Vocabulary Unit 3

Level E

adversaryadversary

Connotation: neutral

Etymology: early 14c., aduersere, from Anglo-Fr. adverser (13c.), from O.Fr. adversier, from L. adversarius "opponent, adversary, rival," lit. "turned toward one," from adversus "turned against" (see adverse).

Word Structure: prefix ad- means toward; root vers = turn

alienatealienateConnotation: Negative

Etymology:1400–50; late Middle English < Latin aliēnātus  (past participle of aliēnāre), equivalent to aliēn

Word Structure: verb suffix –ate = to become, produce, or treat

artificeartifice

Connotation: Negative

Etymology:1525–35; Anglo-French < Latin artificium  craftsmanship, art, craftiness

coercecoerce

Connotation: Negative

Etymology:1425–75; late Middle English < Latin coercēre  to hold in, restrain

cravencraven

Connotation: Negative

Etymology:1175–1225; Middle English cravant, cravaunde  defeated < Old French craventé,  past participle of cravanter  to crush, overwhelm

culinaryculinary

Connotation: Neutral

Etymology: 1630–40; < Latin culīnārius  of the kitchen, equivalent to culīn =

kitchen, food + -ārius

demisedemise

Connotation: Negative

Etymology:1400–50; late Middle English dimis < Old French demis  (past participle of desmetre ) < Latin dīmissum  (past participle of dīmittere ); see dismiss

exhilarateexhilarate

Connotation: Positive

Etymology: 1530–40; < Latin exhilarātus  past participle of exhilarāre  to gladden, equivalent to ex-

+ hilarāre  to cheer ( see hilarity)

fallowfallow

Connotation: negative

Etymology:1275–1325; Middle English falwe;  compare Old English fealga,  plural of *fealh,  as gloss of Medieval Latin occas  harrows

harassharass

Connotation: Negative

Etymology:1610–20; < French, Middle French harasser  to harry, harass, v. derivative of harace, harache  (in phrase courre a la harace  pursue) = hare  cry used to urge dogs on (< Frankish *hara  here, from this side

inclementinclement

Connotation: Negative

Etymology: 1615–25; < Latin inclēment,  equivalent to in- + clement =mild, merciful

LiquidateConnotation: neutral

Etymology:

c.1575, "to reduce to order, to set out clearly" (of accounts), from L.L liquidare "to melt, make liquid or clear, clarify," (see liquid). Sense of "clear away" (a debt) first recorded 1755. The meaning "wipe out, kill" is from 1924

musemuse

Connotation: Positive

Etymology:1300–50; Middle English musen  to mutter, gaze meditatively on, be astonished

negligiblenegligible

Connotation: neutral

Etymology: 1820–30;

< Latin neglig (ere)

to neglect + -ible

perpetuateperpetuate

Connotation: neutral

Etymology: 1520–30; < Latin perpetuātus  (past participle of perpetuāre,  derivative of perpetuus  uninterrupted).

precedentprecedent

Connotation: Neutral/Positive

Etymology: 1350–1400; (adj.) Middle English < Latin praecēdent-   to go before, precede

punitivepunitive

Connotation: Negative

Etymology: 1615–25; < Medieval Latin pūnītīvus  of punishment, (past participle of pūnīre  to punish)

redressredress

Connotation: Neutral

Etymology: 1275–1325; (v.) Middle English redressen  < Middle French redresser, Old French redrecier,  equivalent to re- + drecier  to straighten ( see dress)

sojournsojourn

Connotation: Neutral

Etymology: 1200–50; (v.) Middle English sojurnen  < Old French sojorner  to rest, stay < see journey

urbaneurbane

Connotation: Neutral

Etymology: 1610–20; < Latin urbānus,  equivalent to urb-  city