Green planet5

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Vocabulary Problems and solutions

Grammar Future forms

Word-building Noun suffixes

Speaking Role play (1)

Writing A formal email / letter

Vocabulary

the environment

1 Which two of these environmental problems do you think are the biggest for the future? Can you add any more ideas? Check the meaning of any bold words you don’t know.

1 We throw away too much rubbish, and we don’t recycle enough.2 We waste too much energy, especially in cities.3 The modern food industry depends too much on science and technology.

What are the health risks?4 Many animals and birds are dying out.5 We pollute the air with traffic fumes.6 The world’s population is growing and there isn’t enough food. People are starving.

2 a Look at the news stories in the pictures and match them to three of the sentences in exercise 1. What do you think the stories are about?

b 1.35 Watch or listen to the news stories. Were you right?

3 Match words from lists A and B to make compound nouns from the recording. Can you remember any other useful words or expressions for talking about the environment?

A: air climate endangered genetic ozone renewable rubbish B: change dump energy engineering layer pollution species

4 Work in pairs or small groups. Imagine you edit an environmental news website. 1 Choose one of the news stories from exercise 2 to be the main story on your home page.

Explain your reasons. 2 Think of an interesting headline. Remember, you want as many people as possible

to read the article!

A B C

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Reading

1 a Look at the pictures on page 55. Which animals do you think are endangered (= not many left), and which are extinct (= none left)? Can you think of other extinct or endangered animals?

b Quickly read the text, ignoring the gaps, and check your answers.

2 a Choose the best heading for each letter. There’s one heading you don’t need.Let Them Go. / Bring Them Back. / Stop Hunting Them.

b What does ‘them’ refer to in the headings?

Strategy Understanding pronoun references

* Writers often use personal pronouns (I, he, you, her, etc.), demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) and possessive adjectives (my, its, etc.) to refer back to nouns / proper nouns that have already appeared in the text.

* Read the sentences carefully to find out what the personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and possessive adjectives refer to.

3 Read the Strategy box. Then identify the reference words in sentences A–G. I know you are passionate about conservation.A That is a depressingly large number.B On the other hand, do we not have a moral responsibility to help other species?C In the long term, this will help more animals.D Unfortunately, she only lived for seven minutes.E However, some of them will disappear.F Firstly, our understanding of the natural world will decrease.G They could not live in the wild.

4 1.36 Read the text again and complete gaps 1–7 with A–G. What do the reference words refer to? Look at the sentences before and after each gap for clues.

5 Choose the correct alternatives to complete the definitions for these idioms from the text.1 A thing of the past – something that used to / didn’t use to be important but that is / isn’t

important now.2 The big picture – the detailed / general view of a situation.

Writers often use more formal English when they want to be polite or respectful. They avoid very direct statements, such as imperatives (Stop!). They use more indirect expressions, such as modal verbs (would) and polite expressions (I hope … ; I am afraid … ).

Language focus Polite English

6 Ask and answer the questions.1 Do you think dinosaur and mammoth safari parks would be a good idea? Why? / Why not?2 If you could bring one extinct species back to life, what would it be? Why?3 Are there any species you think the world would be better without? Why?

One (dis)advantage is … On the one hand, … Have you thought about … ?Another (dis)advantage is … On the other hand, … But what about … ?

Useful language: Debating

Dear Professor Márquez,

I know you are passionate about conservation. That is why I would like to tell you about an exciting international science project I am joining later this year. We are attempting to genetically engineer a mammal using DNA remains. Our success* could have radical consequences.

Spanish scientists first brought an extinct species back to life in 2009, when they cloned a female Pyrenean ibex. (1)… However, their experiment proves that cloning extinct animals is not impossible.

Maybe one day we scientists will be able to clone dodos and sabre-toothed tigers too. It is possible that extinction will become a thing of the past. Yes, on the one hand, this will cost us lots of money. (2)…

What is more, it is in our best interests. When one species dies, an ecosystem changes, and other animals, birds and plants also disappear. As a result, humans could suffer too. (3)… Secondly, we are also going to lose many potential sources of food and medicine.

Saving every species on Earth is worth any price. I hope you agree.

Dear Professor Tanaka,

I am afraid I strongly oppose the aims of your project. To be clear, I am not in favour of animal deaths. However, we have to be realistic. Evolution means that some species do well and survive. (4)…

Why bring mammoths and dinosaurs back? (5)… Instead, we would have to keep them in zoos or safari parks, rather like the fictional Jurassic Park. How ‘natural’ would this be?

In the next decade, thousands of species will become extinct. (6)… But we need to look at the big picture. Rare† animals like the giant armadillo and the Iberian lynx are dying because they are unsuited to a modern environment. Trying to protect them is going to cost a fortune. What is more, there is no guarantee that it will work. Ultimately‡, some species may die despite our efforts.

Personally, I think we should focus on reducing pollution and slowing down climate change. (7)… I am eager to protect endangered species, but saving the planet must be our first priority.

(Don’t) Save the animals?Scientists may soon be able to bring back the mammoth! But should they? Two experts from the field of evolution share their very different views on animal extinction.

Giant armadillo Iberian lynx Sabre-toothed tiger Pyrenean ibex

Glossary: false friends (2)

* success – achievement† rare – uncommon; not existing in large numbers‡ ultimately – in the end

Professor Márquez

Professor Tanaka

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Reading

1 a Look at the pictures on page 55. Which animals do you think are endangered (= not many left), and which are extinct (= none left)? Can you think of other extinct or endangered animals?

b Quickly read the text, ignoring the gaps, and check your answers.

2 a Choose the best heading for each letter. There’s one heading you don’t need.Let Them Go. / Bring Them Back. / Stop Hunting Them.

b What does ‘them’ refer to in the headings?

Strategy Understanding pronoun references

* Writers often use personal pronouns (I, he, you, her, etc.), demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) and possessive adjectives (my, its, etc.) to refer back to nouns / proper nouns that have already appeared in the text.

* Read the sentences carefully to find out what the personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and possessive adjectives refer to.

3 Read the Strategy box. Then identify the reference words in sentences A–G. I know you are passionate about conservation.A That is a depressingly large number.B On the other hand, do we not have a moral responsibility to help other species?C In the long term, this will help more animals.D Unfortunately, she only lived for seven minutes.E However, some of them will disappear.F Firstly, our understanding of the natural world will decrease.G They could not live in the wild.

4 1.36 Read the text again and complete gaps 1–7 with A–G. What do the reference words refer to? Look at the sentences before and after each gap for clues.

5 Choose the correct alternatives to complete the definitions for these idioms from the text.1 A thing of the past – something that used to / didn’t use to be important but that is / isn’t

important now.2 The big picture – the detailed / general view of a situation.

Writers often use more formal English when they want to be polite or respectful. They avoid very direct statements, such as imperatives (Stop!). They use more indirect expressions, such as modal verbs (would) and polite expressions (I hope … ; I am afraid … ).

Language focus Polite English

6 Ask and answer the questions.1 Do you think dinosaur and mammoth safari parks would be a good idea? Why? / Why not?2 If you could bring one extinct species back to life, what would it be? Why?3 Are there any species you think the world would be better without? Why?

One (dis)advantage is … On the one hand, … Have you thought about … ?Another (dis)advantage is … On the other hand, … But what about … ?

Useful language: Debating

Dear Professor Márquez,

I know you are passionate about conservation. That is why I would like to tell you about an exciting international science project I am joining later this year. We are attempting to genetically engineer a mammal using DNA remains. Our success* could have radical consequences.

Spanish scientists first brought an extinct species back to life in 2009, when they cloned a female Pyrenean ibex. (1)… However, their experiment proves that cloning extinct animals is not impossible.

Maybe one day we scientists will be able to clone dodos and sabre-toothed tigers too. It is possible that extinction will become a thing of the past. Yes, on the one hand, this will cost us lots of money. (2)…

What is more, it is in our best interests. When one species dies, an ecosystem changes, and other animals, birds and plants also disappear. As a result, humans could suffer too. (3)… Secondly, we are also going to lose many potential sources of food and medicine.

Saving every species on Earth is worth any price. I hope you agree.

Dear Professor Tanaka,

I am afraid I strongly oppose the aims of your project. To be clear, I am not in favour of animal deaths. However, we have to be realistic. Evolution means that some species do well and survive. (4)…

Why bring mammoths and dinosaurs back? (5)… Instead, we would have to keep them in zoos or safari parks, rather like the fictional Jurassic Park. How ‘natural’ would this be?

In the next decade, thousands of species will become extinct. (6)… But we need to look at the big picture. Rare† animals like the giant armadillo and the Iberian lynx are dying because they are unsuited to a modern environment. Trying to protect them is going to cost a fortune. What is more, there is no guarantee that it will work. Ultimately‡, some species may die despite our efforts.

Personally, I think we should focus on reducing pollution and slowing down climate change. (7)… I am eager to protect endangered species, but saving the planet must be our first priority.

(Don’t) Save the animals?Scientists may soon be able to bring back the mammoth! But should they? Two experts from the field of evolution share their very different views on animal extinction.

Giant armadillo Iberian lynx Sabre-toothed tiger Pyrenean ibex

Glossary: false friends (2)

* success – achievement† rare – uncommon; not existing in large numbers‡ ultimately – in the end

Professor Márquez

Professor Tanaka

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Grammar

Future forms

A Read the message and the replies. Who wants to go to this event? Would you go?

B Copy and complete the rules. Write the future forms.For predictions we use will OR be going to.However, we prefer (1)… for predictions based on evidence (things happening now).For decisions, promises and requests we use will.For plans and arrangements we use be going to OR the present continuous.However, we usually prefer (2)… for general plans and intentions and (3)… for fixed (diary) arrangements.

Check your answers in the Grammar Bank on pages 139–140.

1 a Choose the best alternatives to complete the extracts from news articles.1 By 2030, over a quarter of Spain’s electricity is coming / is going to come

from renewable energy sources.2 There will be / ’s being 8 billion people on Earth by 2025. How will we feed /

are we feeding them all?3 Are we going to buy / Are we buying things we don’t need until the world’s rubbish dumps

are full?4 Beyoncé, U2 and Shakira are playing / will play at the eco-charity festival on 12 February.

Put it on the calendar!5 ‘The rainforests need help. We’ll give / ’re going to give $275 million!’ says US President.6 Air pollution hasn’t stopped, so climate change is going to get / will get worse.

b Match the titles of two blogs below (A and B) to the extracts in exercise 1a above. Which blog would you visit first? Why?

2 a Write questions. Use one of the bold future forms.1 you / think / it / rain / later? (be going to / present continuous)2 what do you think / your life / be / like / in ten years’ time? (will / present continuous)3 what / you / do / when you leave school? (be going to / present continuous)4 you and your friends / do / anything interesting / on Saturday? (present continuous / will)5 please / you / help me revise future forms / after school? (will / be going to)

b Ask and answer the questions.

Future continuous and future perfect

A Read the predictions. Do you think these are good or bad changes? Why?

70% of us will be living in cities in 2050.

Temperatures will have increased by about 3ºC by 2100.

B Copy and complete the rules.We use the future continuous ((1)… + (2)… + -ing form) for something in progress at a specific future time.We use the future perfect ((3)… + (4)… + past participle) for something that will be completed by a specific future time.

Check your answers in the Grammar Bank on pages 141–142.

3 a Make some predictions! Use the future perfect and your own ideas.1 In ten years’ time, the world (become) …2 In twenty years’ time, scientists (discover) …3 By 2030, … (disappear) forever.4 By 2030, someone (invent) …5 By 2050, astronauts … (go) to …

b Compare ideas. Which predictions sound likely or impossible?

4 Ask and answer questions beginning with ‘What will you be doing … ?’1 … at this time tomorrow?2 … at ten p.m. on Friday?3 … the day after you pass your driving test?4 … on the evening of your eighteenth birthday?5 … on the day of your sixty-fifth birthday?6 … to celebrate ‘World Environment Day’ on 5 June?

5 Complete the sentences about the future with suitable verbs. Try to use different future forms.

6 a Do you agree or disagree with the sentences in exercise 5? Why?

b Think about your answers. Are you generally optimistic (positive) about the future, or pessimistic (negative)?

Good News – the future’s bright! Crisis Watch – the shocking truth

now

now

+3oC

100%

+2oC

+1oC

2050

2100

1 I think the world … a better place in 2030.

2 I … anything special on Saturday. Dull, dull, dull.

6 We can’t stop climate change. Fifty years from now, we … on a hot, dirty planet.5 I … a great summer. I’ve got a good feeling about it.

3 By the end of this year, my English … a lot.

4 Buying lottery tickets is stupid. You … !

I agree that the world will be a better place in 2030. I think that people will live longer, and there will be fewer diseases.

A B

5

We’re having a ‘meditation for peace’ event at 2.30 in the square! Will you help us make a difference?

Zak1 I’m working until 2.30, but I’ll be there as soon as I can!1 minute ago

Maya No, it’s winter! It isn’t going to be warm enough.2 minutes ago

Ana Why bother? It probably won’t change anything.2 minutes ago

Yola Can I film it? (I’m going to use it for a media project.)3 minutes ago

AntB No way! People are going to laugh at you!4 minutes ago

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Grammar

Future forms

A Read the message and the replies. Who wants to go to this event? Would you go?

B Copy and complete the rules. Write the future forms.For predictions we use will OR be going to.However, we prefer (1)… for predictions based on evidence (things happening now).For decisions, promises and requests we use will.For plans and arrangements we use be going to OR the present continuous.However, we usually prefer (2)… for general plans and intentions and (3)… for fixed (diary) arrangements.

Check your answers in the Grammar Bank on pages 139–140.

1 a Choose the best alternatives to complete the extracts from news articles.1 By 2030, over a quarter of Spain’s electricity is coming / is going to come

from renewable energy sources.2 There will be / ’s being 8 billion people on Earth by 2025. How will we feed /

are we feeding them all?3 Are we going to buy / Are we buying things we don’t need until the world’s rubbish dumps

are full?4 Beyoncé, U2 and Shakira are playing / will play at the eco-charity festival on 12 February.

Put it on the calendar!5 ‘The rainforests need help. We’ll give / ’re going to give $275 million!’ says US President.6 Air pollution hasn’t stopped, so climate change is going to get / will get worse.

b Match the titles of two blogs below (A and B) to the extracts in exercise 1a above. Which blog would you visit first? Why?

2 a Write questions. Use one of the bold future forms.1 you / think / it / rain / later? (be going to / present continuous)2 what do you think / your life / be / like / in ten years’ time? (will / present continuous)3 what / you / do / when you leave school? (be going to / present continuous)4 you and your friends / do / anything interesting / on Saturday? (present continuous / will)5 please / you / help me revise future forms / after school? (will / be going to)

b Ask and answer the questions.

Future continuous and future perfect

A Read the predictions. Do you think these are good or bad changes? Why?

70% of us will be living in cities in 2050.

Temperatures will have increased by about 3ºC by 2100.

B Copy and complete the rules.We use the future continuous ((1)… + (2)… + -ing form) for something in progress at a specific future time.We use the future perfect ((3)… + (4)… + past participle) for something that will be completed by a specific future time.

Check your answers in the Grammar Bank on pages 141–142.

3 a Make some predictions! Use the future perfect and your own ideas.1 In ten years’ time, the world (become) …2 In twenty years’ time, scientists (discover) …3 By 2030, … (disappear) forever.4 By 2030, someone (invent) …5 By 2050, astronauts … (go) to …

b Compare ideas. Which predictions sound likely or impossible?

4 Ask and answer questions beginning with ‘What will you be doing … ?’1 … at this time tomorrow?2 … at ten p.m. on Friday?3 … the day after you pass your driving test?4 … on the evening of your eighteenth birthday?5 … on the day of your sixty-fifth birthday?6 … to celebrate ‘World Environment Day’ on 5 June?

5 Complete the sentences about the future with suitable verbs. Try to use different future forms.

6 a Do you agree or disagree with the sentences in exercise 5? Why?

b Think about your answers. Are you generally optimistic (positive) about the future, or pessimistic (negative)?

Good News – the future’s bright! Crisis Watch – the shocking truth

now

now

+3oC

100%

+2oC

+1oC

2050

2100

1 I think the world … a better place in 2030.

2 I … anything special on Saturday. Dull, dull, dull.

6 We can’t stop climate change. Fifty years from now, we … on a hot, dirty planet.5 I … a great summer. I’ve got a good feeling about it.

3 By the end of this year, my English … a lot.

4 Buying lottery tickets is stupid. You … !

I agree that the world will be a better place in 2030. I think that people will live longer, and there will be fewer diseases.

A B

5

We’re having a ‘meditation for peace’ event at 2.30 in the square! Will you help us make a difference?

Zak1 I’m working until 2.30, but I’ll be there as soon as I can!1 minute ago

Maya No, it’s winter! It isn’t going to be warm enough.2 minutes ago

Ana Why bother? It probably won’t change anything.2 minutes ago

Yola Can I film it? (I’m going to use it for a media project.)3 minutes ago

AntB No way! People are going to laugh at you!4 minutes ago

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Listening

5 a Look at the pictures. Why do you think Madhav, Lydia and Amit are ‘Green Heroes’?

Vocabulary and listening

Making a difference

1 Quickly read the notices and complete them with the names of the organizations below.

Cancer Care Now Vote for Change Journey 4 Kids Tree Challenge Clean Sea World

8 Ask and answer the questions.1 Who do you think should win the ‘Green Hero’ award? Why?2 Can you think of any more green heroes? Which one do you think is the greatest

green hero? Why?

A notice is a written sign; news means a piece of information. Notice is a ‘false friend’.

Language focus: notice or news?

2 Use two words from each set to complete the notices in exercise 1. One notice has been completed as an example.

A do make look

B keep protect sign D employ work volunteer

C donate raise sponsor E find argue protest

3 1.37 Listen. Which organizations are these three people going to support?

4 Work in groups. Imagine you have a budget of €100. How much money are you going to donate to each of the organizations above? Why?

Have fun and make a difference too! This charity concert is raising money for . Your money will pay for more carers to look after people suffering from this terrible illness, and fund medical research.

Hi! This summer I’m trekking all the way from Paris to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Will you (3)… me? All the money that I (4)… will help , a children’s rights charity.

Please (5)… to help clean our beaches up, reusing and recycling as much litter as we can. Let’s (6)… together to keep our oceans clean, and save animals’ lives.

D

You’ve heard the news: millions of young people are unemployed. We need to (7)… a solution – but is the government listening? This Saturday, is going to (8)… outside the town hall. Join us!

C

E

b 1.38 Listen. What else do you learn about them?

Strategy Key words

* Read the questions carefully and identify any key words.

* Listen for words or phrases with connected meanings.

* Watch out! The recording may not use the same words as the questions.

6 a Read the Strategy box. Then look at the bold words in sentences A–F. Can you think of any other ways to express the same ideas?A … used to be poor.B … is not afraid of danger at work.C … doesn’t have any plans to travel.D … began helping the environment as an adult.E … has thought about changing career, but isn’t going to.F … is definitely going to change career.

b Identify any more key words in sentences A–F which you think are important.

7 1.38 Listen again. Match sentences A–F in exercise 6 to the names of the green heroes.

Home News | Membership | Privacy | Contact us

Vote now for your ‘Green Hero of the Year’!

Madhav Vote now Vote now Vote nowAmitLydia

SearchA

Will you (1)… a petition to save the rainforests? Governments must do more to (2)… endangered species, and slow down climate change. website details below this notice.

B

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Listening

5 a Look at the pictures. Why do you think Madhav, Lydia and Amit are ‘Green Heroes’?

Vocabulary and listening

Making a difference

1 Quickly read the notices and complete them with the names of the organizations below.

Cancer Care Now Vote for Change Journey 4 Kids Tree Challenge Clean Sea World

8 Ask and answer the questions.1 Who do you think should win the ‘Green Hero’ award? Why?2 Can you think of any more green heroes? Which one do you think is the greatest

green hero? Why?

A notice is a written sign; news means a piece of information. Notice is a ‘false friend’.

Language focus: notice or news?

2 Use two words from each set to complete the notices in exercise 1. One notice has been completed as an example.

A do make look

B keep protect sign D employ work volunteer

C donate raise sponsor E find argue protest

3 1.37 Listen. Which organizations are these three people going to support?

4 Work in groups. Imagine you have a budget of €100. How much money are you going to donate to each of the organizations above? Why?

Have fun and make a difference too! This charity concert is raising money for . Your money will pay for more carers to look after people suffering from this terrible illness, and fund medical research.

Hi! This summer I’m trekking all the way from Paris to Santiago de Compostela in Spain. Will you (3)… me? All the money that I (4)… will help , a children’s rights charity.

Please (5)… to help clean our beaches up, reusing and recycling as much litter as we can. Let’s (6)… together to keep our oceans clean, and save animals’ lives.

D

You’ve heard the news: millions of young people are unemployed. We need to (7)… a solution – but is the government listening? This Saturday, is going to (8)… outside the town hall. Join us!

C

E

b 1.38 Listen. What else do you learn about them?

Strategy Key words

* Read the questions carefully and identify any key words.

* Listen for words or phrases with connected meanings.

* Watch out! The recording may not use the same words as the questions.

6 a Read the Strategy box. Then look at the bold words in sentences A–F. Can you think of any other ways to express the same ideas?A … used to be poor.B … is not afraid of danger at work.C … doesn’t have any plans to travel.D … began helping the environment as an adult.E … has thought about changing career, but isn’t going to.F … is definitely going to change career.

b Identify any more key words in sentences A–F which you think are important.

7 1.38 Listen again. Match sentences A–F in exercise 6 to the names of the green heroes.

Home News | Membership | Privacy | Contact us

Vote now for your ‘Green Hero of the Year’!

Madhav Vote now Vote now Vote nowAmitLydia

SearchA

Will you (1)… a petition to save the rainforests? Governments must do more to (2)… endangered species, and slow down climate change. website details below this notice.

B

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5Speaking

Role play (1)

1 Look at the pictures. Do you want to visit this place? Why? / Why not?

2 1.40 Listen. Which places in the wildlife park are Valentina and Nico going to visit?

Strategy Using a variety of language

In any speaking task, use a range of expressions to add interest. For example, try using different:

* informal linkers – not just and or but! too, as well, though

* alternatives to I think / I like: It seems / I’d love / That sounds …

* questions for your partner to respond to. Don’t just say ‘What do you think?‘ every time!

3 1.40 Read the Strategy box. Then listen again. Who uses each of the expressions in the Useful language box: Valentina (V) or Nico (N)?

Ideas Replies

I’m thinking of … -ing Are you doing anything … ? Are you interested? Why don’t we … ? How about … ? Let’s + infinitiveWhat shall we … ? Can we … ?

Yes, sounds good.Good idea.No, sorry.

Useful language: Suggestions and arrangements

4 Imagine you are the mayor of your city. How are you going to make it better? Complete the sentences by changing the bold verbs. Then discuss your ideas.1 ‘There’s too much (pollute).’ What are you going to do?2 ‘Do we really need a big, noisy airport?’ What’s your (decide)?3 ‘How are we going to attract more tourists?’ Can you give us more (inform)?4 ‘The (govern) should make the city better for teenagers.’ How?

On holiday? Exploring Berlin is fun and stylish in a rickshaw taxi!

Taxi cabs might seem faster, but in reality you’re probably going to spend

lots of time in traffic! Why suffer all that unhappiness and (1) (inconvenient) when you could have the enjoyment of

travelling through the city parks instead?

You’ll love the (2) (peaceful), and the ability

to go anywhere you want. Take a relaxing

tour of Berlin’s historic boulevards or

discover the (3) (govern) district, with its

ultra-modern (4) (build). Rickshaws are

the ultimate eco-taxi because cycling

doesn’t create any (5) (pollute). What’s

more, green travel is cheaper, too!

Fancy giving us a go? Congratulations –

you’ve made the right (6) (decide)! Contact us for more information.

We’re sure you’ll have a great time!

4 Work in pairs. Imagine you’re visiting Cornwall in the UK. Look at the pictures and follow the instructions.Student A: Suggest a visit to the Eden Project, and a time.Student B: Reply.Students A and B: Agree on three places to visit.Student B: Offer to find a train / bus timetable.

Rainforest lookout

Solar-powered eco museum

Outdoor gardens

Show stage

the Eden Project, Cornwall, uK.Visit the world’s biggest indoor rainforest, or enjoy the peacefulness of the gardens!

Word-building

noun suffixes

1 Look at the advert. Would you like to use this kind of taxi? Why? / Why not?

2 a 1.39 Listen and complete the nouns in the advert. Then copy and complete the table.

Noun suffixes

verb + -ing build ➞

verb + -ment govern ➞

verb + -ion / -tion / -ation pollute ➞ decide ➞

adjective + -ance / -ence inconvenient ➞

adjective + -ness peaceful ➞

adjective + -ity real ➞reality

b Find the noun forms for these verbs in the advert and add them to the table.1 able 2 cycle 3 congratulate 4 inform 5 unhappy 6 enjoy

3 Sometimes the spelling of the root word changes when we add a suffix. Which of the words from exercise 2 changed their spelling?

Pronunciation: /s/ and /ʃ/

•Look at the underlined letters in these words from the text. Are they pronounced /s/ (like sit) or /ʃ/ (like shoe)?

stylish cycling suffer unhappiness decision inconvenience city information sure

• 1.39 Listen, check and repeat.

•Find one other example of a word in the advertisement with: 1 an /s/ sound 2 a /ʃ/ sound

Beehive Farm Lake Silent Shadows Centre Wallaby Land

VER TO YOU

Environmentally friendly café

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5Speaking

Role play (1)

1 Look at the pictures. Do you want to visit this place? Why? / Why not?

2 1.40 Listen. Which places in the wildlife park are Valentina and Nico going to visit?

Strategy Using a variety of language

In any speaking task, use a range of expressions to add interest. For example, try using different:

* informal linkers – not just and or but! too, as well, though

* alternatives to I think / I like: It seems / I’d love / That sounds …

* questions for your partner to respond to. Don’t just say ‘What do you think?‘ every time!

3 1.40 Read the Strategy box. Then listen again. Who uses each of the expressions in the Useful language box: Valentina (V) or Nico (N)?

Ideas Replies

I’m thinking of … -ing Are you doing anything … ? Are you interested? Why don’t we … ? How about … ? Let’s + infinitiveWhat shall we … ? Can we … ?

Yes, sounds good.Good idea.No, sorry.

Useful language: Suggestions and arrangements

4 Imagine you are the mayor of your city. How are you going to make it better? Complete the sentences by changing the bold verbs. Then discuss your ideas.1 ‘There’s too much (pollute).’ What are you going to do?2 ‘Do we really need a big, noisy airport?’ What’s your (decide)?3 ‘How are we going to attract more tourists?’ Can you give us more (inform)?4 ‘The (govern) should make the city better for teenagers.’ How?

On holiday? Exploring Berlin is fun and stylish in a rickshaw taxi!

Taxi cabs might seem faster, but in reality you’re probably going to spend

lots of time in traffic! Why suffer all that unhappiness and (1) (inconvenient) when you could have the enjoyment of

travelling through the city parks instead?

You’ll love the (2) (peaceful), and the ability

to go anywhere you want. Take a relaxing

tour of Berlin’s historic boulevards or

discover the (3) (govern) district, with its

ultra-modern (4) (build). Rickshaws are

the ultimate eco-taxi because cycling

doesn’t create any (5) (pollute). What’s

more, green travel is cheaper, too!

Fancy giving us a go? Congratulations –

you’ve made the right (6) (decide)! Contact us for more information.

We’re sure you’ll have a great time!

4 Work in pairs. Imagine you’re visiting Cornwall in the UK. Look at the pictures and follow the instructions.Student A: Suggest a visit to the Eden Project, and a time.Student B: Reply.Students A and B: Agree on three places to visit.Student B: Offer to find a train / bus timetable.

Rainforest lookout

Solar-powered eco museum

Outdoor gardens

Show stage

the Eden Project, Cornwall, uK.Visit the world’s biggest indoor rainforest, or enjoy the peacefulness of the gardens!

Word-building

noun suffixes

1 Look at the advert. Would you like to use this kind of taxi? Why? / Why not?

2 a 1.39 Listen and complete the nouns in the advert. Then copy and complete the table.

Noun suffixes

verb + -ing build ➞

verb + -ment govern ➞

verb + -ion / -tion / -ation pollute ➞ decide ➞

adjective + -ance / -ence inconvenient ➞

adjective + -ness peaceful ➞

adjective + -ity real ➞reality

b Find the noun forms for these verbs in the advert and add them to the table.1 able 2 cycle 3 congratulate 4 inform 5 unhappy 6 enjoy

3 Sometimes the spelling of the root word changes when we add a suffix. Which of the words from exercise 2 changed their spelling?

Pronunciation: /s/ and /ʃ/

•Look at the underlined letters in these words from the text. Are they pronounced /s/ (like sit) or /ʃ/ (like shoe)?

stylish cycling suffer unhappiness decision inconvenience city information sure

• 1.39 Listen, check and repeat.

•Find one other example of a word in the advertisement with: 1 an /s/ sound 2 a /ʃ/ sound

Beehive Farm Lake Silent Shadows Centre Wallaby Land

VER TO YOU

Environmentally friendly café

6362

5

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to enquire about the Donkey Caravan project, which I read about on the www.green.volunteering.org website.

I am very interested in this project and I would be grateful if you could give me more information. First of all, I would like to know when the caravan is going to start and finish. Secondly, please could you tell me where the nearest airport is? I’m going to travel from Greece, so I’ll need to book tickets.

Finally, I would also like to know more about the work. What kind of things are volunteers going to do? I can sing, and by the summer, I will have taken an intermediate level guitar exam. Will these skills be useful to the project?

I look forward to hearing from you.

Best regards,

Olga Pantos

Subject: Donkey Caravan project

(1) Hi there,(2) I want to ask about working at the Wolf Sanctuary in Portugal. (3) It sounds cool!(4) Please tell me more about the work that you do. (5) Will you send more information about volunteering? (6) Can I volunteer this summer?(7) Write soon.(8) Bye for now,(9) Basti

Sent: Tuesday, 1 May, 13:52

Writing

A formal email / letter

1 Read the advert from a website called www.green.volunteering.org. Does this project sound interesting? Why? / Why not?

2 Look at the advert and Olga’s notes. Then read her email and find the enquiries and requests that match her notes.

Task: A formal letter of enquiryYou have seen an advert on a website for a summer conservation project. Read the advert and the notes that you have made. Then write a formal email of enquiry asking for more information. Use all of your notes.

Strategy Writing a formal email or letter

* Start your email / letter with Dear Mr / Mrs / Miss / Ms X, or with Dear Sir or Madam if you don’t know the person’s name.

* Use full forms in formal writing, not contractions: We are NOT We’re.

* Use polite language, not colloquial or informal language. Expressions in formal writing are often longer than informal expressions and use modal verbs to make requests, instead of imperatives or direct questions: Please could you give me … NOT Send me …

* Finish letters with Yours sincerely (after Mr / Mrs, etc.) or Yours faithfully (after Sir or Madam) and your full name. We often finish formal emails with Regards or Best regards.

3 Read the Strategy box. Then answer the questions.1 Does Olga know the person she is writing to? How can you tell?2 One of the sentences Olga writes is too informal. Which one is it? Can you correct it?

Get ideAS

6 a Read the task, the advert and the notes. Then think of one more thing you’d like to ask.

b Write your four enquiries and requests. Use different formal expressions.Please could you tell me if there will be volunteering

opportunities in … ?

PLAn

7 a Decide how many paragraphs you will need and create a paragraph plan.

b Decide which expressions you will use to start and end your email.

WRite

8 a Write a first draft of your email. Use the Strategy box on page 62 to help you.

b Check your email.•Have you included all four of your questions?•Have you used formal language?•Is your email polite? Is it clear and easy to read?

c Now write a final draft.

improve your writing: formal language

4 Read the Strategy box on page 62 again. Which sentence in each pair sounds more formal? Why?

1 A I want to ask about … B I am writing to enquire about …2 A The project sounds fun. B I am very interested in this project.3 A Could you tell me about … ? B Tell me about …4 A I would be grateful if you could

send me … B Will you send me … ?5 A Would it be possible for me to … ? B Can I … ?6 A Write soon. B I look forward to hearing from you.

5 Read Basti Lehmann’s email. Can you rewrite it more formally?

Project: Donkey CaravanLocation: Spain

Time: summer

Description: This is an unusual eco-project! Young volunteers will travel through Spanish towns and villages with five or six donkeys. They will perform for local people as a fun way to pass on environmental messages – for example, the importance of helping protected species, like the donkey, or the importance of clearing up your rubbish. Did you know that people use donkeys as an environmentally friendly way to collect rubbish in many countries, including Egypt, Mexico and Italy?

doing what?

when exactly?

nearest airport?

printed from www.green.volunteering.org Project: WWOOF volunteeringLocation: Many countries

Description: Volunteering on a WWOOF farm is a great way to learn about organic farming and the environment.

Accommodation and food is free, so it’s also a great, cheap way to travel! Young volunteers are very welcome.

Email for our summer programme.

Volunteering opportunities in … ?

Need to get this!

What work do volunteers do?

VER TO YOU

6362

5

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to enquire about the Donkey Caravan project, which I read about on the www.green.volunteering.org website.

I am very interested in this project and I would be grateful if you could give me more information. First of all, I would like to know when the caravan is going to start and finish. Secondly, please could you tell me where the nearest airport is? I’m going to travel from Greece, so I’ll need to book tickets.

Finally, I would also like to know more about the work. What kind of things are volunteers going to do? I can sing, and by the summer, I will have taken an intermediate level guitar exam. Will these skills be useful to the project?

I look forward to hearing from you.

Best regards,

Olga Pantos

Subject: Donkey Caravan project

(1) Hi there,(2) I want to ask about working at the Wolf Sanctuary in Portugal. (3) It sounds cool!(4) Please tell me more about the work that you do. (5) Will you send more information about volunteering? (6) Can I volunteer this summer?(7) Write soon.(8) Bye for now,(9) Basti

Sent: Tuesday, 1 May, 13:52

Writing

A formal email / letter

1 Read the advert from a website called www.green.volunteering.org. Does this project sound interesting? Why? / Why not?

2 Look at the advert and Olga’s notes. Then read her email and find the enquiries and requests that match her notes.

Task: A formal letter of enquiryYou have seen an advert on a website for a summer conservation project. Read the advert and the notes that you have made. Then write a formal email of enquiry asking for more information. Use all of your notes.

Strategy Writing a formal email or letter

* Start your email / letter with Dear Mr / Mrs / Miss / Ms X, or with Dear Sir or Madam if you don’t know the person’s name.

* Use full forms in formal writing, not contractions: We are NOT We’re.

* Use polite language, not colloquial or informal language. Expressions in formal writing are often longer than informal expressions and use modal verbs to make requests, instead of imperatives or direct questions: Please could you give me … NOT Send me …

* Finish letters with Yours sincerely (after Mr / Mrs, etc.) or Yours faithfully (after Sir or Madam) and your full name. We often finish formal emails with Regards or Best regards.

3 Read the Strategy box. Then answer the questions.1 Does Olga know the person she is writing to? How can you tell?2 One of the sentences Olga writes is too informal. Which one is it? Can you correct it?

Get ideAS

6 a Read the task, the advert and the notes. Then think of one more thing you’d like to ask.

b Write your four enquiries and requests. Use different formal expressions.Please could you tell me if there will be volunteering

opportunities in … ?

PLAn

7 a Decide how many paragraphs you will need and create a paragraph plan.

b Decide which expressions you will use to start and end your email.

WRite

8 a Write a first draft of your email. Use the Strategy box on page 62 to help you.

b Check your email.•Have you included all four of your questions?•Have you used formal language?•Is your email polite? Is it clear and easy to read?

c Now write a final draft.

improve your writing: formal language

4 Read the Strategy box on page 62 again. Which sentence in each pair sounds more formal? Why?

1 A I want to ask about … B I am writing to enquire about …2 A The project sounds fun. B I am very interested in this project.3 A Could you tell me about … ? B Tell me about …4 A I would be grateful if you could

send me … B Will you send me … ?5 A Would it be possible for me to … ? B Can I … ?6 A Write soon. B I look forward to hearing from you.

5 Read Basti Lehmann’s email. Can you rewrite it more formally?

Project: Donkey CaravanLocation: Spain

Time: summer

Description: This is an unusual eco-project! Young volunteers will travel through Spanish towns and villages with five or six donkeys. They will perform for local people as a fun way to pass on environmental messages – for example, the importance of helping protected species, like the donkey, or the importance of clearing up your rubbish. Did you know that people use donkeys as an environmentally friendly way to collect rubbish in many countries, including Egypt, Mexico and Italy?

doing what?

when exactly?

nearest airport?

printed from www.green.volunteering.org Project: WWOOF volunteeringLocation: Many countries

Description: Volunteering on a WWOOF farm is a great way to learn about organic farming and the environment.

Accommodation and food is free, so it’s also a great, cheap way to travel! Young volunteers are very welcome.

Email for our summer programme.

Volunteering opportunities in … ?

Need to get this!

What work do volunteers do?

VER TO YOU

Vocabulary extra

Green issues

Verbscampaign (for sth)destroydiscoverharminventsolvesurvive

nounsdangerinformationpoliticsorganizationthreat

Adjectiveshealthyimpossiblenaturalunfairwasteful

Phrasal verbscut down on (sth)face up to (a problem)deal with (a problem)run out (of sth)stand up for (sth)

idioms and expressions(a / the) knock-on effect (of sth)do my / your bit (to do sth)make a difference (to sth)raise awareness (of sth)take action

Vocabulary skills (3): word families

■ Word families are words which are related to each other because they share the same base form (we also call this the root).

■ A base form is usually the shortest word in a word family. teach ➞ teacher

■ Word families can be big or small, and they don’t always include the same parts of speech. For example:

■ Sometimes two words in the same family share the same spelling: research (verb) ➞ research (noun)

■ However, we usually change the base form to make new words. We might need to do one or more of these things:•add a suffix to the end (-ed, -er, -ion, -al, -ally, -ist, etc.)•add a prefix to the beginning (un-, im-, il-, etc.)•make other spelling changes: pollute ➞ pollution,

decide ➞ decision■ Recording and learning words from the same family together can

help you to remember them. Always include information about the part of speech.

1 Read the ideas above. Then look at the words in the word list. For each verb, noun or adjective:•draw and complete a word family table.•add as many words as you can. Use a dictionary for help.

2 Choose six new words from this unit and write word family tables.

3 Which were the smallest / biggest word families from exercises 1 and 2?

5

base formpollute (verb) ➞ polluted (adjective)

unpolluted (adjective)pollution (noun)

environment (noun) ➞ environmental (adjective)environmentally (adverb)environmentalist (noun – person)environmentalism (noun)

research (verb) ➞ research (noun)researcher (noun – person)researched (adjective)

64

VER TO YOU

Extra vocabulary practice

VocApp

10 Correct the errors in the sentences.

The city, that I enjoyed the most, was Prague. The city that I enjoyed the most was Prague.1 I really liked the character what was played by Sofie Gråbøl.2 That’s the house where my mother grew up there.3 It’s a website what has got information about films.4 My MP3 player, I got it for my birthday, was stolen today.5 Isn’t that the boy won the tennis tournament?6 The girl, who’s name is Lucy, was very kind to Holly.

Excited Batman fans are asking lots of questions:

Is this the last Batman film, or will there be others? (4) Christian Bale (he has starred in all three Batman films) has said that there will be no more films.

Who is John Blake? (5) John Blake (his character is a policeman) will be played by Joseph Gordon-Levitt. He is a bit mysterious and perhaps isn’t who he says he is!

Perhaps most importantly, (6) does Bruce Wayne (he is also Batman) die in this film? You’ll have to watch it to find out!

9 Rewrite the sentences. Use non-defining relative clauses.The Dark Knight Rises, (it is the new Batman film), which is the latest Batman film, is coming soon to DVD and Blu-ray. (1) The director (he is Christopher Nolan) has directed many films. They include Batman Begins, Inception and The Prestige. (2) The film (it will be released in December 2012) stars Christian Bale as Batman. It also stars other well-known actors, including Gary Oldman and Michael Caine. (3) Anne Hathaway (she starred in The Princess Diaries and Valentine’s Day) is Catwoman.

Consolidation

Unit 5: Future forms

willStructureaffirmative negative questions

I/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ will (= ’ll) + infinitiveI/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ will not (= won’t)

+ infinitive Will+ I/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ infinitive

I’ll come back tomorrow. James will not (won’t) be here next year.

Will Holly pass her last exam?

UseWe use will:

3 Complete the dialogue with will / ’ll or won’t and the verbs in the list.

be get give go make raise see

A: Do you think Dave and Max will make much money for charity this year?

B: Yes. But they (1) … as much as last year – people don’t have a lot of money these days because of the economy.

A: Well, I (2) … them some money. It’s a very important cause that they’re running for.

B: I agree. Do you think you (3) … and watch the race?

A: Yes. How about you?B: Yes, I’m going too, but I (4) … there the whole

time. I have to work so I (5) … there just before the end.

A: Great, you (6) … the most exciting part then! See you there.

B: OK, bye.

1 Complete the sentences with will (’ll ) or won’t. We won’t call when we get home. It’ll be too late.

1 ‘There’s someone at the door.’ ‘I … get it!’2 What do you think … happen next?3 We … get a second chance to look after the

environment.4 I think the scientists … disagree with the

politicians’ decision.5 OK, I … text you this evening.6 Sorry. Mr Macintosh … be available for interview

this morning.

2 Do these sentences express predictions, promises, requests or decisions? I won’t tell anyone your secret. promise1 Please will you phone me as soon as possible?2 Unemployment will rise next year.3 ‘Did you switch off the oven?’ ‘I’ll go and check.’4 I’ll drive you to the party.5 I’m hungry. I’ll get a sandwich. 6 It’ll be a quick journey – there won’t be much

traffic at that time.

•to make predictions or give opinions about the future.

He’ll probably go to Australia this summer. You won’t like it there.•to express promises and requests.

I’ll always love you. Will you help me with my homework?

•to express spontaneous decisions made at the moment of speaking.

I think I’ll leave the towel. I can use a T-shirt if necessary. ‘The window is open.’ ‘Don’t worry, I’ll close it.’

139138

going toStructureaffirmative negative questions

I ’m + going to

+ infinitive

I ’m not + going to

+ infinitive

Am I + going to

+ infinitivehe/she/it ’s he/she/it isn’t Is he/she/it

we/you/they ’re we/you/they aren’t Are you/we/they

Holly’s going to live on a space station.

They aren’t going to pass their exams.

Is she going to visit her friends in new York?

UseWe use going to:

•to talk about our plans and intentions.

I’m going to be an astronaut. I’ve already passed my exams!

He’s going to see Jeff tonight.

•to make predictions based on evidence at the time of speaking.

It’s going to be a hard exam. listen to the wind. There’s going to be a storm.

Present continuousStructure

See page 119.

Use

We use the present continuous to talk about short term plans or arrangements. We often mention a specific time or place.

We’re celebrating my mum’s birthday this weekend. I’m visiting my grandparents tomorrow.

Future continuousStructureaffirmative negative questions

I/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ will + be + -ingI/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ won’t + be + -ing WillI/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ be + -ing

Holly will be living on a space station for a month.

I won’t be studying tomorrow night – so let’s go out!

Will she be living with you all summer?

UseWe use the future continuous to refer to future actions which:

•take place at a specific period of time in the future.

I can’t go out at seven – I’ll be finishing my homework.

•have already been planned.

This time next week, I’ll be taking my exams.

Compare the past continuous with the future continuous:

James has been around the world. This time last week, he was sunbathing on the beach. James is going around the world. This time next week, he’ll be sunbathing on the beach.4 Write affirmative (+) or negative (-) sentences, or

questions (?). Use the present continuous with future meaning. they / show / their / new film / the Edinburgh Film

Festival (+) They’re showing their new film at the edinburgh Film Festival.

1 how / you / get / to / Charlotte’s house (?)2 we / travel / by train / around Europe / next

month (+)3 we / meet / at the restaurant (?)4 he / run / in the charity race / at the weekend (-)5 which environmental issues / the politicians /

discuss / at the conference (?)6 I / visit / the museum / Saturday (+)

5 Rewrite the sentences in exercise 4 using going to. They’re going to show their new film at the edinburgh Film Festival.

A: That’s a good idea. Do you think she (3) … to you?B: Yes, I think so. She’s very passionate about the

environment, and she (4) … young people like me to come along and support her.

A: Well, good luck. I (5) … to work now. I (6) … you on Friday.

B: Oh, I can’t go on Friday. I (7) … dinner at a restaurant with my family – it’s my cousin’s birthday.

A: OK, see you on Saturday at basketball practice.

9 Correct the errors in five sentences to make the future continuous. One sentence is correct. This time next week, we aren’t working!

This time next week, we won’t be working!1 Amy won’t coming to the meeting on Thursday.2 You will be seeing Michael later today?3 I’ll waiting for you at the station.4 Scientists will be research the effects of climate

change on the forests.5 We’ll be visiting our relatives in Cambridge then.6 The weather forecast says it’s raining all day

tomorrow!

6 Read the situations. What’s going to happen? Use going to or the present continuous and the bold verbs to complete the sentences. Real Madrid have just scored another goal. (win)

They’re going to win.1 These animals are becoming rare. (die out) They … .2 Air pollution is very bad for the forests. (destroy) It … the trees.3 They haven’t got a football match today. (play) They … today.4 James has just missed the train. (be) He … late for work!5 Jeff has lots of empty bottles. (recycle) He … them.6 They are walking out of the school. (go) They … to their English lesson.

7 Complete the dialogue with the verbs in the list. Use the correct future form (will, going to or the present continuous).

ask go have reply see speak want write

A: What are you doing on the computer?B: I’ve just started writing an email to my local

politician.A: What are you going to write about?B: I (1) … her when she (2) … about climate change

during Environment Week.

8 Complete the sentences with the future continuous form of the bold verbs. I (work) late all next week.

I’ll be working late all next week.

1 This time next week, we (ski) in the Alps.2 What (you / do) to reduce climate change?3 Politicians (meet) next month to discuss

environmental issues. 4 (you / watch) the next series of the programme? 5 By the end of next year, the company (supply)

renewable energy to over 2,000 homes. 6 In the future, I hope I (work) for an international

company.

141140

going toStructureaffirmative negative questions

I ’m + going to

+ infinitive

I ’m not + going to

+ infinitive

Am I + going to

+ infinitivehe/she/it ’s he/she/it isn’t Is he/she/it

we/you/they ’re we/you/they aren’t Are you/we/they

Holly’s going to live on a space station.

They aren’t going to pass their exams.

Is she going to visit her friends in new York?

UseWe use going to:

•to talk about our plans and intentions.

I’m going to be an astronaut. I’ve already passed my exams!

He’s going to see Jeff tonight.

•to make predictions based on evidence at the time of speaking.

It’s going to be a hard exam. listen to the wind. There’s going to be a storm.

Present continuousStructure

See page 119.

Use

We use the present continuous to talk about short term plans or arrangements. We often mention a specific time or place.

We’re celebrating my mum’s birthday this weekend. I’m visiting my grandparents tomorrow.

Future continuousStructureaffirmative negative questions

I/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ will + be + -ingI/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ won’t + be + -ing WillI/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ be + -ing

Holly will be living on a space station for a month.

I won’t be studying tomorrow night – so let’s go out!

Will she be living with you all summer?

UseWe use the future continuous to refer to future actions which:

•take place at a specific period of time in the future.

I can’t go out at seven – I’ll be finishing my homework.

•have already been planned.

This time next week, I’ll be taking my exams.

Compare the past continuous with the future continuous:

James has been around the world. This time last week, he was sunbathing on the beach. James is going around the world. This time next week, he’ll be sunbathing on the beach.4 Write affirmative (+) or negative (-) sentences, or

questions (?). Use the present continuous with future meaning. they / show / their / new film / the Edinburgh Film

Festival (+) They’re showing their new film at the edinburgh Film Festival.

1 how / you / get / to / Charlotte’s house (?)2 we / travel / by train / around Europe / next

month (+)3 we / meet / at the restaurant (?)4 he / run / in the charity race / at the weekend (-)5 which environmental issues / the politicians /

discuss / at the conference (?)6 I / visit / the museum / Saturday (+)

5 Rewrite the sentences in exercise 4 using going to. They’re going to show their new film at the edinburgh Film Festival.

A: That’s a good idea. Do you think she (3) … to you?B: Yes, I think so. She’s very passionate about the

environment, and she (4) … young people like me to come along and support her.

A: Well, good luck. I (5) … to work now. I (6) … you on Friday.

B: Oh, I can’t go on Friday. I (7) … dinner at a restaurant with my family – it’s my cousin’s birthday.

A: OK, see you on Saturday at basketball practice.

9 Correct the errors in five sentences to make the future continuous. One sentence is correct. This time next week, we aren’t working!

This time next week, we won’t be working!1 Amy won’t coming to the meeting on Thursday.2 You will be seeing Michael later today?3 I’ll waiting for you at the station.4 Scientists will be research the effects of climate

change on the forests.5 We’ll be visiting our relatives in Cambridge then.6 The weather forecast says it’s raining all day

tomorrow!

6 Read the situations. What’s going to happen? Use going to or the present continuous and the bold verbs to complete the sentences. Real Madrid have just scored another goal. (win)

They’re going to win.1 These animals are becoming rare. (die out) They … .2 Air pollution is very bad for the forests. (destroy) It … the trees.3 They haven’t got a football match today. (play) They … today.4 James has just missed the train. (be) He … late for work!5 Jeff has lots of empty bottles. (recycle) He … them.6 They are walking out of the school. (go) They … to their English lesson.

7 Complete the dialogue with the verbs in the list. Use the correct future form (will, going to or the present continuous).

ask go have reply see speak want write

A: What are you doing on the computer?B: I’ve just started writing an email to my local

politician.A: What are you going to write about?B: I (1) … her when she (2) … about climate change

during Environment Week.

8 Complete the sentences with the future continuous form of the bold verbs. I (work) late all next week.

I’ll be working late all next week.

1 This time next week, we (ski) in the Alps.2 What (you / do) to reduce climate change?3 Politicians (meet) next month to discuss

environmental issues. 4 (you / watch) the next series of the programme? 5 By the end of next year, the company (supply)

renewable energy to over 2,000 homes. 6 In the future, I hope I (work) for an international

company.

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Future perfectStructureaffirmative negative questions

I/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ will + have+past participle

I/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ will not (won’t)

+ have+ past participle

Will+ I/he/she/it/we/you/they

+ have+ past participle

I’ll have finished lunch by three o’clock.

I won’t have finished my homework by eight o’clock.

Will they have arrived by the time I get there?

Use

We use the future perfect to talk about something that will be completed by a specific moment in the future. We usually use by to explain when the specific moment in the future will be.

By the end of next year, Holly will have made three space flights.Will you have finished your studies by 2019?I’ll have mended my moped by the end of the day.

11 Complete the sentences with the future perfect form of the bold verbs. They won’t have received our card yet.

(not receive)

1 Hurry up! By the time we arrive, the concert … . (start)

2 Scientists … a solution to the problems of climate change by 2025. (not find)

3 By the end of the course, you … all about genetic engineering. (learn)

4 Don’t call now. She … her exam yet! (not finish)5 Will they … before we arrive? (eat)6 I’ll call them. They … the news. (not hear)

10 Write sentences. Use the future perfect. This time tomorrow / we / finish / this project.

This time tomorrow we’ll have finished this project.

1 By the end of the year / three more animal species / die out.

2 On 19 October / I / work / here for six years!3 This time next week / we / move / into / our

new house.4 I / not earn / enough money / to go travelling /

by March. 5 In twenty years’ time / this forest / disappear. 6 Come round at six o’clock. We / eat / by then.

12 Complete the dialogue. Use suitable future forms of the bold verbs.

A: Look at this – I’ve written a list of things I want to do during my gap year before university.B: Wow, that’s interesting. Do you think you will have done (do) them all by the end of your gap year?A: I’m not sure. But I hope I (1) (have).B: So, what’s on the list?A: Well, I (2) (fly) on a plane by the end of next week.B: Really? Have you never flown before?A: No, but by the end of my gap year, I (3) (be) on a plane seven times. I’ve got a round-the-world ticket!B: Great! Which countries (4) (you / visit)?A: Lots! I (5) (go) to twelve by the end of the trip, including Thailand, Nepal and Costa Rica.B: So when (6) (you / go)?A: I (7) (fly) from Heathrow to Thailand next weekend. So this time next week I (8) (sightsee) in

Chiang Mai!B: Well, just take a moment to think of me. I (9) (study) for my exams!A: Never mind. This time next year, you (10) (plan) your round-the-world trip!

Consolidation

Unit 6: Conditionals

Conditionals: general pointsConditional sentences have two clauses: the conditional clause (starting with if ) and the result clause.

If I had lots of money, I’d travel around the world.The order of the two clauses is flexible, but we must remember to use a comma after the conditional clause when it comes first.

If we don’t save them, some animals won’t survive. = Some animals won’t survive if we don’t save them.We distinguish between different types of conditionals (first, second and third) according to the degree of probability that they express.

First conditionalStructureif / unless + present simple, will + infinitive OR will + infinitive if / unless + present simple

If I pass my exams, I’ll become a vet. = I’ll become a vet if I pass my exams.

Use

We use the first conditional to talk about possible or probable future events.

If rich countries don’t share their wealth, the world’s problems will get worse.

unlessWe can express negative conditions by using if … not or unless.

I won’t become a vet unless I pass my exams. = I won’t become a vet if I don’t pass my exams.

3 Rewrite the sentences. Use the bold words. You won’t tell them, so they won’t know. (unless)

They won’t know unless you tell them.

1 We must reduce air pollution or the environment will suffer. (unless) The environment …

2 We need to train more. We want to win. (don’t) If …

3 She won’t understand. You need to explain it to her. (unless) She …

4 You won’t get in shape. You must exercise. (unless) You …

5 Bring a pen or you’ll have nothing to write with. (don’t) You’ll …

6 I won’t bring a suitcase. I’ll have more space in the car. (don’t) I’ll have …

1 Complete the sentences with if or unless. You don’t have to eat it if you don’t want it!

1 I’ll go to zumba … my knee feels better.2 Don’t say that … you mean it!3 You’ll put on weight … you exercise.4 … you feel confident, you’ll have more chance

of winning.5 I won’t call … I need help.6 I’ll kick the ball … you throw it to me.

2 Write sentences. Use the first conditional form of the bold verbs. If you (not ask) her, she (not say) yes!

If you don’t ask her, she won’t say yes!1 How much money (we / raise) if we (finish)

the challenge?2 If he (not win), he (not be) happy.3 Tigers (not survive) unless we (protect) them.4 We (go) training again tonight unless it (rain).5 I (come) with you to the party if you (want) to go.6 They (not believe) us unless we (show) them.

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