VitaminsVitamins

Dietary Supplement Use Dietary Supplement Use (USA)(USA)• $ 4,300,000,000 for vit/min in 1995$ 4,300,000,000 for vit/min in 1995

• $ 1,400,000,000 for herbs$ 1,400,000,000 for herbs

• $ 31,000,000,000 total for dietary supplements $ 31,000,000,000 total for dietary supplements and functional foods in 1999 (GAO, 2000)and functional foods in 1999 (GAO, 2000)

• 42% adults regular users (27% 1989)42% adults regular users (27% 1989)– females > malesfemales > males– 66% multi-vit/min66% multi-vit/min– 37% vitamin C37% vitamin C– 19% vitamin E19% vitamin E– 23% herbal supplements (13% 1995)23% herbal supplements (13% 1995)

Dietary Supplement Use: Dietary Supplement Use: ProsPros•Supplements prevents dietary Supplements prevents dietary

deficienciesdeficiencies– calciumcalcium– folic acidfolic acid

•Amounts used in some studies Amounts used in some studies not attainable with dietary not attainable with dietary sourcessources– antioxidantsantioxidants

•Relatively low costRelatively low cost

Dietary Supplement Use: Dietary Supplement Use: ConsCons•False sense of securityFalse sense of security

– folic acid and pregnancyfolic acid and pregnancy

•Does not contain all potentially Does not contain all potentially useful chemicals in foodsuseful chemicals in foods– plant phytochemicalsplant phytochemicals

•Toxicity almost only due to Toxicity almost only due to supplement usesupplement use

•Costs significant to low incomeCosts significant to low income

Vitamin/Mineral Deficiency Vitamin/Mineral Deficiency WorldwideWorldwide•1 in 5 adults malnourished1 in 5 adults malnourished

•1 in 4 children malnourished1 in 4 children malnourished

•3 million children severe vitamin 3 million children severe vitamin A deficiencyA deficiency– blindnessblindness– stunted growthstunted growth– 275 million with mild deficiency275 million with mild deficiency

Vitamins: DefinitionVitamins: Definition•Organic compound found in foodsOrganic compound found in foods

•Required in small amountsRequired in small amounts

•Required in the diet (essential)Required in the diet (essential)

•Proven to be required for health, Proven to be required for health, growth, and reproduction growth, and reproduction – deficiency syndrome identifieddeficiency syndrome identified

Water Soluble Vs. Fat Water Soluble Vs. Fat SolubleSoluble

• Water Soluble:Water Soluble:– Vitamin C, and the B vitaminsVitamin C, and the B vitamins

• Fat SolubleFat Soluble– Vitamins A,D,E,KVitamins A,D,E,K

Vitamins: Support StaffVitamins: Support Staff

• What can’t they do?What can’t they do?– They can’t be used as an energy source.They can’t be used as an energy source.

• What can they do?What can they do?– They are usually in supporting roles in They are usually in supporting roles in

the body.the body.•e.g.: many of the B vitamins are co-enzymes e.g.: many of the B vitamins are co-enzymes

that help breakdown glucose for energythat help breakdown glucose for energy

The differences between The differences between water and fat soluble water and fat soluble vitaminsvitamins• Absorption from digestive systemAbsorption from digestive system

– fat soluble: into the lymph with fat soluble: into the lymph with chylomicronschylomicrons

– H20 soluble: into bloodH20 soluble: into blood

• TransportTransport– fat sol: carried by lipoproteinsfat sol: carried by lipoproteins– water sol: free in bloodwater sol: free in blood

Water Vs Fat SolubleWater Vs Fat Soluble

• Storage and ExcretionStorage and Excretion– Fat Sol: stored with fat in cells and Fat Sol: stored with fat in cells and

adipose tissue, excesses storedadipose tissue, excesses stored– Water sol: not held firmly by cells, Water sol: not held firmly by cells,

excesses excretedexcesses excreted– Potential for Fat soluble to build up and Potential for Fat soluble to build up and

perhaps reach toxic levelsperhaps reach toxic levels– Potential for water soluble to excrete Potential for water soluble to excrete

extra amounts, not as prone to toxicityextra amounts, not as prone to toxicity

Fat soluble ToxicityFat soluble Toxicity

• Fat soluble vitamins may be toxic Fat soluble vitamins may be toxic with too high of an intakewith too high of an intake

• Water soluble vitamins are less likely Water soluble vitamins are less likely to be toxic with high intaketo be toxic with high intake

B VitaminsB Vitamins

• Correct names and common namesCorrect names and common names

• Thiamin Thiamin B1B1

• RiboflavinRiboflavin B2B2

• NiacinNiacin nicotinic acidnicotinic acid

• B6B6 pyridoxinepyridoxine

• folacinfolacin folate, folic acidfolate, folic acid

• B12B12 cobalamincobalamin

B vitamins: Correct namesB vitamins: Correct names

• pantothenic acidpantothenic acid no otherno other

• biotinbiotin no otherno other

• B vitamins act as coenzymesB vitamins act as coenzymes– Help to complete the correct shape of Help to complete the correct shape of

the moleculethe molecule– Many help to metabolize glucose to Many help to metabolize glucose to

release energyrelease energy

B VitaminsB Vitamins

• Coenzyme functionCoenzyme function– Prosthetic Group: physically become Prosthetic Group: physically become

part of an enzyme complexpart of an enzyme complex– Others are more loosely attachedOthers are more loosely attached– May be part of the active site in the May be part of the active site in the

enzyme.enzyme.

Vitamins and MetabolismVitamins and Metabolism

B VitaminsB Vitamins

•ThiaminThiamin

•RiboflavinRiboflavin

•Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine)Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine)

•FolateFolate

B vitamin deficienciesB vitamin deficiencies

• Thiamin: beriberiThiamin: beriberi– symptoms: mental confusion, muscle symptoms: mental confusion, muscle

weakness and wasting, edema, enlarged heartweakness and wasting, edema, enlarged heart

                                                

• Riboflavin:Riboflavin:– symptoms: personality changes, cracks at the symptoms: personality changes, cracks at the

corners of your mouth(cheilosis), tender corners of your mouth(cheilosis), tender tongue(glossitis)tongue(glossitis)

• Folacin:Folacin:– Symptoms: megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia, Symptoms: megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia,

NiacinNiacin

• Part of NAD+Part of NAD+– helps metabolize glucosehelps metabolize glucose– without Niacin, this breakdown of glucose stopswithout Niacin, this breakdown of glucose stops– Slows energy release: 4 D’s of Niacin Slows energy release: 4 D’s of Niacin

deficiency (called pellagra:deficiency (called pellagra:• Dermatitis: skin inflammationDermatitis: skin inflammation• Diarrhea: poor absorptionDiarrhea: poor absorption• Dementia: no energy to thinkDementia: no energy to think• Death: if untreatedDeath: if untreated

PellagraPellagra

Vitamin B 12Vitamin B 12

•Blood formationBlood formation•Homocysteine Homocysteine •Nerve damageNerve damage•DeficiencyDeficiency

– Atrophic gastritisAtrophic gastritis– Pernicious anemiaPernicious anemia

Megaloblastic anemiaMegaloblastic anemia

Vascular DiseaseVascular Disease• Folate and vitamin BFolate and vitamin B1212 are required for the are required for the

breakdown of the amino acid breakdown of the amino acid homocysteinehomocysteine..

• Low folate and vitamin BLow folate and vitamin B1212 intake may intake may cause an increased level of homocysteine.cause an increased level of homocysteine.

• High homocysteine levels are associated High homocysteine levels are associated with greater risk of cardivascular and with greater risk of cardivascular and cerebrovascular disease.cerebrovascular disease.

B vitamin Toxicities: RareB vitamin Toxicities: Rare

• B6B6– Symptoms: with very high doses sensory nerve Symptoms: with very high doses sensory nerve

disorders; may interfere with nerve impulses disorders; may interfere with nerve impulses and heart beatand heart beat

• NiacinNiacin– Symptoms: skin flushing, nausea, jaundice, Symptoms: skin flushing, nausea, jaundice,

liver dysfunctionliver dysfunction• Some individuals with high serum cholesterol are Some individuals with high serum cholesterol are

treated with pharmacological doses of niacintreated with pharmacological doses of niacin

OxidationOxidation

• OxidationOxidation: the loss of electrons from a : the loss of electrons from a molecule.molecule.

• ReductionReduction: the gain of electrons by a : the gain of electrons by a molecule.molecule.

• Oxidation and reduction usually occur Oxidation and reduction usually occur together as an together as an exchange reactionexchange reaction..

OxidationOxidation

•Stable atoms contain an even number of Stable atoms contain an even number of paired electrons.paired electrons.

•Free radicalFree radical:: an atom that has lost an an atom that has lost an electron and is left with an unpaired electron and is left with an unpaired electron.electron.

•Free radicals are highly reactive and can Free radicals are highly reactive and can cause damage to molecules in the cell.cause damage to molecules in the cell.

Free Radicals and Diseases

AntioxidantsAntioxidants

• Substances that are able to Substances that are able to neutralize reactive molecules and neutralize reactive molecules and reduce oxidative damagereduce oxidative damage

• Result of metabolic processes and Result of metabolic processes and environmental sourcesenvironmental sources

• Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta-carotene, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, beta-carotene, Vitamin A, selenium, iron, zinc, Vitamin A, selenium, iron, zinc, copper and manganesecopper and manganese

Vitamin C FunctionsVitamin C Functions

• Collagen FormationCollagen Formation

• antioxidantantioxidant– reduce cancer riskreduce cancer risk– helps absorb iron from foodhelps absorb iron from food– Reduces risk of colds?????Reduces risk of colds?????

•probably notprobably not

•Linus Pauling’s studyLinus Pauling’s study

•NutraIngredientsNutraIngredients

Vitamin CVitamin C

• Deficiency: called scurvyDeficiency: called scurvy– poor formation of collagen in blood vesselspoor formation of collagen in blood vessels

• weak vessels result in hemorrhagesweak vessels result in hemorrhages• can be severe and result in lots of blood loss and can be severe and result in lots of blood loss and

deathdeath

• Toxicity: may result inToxicity: may result in– kidney stoneskidney stones– rebound scurvyrebound scurvy– Destruction of B12Destruction of B12– Problems with acid/base balanceProblems with acid/base balance

Vitamin C: RDA 90/75 Vitamin C: RDA 90/75 mg/daymg/day• Foods rich in vitamin C:Foods rich in vitamin C:

– 1 cup fresh squeezed orange juice: 124 1 cup fresh squeezed orange juice: 124 mgmg

– 1 cup canned o.j.: 84 mg1 cup canned o.j.: 84 mg

• Smoker’s RDA = +35 mg/daySmoker’s RDA = +35 mg/day– Some of vitamin C is sacrificed in Some of vitamin C is sacrificed in

reducing the oxidants of cigarette smokereducing the oxidants of cigarette smoke

• Vitamin C intake offers protection Vitamin C intake offers protection against stomach canceragainst stomach cancer

Vitamin CVitamin C

• Deficiency: called scurvyDeficiency: called scurvy– poor formation of collagen in blood vesselspoor formation of collagen in blood vessels

•weak vessels result in hemorrhagesweak vessels result in hemorrhages

•can be severe and result in lots of blood loss and can be severe and result in lots of blood loss and deathdeath

• Toxicity: may result inToxicity: may result in– kidney stoneskidney stones– rebound scurvyrebound scurvy– Destruction of B12Destruction of B12– Problems with acid/base balanceProblems with acid/base balance

Vitamin C: RDA 60 mg/dayVitamin C: RDA 60 mg/day

• Foods rich in vitamin C:Foods rich in vitamin C:– 1 cup fresh squeezed orange juice: 1 cup fresh squeezed orange juice:

124 mg124 mg– 1 cup canned o.j.: 84 mg1 cup canned o.j.: 84 mg

• Smoker’s RDA = 100 mg/daySmoker’s RDA = 100 mg/day– Some of vitamin C is sacrificed in Some of vitamin C is sacrificed in

reducing the oxidants of cigarette reducing the oxidants of cigarette smokesmoke

Vitamin A FunctionsVitamin A Functions

• Vision: helps with conversion of light Vision: helps with conversion of light energy to electrical energy in eyeenergy to electrical energy in eye

• Cell differentiation-maintenance of Cell differentiation-maintenance of linings:linings:– helps produce the CHO normally found helps produce the CHO normally found

in mucousin mucous

• Bone growth:Bone growth:– helps with remodeling growing boneshelps with remodeling growing bones

Vitamin A DeficiencyVitamin A Deficiency

• One year supply in fat and liver of most One year supply in fat and liver of most people: So deficiencies are rarepeople: So deficiencies are rare– Bone growth and remodeling Bone growth and remodeling

problemsproblems•shape changesshape changes

– Linings deteriorateLinings deteriorate•GI tract: diarrheaGI tract: diarrhea•Respiratory tract: infectionsRespiratory tract: infections•urogenital tract: infections, kidney stonesurogenital tract: infections, kidney stones

– Impaired night vision and day visionImpaired night vision and day vision

Vitamin A ToxicitiesVitamin A Toxicities

• Bones:Bones:– decalcification, joint paindecalcification, joint pain

• Nervous systemNervous system– loss of appetite, irritability, muscle weaknessloss of appetite, irritability, muscle weakness

• Liver enlargementLiver enlargement– jaundicejaundice

• Blood: RBCs loose hemoglobinBlood: RBCs loose hemoglobin– Bleeding induced easilyBleeding induced easily

Beta-Carotene-provitaminBeta-Carotene-provitamin

• FunctionsFunctions– Weak antioxidantWeak antioxidant– Enhance immune systemEnhance immune system– Protect skin and eyesProtect skin and eyes

• Deficiency/toxicityDeficiency/toxicity

Beta-Carotene-provitaminBeta-Carotene-provitamin

• No RDANo RDA

• SourcesSources

Beta carotene and Vitamin Beta carotene and Vitamin AA

Vitamin A RDA= 700 RE for Vitamin A RDA= 700 RE for females; 900 RE for males.females; 900 RE for males.• RE= Retinol EquivalentRE= Retinol Equivalent

– Retinol is the active form of vitamin ARetinol is the active form of vitamin A– Other molecules can be metabolized to make Other molecules can be metabolized to make

Retinol, thus retinol equivalentsRetinol, thus retinol equivalents• e.g.: beta carotene can be modified to make retinole.g.: beta carotene can be modified to make retinol• beta carotene is found in carrots and other deep beta carotene is found in carrots and other deep

orange and green vegetablesorange and green vegetables• 1 RE= 1 microgram of retinol1 RE= 1 microgram of retinol• 1 RE= 3.3 IU retinol1 RE= 3.3 IU retinol• 1 RE = 12 micrograms of beta carotene1 RE = 12 micrograms of beta carotene

Vitamin A and Beta Vitamin A and Beta Carotene Rich FoodsCarotene Rich Foods

• 1 medium carrot = 2025 REs; 1 medium carrot = 2025 REs; about 2.5 times the RDAabout 2.5 times the RDA

• 1 cup butternut squash = 1400 REs1 cup butternut squash = 1400 REs

• 1 sweet potato = 2000 REs1 sweet potato = 2000 REs

• 1/2 cup cooked spinach = 700 REs1/2 cup cooked spinach = 700 REs

• 1 cup cooked broccoli = 250 REs1 cup cooked broccoli = 250 REs

• 1 cup milk = 140 REs1 cup milk = 140 REs

Vitamin D Vitamin D Functions: Helps bone Functions: Helps bone growgrow• Works in three ways:Works in three ways:

– 1. Increases Calcium Absorption from 1. Increases Calcium Absorption from the G.I. tractthe G.I. tract

– 2. Helps to withdraw calcium from 2. Helps to withdraw calcium from bonebone

– 3. Increases calcium retention in the 3. Increases calcium retention in the kidney.kidney.

Sources of Vitamin DSources of Vitamin D

•Body makes it own:Body makes it own:–Dehydrocholesterol in the skin Dehydrocholesterol in the skin exposed to sunlightexposed to sunlight•Energy transforms it into a pre-vitamin D Energy transforms it into a pre-vitamin D

moleculemolecule•Body heat provides energy to change pre-Body heat provides energy to change pre-

vitamin D into inactive Vitamin Dvitamin D into inactive Vitamin D•Inactive Vitamin D activated in two stepsInactive Vitamin D activated in two steps

– First, in the LiverFirst, in the Liver– Second in the KidneySecond in the Kidney

Netrition Home Page

Vitamin DVitamin D

Sources of Vitamin DSources of Vitamin D RDA = 5 ug-15 ug RDA = 5 ug-15 ug

• In foods:In foods:– Fortified milk: 2.5 mcg/cupFortified milk: 2.5 mcg/cup– 1 egg = 0.7 mcg1 egg = 0.7 mcg– 3 oz shrimp = 3 mcg3 oz shrimp = 3 mcg– 1 tsp margarine = 0.5 mcg1 tsp margarine = 0.5 mcg– USATODAY.com - How to get vitamin D?USATODAY.com - How to get vitamin D?

Vitamin D DeficienciesVitamin D Deficiencies

• In children: RicketsIn children: Rickets– malformed bones, bow legsmalformed bones, bow legs

• In adults: osteomalaciaIn adults: osteomalaciaVitamin D improves symptoms of Vitamin D improves symptoms of knee osteoarthritisknee osteoarthritis

• most often occurs in women with low Ca most often occurs in women with low Ca intake, repeated pregnancies, low sun-intake, repeated pregnancies, low sun-exposure, and long breastfeeding with exposure, and long breastfeeding with infantsinfants– loss of Calcium from bone and change of shapeloss of Calcium from bone and change of shape

• USATODAY.com - Vitamin D reserach may USATODAY.com - Vitamin D reserach may have doctors prescribing sunshinehave doctors prescribing sunshine

Vitamin D Toxicity:Vitamin D Toxicity:

• Most potentially toxic of all vitamins!!!!Most potentially toxic of all vitamins!!!!– As little as 4 to 5 X RDA can be associated with As little as 4 to 5 X RDA can be associated with

toxic symptomstoxic symptoms• minor: diarrhea, headache, nauseaminor: diarrhea, headache, nausea• major: calcium deposits in soft tissues of heart, major: calcium deposits in soft tissues of heart,

kidney, arterieskidney, arteries

– Major concern: those who take Vitamin D Major concern: those who take Vitamin D supplementssupplements• If some is good, more is NOT better!!!!!If some is good, more is NOT better!!!!!

Sources of Vitamin D: RDA Sources of Vitamin D: RDA = 5 - 10 micrograms in = 5 - 10 micrograms in adults adults • In foods:In foods:

– Fortified milk: 2.5 mcg/cupFortified milk: 2.5 mcg/cup– 1 egg = 0.7 mcg1 egg = 0.7 mcg– 3 oz shrimp = 3 mcg3 oz shrimp = 3 mcg– 1 tsp margarine = 0.5 mcg1 tsp margarine = 0.5 mcg

Vitamin KVitamin K

•Blood coagulationBlood coagulation– coenzymecoenzyme

•DeficiencyDeficiency

•ToxicityToxicity

Vitamin EVitamin E

• Functions: Anti-oxidantFunctions: Anti-oxidant– Guards against damage to membranes Guards against damage to membranes

from oxidizing compoundsfrom oxidizing compounds

• Deficiency: Rare (premature infants Deficiency: Rare (premature infants under 3.5 pounds, people unable to under 3.5 pounds, people unable to absorb fat or metabolize fat properlyabsorb fat or metabolize fat properly– Suppresses the immune system Suppresses the immune system

because vitamin E protects White because vitamin E protects White Blood CellsBlood Cells

Vitamin EVitamin E

• Toxicity: RareToxicity: Rare

• Sources:Sources: Vegetable oils, Vegetable oils, nuts and green leafy nuts and green leafy vegetables, fortified cerealsvegetables, fortified cereals