Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Special DifficultiesSpecial Difficulties“Critical English”“Critical English”

Secondary 6Secondary 6

Atthawut TrakitthornkulAtthawut Trakitthornkul

Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 1 ( 1-15)Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 1 ( 1-15)1.1. describe (v)describe (v) : give a picture of in words. : give a picture of in words. (She (She

describeddescribed the jungle to her audience. the jungle to her audience.2.2. explain (v)explain (v) : make plain or clear : make plain or clear (A (A

dictionary tries to dictionary tries to explainexplain the meaning of words.) the meaning of words.)3.3. probably (adv)probably (adv) : almost certain to occur or to : almost certain to occur or to

exist exist (It’s hot today; it will (It’s hot today; it will probablyprobably be just as hot be just as hot as tomorrow.)as tomorrow.)

4.4. likely (adv, adj)likely (adv, adj) : probably; but it suggests a : probably; but it suggests a lesser degree of certainty. lesser degree of certainty. (He is(He is likelylikely to to succeed; he has a good chance.)succeed; he has a good chance.)

5. 5. possibly (adv)possibly (adv) : can exist or happen, but known : can exist or happen, but known not to be probable, maynot to be probable, may be be ( “Will your salary ( “Will your salary be increased next year?”be increased next year?” “ “ PossiblyPossibly””

6. suggest (v) : put forward for consideration as a possibility. (Prasit suggested that we eat after the

show)7. advise (v) : tell a person what you think he ought to do , recommend. (The doctor advised us to give up

smoking.)8. shortage (n) : condition of not having enough (Food

shortages often occur in time of war.)9. lack (n, v) : condition of being without ( The plants died for

lack water, they died last week.)10. involve (v) : get into a complicated or difficult situation ( Because of his carelessness, he is involved in frequent

misunderstanding.) 11. include (v) : consider as part of a whole.( If we include

two servants, there will be six of us in our family.)12. interfere (v): break in upon without right or invitation

( Please don’t interfere in my business. ) The End

• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 2 ( 16 – 25)1. production (n) : act of producing, creation and

manufacture (The economy of the country is strained by the production of arms.)

2. productivity (N) : power to produce; producing abundantly ( Productivity of the mind means the outpouring of many ideas.

3. continually (adv) : again and again; repeatedly and often; all the time ( He helped me continually.)

4. continuously (adv) : without intervening space; unbroken (The line of arts ran continuously for many yards.)

5. industrial (adj.) : relating to, or having to do with industry ( Industrial workers work in factories.)

6. industrious (adj.) : diligent, busy ( Because he was an industrious student, James did well on the examination.)

7. manner (n) : way of doing something; way of acting ( In New York I cannot live in the manner to which I have become accustomed in Bangkok.)

8. manners (n) : ways of social behavior or social life ( His manners showed that he was well educated. )

9. healthy (adj.) : being in good health; having good health (He is a very healthy boy.)

10. healthful (adj.) : health-giving; health-producing ( These physical exercises are most healthful.)

11. advance (n) : progress or movement forward ; improvement.( Copernicus’ system was an advance in astronomy.)

12. advancement (n) : act of movement forward; promotion ( His advancement to such a high position has been surprising.)

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• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 3 (26-45)1. human (adj.) : of, belonging to, typical of man or

mankind ( Intelligence distinguishes human beings form animals.)

2. humane (adj.) : having what are considered the best qualities of mankind, kind, also civilizing ( A social worker should give humane treatment to all of his clients.)

3. intellectual (adj.) : having or using power of thought or mind or reason (She enjoys all the clerical work but dislikes the intellectual pursuits.)

4. intelligent (adj.) : having or using mental ability to learn or understand.( My dog can quickly perform clever tricks that are taught. It is very intelligent.)

5. consist of (v) : be formed ( Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.)

6. historic (adj.) : famous in history (Whenever we go to Suphunburi, we should not fail to visit Donchedi, a historic spot of Thailand.)

7. solid (adj.): of strong material or construction, able to support weight or resist pressure ( Jim majored in mathematics when he did his undergraduate work; thus, he has a solid background to work for master’s degree in computer science.)

8. firm (adj.) : not easily changed or influenced( or a compactness that doesn’t yield easily) ( Lyndon Johnson is famous for being a firm supporter of Democratic Party.)

9. stable (adj.) : not likely to move or change ( As his family becomes larger, what he needs is a stable job.)

10. beside (prep) : by or at the side of, near in comparison with ( Come and sit beside me.)

11. besides (prep) : in addition to (I have three other hats besides this. )

12. profession (n) : a vocation or occupation requiring advanced educational and training involved intellectual skills ( He is a lawyer by profession.)

13. career (n) : one’s progress through life, way of making a living. ( We can learn much by reading about the careers of great men.)

14. occupation (n) : business, trade that which chiefly engages one’s time, employment ( He is looking for an occupation suited to his ability. )

15. vocation (n) : the function or career towards which one believes himself to be called; any trade, profession or occupation ( The nursing of the sick, said Florence Nightingale, is a vocation as well as a profession.)

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• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 4 ( 46-62)1. practical (adj.) : likely to prove valuable in

practice or when in action; worth-while 2. practicable (adj.) : capable of being put into

use ( Before the era of electronics, television did not seem practicable today it is not only widely used, but is often more practical than newspapers for informing the public.)

3. accurate (adj.) : in exact conformity to truth or to a model (It took a week of investigation to get a reasonably accurate report)

4. exact (adj.) : true or correct to the smallest measurement (The exact wave length assigned to a transmitting station must always be maintained)

5. brilliant (adj.) : shining brightly; splendid; very intelligent or talent. ( Albert Einstein was a brilliant scientist.)

6. clever (adj.) : good at using hand or brain; skillful. ( It was clever that the way which the actor used the doorway as his stage.)

7. bright (adj.) : shining; quick to learn; cheerful. ( A bright girl learns the musical scales quickly)

8. premise (n) : statement on which reasoning is based. (His reasoning was perfect, but his conclusion was odd because his first premise was wrong.)

9. proposition (n) : a proposal; a statement offered for consideration. ( The committee’s proposition was distasteful to the new director.

10. essential (adj.) : basic; necessary to make a thing what it is. (Exercise, fresh air, and sleep are essential for the preservation of heath.)

11. necessary ( adj.) : needed, required ( It will be necessary to rewrite the whole book

if we find that this premise id wrong.)12. indispensable (adj.) : not to be omitted; which

cannot be done without. ( Mox is indispensable to our business; he is the only one who knows how to rate these bills.)

13. vital (adj.) : necessary for or related to life, very important. ( The heart is a vital organ./ Vital documents are missing from our safe)

14. experiential (adj.) : acquired from or painting to experience. ( All our experiential data shows that love is a grand and a beautiful thing.)

15. experienced (adj.) : having had much experience . ( This hotel employs only experienced receptionists.)

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• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 5 ( 63-73)

1. selection (n) : The thing or things chosen or selected; also, thing to choose from

( The shop has good selection of hats.)

2. election (n) : a choosing or being choose by vote ( The election of the student council must be done by Thursdays.)

3. counsel (n) : advice; consultant; opinions

( When we need your counsel we will ask you.)

4. corporation (n) : group of persons authorized to act as an individual ( Cities and colleges , as well as businesses , can be organized as corporations. )

5. cooperation (n) : working or acting together for a common purpose ( The workers, in cooperation with the management, have increased output by 10 per cent.)

6. officer (n) : one who holds a position of rank or authority in army or navy or any similar organization ,especially one who holds a commission. (The unit consisted of three commissioned officers and thirty men.)

7. official (n) : a person holding a government position or engaged in public work ( Prasert is a second grade official in the Ministry of Education.)

8. comparable (adj.) : that can be compared; of more or less the same kind.

( Rugby is a game which is comparable to football.)

9. comparative (adj.) : having to do with comparison or comparing ( Comparative anatomy studies the difference in the structure of man and the lower animals.)

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• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 6 (74-88)

1. rise (v) : get up, go up, stand up, or increase ( The sun rises in the East)

2. arise (v) : appear, begin, or result (from) (A new difficult has arisen.)/ If the need should arise what will we do?

3. raise (v) : cause to rise, always used transitively. ( The man raised his arm.)

4. medium (n) : that by which something is done / middle quality or degree

( Commercial television is a medium for advertising.)

medium (adj.) coming half-way between; not extreme ( I only want my steak medium.)

5. media (n) : mediums; substance; surroundings in which something exists or through which something moves

( Air is the media of sound.)

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• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 7 (89-98)

1. accidentally (adv) : by chance, used when something is done without intention.( The great events usually take place accidentally.)

2. incidentally (adj.) : by chance; used when means “ without regularly” by the way (A shrub or two were grown incidentally along the side walk.)

3. by chance (phr.) : without prior purpose. (If by chance I meet him, I will ask him why he did it.)

4. error (n) : deviation from truth, accuracy, correctness. ( The error in computation is less than five per cent.)

5. mistake (n) : an error resulting from carelessness, inattention, misunderstanding

( The boy gave me the wrong answer by mistake.)6. fault (n) : something that makes a person or a

thing imperfect. ( Whose fault is it that we are too late?)

7. wrong (n, adj.) : unlawful, immoral, or unjust ( We must know the difference between right and

wrong.) The End

• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 8 (99-100 / 1-9)

1. notable ( adj.) : remarkable, out of the ordinary; attracting attention ( To complete our list of speakers we need to include a notable physician.)

2. noticeable (adj.) : easily seen, worthy of attention ( John is a man of noticeable strength.)

3. alternately (adv) : in an alternate manner. (The black and white squares on the checker

board are arranged alternately.)4. alternate (adj.) :performed by turns; caused to

succeed of follow by turns. ( The city museum is open on alternate

weekends.)5. alternatively (adj.) : in an alternative manner

( Alternatively, If you do not choose to fight, you may run away.

6. alternative (adj.) : choice, offering a choice of two or more things. (When he had told that he had to work harder or be sent away from school, he chose the first alternative.)

7. one another (prep) : more than two persons doing together.

(We see one another at the office every week-day.)8. each other (Prep) : two persons or two things doing

(done ) together ( Jim and John are good boys. They always help each

other.)9. couple (n) : any two persons or similar things that are

somehow associated. ( He went out hunting and came back with a couple of

rabbits.)10. pair (n) : two similar things that are necessarily

associated together, otherwise useless. ( I bought a new pair of shoes yesterday.)

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• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 9(10-18)

1. product (n) : something resulting from manufacture (Our products include textile, plastics, and dyes.)

2. produce (n) : referring especially to agricultural or natural products collectively. ( The farmers usually bring their produce to the town market early in the morning.)

3. effect (n) : (1) result or consequence (2) effects (plural) personal

possessions or belongings. (The effect of her scolding was to make the students angry.) / (The dead soldier’s effects were sent back to his Family.)

4. effect (V) : bring about , accomplish ( The prisoner effected his escape by slugging the guard.)

5. affect (v) : (1) impress, produce a change in (2) pretend, make a show people very

strongly. ( Music affects some people very strongly.) / ( She affected great delicacy.)

6. clothing (n) : any article of garments; clothes; covering, it is used uncountably and collectively. ( If a man is clothed, we know that he has clothing on.)

7. clothes (n) : a dress; a suit , hats and so on. ( These clothes are new.)

8. cloth (uncountable noun) : (1) material made by weaving cotton, wool, silk, etc.

(2) a piece of this material for a particular use. (countable noun) ( I need two bed clothes and a table cloth.)

9. conscious (adj.) : knowing something by using mental powers.

( He was hardly conscious of his own movies.)

10. aware (adj.) : having knowledge or understanding. ( Are you aware that you’re sitting on my hats.)

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• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 10(19-43)

1. job (n) : a definite piece of work, as in one’s trade, or done by agreement for pay;

(He is looking for a new job.)

( He has a job as a bus conductor.)

2. work (n) : labor; toil ( to work very hard for a long time), employment; usually refer to bodily or mental effort. ( Are you fond of hard work?)

3. errand (n) : the thing to be done by means of trip, message; mission; news usually and especially a short trip to do for someone else. ( I had better send a servant on an errand.)

4. win (v) : to gain a victory; triumph; succeed. Originally used as to fight; get or obtain by effort. ( She had a nature that quickly won her the friendship of her colleagues.

5. beat (v) : get ahead of; outdo master; defeat someone in a match or game. ( He beats me at both chess and bridge.)

6. conquer (v) : get possession or control of; winning a war; overcome by physical, mental, or moral force. ( She has finally conquered her bad habits.)

7. benefit (n) : a kindly, anything contributing to an improvement in condition; advantages.( The money is to be used for the benefit of the poor.)

8. reality (n) : the quality of being real; real existence; true to life. ( I believe in the reality of miracles .( something lucky that you did not expect) .

9. truth (n) : the quality or state of being true; sincerity; originally loyalty. ( There is truth in what he said.)

10. environment (n) : used collectively and singularly; surrounding; circumstances; influences that affect the development of an organism or group of organisms. ( Students of social problems investigate the home, social and moral environment of different classes of people.)

11. surroundings (n) : everything around and about a place. Conditions that may affect a person. ( She lives in pleasant surroundings.)

12. sensitive (adj.) : quick to receive impression. ( Sensitive skin is easily burned by the sun.)

13. sensible (adj.) : reasonable; having or showing good sense. ( She is not easily upset; she is quite a sensible girl.)

14. aural (adj.) : of pertain to the ear (directly

connected with) ( He is an aural surgeon; he operates on the ear.)

15. oral ( adj.) : pertaining to the mouth:

( My sister is going to have an oral examination.)

• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 11(44-58)

1. scene (n) : place of an actual or imagined event. ( India is the scene of many of Kipling’s short stories.)

2. view (n) : what is exposed to the sight or lies within the range of vision. ( As we went round the bend we came in view of the lake.)

3. scenery (n) : general natural features of a place, usually used as a mass noun without plural sense.( We stopped to admire the scenery in the Grand Canyon.)

4. adequate (adj.) : suitable to the case or occasion or having what is required.

( Although he is not fluent in French, his knowledge of the language is adequate for the job.)

5. sufficient (adj.) : adequate for a particular need; enough. ( Is 50$ sufficient for the expenses of your journey?)

6. enough ( adj.) : quantity or number as much as / as many as necessary. (Do we have enough time to work on this problem?)

7. ample (adj.) : large enough to meet all demands.( His savings are ample to see him through this crisis.)

8. use (v) : to put or bring into action or service. ( You use your legs when you walk.)

9. employ (v) : to put to useful work – of something not in use at the moment.( How do you employ your spare time?)

10. utilize (v) : to put something to a practical use or to find a practical use for something. ( You might not know that we utilize a lot of valuable by products in the manufacture of coal-gas.)

11. economical (adj.) : not wasteful.

( It is economical of time and energy to

use a washing machine.

12. economic (adj.) : of economics

( To promote foreign investment is one of the important plans for the national economic developments.)

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• Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 12(59-73)

1.extend (n) : area; length or linear distance that is subject to change. ( From the roof we can see the full extend of the park.)

2. area (n) : surface measure; a particular region; or a certain portion of the whole.

( A small area of tenderness is just behind the left ear.

3. ability (n) : capability or power to perform acts, physical or mental. ( I do not doubt your ability to do the work.)

4. talent (n) : natural power to do something well. ( He has a talent for music but not for painting.)5. efficiency (n) : ability to produce a desired effect

or product with a minimum of effort. ( A firm’s success depends on its workers’

efficiency.)6. proficiency (n) : high competence or ability or

skill. ( Because of his proficiency in office work, he was promoted to manager.)

7. margin (n) : edge, border (emphasizes a distinct area around something, usually plain and without decoration.( Typescript looks best when at least an inch of margin is left on all four sides of the paper.)

8. edge (n) : refers to the thin line along one side of a thing; a straight or sharp line. ( The book is laid near the edge of the table.)

9. rim (n) : refers most specifically to the open lip of a cylindrical or rounded shape. (She tasted the rim of the glass to see if it was chipped.)

10. brim (n) : can refer to the same open lip, but it most often associated with a situation in which the container is completely filled. ( The teacup was filled to the brim.)

11. tradition (n) : the handing down orally of customs, beliefs, form generation to generation. (The tradition by which the bridegroom places the wedding ring on the finger of his bride is generally observed now.)

12. custom (n) : the habitual pattern of behavior of community or a group of people. ( Custom requires us to stand when the National anthem is played. )

13. habit (n) : a usual way doing something or a settled practice that can not easily be changed.

( It is my habit to get up early in the morning.)The End

Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 13(74-88)

1. sometimes (adv.) : at times; now and then. ( He sometimes comes here.)

2. sometime (adv.) : at an unspecified time future. ( He will come here sometime.)

3. sometime (adj.) : former; one-time (in the past.) / ( She was a sometime teacher.)

4. some time (phrase) : for a period of time (I have been waiting some time.)

5. almost / nearly (adv.) : nearly but not completely ** almost designates a smaller or shorter space than nearly.**

( A book that is almost completed is nearer its completion that one that is nearly completed.)

** almost is used before the negative, it cannot be replaced by nearly.**

( There was almost no snow that winter.)

6. possession (n) : something possessed, had as a property, belonging to one.

( They lost all their possessions in the fire.)

7. asset (n) : plural – anything owned by a person, company that has money value, property in general. ( His assets did not equal his liabilities until after his death.)

: singular – a useful thing or quality ( Cleanliness is itself an asset.)

8. idea (n) : thought, picture in mind. ( I have an idea of what I want to do.)9. concept (n) : especially a general idea of

what a thing or class of things is. ( The concept of time as the fourth

dimension is difficult for the layman to grasp.)

10. conception (n) : idea or plan that takes shapes in the mind. ( A good novelist needs great powers of conception.)

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Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 14(89-106)

1. career (n) : a course of action, especially a person’s progress through life in his chosen occupation.( There are many more careers open to women now than fifty years ago.)

2. occupation (n) : an activity in which one engages, especially vocation. ( His chief occupation when he retired was counting stars.)

3. fetch (v) : to go out and bring back something or someone desired.

( Will you fetch the children from school today?)

4. bring (v) : to cause a thing or person to come with one. ( When you come to school, you should bring your book as well as your pen with you.)

5. take (v) : to obtain when bestowed; to get into one’s hands or possession; seize or lay hold of.

( Take what you like, and leave the rest over there.)

6. fairly (adv.) : in a just and honest manner; throughout; completely.

( He treated me fairly.)

7. rather (adv.) : sooner; more willingly; preferably; to a greater extent; more truly.

( He would rather be poor than get money by dishonest methods.)

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Vocabulary : Special difficulties : 15(107-115)

1. moral (adj.) : concerning right and wrong in conduct; a point or lesson.

( George Washington was both a moral and just person.)

2. morale (n) : a state of mind in terms of confidence and courage

( The morale or our troop is high.)

3. ancient (adj.) : belonging to time long past.

( Ancient history refers to the period beginning with the earliest times and ending about the fall of the Roman Empire in A.D. 476)

4. antique (n /adj.) :having survived from the past; usually used with valuable things.

( That antique shop is the one that specializes in turn-of-the-century merchandise.)

5. old (adj.) : a general term of this group, it is the only word that means “aged” . (Oxford is an old university.)

6. conscience (n) : a personal; inner sense of right and wrong. ( Joe confessed that he murdered the old man with a clear conscience for the sake of revenge. (revenge : something you do in order to punish someone who has harmed you.)

7. consciousness (n) : state of being awake or aware. ( We have no consciousness during sleep.)

8. reflect (v) : to bend back; recast.

( Water reflects sunlight.)

9. reflex (adj.) : an involuntary response to a stimulus.

( An involuntary movement, such as sneezing, is a kind of reflex action.)

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The End of Vocabulary

Thank you for your attention.