Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/8/2019 Vivisection, Lesson in Futility
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vivisection-lesson-in-futility 1/2
cal and cautious about the applicability of animal data to the clinical domaHackam DG. Translating animal research into clinical benefit: poor methodolog
standards in animal studies mean that positive results may not translate to the cical domain. BMJ 2007; 334:163-4.
UNPREDICTABLE SCIENCE: “Extrapolation from animal models
always remain a matter of hindsight.” Handbook of Laboratory Animal Medicine
“The reason we use animal tests is because we have a comfort level with process...not because it is the correct process, not because it gives us any new inmation we need to make decisions.” Melvin E. Andersen, director of division of com
tational systems biology at Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences near Raleigh, N.C.
Toxicity testing in animals “is expensive, time-consuming, uses animals in la
numbers...and it doesn't always work.” Francis Collins, director, NIH's National HuGenome Research Institute, 2008 . h A National Academy of Sciences report, ToxTesting in the 21st Century , calls for non-animal methodology:“We now have the t
to look much more closely on how toxicity occurs, and we have to do it on human ceRodger D. Curren, president, Institute for In-Vitro Sciences, in response to Nati Academy of Sciences study sponsored by EPA, 2007 . h In vitro strategy "would g
erate more-relevant data to evaluate risks people face." National Research Coun
“Industry executives say at least 25% of animal-tested drugs fail to show side eff
later proven serious.” High costs and concerns about reliability prompt shift away fanimal tests. Saving the Animals: New Ways to Test Products, New York Times, 20
“Patients and physicians should remain cautious about extrapolating the findof prominent animal research to...human disease.” Hackam & Redelmeier. Translaof research evidence from animals to humans. JAMA 2006; 296(14):1731-2 — Dani
Hackam, MD, Donald A. Redelmeier, MD, MSHSR, University of Toronto, Ontario
“Traditionally, new vaccines are tested in mice, rabbits, or for AIDS, monkeys. But an
testing is time-consuming, expensive, controversial... No matter how well an experimtal vaccine works in animals, the leap to humans is riddled with uncertainty
unforeseeable complications.” A 2007 example is the collapse of a late-stage AIDS cine trial, the STEP study (co-sponsored by National Institutes of Health and the vacccreator, pharmaceutical giant Merck) with thousands of volunteers. “The experimental
cine looked promising in monkeys but failed miserably in human trials when it appeareincrease the rate of HIV transmission in study participants. ‘In the end,’ says Wayne K
senior vice president of research and development at the International AIDS VaccInitiative (IAVI), ‘you can only extrapolate so much from a monkey model.’” 3/27TIME Mag., Immunity In A Test Tube, time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1725904,00.
STRESSED ANIMALS BLUR RESULTS: Animals endure sigicant stress from repeated handling, injury, restraint, boredom and pain. Recent fings show animals display quantifiable stress reactions to routine laboratory p
tices that can influence the researcher's understanding of scientific discovContemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science, Autumn 2004
STUDIES ON EFFICACY OF ANIMAL RESEARCH: www.animalexperiments.info
“My opposition to use of live animals for surgical training is based on experience as a low in reproductive endocrinology at the University of Connecticut Health Center.
laparoscopic project with rabbits, it became apparent rabbits were able to feel pain... I determined to complete my fellowship without harming animals.” Samuel L. Jacobs, M
ACTION • EDUCATION
ANIMAL DISASTER AID
K INSHIPCIRCLE.ORG
K INSHIPCIRCLE.ORG / DISASTERS
9 of 10 doctors admit animal expments are deceptive. Survey of 500 dtors published in European and Bri
Medical Journal h “Animal models mnot adequately mimic human pat
physiology... It seems prudent to be c
HUMANS HARMEDAnatomical, physiological, cellular, genetic and
sychological variations between species makeredictive extrapolation to humans unlikely.
Animal-based testing is grossly inaccurate in eval-ating how a drug or product will affect humans,
nd is a grave risk to the health and safety of peo-le and animals alike.” Nexus Magazine, Vol. 8, #2.
Article based on Sacred Cows and Golden Geese: The Human Cost of Animal Experimentation, by C.
Ray Greek, MD, and Jean Swingle Greek, 2000
Animal experiments are not generally usefuln...advancements in human healthcare, or predic-
ons of human toxicity. Knight A. Systematic reviews f animal experiments demonstrate poor human
linical and toxicological utility. ATLA: Alternatives to aboratory Animals 2007;35(6):641-659.
MISLEADING DATA: Animal researchas a 92% failure rate. Just 8% of (animal-tested)
rugs that enter Phase 1 and 2 trials reach the mar-etplace and half of products fail in the late stagehase 3 trials. Former FDA Commissioner Lester M.
Crawford, reported in The Scientist, 8/6/04
dverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the 4th leadingause of death in U.S. Prescription drugs harm
.5 million yearly. ADRs kill 106,000 people.ournal of American Medical Association, 4/98.2% of animal-tested drugs have serious adverse
ffects not detected prior to approval. JAMA, 5/98
9 of 10 experimental drugs fail in clinical studiesecause we can’t accurately predict how they’ll
ehave in people based on animal studies.” Mike
eavitt, U.S. Health & Human Services past Secretary
Experiments on animals offer only the illusion ofontrol. By simplifying and segmenting the life of an
rganism, we create false data which, combined withhe differences among species, make our efforts topply the results to man, useless.” Dr. Roger E. Ulrich
Vivisection is dictated by convenience, not sci-nce... It has no place in the meaningful study ofuman disease and its treatment.” Dr. Dav id
ohnson, MRCS, IRCP MF (Hons.) D. (Obst. ),RCOG., 'Animal-oriented medicine: The be-all or
he end-all?', DLRM Newsletter, No. 11, 2004
I know of no achievement through vivisection, nocientific discovery, that could not have beenbtained without such barbarism and cruelty. The
whole thing is evil.” Charles Mayo, founder, Mayo Clinic
[Animal] research is poorly conducted andot thoroughly evaluated.” Contrived illness or
njury in animals is incongruous with humans.
rug doses differ substantially from those admin-stered to humans. British Medical Journal 2004
Some animal tests haven't changed in 60ears...are frozen in time. This is not science.
cience is always moving ahead.” Thomas Hartung, head of European Center for Evaluation
f Alternative Methods (ECVA), 2008
8/8/2019 Vivisection, Lesson in Futility
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vivisection-lesson-in-futility 2/2
HUMAN-FOCUSED RESEARCH: Animal-free research yields datavant to humans...without overhead to breed, confine,feed, dissect, and dispose of lab an
A FEW OF THE MANY NON-ANIMAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS AVAILABLE:
h In vitro cell and tissue culture analysis (human cells grown in test tubes): In vstudies utilize cells, cell lines, or cellular components of HUMAN derivation. MatTek cvates human tissues from donor cells, mixing up to 3 cell types to replicate realistic bior in a tissue. Admet’s In Vitro Laboratories screens drugs against liver cells and oth
human tissues. Endosafe makes an alternative to testing toxins in rabbits’ eyes.
h 3-dimensional living stand-ins for human organs: Brown University’s Jeffrey R. M
medical science and engineering professor, led the creation of animate models to bimitate human tissue function/design. Morgan’s 3D formations consist of layered ceinteracting with one another.A March 2009 Biotechnology and Bioengineering report d
these self-supporting celluar systems derived from “building blocks” of active human
h ONGOING INNOVATION: VaxDesign scientists (Orlando, FL biotechnology firm) simulhuman immune system with their dime-sized Modular Immune In Vitro Construct. M
predicts how humans respond to new vaccines and can accelerate vaccine researceradication of global killers like AIDS. It can study autoimmune diseases (multiple scl
rheumatoid arthritis) and inflammatory conditions (Crohn’s disease). The aim is to ghow diseases impact immune function and to design smarter drugs.
h Genetic-protein analysis / Molecular genetic analysis
h Epidemiology, clinical research and post-market surveillance of drugs
h Autopsy/biopsy studies — I.E., The brain can be studied via post mortem exam, hbrain tissue, psychophysics (sensory effects of stimuli on perceptions and mental st
h Advanced magnetic imaging techniques (CAT, PET, MRI scans) — Magneticnance imaging (MRI), magnetoencephalography (MEG), functional MRI (fMRI), transc
magnetic stimulation (TMS)...and more.
h Pharmacogenetic studies using DNA chips
h Videos and mathematical modeling
h Virtual organs, 3-D models. Human metabolic prediction other simulation prog
ANIMAL-FREE BIOMEDICAL EDUCATION:11/07: Only 1med schools (of 126) continue to use live animals to teach students. 2009: Ove
of U.S./Canadian facilities use human-focused simulators alone in Advanced Trand Life Support courses. Physicians Committee For Responsible Medicine (PCRM
SOME OF MANY NON-ANIMAL TEACHING TOOLS:
e Virtual organs & 3-D models e Simulators such as Simulab’s TraumaMa
e Laparoscopic surgery trainers e Interactive computer-based methods
e Echocardiograms to study heart function
e Hands-on mentorship with faculty in anesthesiology, surgery, emergency medi
e HUMANE TEACHING TOOLS, BY ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE: www.HumaneLearning.info
ANIMAL-FREE PRODUCT SAFETY TESTS: Companies re
to assure product safety often follow implied guidelines of regulatory agenciescling to customary but old-fashioned animal experiments. 3/11/09: In Europe, howa ban on cosmetics testing on animals is now live throughout the European Union
A SAMPLING OF MANY NON-ANIMAL PRODUCT SAFETY TESTS:
8 Corrositex Assay: Artificial skin to test a chemical’s burn potential.
8 Agarose Diffusion Method: Mixes human cells with test matter inside a containe
Test material is toxic if dead cells cluster around it.
8 EpiDerm: Cultured human tissue equivalents for skin irritation testing.
8 EpiOcular: Alternate cornea made from manufactured tissue.
8 Epipack Test: Cloned human cells assess response to skin irritants.
8 Irritection Assay, Neutral Red Bioassay, Transepithelial Passage Assay
8 In Vitro Cytotoxicity (MEIC): Cellular test-tube tests predict poison-levels in chemic
8 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test: Measures chemical’s toxicity under ultraviolet radiat
8 In Vitro Pyrogen Test: Assesses drug’s fever/inflammation properties in human donor
High-throughput assays: I.E., Several hundred human cells go into 1,536 tiny wa 3-by-5” glass tray. A computerized device drips a different chemical into each we
eventually measures how many cells remain, to assess toxicity based on cell rea2008, Christopher Austin, director of NIH's Chemical Genomics Center . Comparathe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) spent 3 DECADES to animal test 2,500 p
tially toxic compounds. Elias Zerhouni, director, National Institutes of Health.
1998-2005: Serious adverse drug events (death,birth defect, disability,hospi- talization, life-threatening) due to drug treatments more than double in U.S.Annual reports grow from 34,966 to 89,842 at end of study period. Deaths due to drugs jump from 5,519 to 15,107. Institute for Safe Medication Practices, analy- sis of serious adverse drug events reported to FDA, Archives of Internal Medicine, 2007
• ZELNORM (Tegaserod):April 2007 - Animal-tested drug for gastrointestinal dysfunc-tion like Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) recalled after FDA safety analysis showsheightened chance for heart attack, stroke and cardiac chest pain in users.
• HEPARIN (blood thinner): Jan/Feb 2007 - Baxter Healthcare recalls most heparinproducts after 400 or more allergic reactions and 19 people die as of Jan. 1, 2007.
• MILRINONE (cardiac drug): Ups survival rate for rats with induced heart failure.Humans experience a 30% increase in mortality.
• FIALURINE (hepatitis drug): Safe in dogs.Triggers liver failure in 7 of 15 humans.
• NOMIFENSINE (antidepressant): Non-toxic in rats, rabbits, dogs, or monkeys. Inhumans, leads to liver poisoning and anemia.
• ZOMAX (pain killer):Tests safe in animals.14 humans die. Side effects in many more.
• STREPTOMYCIN (antibiotic): Tests safe in forcibly dosed pigs, dogs and guinea pigs.Instigates brain damage, deafness, blindness or death in human babies.
• ARAVA (rheumatoid arthritis drug): Tests safe in animals. In 2002, linked to 22deaths, 130 severe liver reactions, high blood pressure/stroke, birth defects.
• VIOXX, CELEBRAX, BEXTRA: Recalled anti-inflammatories increase heart disease
risk in humans — despite years of animal testing on these Cox-2 inhibitors.• PREMARIN, PREMPRO (estrogen drugs derived from pregnant mare’s urine):
Manufacturer Wyeth-Ayerst endures a series of recalls since a National Institutes ofHealth study, “Women’s Health Initiative,” finds long-term use ups risk for “coronaryheart disease (CHD), invasive breast cancer, stroke pulmonary embolism (PE),endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, hip fracture, or death...”
• BAYCOL, MERIDIA, SERZONE, FEN-PHEN: Also pulled from market or restricted — AFTER animal experimenters deem them safe for human use.
• AMRINONE (cardiac drug): Shows promise in mice, rats,hamsters,guinea pigs, dogsand rhesus monkeys. 20% of heart failure patients form thrombocytopenia (lack ofblood cells needed for clotting) and some die from the drug.
• CHLORAMPHENICOL (antibiotic): Dogs are okay on it, cats die,cows tolerate it, hors-es don’t. In susceptible humans, this antibiotic leads to life-threatening anemia andis so toxic its use is illegal in animals used for food. A minute amount in hamburger
can cause death without a bone marrow transplant.• CLIOQUINOL (anti-diarrheal): Meets safety standards in rats, cats, dogs, rabbits.
Globally recalled in 1992, because it induces blindness and paralysis in people.
• DIETHYLSTILBESTROL (synthetic estrogen):After safety data gathered solely fromanimals give this miscarriage-deterrent drug the green light, it actually ups rate ofspontaneous abortions, premature births and neo-natal deaths in women.
• ERALDIN (cardiac drug): Tests safe in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys. Withdrawn in1975 after prompting acute side effects in 7,000 humans and 23 deaths.
• FLOXIN (antibiotic): Proven “safe” in animals. Causes seizures, psychosis in people.
• ISUPREL (asthma drug): Recommended dose ascertained from animal tests con-firmed toxic in humans. 3,500 asthmatics in Great Britain die from this medication.
• MANOPLAX (cardiac drug): Safe in tests on rats, mice, rabbits, cats, guinea pigs.Global recall in 1993 after users show higher risk for hospitalization and/or death.
• METHYSERGIDE (migraine drug): Though researchers can’t duplicate symptoms inanimals, causes severe scarring of human heart, kidneys, abdominal blood vessels.
• OPREN (rheumatism, arthritis drug): No bad side effects in 9 years of tests on mon-keys, other animals. Recalled in 1982: 61 human deaths, 3,500 harmful reactions.
• PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE [PPA] (element in cold/flu remedies): FDA-banned afterassociation with 200-500 strokes in young women per year.
• PRIMACOR (cardiac/circulatory drug): Okay in rats. 30% death increase in people.
• RITODRINE (drug to deter premature labor): Approved in animal tests.Stimulates pul-monary edema, breathing complications, possible death in humans.
• SUPROFEN (arthritis drug): Animal tests show “No cardiac, renal or central nervoussystem [side effects] in any species.” Withdrawn when people suffer kidney toxicity.
• TAMOXIFEN (breast cancer treatment/preventive):Harmless to fetus of rabbits,mon-keys... Non-predicted human side effect: nausea, vomiting. Tied to uterine cancer,blood clots, memory loss, no periods, cataracts.
