘The storm that raged yesterday did a great deal of damage’

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वो

बहुत

नुकसान

कर गयी

Null

చాలా

నష్టము

చేసింది

Till now mapping between main clause-main clause there are no problems except the correlative marker

vo

bahut

nuksAn

kar_gayI

Null

cAlA

nasTam

cesindi

Let’s see the sub-ordinate clause mapping

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जो

आँधी

कल

आयी-थी

Null

నిన్న

తుఫాను

వచ్చి�ంది

Here we can clearly see, there is a gap betweenSL and TL in three aspects.1. No relative marker in TL2. SL sub-ordinate +Tense into Non-finite form3. Word order change

jo

AndhI

kal

AyI-thI

Null

ninna

tufAnu

vaccindi

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RULES 1. Change of word order according to TL

2. Deleting the relative makers (jo & vo)

3. Converting the finite into non-finite

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जो आन्दी

कल

आयी थी

वो

बहुत

नुकसान

करगयी

Null

నిన్న

వచ్చి�న

తుఫాను

Null

చాలా

నష్టము

చేసింది

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jo AndhI

kal

AyI_thI

vo

bahut

nuksAn

kargayI

Null

ninna

vaccina

tufAnu

Null

cAlA

nasTam

cesindi

Change of word order according to TL

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jo kal

AyI_thI

AndhI

vo

bahut

nuksAn

kargayI

Null

ninna

vaccina

tufAnu

Null

cAlA

nasTam

cesindi

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जो कल

आयी थी

आंधी

वो

बहुत

नुकसान

करगयी

Null

నిన్న

వచ్చి�న

తుఫాను

Null

చాలా

నష్టము

చేసింది

Deleting the relative makers (jo & vo)

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kal

AyI_thI

AndhI

bahut

nuksAn

kargayI

ninna

vaccina

tufAnu

cAlA

nasTam

cesindi

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कल

आयी थी

आंधी

बहुत

नुकसान

करगयी

నిన్న

వచ్చి�న

తుఫాను

చాలా

నష్టము

చేసింది

Converting the finite into non-finite

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kal

Aya+(Past.V.adj)

AndhI

bahut

nuksAn

kargayI

ninna

vaccina

tufAnu

cAlA

nasTam

cesindi

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कल

आय्(Past.v.adj)

आंधी

बहुत

नुकसान

करगयी

నిన్న

వచ్చి�న

తుఫాను

చాలా

నష్టము

చేసింది

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REQUIRED RESOURCES

LARGE AMNOUNT OF CORPUS, REPRESENTS ALL DOMAINS BROAD COVERAGE MORPH ANALYZER, GENERATOR

>BROAD COVERAGE E-BILINGUAL LEXICONS

LARGE AMOUNT OF POS & PARSED TREE BANK CORPUS

LARGE AMOUNT OF PARALLEL CORPORA

Apart from, there is an high necessity of well trained LINGUIST for modeling the language (s), and a Computer Scientist for implementing the model (s).

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Thank you for patience